How to grow snake plants? Master a few tricks to make them thrive

The snake plant is actually very easy to grow. Once you understand its habits, it is not difficult at all. The main thing is the choice of soil. Do not choose stiff soil; loose black soil has a very good effect on the growth of snake plants, and this kind of soil can be collected under trees. If it is inconvenient, you can buy it at a flower market, and a bag costs about 5 yuan.

After choosing the soil, find a suitable flower pot. Snake plants like to be grown in deeper pots, because only such pots allow the roots to go deep. Otherwise, root growth will be delayed, and the snake plant will be difficult to grow well. Also, the pot must be breathable, and having a few holes at the bottom for drainage works well.

Then pour more than half of the soil into the flower pot, and put the snake plant into the pot. Place it in the middle position, fill it with soil, and press firmly a few times so it will be more solid. Next, start watering. The first watering must be generous; only by watering thoroughly can the roots of the snake plant grow normally. If you do not water thoroughly, the roots will dry out and the plant will wilt.

After watering, be sure not to put it outdoors, especially in summer when the sunlight is relatively strong. If placed outdoors, it will be difficult to survive. After planting, put it in a cool indoor place, because after the first heavy watering, there is generally no need to water again for about a week. As long as the flower pot is not dry, that is fine. After placing it indoors for half a month, it can be moved outdoors. However, do not expose it to strong sun at noon, as it can easily soften the leaves.

In winter, snake plants must be carefully controlled in terms of temperature. A suitable temperature is around 22 degrees, and under such conditions normal growth is not delayed at all. However, in the north, do not place it under a heater, as it is easy for the hot air to scorch it, which is not worth it.

[Snake Plant] Snake Plant Pictures

Maintenance measures for the southern plant date palm

Part One: "Organization of Southern Plants"

Plumeria

Plumeria, its flowers really look like eggs, milky white on the outside and bright yellow in the center, just like egg white and yolk, and they are really cute. Its branches are thick and succulent. The leaves are also large, and the flowers and leaves cluster at the tips of the branches. Plumeria blooms brilliantly in summer, giving people a feeling of purity and elegant temperament, and it is very suitable for people to admire carefully. After the leaves fall, the bare trunk bends naturally, and its form is quite beautiful. It is very suitable for planting in courtyards and lawns. Plumeria likes a high-temperature, high-humidity environment with ample sunlight and good drainage. It is robust by nature and can tolerate drought, but it fears cold and waterlogging. It likes to grow in acidic soil, but it is also resistant to alkalinity. Cultivation is best with deep, fertile, well-aerated acidic sandy loam rich in organic matter. Propagation uses the cutting method. When planting plumeria, attention should also be paid to pest and disease control. For example, if brown small spots appear on the leaves or even the leaves turn dark black, that is plumeria leaf spot disease, and at that time you should pay attention and take measures. Of course, there may also be other diseases, so plumeria needs your care and attention. In fact, in addition to white, plumeria also comes in red and yellow. All can be used to extract essence for making high-grade cosmetics, soap, and food additives, with a rather high price and great potential for commercial development; the fresh flowers can also be dried for brewing tea, commonly known as plumeria tea, which has the effect of treating heat dysentery and moistening the lungs and detoxifying. The plumeria tree has a beautiful form, with many branches on the stem, strange shapes, and a thousand postures; the leaves resemble loquat, and after falling in winter, semicircular leaf scars remain on the branch tips, quite like deer antlers decorated with beautiful spots. It can be called the first-choice small tree for tropical landscaping, courtyard arrangement, and potted ornamental appreciation. The bark is thin and grayish-green, rich in toxic white sap, which can be used for external application to treat scabies, redness and swelling, and other symptoms. The wood is white, light, and soft, and can be used to make musical instruments, tableware, or furniture. Plumeria flower language: breeding hope, resurrection, rebirth, as simple and ordinary as life, so it can always be so close to people, without distance.

Yulan magnolia

Yulan magnolia is a tall deciduous tree. The bark is dark gray, rough and cracked; the branchlets are slightly stout and grayish-brown; the winter buds and pedicels are densely covered with pale grayish-yellow long silky hairs. The leaves are papery, obovate, broadly obovate, or obovate-elliptic, and the vigorous shoots at the base have elliptic leaves. Yulan magnolia flowers are very much like lotus flowers. When in full bloom, the petals spread in all directions, making the courtyard appear in patches of green and white, with dazzling white light, and it has high ornamental value; together with wave after wave of delicate fragrance, it is refreshing and is truly an ideal flower type for beautifying courtyards. Yulan magnolia likes light and is relatively cold-tolerant, and can overwinter in the open ground. It loves dryness and avoids low humidity; waterlogging at the planting site can easily cause root rot. It likes fertile, well-drained, slightly acidic sandy soil, and can also grow in weakly alkaline soil. In the warmer south, it can bloom from December to January of the following year. Yulan magnolia flowers have relatively strong resistance to harmful gases. For example, if this flower is planted in a factory polluted by sulfur dioxide and chlorine, it has a certain resistance and sulfur-absorbing capacity. When artificially fumigated with sulfur dioxide, 1 kg of dry leaves can absorb more than 1.6 grams of sulfur. Therefore, Yulan magnolia is a very good pollution-resistant landscaping tree species for areas with heavy air pollution. Yulan magnolia likes light; young trees are relatively shade-tolerant, but it is not tolerant of strong light or west-facing sun. Too much light or west-facing sun can easily scorch the trees. Yulan magnolia likes fertilizer. In addition to applying base fertilizer at planting, it should be fertilized every year thereafter. Sufficient fertilizer can make the plant grow vigorously, with green and thick leaves, not only producing many buds, but also large flowers, a long flowering period, and rich fragrance. Yulan magnolia is a tree species with relatively strong disease resistance. The main diseases include anthracnose, chlorosis, and leaf scorch. In addition to ornamental value, Yulan magnolia also has medicinal and edible value. Yulan magnolia flowers contain volatile oil, mainly citral, clove oil acid, and others, and also contain magnolia alkaloids, alkaloids, biond magnolia element, capric acid, rutin, oleic acid, vitamin A, and other components, and have a certain medicinal value. The flowers are pungent and warm in nature, and have the effects of dispelling wind and dispersing cold, unblocking orifices, and opening the lungs and clearing the nose. They can be used for headaches, blood-stasis-type dysmenorrhea, nasal congestion, acute and chronic sinusitis, allergic rhinitis, and other conditions. Modern pharmacological research shows that Yulan magnolia flowers have an inhibitory effect on common skin fungi.

Yulan magnolia flowers are rich in vitamins, amino acids, and various trace elements, and have the effects of dispelling wind and dispersing cold and regulating qi and the lungs. They can be processed into snacks or brewed as tea. The flower language of Yulan magnolia represents gratitude. Yulan magnolia often blooms large white flowers amid lush greenery, and with its fragrant scent it makes people feel an indescribable temperament, truly fresh and lovely. Because the tree is tall and the flowers bloom relatively high, swaying in the wind and full of spirit, like a heavenly maiden scattering flowers, it is very lovely.

Maranta

Maranta is an herbaceous plant. Most varieties have underground rhizomes or tubers. The leaves are solitary, relatively large, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, with veins arranged in a feather-like pattern, in two rows, and entire margins. Maranta is a relatively good groundcover plant with diverse colors and is a very good foliage plant. Maranta is a tropical plant and likes a warm, humid environment with bright light. It is not cold-tolerant or drought-tolerant, and fears scorching sun exposure. If exposed to direct sunlight, it will scorch the leaves, causing localized scorching at the leaf edges, stopping new leaf growth, and turning the leaf color yellow. Therefore, shading should be noted during cultivation. Maranta is relatively sensitive to water. During the growing period, it should be watered thoroughly to keep the potting soil moist, but the soil should not become waterlogged, otherwise it will cause root rot and even plant death. Maranta is somewhat "delicate." It requires enough careful attention all 365 days. If the environment fluctuates greatly for a few days, it will leave "evidence of the crime" on the plant. This is the consensus of maranta seedling merchants and producers. Plants in the Marantaceae family do not have many pests and diseases, mainly scale insects, whiteflies, and others. Of course, it also has other values, such as medicinal value and dietary value. Maranta powder is almost entirely starch, contains no vitamins, and has a protein content of only 0.2%. It can be used as a thickener for soups, sauces, puddings, and desserts. Add water and boil to form a transparent, odorless, delicious paste. Maranta powder is fine in texture and, compared with other starches, can be cooked at lower temperatures and in shorter times, and is easy to digest. It is especially suitable for making custards and other egg products that cannot be overcooked, and is also suitable for making light-flavored, low-salt, and low-protein foods. Effects: clears the lungs and stops cough, clears heat and promotes urination. Indications: used to treat cough due to lung heat and painful urination due to damp-heat in the bladder.

Red-flowered loropetalum

Red-flowered loropetalum is an evergreen shrub or small tree. The bark is dark gray or light grayish-brown, with many branches. The young branches are reddish-brown and densely covered with stellate hairs. The leaves are leathery, alternate, ovate or elliptic, 2-5 cm long, with short pointed tips, rounded and oblique bases, asymmetrical, with stellate hairs on both sides, entire margins, and dark red. Red-flowered loropetalum likes light and is slightly shade-tolerant, but in shade the leaf color easily turns green. It has strong adaptability and is drought-tolerant. It likes warmth and is cold-tolerant. Its sprouting and branching ability is strong, and it is tolerant of pruning. It is tolerant of poor soil, but is suitable for growing in fertile, moist, slightly acidic soil. Red-flowered loropetalum has luxuriant branches and leaves, a beautiful posture, is tolerant of pruning and wiring, can be used for hedges, and can also be used to make stump bonsai. When it blooms, the whole tree is full of red flowers, extremely spectacular. Loropetalum is an evergreen plant, and the new leaves are bright red. Different strains differ in leaf color and flower color at maturity, and leaf size also varies. In garden applications, the main considerations are leaf color and leaf size, bringing about leaf color contrast and forming color contrast, and the flowering periods can also be staggered. Main pests: aphids, geometer moths, yellow noctuid moths, Daopei noctuid moths, large and small cutworms, and scarab beetles, etc. Common diseases of red-flowered loropetalum: anthracnose, damping-off, and mosaic disease. Anthracnose: mainly harms old leaves and basal leaves. Because the leaves themselves are red, the lesions appear

as black round spots, or nearly round, causing early leaf fall. Damage is severe in the rainy season from July to August. The pathogen is Actinospore fungus. The pathogen overwinters as mycelium on diseased leaves and is the initial infection source for the disease the following year. When you find disease on the branches and leaves of red-flowered loropetalum, you must treat it promptly.

Ornamental peach

Ornamental peach is a variety of peach. It is a tree, 3-8 m tall; the crown is broad and spreading; the bark is dark reddish-brown, rough and scale-like when old; the branchlets are slender, hairless, glossy, green, turning red on the sunny side, with many small lenticels; the winter buds are conical, blunt at the tip, covered with short soft hairs, often clustered 2-3 together, with a leaf bud in the middle and flower buds on both sides. The leaves are oblong-lanceolate, elliptic-lanceolate, or obovate-lanceolate. Ornamental peach likes sunlight, is drought-tolerant, and is not tolerant of humid environments. It likes a warm climate and has good cold tolerance, and can overwinter safely in a natural environment of minus 25°C. It requires fertile soil with good drainage. It does not like water accumulation. If planted in low-lying areas with water accumulation, seedlings can easily die. Landscape value: ornamental peach has large flowers and brilliant color, is beautiful when blooming, and the ornamental period lasts as long as 15 days. In landscaping, it is widely used beside lakes, streams, roadsides, and parks, etc. In small-scale greening projects such as courtyard greening accents and private gardens, it is also used for potted ornamental appreciation, and is also often used for cut flowers and making bonsai. A common type is also weeping ornamental peach. Ornamental peach has a wide range of landscaping uses and outstanding greening effects. In the year of planting, it already shows particularly good results. It can be planted in rows, in groups, or as a specimen, and in the same year it already shows particularly good greening effects. Ornamental peach is one of the commonly used colorful nursery stock in landscaping, and is usually used together with nursery stock such as purple-leaf plum and purple-leaf dwarf cherry. When combined with flowering shrubs, it forms a scene of a hundred flowers blooming together. In addition to ornamental value, it also has medicinal value. The gum secreted from the peach trunk, commonly known as peach gum, can be used as an adhesive and is a kind of polysaccharide substance. Hydrolysis can produce arabinose, galactose, xylose, rhamnose, glucuronic acid, and others. It is edible and also used medicinally, with the effects of breaking blood, harmonizing blood, and boosting qi. Diseases and pests often occur in summer and autumn. Its main diseases include white rust and brown rot, shot hole disease, anthracnose, gummosis, and leaf curl disease. The main pests include aphids, red spiders, scale insects, and red-necked longhorn beetles.

Artificial plant communities

1. Satsuki azalea + red-flowered loropetalum + golden-edged euonymus + thornless Chinese holly globe

These four plants have strong adaptability and are widely planted in Fuzhou. Three foliage-color plants are planted linearly, with rich leaf colors, plus large-sized thornless Chinese holly globes, forming a neat, full, and clearly layered roadside greening color band effect.

2. Red-flowered loropetalum + red-tip photinia globe + Michelia figo + Japanese maple

Red-flowered loropetalum itself is widely planted in Fujian and has good adaptability. Its leaf color and flower color are both very beautiful. The old leaves of the red-tip photinia globe are green, accented by the red of new leaves, setting each other off and looking extremely beautiful. The combination of the four plants is richly layered and forms a landscape road with longitudinal rhythm and spatial hierarchy, as well as a strong sense of guidance.

3. Red-flowered loropetalum + Japanese fatsia + Canary Island date palm + plumeria

In this combination of plants, green is mainly dominant. The leaves include small ones (red-flowered loropetalum) and large ones (Japanese fatsia, plumeria), while the Canary Island date palm adds a bit of tropical flavor. The layers are rich, and it has the effect of narrowing space, making people feel close to it.

4. Moso bamboo + iris

Moso bamboo is very suitable for planting in Fuzhou. It is a scattered bamboo, with spacing between the bamboo culms. Iris has a graceful posture and gorgeous, varied flower colors. The two paired together are very charming.

5. Small-leaf gardenia + red-flowered loropetalum + aucuba + osmanthus

Small-leaf gardenia has leaves like bird tongues. The plant is low and can be used as the lowest layer plant. Aucuba leaves have yellow spots and it is a relatively good foliage plant, while the tree osmanthus has a delicate fragrance that refreshes the heart. The combination has spacing and density, changes in leaf color, and the addition of floral fragrance.

6. Azalea + red-flowered loropetalum + fagraea + canna

Azalea flowers are gorgeous, and with red-flowered loropetalum and fagraea as a backdrop, it is even more moving. Canna leaves are large, narrowing the space and making people feel intimate.

7. Groundcover lawn + marigold + red-tip photinia + red-flowered loropetalum globe + orange osmanthus

With green groundcover as the base, marigold's bright yellow flowers are extremely beautiful. Red-flowered loropetalum and red photinia serve as a backdrop behind the marigold, and the orange osmanthus tree has a spreading form. The several plants set each other off and are richly varied.

8. Dwarf lilyturf + guava tree

Both dwarf lilyturf and guava trees adapt very well in Fuzhou and grow normally. The leaves of dwarf lilyturf are fine and soft, making it very suitable as groundcover. The guava tree bark is yellow and smooth, its posture is beautiful, and its leaves are relatively large and well-spaced, making it very suitable as an open woodland path.

9. Lawn + silver-edged agave + pruned and shaped banyan tree + yellow-flowered double-podded sophora

With green lawn as the foundation, agave leaves are large, and the leaf color is silver-yellow alternating with green, which is very coordinated with the pruned and shaped banyan tree, while the yellow-flowered double-podded sophora has a beautiful posture and gorgeous flower color. The combination of these several plants is rich in layers, with color changes that are coordinated.

10. Ophiopogon + broadleaf lady palm + areca palm + papaya tree

This plant configuration is suitable for one side of a small building. Ophiopogon leaves are fine and soft, while broadleaf lady palm and areca palm leaves are even larger, and papaya leaves are large and palmate, with fruit borne on the trunk, and its posture is very beautiful.

11. Copperleaf + Duranta erecta + red-flowered loropetalum

As a plant combination for a carpet flower bed, copperleaf has bright leaf color and serves as the edge, Duranta erecta has yellow-green leaf color, and red-flowered loropetalum has dark purple leaf color. The combination of the three plants as a carpet flower bed is extremely attractive.

Part Two: "Maintenance Plan 4"

Landscaping maintenance and management plan

Maintenance and management are very important in landscaping. It is a long-term, repetitive job with relatively comprehensive technical requirements, including damage by people and animals, sanitation and cleaning, pruning of flowers, grasses, and trees, watering and fertilizing, pest and disease control, and planting flowers in flower beds. The completion of a green space does not mean the completion of the landscape. People often say "three parts planting, seven parts management." Only with high-quality, high-level maintenance and management can the landscape gradually take shape and become perfect.

Current characteristics of plants in the park area:

1. The green area is about 2,454,190,000 sq m, with a high greening coverage rate. There are a large number of trees of different specifications and varieties and pruned and shaped shrubs, and the initial growth has gradually taken shape. After careful investigation, the planting characteristics are roughly divided into two areas according to the original master plan:

1) Plaza area: The plant planting style in this area is relatively open. The plaza is mainly planted with rows of ginkgo, zhennan, and large trees,

appropriately combined with low shrubs, and the overall space is relatively transparent.

2) Factory area: The plant species combination in this area is complex. Large and small trees, shrubs, and groundcover plants are interplanted.

The entrance is mainly planted with relatively precious large plants (Canary Island date palm, jacaranda, small-leaf banyan stump,

premium osmanthus, etc.). Whether the office area courtyard can still maintain its elegant, refined, open, and grand

scenery, and whether the hotel villa area courtyard can still carry forward its delicate, gentle, leisurely, and relaxed atmosphere,

all depends on later maintenance and management.

2. From the greening conditions in the vertical area, we can find the following problems: 1) Shaped shrubs are not growing well and their shapes are monotonous; 2) Flowering shrubs have poor tree vigor, and their flowering conditions (including the number of flowers, flower size, color, and secondary blooming) are unsatisfactory; 3) There are many weeds in the lawn, and in local areas the grass has a tendency to be overrun by gramineous weeds; 4) There are pest and disease problems.

1. We plan to take the following corrective measures:

1. Promote three-dimensional horticulture and carry out varied shaping of hedges and shrubs. For flowering shrubs planted as accents, take growth-promoting measures to promote their growth and then shape them according to their form. This depends on the specific plant growth and plant shape. The hedges in some areas are highly regular, and the neat long strips undoubtedly make the courtyard, which should be free and relaxed, appear mechanical and rigid. We can likewise try pruning them into wave shapes to match the relaxed and casual landscaping of the residential area, enlivening the atmosphere of the entire courtyard and also creating a more smooth living environment.

2. Immediately begin pest and disease control. For plants showing pest and disease characteristics, immediately carry out large-scale chemical control.

3、

4、

5. For lawn weeds, apply chemicals and increase the workload of manual pulling. For different plants, implement different maintenance and management plans (mainly fertilizer supply: base fertilizer, topdressing, and foliar fertilizer; different plants in different seasons all have different fertilization methods and fertilizer choices). Plant labels. We classify and count all plants, then make green labels indicating their

family, genus, species, and living habits, and label all plants in the area. In this way,

we can enrich employees' botanical knowledge, add to the cultural atmosphere of the park, and with eye-catching labels

bring more attention to the greening.

6. Greening maintenance is not a matter of one morning or one evening. While doing a good job in corrective work, we will also

adopt different maintenance and management measures for different plants at different times. We arrange our daily work by month

(detailed rules attached later), striving to make our work bring the landscape effect in the blueprint to the extreme, and

likewise ask Party A to offer more opinions, so that our work can gradually become more perfect and complete.

7. Maintenance responsibilities

Within the contracted maintenance period, our company will, in accordance with landscaping maintenance operating procedures and landscaping maintenance quality standards, organize reasonably, maintain carefully, and dispatch professional horticulturists to organize, guide, and arrange management and protection work, and flexibly dispatch no fewer than experienced workers according to the weather in each season and plant growth conditions, to complete the maintenance and management tasks with guaranteed quality and quantity.

6. Maintenance content

1. Management procedures: including watering, opening basins and earthing up, pruning, fertilizing, weeding, pruning and bud removal, pest and disease control, straightening, and replanting (nursery stock costs calculated separately), and other whole processes. {Maintenance measures for the southern plant date palm}.

2. Management tools:

A. Flower shears, long shears, high-altitude shears, grass shovels, lawn mowers

B. Sprayers, buckets, wheelbarrows, bamboo baskets

C. Shovels, hoes, saws, electric saws, ladders

D. Fuel, repair costs

3. Maintenance content:

A. Trees: Apply organic fertilizer once a year, with 0.25 kg of cake fertilizer per tree; apply a supplementary fertilizer once, with 0.1 kg of compound fertilizer mixed with urea per tree, using hole application, spraying, and liquid fertilizer, then cover with soil and water thoroughly, with water penetration depth of more than 10 cm; promptly prevent and control pests and diseases, maintain the trees' natural growth form, no shaping or pruning is necessary, promptly prune yellow branches, diseased and pest-infested branches, shaded and excessively vigorous branches, and drooping branches that obstruct vehicle passage, and promptly clean up all pruned material. Clear weeds around the tree roots once a week to ensure no weeds remain.

B. Shrubs, hedges, and bagged seedlings: Apply fertilizer once a quarter, with 10 kg of urea mixed with compound fertilizer per 667 sq m, using broadcast application and liquid fertilizer, water once within three hours after application, water once a day (except on rainy days), with water penetration depth of more than 10 cm; promptly prevent and control pests and diseases; for those trimmed into round, square, or conical shapes, do light pruning once a week and heavy pruning once a month, keep cut surfaces smooth and attractive, promptly remove pruned material, promptly prune dead branches and diseased and pest-infested branches, promptly replant old, diseased, and dead plants, and clear weeds once a week.

C. Herbaceous plants: Apply fertilizer once a quarter, with 10 kg of urea mixed with compound fertilizer per 667 sq m, using broadcast application and liquid fertilizer, water once within three hours after application, water once a day (except on rainy days), with water penetration depth of more than 10 cm; promptly prevent and control pests and diseases, prune spent flowers once a week, clear weeds once a week, and promptly prune dead and yellow branches.

D. Taiwan grass: Apply fertilizer once a quarter, with 10 kg of urea mixed with compound fertilizer per 667 sq m, applying evenly and watering thoroughly, with water penetration depth of more than 5 cm; promptly prevent and control pests and diseases, promptly replant wilted and missing sections, with coverage rate above 98%, and mow 1-2 times a month.

(2) Specific annual landscape maintenance work schedule:

January: The month with the lowest temperatures of the year; open-ground trees are in dormancy.

1. Winter pruning: Fully carry out shaping and pruning work on deciduous trees; prune dead branches, damaged branches, diseased and pest-infested branches, and branches that interfere with overhead lines and buildings on large and small trees.

2. Street tree inspection: Promptly inspect the tying and staking of street trees, and immediately correct any loosened ties, wire embedding into bark, or unstable stakes.

3. Pest control: Winter is a favorable season for eliminating landscape pests. You can dig out the pupae and cocoons of stinging moths from the loose soil under trees and burn them in a concentrated manner. In mid-January, scale insects begin to become active, but at this time they move slowly, so we can scrape the larvae off the trunks. Controlling pests in winter often yields twice the result with half the effort.

4. Green space maintenance: In green spaces, flower beds, and other areas, pay attention to removing large weeds; lawns should be promptly weeded and edged; in green spaces, pay attention to antifreeze watering.

February: Temperatures rise somewhat compared with last month, and trees remain in dormancy.

1. Maintenance is basically the same as in January.

2. Pruning: Continue pruning dead and diseased branches of large and small trees. Complete pruning of all kinds of trees before the end of the month.

3. Pest control: Continue to focus on controlling stinging moths and scale insects.

March: Temperatures continue to rise; after mid-month, trees begin to sprout, and in late March some trees (such as camellias) bloom.

1. Tree planting: Spring is a favorable time for planting trees. After the soil thaws, immediately seize the opportunity to plant trees. Before planting large and small trees, do planning and design, dig (or hoe) the tree pits in advance, and ensure planting follows digging, transporting, planting, and watering in sequence. When planting shrubs, also ensure digging, transporting, and planting are done in sequence, and water thoroughly to improve seedling survival rate.

2. Spring irrigation: Because spring is dry and windy with high evaporation, water green spaces and other areas promptly to prevent spring drought.

3. Fertilizing: After the soil thaws, apply base fertilizer to plants and irrigate. {Maintenance measures for the southern plant date palm}.

4. Pest and disease control: This month is a critical time for pest and disease control. Some seedlings have developed sooty mold, and the boxwood leafroller (Cydalima perspectalis) has also appeared (use pesticides such as fenitrothion spray for control). To control stinging moths, you can continue using the method of digging out pupae.

April: Temperatures continue to rise; trees all sprout, bloom, or unfold leaves and begin to enter a period of vigorous growth.

1. Continue planting trees: In early April, seize the time to plant trees that sprout late, promptly remove and replant shrubs that died in winter (azaleas, Chinese fringeflower, etc.), and water newly planted trees thoroughly.

2. Irrigation: Continue timely watering of maintained green spaces.

3. Fertilizing: In combination with irrigation, apply quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer as a supplementary fertilizer to lawns and shrubs, or carry out foliar spraying as needed.

4. Pruning: Prune branches that dried up in winter and spring; evergreen hedges can be pruned.

5. Pest and disease control: (1) After the second molt, scale insects gradually move into bark crevices, tree cavities, trunk bases, wall corners, and other places, secreting white waxy thin cocoons and pupating. They can be swept away with a hard bamboo broom and then deeply buried or soaked in a concentrated manner. Alternatively, pesticides such as fenitrothion can be sprayed. (2) Longhorn beetles begin to become active; you can use a grafting knife or self-made steel wire to remove the larvae, but the wound should be as small as possible. (3) Prevention and control of other pests and diseases.

6. Maintenance in green spaces: Pay attention to removing weeds and climbing plants in large green spaces. Lawns should also be weeded and edged.

May: Temperatures rise sharply, and trees grow rapidly.

1. Watering: During the peak leaf expansion period, trees have a very high water demand and should be watered in a timely manner.

2. Pruning: Prune spent flowers. Carry out the first bud removal and pruning of street trees.

3. Pest and disease control: Continue to focus on catching longhorn beetles. The first generation of stinging moths hatches, but has not yet reached a harmful level; take corresponding measures according to the actual conditions in the maintenance area. Sooty mold caused by scale insects, aphids, and others has also entered its peak period (on crape myrtle, pittosporum, oleander, etc.). In mid-to-late May, spray 10-20 times rosin mixture and 50% parathion emulsion at 1500-2000 times dilution to control diseases and kill pests. (Other pesticides such as insecticidal antibiotics and Huabao can also be used.)

June: High temperatures

1. Watering: Plants have a high water demand and must be watered in a timely manner; do not "leave it to the weather."

2. Fertilizing: Combine loosening soil and weeding, fertilizing, and watering to achieve the best results.

3. Pruning: Continue bud removal and tiller removal on street trees. Carry out pruning on hedges, topiary balls, and some flowering shrubs. {Maintenance measures for the southern plant date palm}.

4. Drainage work: During heavy rain, pay attention to drainage in low-lying areas.

5. Pest and disease control: In mid-to-late June, stinging moths enter the peak hatching period, and measures should be taken promptly; currently, spraying 50% fenitrothion emulsion at 500-800 times dilution is basically used. (Or spray compound BT emulsion.) Continue manual capture of longhorn beetles.

6. Do a good job of pre-flood and pre-typhoon inspection of trees, and straighten, reinforce, and re-tie loosened or leaning trees.

July: The highest temperatures; after mid-month there will be strong winds and heavy rain.

1. Transplanting evergreen trees: During the rainy season, with sufficient moisture, conifers and bamboos can be transplanted, but pay attention to weather changes and water promptly once high temperatures occur.

2. Drainage: Drain promptly after heavy rain.

3. Applying supplementary fertilizer: Apply quick-acting fertilizers such as nitrogen fertilizer dry before rain.

4. Street trees: Carry out typhoon-prevention bud removal and pruning; prune all branches that conflict with power lines, and inspect tree stakes one by one; if any are loose or unstable, immediately straighten and tie them tightly. Prepare in advance in terms of labor organization, materials, tools and equipment, and assign personnel to inspect at any time and handle dangers promptly.

5. Pest and disease control: Continue to control longhorn beetles and stinging moths. To control longhorn beetles, you can inject 50% fenitrothion at 1:50 dilution (or fruit tree treasure, or Yuanke No. 3), then seal the opening, which can also achieve very good results. Camphor tree nest borers should be promptly pruned out, and the pest nests destroyed to prevent repeated damage.

August: Still the rainy season

1. Drainage: After heavy rain, drain low-lying waterlogged areas promptly.

2. Typhoon prevention for street trees: Continue doing a good job of typhoon prevention for street trees.

3. Pruning: In addition to general summer pruning of trees, carry out shaping pruning of hedges.

4. Cultivation and weeding: Weeds also grow vigorously, so weed promptly, and fertilizing can be combined with weeding.

5. Pest and disease control: Focus on catching longhorn beetles, and pay attention to catching longhorn beetles at the roots. Aphid damage and camphor tree nest borers should be controlled promptly. In humid weather, pay attention to powdery mildew and rot diseases, and take measures promptly. September: Temperatures decline somewhat; do related work well for National Day.

1. Pruning: To welcome city appearance work, remove buds below the third-level branching of street trees. Shape hedges. Weed in green spaces, edge lawns, and promptly remove dead trees, so that trees have green branches and leaves and green spaces are clean and tidy.

2. Fertilizing: For some trees that grow weakly and have insufficiently plump branches, apply supplementary phosphorus and potassium fertilizers.

3. Pest and disease control: Shot hole disease (on cherry blossoms, peaches, plums, etc.) is at its peak; use 500% carbendazim at 1000 times dilution to prevent infection. Longhorn beetles begin to shift to root damage; pay attention to catching longhorn beetles at the roots. Also promptly control wood borers on poplars and willows. Do a good job of controlling other pests and diseases.

4. Before the holiday, do a good job of inspecting various greening facilities.

October: Temperatures drop; in late October, early winter begins, trees start to shed leaves, and they gradually enter dormancy.

1. Prepare for autumn tree planting; in late October, once cold-tolerant trees shed their leaves, planting can begin.

2. Green space maintenance: Promptly remove dead trees and water promptly. Weed and edge green spaces and lawns well. Fertilize herbaceous flowers that are growing poorly.

3. Pest and disease control: Continue catching longhorn beetles at the roots. Also pay attention to observing and controlling camphor tree nest borers. November: The soil begins to freeze at night and thaw during the day, entering deep winter.

1. Tree planting: Continue planting cold-tolerant plants, completing before the soil freezes.

2. Turning soil: Turn the soil in green spaces to expose pests preparing to overwinter.

3. Watering: Water dry and compacted soil, completing before freezing.

4. Pest and disease control: Various pests prepare to overwinter in late November, so control tasks are relatively light.

December: Low temperatures; begin winter maintenance work.

1. Winter pruning: Prune some evergreen trees and shrubs.

2. Eliminate overwintering pests and diseases.

3. Prepare for next year's adjustment work: After deciduous plants shed their leaves, observe the maintenance area and map out the positions to be adjusted.

7. Green space maintenance quality objectives

1 Greening maintenance technical measures are complete and management is proper, achieving no exposed loess.

2 Landscape plants

2.1 Growth is normal. Various plants in newly built green spaces reach normal form within three years; if plants or grass are damaged or die due to poor management, the replanted seedlings must survive within one year.

2.2 Landscape tree crowns are basically complete, with main and lateral branches evenly distributed, appropriate in number, and reasonably pruned; the inner canopy is not messy and is well ventilated and lit. Flowering shrubs bloom promptly and normally, and are pruned promptly after flowering. Hedge and color-block branches and leaves are normal, neat, and uniform. There are no missing street trees and no dead trees in green spaces.

2.3 New shoots of deciduous trees grow normally, and leaf size and color are normal. Under general conditions, yellow leaves, scorched leaves, curled leaves, and leaves with pest excrement or webs must not exceed 5%, and the retention rate of normal leaves is above 90%. Coniferous

Part Three: "Annual Greening Maintenance Plan"

Annual Greening Maintenance Plan

January

1. Carry out winter shaping and pruning of various deciduous trees, pruning dead branches, overlapping branches, crossing branches, diseased and pest-infested branches, and lower lateral branches, to ensure tree development tends toward rationality, improve branch form, and reduce pest and disease breeding.

2. Thin out trees that are too dense as appropriate, which can reduce pests and diseases and increase growth vigor.

3. Carry out winter plowing and soil turning to improve the soil, and apply winter fertilizer to all trees, ground cover, and lawns to ensure the nutrient needs of seedlings and lawns.

4. Winter is a favorable season for eliminating landscape pests. You can dig out the pupae and cocoons of stinging moths from the loose soil under trees and burn them in a concentrated manner.

5. As conditions warrant, scarify individual lawn types and mow 1-2 times. February

1. Carry out weeding, mowing, and fertilizing work on lawns.

2. Do a good job of pest and disease control, especially paying attention to powdery mildew on narrow-leaf mahonia and the globular mealybug on coral plants and Japanese aralia.

3. In particular, strengthen antifreeze and heat-preservation measures for trees, and do a good job of loosening and earthing up soil around tree roots.

4. Apply a supplementary fertilizer (urea) to cool-season lawns at the end of the month at 10 g/mu.

March

1. To prevent spring drought, water trees promptly.

2. Promptly mow lawns and remove weeds, and clean up winter grass in tree beds and flower beds.

3. Pest and disease control: Strengthen observation and patrol, and do a good job of forecasting, reporting, and control. In particular, pay special attention to sooty mold and boxwood leafroller (Cydalima perspectalis). In mid-March, crape myrtle scale eggs hatch; from late March, pear rust occurs on crabapples and cold-season lawns, so pay attention to preventive reporting.

4. For local depressions and low-lying spots on lawns, add soil and cover with sand; carry out low mowing on winter ryegrass lawns to ensure the sprouting and growth of the underlying grass.

April

1. Do a good job of loosening soil, weeding, and pre-flowering fertilizing for field-planted flowers and trees. In particular, apply light fertilizer to perennial flowers and spring-sown herbaceous flowers; in combination with irrigation, apply quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer as a supplementary fertilizer to lawns and shrubs, or carry out foliar spraying as needed.

2. Prune branches that dried up in winter and spring; you can begin pruning evergreen hedges.

3. Pest and disease control: Mainly control aphids, sooty mold, and beetles. Keep relevant records.

May

1. This month is the peak leaf expansion period for trees, with a very high water demand, so water promptly.

2. Prune spring flowering shrubs such as osmanthus and hall crabapple, and promptly carry out bud removal on plane trees, red-leaf plum, crape myrtle, and other trees.

3. Hoe weeds in flower beds and shrub color blocks. At the same time, carry out weeding on lawns and promptly mow lawn grass to control its height.

4. Pest and disease control: Do a good job of forecasting, reporting, and control.

June

1. Water plants promptly to ensure sufficient water supply.

2. Loosen soil and hoe weeds in tree beds and color-block shrubs, and carry out weeding on lawns.

3. Lawns should be mowed promptly, and their growth height controlled; pay attention to controlling the occurrence of large-scale pests and diseases. Apply compound fertilizer once more to lawns that grow poorly or lack fertilizer, so they can safely pass the summer.

4. Pest and disease control: Do a good job of forecasting, reporting, and control.

July

1. In high-temperature weather, especially ensure that plant watering work is carried out.

2. Loosen soil and hoe weeds in flower beds and color-block shrubs, and at the same time do a good job of weeding ground cover. This month the weather is hot, with high temperatures and relatively high humidity; weeds grow quickly, so seize the opportunity to hoe and remove weeds to prevent grass overgrowth, and continue intertillage weeding and loosening the soil.

3. Earnestly do a good job of typhoon and flood prevention, reinforce and secure trees in the garden to prevent lodging; promptly dredge and drain low-lying or seriously waterlogged areas.

4. Pest and disease control: Do a good job of forecasting, reporting, and control.

August

1. Carry out summer pruning of evergreen trees, and carry out shaping pruning of hedges.

2. Lawn weeds grow vigorously, so weed and mow promptly, control lawn height, and fertilizing can be combined with weeding. Promptly apply supplementary and additional fertilizer, mainly P and K fertilizers, combined with N fertilizer; for small seedlings, shrubs, and herbaceous flowers, apply light fertilizer frequently, and at the same time pay attention to the timing of fertilization and the climate.

3. In high-temperature weather, be sure to ensure daily watering and drought relief work; do not choose 10-15 o'clock, to avoid burning seedlings. (Including: tree bed maintenance, weed control, soil loosening, etc.)

4. Continue doing a good job of typhoon and flood prevention, further reinforce and secure large trees in residential areas to prevent lodging; and promptly dredge drainage ditches in low-lying and easily waterlogged places to prevent water from standing for too long.

5. Pest and disease control: Do a good job of forecasting, reporting, and control.

September

1. Carry out shaping pruning of hedges. Weed in green spaces and promptly remove dead trees, so that trees have green branches and leaves and green spaces are clean and tidy.

2. Thin out trees that are too dense, and at the same time carry out bud removal work.

3. Lawns should be mowed, edged, and cleared of weeds promptly, and attention should be paid to pest and disease control work.

4. Hoe weeds in flower beds and color-block shrubs, and at the same time do a good job of weeding ground cover, and collect flower seeds.

5. Pest and disease control: Do a good job of forecasting, reporting, and control.

October

1. Prune spherical shrubs to ensure an attractive shape, neat and with distinct layers. Prune the tree forms of evergreen trees so that their growth and development tend toward a reasonable pattern and their tree posture and appearance are improved.

2. Strengthen the management of newly planted flowering plants, promptly fill in bare gaps and water them, and apply fertilizer to those growing poorly.

3. Pest and disease control: do good work in forecasting and early warning, actively prevent and control them, and keep relevant records. November

1. Carry out thinning and pruning of evergreen trees and evergreen shrubs, mainly for ventilation and light penetration, to reduce pests and diseases and enhance growth vigor.

2. In flower beds, color-block shrub borders, and green areas, do a good job of weeding and edging, promptly pull out weeds, and promptly replant bare gaps. Adjust trees in the partial layout as appropriate; some evergreen trees and a few deciduous tree species can be transplanted. Also begin cold protection and warmth work; for trees with

poor cold resistance, wrap them with straw and bank soil around them.

3. Strengthen the maintenance and management of newly planted plants, pay attention to timely watering, and prune appropriately. For lawns, scarify and aerate as appropriate, and mow 2-3 times.

4. Carry out fertilization work in late this month, and combine it with increasing the application of organic fertilizer to turn over the soil in green areas.

5. Pest and disease control: do good work in forecasting and early warning, actively prevent and control them, and keep relevant records. December

1. In color-block shrub borders and green areas, do a good job of weeding and edging and promptly pull out weeds.

2. Carry out thinning and pruning of evergreen and deciduous trees and shrubs, mainly removing residual stumps and dead branches, so that the trees will grow better the following year (flowering shrubs that have already formed flower buds must not be pruned); at the same time, pay attention to cleaning insect cocoons on trunks and branches.

3. Wrap sago palms (Cycas revoluta), date palms and other southern plants with straw rope to ensure they overwinter safely.

4. Pest and disease control: do good work in forecasting and early warning, actively prevent and control them, and keep relevant records.

Part Four: "Latest Common Plants for Southern Landscapes"

Common garden plants for southern landscapes

Evergreen trees:

Norfolk Island pine, slash pine, Chinese fir, Caribbean pine, Chinese weeping cypress, mahogany, big-leaf mahogany, Sterculia lanceolata, Chinese saraca, sugar apple, longan, Dracontomelon duperreanum, Michelia macclurei, golden shower tree, Chinese arborvitae, Chinese juniper, dragon juniper, Fujian cypress, Buddhist pine, Japanese cedar, Taiwan nageia, big-leaf nageia, white michelia, southern magnolia, houpo magnolia, burnt-leaf cinnamon, camphor tree, cinnamon, Gmelina hainanensis, Hainan ormosia, Taiwan acacia, Siamese senna, red-flowered camel's foot tree, camel's foot tree, Hong Kong orchid tree, almond, mango, Ormosia henryi, water banyan, water elaeocarpus, avocado, Alstonia scholaris, false betel nut palm, Chinese fan palm, fishtail palm, queen palm, rose apple, Hainan rose apple, sapodilla, lemon-scented gum, river red gum, swamp mahogany, blue gum, cajeput tree, butterfly fruit, Chinese torreya, Chinese plum yew, Indian rubber fig, hill banyan, small-leaf banyan, big-fruit fig, weeping fig, yellow banyan, sacred fig, beefwood, jackfruit, camphor-leaf maple, tanbark oak, oriental white oak, candlenut, silver birch, pointed-leaf elaeocarpus, big-leaf elaeocarpus, sea hibiscus, rough-leaved holly, glossy privet, osmanthus, loquat, Albizia falcataria, royal palm, fish-tail palm, Washingtonia, sugar palm, long-leaf date palm, bishop wood, red sandalwood, big-flowered dillenia, jackfruit, yellow-flowered cassia, jackfruit tree, big-leaf privet, Michelia chapensis, Schefflera octophylla, Heteropanax fragrans

Deciduous trees:

small-leaf terminalia, Chinese swamp cypress, water wax gourd, Chinese tallow, honey tree, sand pear, soapberry, entire-leaf goldenrain tree, frangipani, bald cypress, pond cypress, tulip tree, white magnolia, Chinese parasol tree, sawtooth oak, cork oak, Chinese hackberry, Chinese elm, white oak, camptotheca, big-leaf crape myrtle, beautiful silk floss tree, flame tree, peacock flower, jacaranda, yellow-flowered cassia, chinaberry, Chinese mahogany, coral tree, cockspur coral tree, chestnut, silk tree, sweet acacia, prickly castor oil tree, sweetgum, weeping willow, two-bloom magnolia, purple-leaf plum, ornamental peach, plum, papaya, Indian

rosewood, red-leaf plum

Evergreen shrubs:

sago palm, Chinese plum yew, aglaia, big-leaf boxwood, dense-flowered elaeagnus, camellia sasanqua, Hainan coral tree, spotted aucuba, St. John's wort, three-stamen areca, areca palm, Hainan palm, four-season aglaia, soft-branch allamanda, small-leaf justicia, red bottlebrush, Fukien tea, gardenia, crown of thorns, poinsettia, Yunnan jasmine, aucuba, Chinese holly, rhododendron, bright-leaf cordyline, croton, red mulberry, golden-edge mulberry, golden-leaf fig, smooth senna, red-stem rhododendron, Ardisia japonica, orange jasmine, red-backed excoecaria, climbing ylang-ylang, camellia, oil tea, big-leaf tea, oleander, yellow oleander, small-flowered allamanda, snowbush, banana shrub, pittosporum, mahonia, nandina, Japanese fatsia, night-fragrant magnolia, hibiscus, Chinese lantern flower, azalea, Spanish bayonet, yucca, Hainan boxwood, lady palm, soft-leaf date palm, short-spike fishtail palm, dwarf ground rattan, bamboo palm,

golden banyan, fiddle-leaf fig, willow-leaf fig, golden-vein shrimp plant, Schefflera octophylla, variegated duranta, yellow-leaf duranta, justicia, golden-leaf privet, taro, bird's nest fern, monstera, cast-iron plant, snake plant, thick-leaf rhaphiolepis, variegated hibiscus, purple-stem euphorbia, small-leaf boxwood, African jasmine, yesterday-today-and-tomorrow, ximeili, crinum lily, spider lily, powderpuff, red-flower loropetalum, angel's trumpet, white mussaenda, red mussaenda, hairy azalea, Western azalea, two-pod senna, hard-bone trumpet flower, rose myrtle, ixora, Yunnan yellow jasmine, jasmine, fiddle-leaf coral, blue plumbago, blue star flower, butterfly pea, nandina, pepperwood, red-backed excoecaria,

Deciduous shrubs:

cotton rose hibiscus, bridal-wreath spirea, Japanese spiraea, modern rose, abelia, pomegranate, beautyberry, purple magnolia, lespedeza, Amur honeysuckle, Chinese snowball viburnum, rose of Sharon, redbud, dwarf flowering cherry, bridal-wreath spirea, pearl bush, butterfly tree, elderberry, fig, Sichuan pepper, trifoliate orange, butterfly bush, small white wax

Vines:

monstera, bougainvillea, Millettia reticulata, firecracker vine, rangoon creeper, three-leaf akebia, Japanese honeysuckle, wintercreeper, climbing fig, kiwifruit, creeping euonymus, Hong Kong rhaphidophora, Mucuna birdwoodiana, wax flower, rhaphidophora, pothos, star jasmine, Chinese ivy, English ivy, southern schisandra, Boston ivy, Chinese trumpet creeper, passionflower, multi-flowered crape myrtle, evergreen mucuna, big-flower thunbergia

climbing ylang-ylang, big-flower thunbergia, rangoon creeper, coral vine, Boston ivy, firecracker vine, white-flower mucuna, beautiful clerodendrum, wisteria, climbing fig, cypress vine, morning glory, maple-leaf morning glory, snake vine, jasmine, big-flower dutchman's pipe, garlic vine, wood rose, lilac trumpet vine, passionflower

Bamboos:

Bambusa textilis, Bambusa chungii, moso bamboo, fernleaf bamboo, Henon bamboo, golden-stripe bamboo, Sinocalamus affinis, hedge bamboo, bitter bamboo, indocalamus, Buddha belly bamboo, ma bamboo, Bambusa textilis, Thailand bamboo, bamboo pole bamboo, square bamboo, green bamboo, Guanyin bamboo, small fernleaf bamboo, red bamboo

Lawns and groundcover plants:

Bermuda grass, Chinese lawngrass, fine-leaf lawngrass, carpet grass, centipede grass, joint paspalum, Manila grass, zoysia grass, Guangdong evergreen, purple spiderwort, oyster plant, lilyturf, big-leaf curculigo, dwarf lilyturf, lucky plant, cast-iron plant, black-eyed Susan, Acorus gramineus, autumn zephyr lily, Chinese zephyr lily, golden spider lily, white butterfly, butterfly flower, red-flower oxalis, inch plant,

purple-backed calathea, arrowhead plant, white-butterfly arrowhead plant, pothos, inch plant, sword fern, clearweed, small oyster plant, peace lily, silver-edge lilyturf, red-flower lantana, yellow-flower lantana, purple-flower lantana,

silver-leaf dusty miller, bleeding glorybower, shrimp flower, firecracker flower, asparagus fern, beach evening primrose, beach morning glory, ivy, star jasmine, ginger lily, umbrella plant, papyrus, iris, purple loosestrife, narcissus, lotus, water lily, three-lobed wedelia, red-flower oxalis, Brazilian peanut vine, dichondra, purple amaranth, round-leaf amaranth, coleus, fine-leaf verbena, red-green grass, autumn zephyr lily, Chinese zephyr lily, amaryllis, lily, calla lily, periwinkle, centipede grass, Manila grass, Korean velvetgrass, Bermuda grass, big-leaf paspalum, variegated paspalum, bahia grass, short-leaf lilyturf

Palms:

royal palm, Washington palm, triangle palm, king palm, foxtail palm, Butia palm, bottle palm, club palm, Middle East date palm, Canary Island date palm, Bismarck palm, oil palm, fish-tail palm, windmill palm, dragon-scale palm, Chinese fan palm, queen palm, fishtail palm, queen palm, Washingtonia, beautiful date palm, short-spike fishtail palm, long-spike fishtail palm, areca palm, three-stamen areca, traveler's palm, lady palm,

Seasonal flowers

star flower, African impatiens, four-season begonia, scarlet sage, dwarf petunia, hybrid dianthus, ornamental kale, French marigold, African marigold, nasturtium, pansy, wishbone flower, cockscomb, pot marigold, globe amaranth, zinnia, moss rose, purslane, cosmos, cineraria, cleome, daylily, lavender, purple loosestrife

Part Five: "Examples of Southern Plant Combinations"

Southern plant combinations

monstera + umbrella plant + variegated galangal

big horse-tail iron + seven-color horse-tail iron + nandina + sword fern + placed stone

royal palm + fish-tail palm + beautiful date palm + canna + coleus + croton

royal palm + Canary Island date palm head + red iron + red mulberry + ixora

royal palm + false betel nut palm + areca palm + big-leaf lady palm + golden leaf

Part Six: "Common Garden Plants of the South"

Common plants for southern courtyards

I. Palms:

1. royal palm 2. false betel nut palm 3. Washington palm 4. silver date palm 5. Canary Island date palm 6. three-stamen areca

7. Chinese fan palm 8. Washingtonia 9. areca palm 10. lady palm (fine-leaf lady palm) 11. golden mountain palm 12. soft-leaf date palm

II. Trees (street trees, shade trees):

1. flame tree 2. kapok 3. beautiful silk floss tree 4. coral tree 5. pointed-leaf elaeocarpus 6. Alstonia scholaris

7. fine-leaf banyan 8. water elaeocarpus 9. mango 10. Chinese mahogany 11. burnt-leaf cinnamon 12. big-leaf crape myrtle

13. red sandalwood 14. frangipani 15. terminalia 16. traveler's palm 17. red-fruit pandanus 18. bishop wood

19. carambola 20. pointed-leaf olive 21. golden shower tree 22. Albizia falcataria 23. cajeput tree

24. eucalyptus 25. Hainan rose apple 26. big-leaf aphanamixis 27. camel's foot tree 28. mahogany

29. Ficus altissima 30. Spathodea campanulata (African tulip tree) 31. Handroanthus chrysotrichus (golden trumpet tree) 32. Koelreuteria bipinnata

III. Flowering shrubs:

1. four-season osmanthus 2. fine-leaf bamboo 3. tree fern 4. yellow banyan 5. bougainvillea

6. yellow-flowered cassia 7. red bottlebrush 8. golden-edge sisal 9. hibiscus 10. fagraea 11. variegated banyan

12. hibiscus 13. banana shrub 14. crape myrtle 15. powderpuff 16. crepe jasmine 17. dragon boat orchid

18. century plant 19. yucca 20. firecracker vine 21. yellow oleander 22. Polyscias fruticosa

IV. Groundcover or color blocks:

1. pittosporum 2. monstera 3. pothos 4. bird's nest fern 5. red gem 6. big-leaf red grass 7. Schefflera octophylla

8. little angel 9. golden leaf 10. cigar flower 11. fine-leaf frog orchid 12. three-star calathea 13. hairy azalea

14. dwarf fan palm 15. bird's nest fern 16. variegated duranta 17. spider lily 18. inch plant 19. soft-branch allamanda

20. variegated galangal 21. asparagus fern 22. golden peanut 23. fine-leaf ixora 24. sword fern 25. yellow shrimp flower

26. white butterfly 27. clearweed 28. variegated dieffenbachia 29. rainbow cordyline 30. croton 31. lilyturf

32. silver-edge grass 33. jasmine 34. velvet calathea 35. Taiwan grass 36. big-leaf paspalum

37. Manila grass 38. Bermuda grass 39. ryegrass 40. tall fescue

There are also some commonly used plants:

1. sacred fig 2. hill banyan 3. water elaeocarpus 4. bellflower 5. National Day flower 6. golden shower tree

7. Siamese senna 8. sausage tree 9. Thailand yellow big yellow flower ball 10. golden fragrant willow

11. winged senna 12. two-pod sophora 13. daily cherry 14. water banyan 15. grey magnolia

16. Hainan sajin 17. variegated money tree 18. Hainan ormosia 19. mahogany

20. Albizia falcataria 21. sandalwood cinnamon 22. autumn osmanthus 23. laurel 24. Washingtonia 25. fine-leaf bamboo

26. Indian yellow (purple) sandalwood 27. red sandalwood 28. Dianella ensifolia 29. Leizhou banyan 30. cat-tail tree

Common garden plants of the South

1. Evergreen trees

Norfolk Island pine, Cunningham's araucaria, oil fir, big-leaf araucaria, kauri, Masson pine, slash pine, camphor tree, Cinnamomum japonicum, giant tail eucalyptus, cajeput tree, rose apple, Hainan rose apple, bishop wood, Taiwan acacia, horse-ear acacia, ear-pod acacia, red sandalwood, small-leaf banyan, big-leaf banyan, hill banyan, bird banyan, Indian rubber fig, variegated Indian rubber fig, sacred fig, candlenut, mahogany, dillenia, Alstonia scholaris, terminalia, small-leaf terminalia, jackfruit, wax apple, Dracontomelon duperreanum, sapodilla, Chinese mahogany, beefwood, white magnolia, night-fragrant magnolia, Michelia macclurei, small-leaf elaeocarpus, southern magnolia, sea hibiscus, mango, longan, lychee, olive, loquat, bayberry, pomelo, water elaeocarpus, Buddhist pine, dragon juniper, Taiwan nageia, osmanthus, four-season osmanthus, banana shrub, aglaia, camellia, weeping fig, butterfly fruit, oblique-leaf fig

2. Deciduous trees

dawn redwood, pond cypress, bald cypress, Chinese swamp cypress, tulip tree, Chinese parasol tree, Bischofia polycarpa, Albizia falcataria, big-leaf silk tree, silver wattle, sweetgum, weeping willow, sausage tree, Anthocephalus chinensis, silver birch, Chinese hackberry, soapberry, Chinese pistache, chinaberry, Chinese tallow, wood oil tree, ginkgo, sterculia, persimmon, fig, mulberry, papaya, guava, red maple, sweet acacia

3. Palms

false betel nut palm, royal palm, king palm, bottle palm, club palm, triangle palm, foxtail palm, queen palm, oil palm, sugar palm, big silk palm, Washington palm, Canary Island date palm, Middle East date palm, Iranian honey date palm, Chinese fan palm, fish-tail palm, sugar palm, scale date palm, soft-leaf date palm, three-stamen areca, green palm, fragrant palm, long-spike fishtail palm, short-spike fishtail palm, areca palm, windmill palm, banana, traveler's palm, cordyline, lady palm, fine-leaf lady palm, Nicola strelitzia, red-stem philodendron, false taro

4. Foliage shrubs

golden-leaf weeping fig, golden banyan, fiddle-leaf fig, willow-leaf fig, Fukugi, variegated reed grass, weeping polyalthia, red-fruit pandanus, pittosporum, variegated hibiscus, sago palm, red bottlebrush, woody night jasmine, graceful smoke tree, golden-vein shrimp plant, Japanese fatsia, creeping juniper, variegated cassava, nandina, Schefflera octophylla, variegated Schefflera octophylla, pepperwood, red-backed excoecaria, red mulberry, Japanese lilac, duranta, variegated duranta, yellow-leaf duranta, orange jasmine, croton, halberd-leaf croton, Hainan croton, spotted croton, justicia, Fukien tea, small-leaf boxwood, golden-leaf privet, crown of thorns, yellow-stripe century plant, agave, silver-edge agave, yucca, bottle palm, cast-iron plant, snake plant, cactus, taro, bird's nest fern, monstera, variegated shell ginger, beach naupaka, thick-leaf rhaphiolepis, rainbow euphorbia, Ceylon leaf-flower, rose

5. Flowering shrubs

African jasmine, yesterday-today-and-tomorrow, rare jasmine, rose of Sharon, hibiscus, Chinese lantern flower, hanging bell flower, poinsettia, powderpuff, bougainvillea, big-flower gardenia, hydrangea, red-bract flower, wild peony, red-flower loropetalum, angel's trumpet, white mussaenda, red mussaenda, allamanda, Western azalea, two-pod senna, hard-bone trumpet flower, rose myrtle, ixora, phoenix-tail pearl, Yunnan yellow jasmine, jasmine, crinum lily,

spider lily, crab claw flower, dwarf canna, stone flax, fiddle-leaf coral, blue plumbago, blue star flower, butterfly pea

6. Groundcover

purple-backed calathea, arrowhead plant, white-butterfly arrowhead plant, pothos, inch plant, sword fern, clearweed, small oyster plant, peace lily, lilyturf, silver-edge lilyturf, red-flower lantana, yellow-flower lantana, purple-flower lantana, silver-leaf dusty miller, bleeding glorybower, shrimp flower, firecracker flower, asparagus fern, beach evening primrose, beach morning glory, ivy, star jasmine, ginger lily, umbrella plant, papyrus, iris, purple loosestrife, narcissus, lotus, water lily, three-lobed wedelia, red-flower oxalis, Brazilian peanut vine, dichondra, purple amaranth, round-leaf amaranth, coleus, fine-leaf verbena, red-green grass, autumn zephyr lily, Chinese zephyr lily, amaryllis, lily, calla lily, periwinkle, centipede grass, Manila grass, Korean velvetgrass, Bermuda grass, big-leaf paspalum, variegated paspalum, bahia grass, short-leaf lilyturf

7. Vines

big-flower thunbergia, rangoon creeper, coral vine, Boston ivy, firecracker vine, white-flower mucuna, beautiful clerodendrum, wisteria, climbing fig, cypress vine, morning glory, maple-leaf morning glory, snake vine, jasmine, big-flower dutchman's pipe, garlic vine, wood rose, lilac trumpet vine, passionflower

Part Seven: "Common Southern Plant Combination Document"

Practical Plant Combination Table — A Brief Table of Common Plant Combinations

Aquatic plants:

Wetland plants: Hankow willow, weeping willow, cotton willow, sand willow, Artemisia willow, soap willow, small-leaf poplar, Liao poplar, sand cypress, Chinese juniper, Chinese arborvitae, dawn redwood, chinaberry, Chinese wingnut, white ash, forsythia, elm, cut-leaf elm, Chinese elm, Chinese tallow, cherry blossom, eucommia, goldenrain tree, cotton rose hibiscus, rose of Sharon, oleander, Boston ivy, grape, wisteria, false indigo, tamarisk, buttercup, water hyacinth buttercup, long-leaf alkali grass, marsh willow leaf, willow leaf cress, marsh woundwort, Chinese woundwort, mint, marsh weed, speedwell, watercress, swamp grass, water wool grass, flat-stem swamp grass, water nutgrass, flower-spike water nutgrass, globe-spike pycreus, red-scale pycreus, bamboo-joint rush, small-flower rush, small rush, fine rush, knotgrass, common knotweed, red knotweed, clustered knotweed, dock-leaf knotweed, willow-leaf prickly knotweed, small arrow-leaf knotweed, mile-a-minute, prickly knotweed, halberd-leaf knotweed, big halberd-leaf knotweed, Japanese knotweed, cogongrass, calamagrostis, big-leaf grass, beckmannia, long-awn clubhead, wild rice grass, silvergrass, Job's tears, limpograss, wet flat-sedge,

Emergent plants: water onion, reed, lotus root, arrowhead, broad-leaf caldesia, water plantain, lotus, purple loosestrife, cattail, duck-tongue grass, water hyacinth, sweet flag, pickerelweed, rice, mangrove, narcissus, water celery, wild rice stem, taro, water clover, reed, water chestnut, three-square bulrush, needle rush, water candle, umbrella sedge, broad-leaf cattail

Floating plants: duckweed, water hyacinth, water lily, gorgon nut, Victoria water lily, spatterdock, water hyacinth, floating heart, water shield, yellow bladderwort, floating fern, keel-petal floating heart,

Submerged plants: hornwort, water plantain

Colorful-leaf plants:

Red or purple: sweetgum, lacquer tree, Japanese maple, Amur maple, oriental bittersweet, red oak, Tang maple, Chinese tallow, staghorn sumac, Chinese sumac, mountain ash, nandina, euonymus, hawthorn, Chinese pistache, Chinese wingnut, barberry, Hubei hornbeam, Boston ivy

Golden yellow or yellow-brown: ginkgo, persimmon, goldenrain tree, tulip tree, Chinese parasol tree, elm, walnut, catalpa, dawn redwood, crape myrtle, Chinese elm, nanmu, wild jujube, kiwifruit, horse chestnut, water elm mountain ash, wintersweet, pomegranate, yellow-flowered cassia, witch hazel, soapberry, sweet acacia

Aromatic plants:

Aromatic plants that can be planted in residential areas include: mint, basil, lemon balm, Roman chamomile, lemongrass, sage, dandelion, pot marigold, thyme, borage, scented geranium, mallow and other herbaceous plants, and lavender, rosemary, gardenia, rose, lemon verbena and other shrubs.

Examples of woody plant combinations with fragrance in turn through the four seasons: plum blossom and orange blossom in spring; gardenia and white magnolia in summer; osmanthus in autumn and wintersweet in winter.

Pollution-resistant and exhaust-gas-resistant plants: black locust, paulownia, lacebark pine, Chinese juniper, coral tree, photinia, pittosporum, Japanese fatsia, etc.

Nitrogen-fixing plants: Robinia, Lonicera, Albizia, false indigo, Caragana, Glycine, Lespedeza, Melilotus, Pisum, Phaseolus, Myrica, Elaeagnus, Cycas

Nectar-source, bird-attracting, and butterfly-attracting plants: dwarf yew, Buddhist pine, Chinese torreya, Japanese holly, camphor tree, bayberry, privet, thick-skin tree, viburnum, aucuba, mahonia, firethorn, boxwood, pittosporum, Japanese fatsia, etc., butterfly bush, Chinese pistache, and other fragrant-flower plants (such as Rutaceae Citrus plants)

Perennial (herbaceous) flowers: torch lily (red-hot poker), lupine, blue fescue, astilbe, coreopsis, loose-strife, oregano, big-flower hibiscus, red-flower mint, five-color star jasmine, thistle, hellebore, lycoris, daylily, iris, spiderwort, hosta, variegated canna, red-leaf canna, Dutch aster, big Wu Feng Zi grass, bletilla, perennial verbena

Flowering trees and shrubs of the four seasons:

Spring: various cherry blossoms (early cherry, late cherry, weeping cherry, etc.), various crabapples (Malus spectabilis, Malus micromalus, Chaenomeles speciosa, etc.), Magnoliaceae (southern magnolia, white magnolia, two-bloom magnolia, purple magnolia, red magnolia, banana shrub, Michelia maudiae, etc.), redbud, red-leaf

plum, peach blossom, camellia, winter jasmine, lilac, etc.

Summer: crape myrtle, rose of Sharon, hydrangea, banana shrub, summer azalea, pomegranate (flower), gardenia, Chinese trumpet creeper, silk tree, sweet acacia Autumn: osmanthus, crape myrtle, rose of Sharon, flowering pomegranate, cotton rose hibiscus, Chinese trumpet creeper, etc.

Winter: honeysuckle, nandina, plum blossom, banana shrub, camellia, camellia sasanqua, etc.

Classification diagram of common greening tree species:

(1) Evergreen conifers

1. Trees: deodar cedar, Korean pine, Japanese black pine, dragon juniper, Masson pine, Chinese juniper, sago palm, Norfolk Island pine, Japanese cedar, Chinese torreya

2. Shrubs: (Buddhist pine), Oriental arborvitae, emerald cypress, creeping juniper, Japanese cedar, five-needle pine

(2) Deciduous conifers (no shrubs):

Trees: dawn redwood, golden larch, pond cypress, bald cypress

(3) Evergreen broadleaf trees:

1. Trees: camphor tree, southern magnolia, glossy privet, palm

2. Shrubs: sweet viburnum, Japanese spindle, boxwood, Korean boxwood, Chinese holly, mandarin orange, Chinese photinia, Japanese pittosporum, osmanthus, oleander, winter jasmine, winter jasmine, gold-dusted coral tree, heavenly bamboo, snowbush, Chinese privet, Japanese fatsia, gardenia, mosquito fern, camellia, St. John's wort, azalea, yucca (Adam's needle, Spanish dagger), sago palm (cycad), leatherleaf mahonia

(4) Deciduous broadleaf trees:

1. Trees: weeping willow, upright willow, Chinese wingnut, dragon-claw willow, Chinese tallow tree, pagoda tree, Chinese parasol tree (Chinese

parasol tree), London plane (French plane), pagoda tree (Chinese scholar tree), curly pagoda tree, silk tree, ginkgo, chinaberry (chinaberry tree), catalpa

2. Shrubs: cherry blossom, white magnolia, peach blossom, wintersweet, crape myrtle, redbud, sumac, Japanese maple, purple-leaf plum, Japanese quince, hanging bell begonia, bigleaf hydrangea, lacecap hydrangea, forsythia (golden bells), cotton rose, rose of Sharon (hibiscus), Chinese sumac (guìyuán tree), pomegranate

(5) Bamboo: Ci-xiao bamboo, moso bamboo, moso bamboo, black bamboo, Guanyin bamboo, fernleaf bamboo, Buddha belly bamboo, golden bamboo with jade stripes

(6) Vines: wisteria, Confederate jasmine, Boston ivy (Virginia creeper, Japanese creeper), English ivy, grapevine, wintercreeper

(7) Flowers: portulaca, chrysanthemum, scarlet sage, canna, Joseph's coat, ornamental kale (ball cabbage), chrysanthemum, orchid

(8) Lawn: velvet grass, zoysia grass, dwarf lilyturf, evergreen grass, tall fescue, Manila grass, clover, dichondra

Detailed Table of Common Plant Combinations

Table of Commonly Used Street Trees

Name Scientific name Family Tree form Characteristics

Camphor tree Cinnamomun camphcra Lauraceae Spherical Evergreen large tree, alternate leaves, tri-nerved, aromatic, spherical berries.

London plane Platanus x acerifolia Platanaceae Ovate Prefers warmth, resistant to pollution, tolerates pruning. Broad crown with dense shade, suitable as a street tree and shade tree.

Maple Liquidamdar formosana Hance. Hamamelidaceae Conical Deciduous tree, bark gray and smooth, leaves triangular, slow-growing, graceful form

Flame tree Delonix regia Raffin Fabaceae Umbrella-shaped Sun-loving, prefers warm hot climates, not cold-tolerant, fast-growing, pollution-resistant, wind-resistant; flowers red and beautiful, blooming May to August

Silk tree Albizia julibrissin Mimosoideae Umbrella-shaped Flowers pink, June to July, suitable as a shade ornamental tree and street tree

Sweet acacia Albizia farnesiana Wild. Mimosoideae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous sub-tree, fast-growing, densely branched and leafy, flowers golden yellow, excellent vigor

Weeping willow Salix babylonica Linn. Salicaceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous sub-tree, suitable for low-lying wet land, grows luxuriantly and rapidly, graceful form

Banyan Ficus retusa Linn.. Moraceae Spherical Deciduous tree, broad crown, fast-growing, strong canopy closure, suitable for various pruning styles

Camphor tree Cinnamomum camphora Ness. Lauraceae Spherical Evergreen tree, broad crown, large and rounded, vigorous growth, graceful form

Chinese fan palm Livitonia chinensis R.Br. Arecaceae Umbrella-shaped Single upright trunk, leaves dark green, vigorous growth, very graceful posture

Longan tree Euphoria longana Lanark. Sapindaceae Round Evergreen tree with round crown, strong canopy closure, slower growth, very graceful posture

Chinaberry (chinaberry tree) Melia azedarach Linn. Meliaceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous tree, fast-growing, irregular crown, somewhat umbrella-shaped, flowers pale purple

Chinese parasol tree Sterculia platanifolia L. Sterculiaceae Umbrella-shaped Evergreen tree, broad leaves, fast-growing, upright when young, crown spreading when old

Paper mulberry Broussonetia papyrifera Vent. Moraceae Umbrella-shaped Evergreen tree, leaves huge and soft-thin, branches spreading in all directions, umbrella-shaped crown, graceful posture

Formosan alder Alnus formosana Makino. Fagaceae Umbrella-shaped Evergreen tree, tolerant of moisture and heat, unsuitable for dry land and hard soil, tall and beautiful form

Ash tree Faxinus insularis Hemsl. Oleaceae Umbrella-shaped Evergreen tree, vigorous, fast-growing, beautiful tree form and leaf shape Norfolk Island pine Araucaria cuninghamii Araucariaceae Conical Evergreen conifer, sun-loving, prefers warm hot climates, not cold-tolerant, fertilizer-loving, fast-growing, narrow conical crown, graceful posture

Qinghai spruce Picea carassifolia Pinaceae Tower-shaped Evergreen conifer, neutral, shallow-rooted, suitable for the northwest region

Korean pine Pinus koraiensis Pinaceae Tower-shaped Evergreen conifer, weakly sun-loving, prefers cool moist climates and acidic soil, needles blue-green

Chinese juniper (juniper) Sabina chinensis Cupressaceae Conical Evergreen conifer, sun-loving, young trees slightly shade-tolerant, tolerant of drought and poor soil, cold-tolerant, slightly moisture-tolerant, tolerates pruning, good dust-blocking and sound-insulating effect

Southern magnolia Magnolia grandiflora L. Magnoliaceae Ovate Evergreen tree, flowers large white and fragrant, graceful form,

Taiwan acacia Acacia confusa Merr. Fabaceae Umbrella-shaped Evergreen tree, bark smooth when young, rough when old, trunk mostly curved, strong growth

Date palm Phoenix dactylifera L. Arecaceae Pinnate Evergreen broadleaf tree, trunk branching, strong heat resistance, vigorous growth, graceful posture

Canary Island date palm Phoenix dactylifera Arecaceae Pinnate Evergreen broadleaf tree, trunk thick and sturdy, tall and majestic, pinnate leaves dense and spreading,

Royal palm (king coconut) Oreodoxa regia H.B.K. Arecaceae Umbrella-shaped Single upright trunk, can reach 18 m tall, slightly swollen in the middle, pinnate compound leaves, very strong vitality, high ornamental value

Ginkgo Ginkgo biloba Ginkgoaceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous broadleaf tree, autumn leaves yellow, cold-tolerant, deep-rooted, not tolerant of waterlogging, resistant to many toxic gases

Chinese tulip tree (horse jacket tree) Liriodendron chinense Magnoliaceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous broadleaf tree, prefers warm humid climates, fairly strong resistance, fertile acidic soil, fast-growing, long-lived, leaves shaped like a horse jacket, flowers yellow-green, large and beautiful.

Chinese white poplar Populus tomentosa Salicaceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous broadleaf tree, prefers cool temperate climates, pollution-resistant, deep-rooted, fast-growing, fairly long-lived; form upright, trunk straight, bark gray-white

Lombardy poplar Populus nigra var. italica Salicaceae Narrow cylindrical Deciduous broadleaf tree, cold-tolerant and drought-tolerant, slightly tolerant of saline-alkali and waterlogging, fast-growing

Chinese elm Ulmus parvifolia Ulmaceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous broadleaf tree, prefers warm humid climates, tolerant of drought and poor soil, deep-rooted, fast-growing, long-lived, resistant to smoke and toxic gases, strong dust-retaining ability

Box elder (ash-leaved maple) Acer negundo Aceraceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous broadleaf tree, prefers fertile soil and cool moist climates, tolerant of smoke and dust, tolerant of dry cold, tolerant of light saline-alkali, tolerates pruning, autumn leaves yellow {Maintenance measures for southern plants: date palm}.

Table of Traits of Commonly Used Landscape Trees

Name Scientific name Family Tree form Characteristics

Camphor tree Cinnamomun camphcra Lauraceae Spherical Evergreen large tree, alternate leaves, tri-nerved, aromatic, spherical berries.

London plane Platanus x acerifolia Platanaceae Ovate Prefers warmth, resistant to pollution, tolerates pruning. Broad crown with dense shade, suitable as a street tree and shade tree.

Southern magnolia Magnolia grandiflora L. Magnoliaceae Ovate Evergreen tree, flowers large white and fragrant, graceful form,

White magnolia Magnolia denudata Magnoliaceae Umbrella-shaped Fairly cold-tolerant, afraid of waterlogging. Flowers large pure white, blooms March to April. Suitable for garden ornament.

Chinese tulip tree (horse jacket tree) Liriodendron chinense Magnoliaceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous broadleaf tree, prefers warm humid climates, fairly strong resistance, fertile acidic soil, fast-growing, long-lived, leaves shaped like a horse jacket, flowers yellow-green, large and beautiful.

Chinese arborvitae Thuja orientalis Linn Cupressaceae Conical Evergreen tree, form neat when young, mostly curved when old, strong growth, long-lived, beautiful form

Ash tree Faxinus insularis Hemsl. Oleaceae Round Evergreen tree, vigorous, fast-growing, beautiful tree form and leaf shape Java bishopwood Bischoffia javanica Blanco Euphorbiaceae Round Evergreen tree, very ornamental when young leaves sprout, vigorous growth, beautiful form

Weeping willow Salix babylonica Linn. Salicaceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous sub-tree, suitable for low-lying wet land, grows luxuriantly and rapidly, graceful form

Chinese incense cedar Calocedrus macrolepis Kurz Cupressaceae Umbrella-shaped Evergreen tree, bark gray-brown, with irregular longitudinal fissures; branchlets alternate, green and flattened when young.

Royal palm Roystonea regia Arecaceae Umbrella-shaped Single upright trunk, can reach 18 m tall, slightly swollen in the middle, pinnate compound leaves, very strong vitality, high ornamental value

Japanese spindle Euonymus japonica Celastraceae Ovate Prefers warm humid climates, resistant to toxic gases. Grown for foliage. Suitable for hedges and foundation planting.

Maple Liquidamdar formosana Hance. Hamamelidaceae Conical Deciduous tree, bark gray and smooth, leaves triangular, slow-growing, graceful form

Chinese wingnut Pterocarya stenoptera Juglandaceae Umbrella-shaped Highly adaptable, tolerant of waterlogging, fast-growing. Suitable as a shade tree, street tree, and bank-protection tree

Creeping juniper Sabina procumbens Cupressaceae Evergreen creeping dwarf shrub, branches and trunk spreading along the ground, leaves needle-like. Slow-growing, uniquely styled, foliage verdant and flowing. Suitable for ground cover and beautification around courtyard rocks, ponds, sand pits, and slopes. {Maintenance measures for southern plants: date palm}.

Golden dewdrop Duranta repens Verbenaceae Round Evergreen shrub. Suitable for large potted plants, flower troughs, hedges. Golden dewdrop is mainly grown for foliage, widely used, can serve as ground cover, pruned into shapes, formed into patterns, or used to emphasize color combinations, dazzling and eye-catching. Chinese holly Ilex cornuta Aquifoliaceae Round Resistant to toxic gases, slow-growing. Green leaves and red berries, very beautiful. Suitable for foundation planting. Paper mulberry Broussonetia papyrifera Vent. Moraceae Umbrella-shaped Evergreen tree, leaves huge and soft-thin, branches spreading in all directions, graceful posture

Chinese elm Ulmus parvifolia Ulmaceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous broadleaf tree, prefers warm humid climates, tolerant of drought and poor soil, deep-rooted, fast-growing, long-lived, resistant to smoke and toxic gases, strong dust-retaining ability

Chinese juniper Juniperus Chinensis Linn Cupressaceae Conical Evergreen medium tree, branches dense, dark green, vigorous growth, suitable for pruning, beautiful form

Japanese pittosporum Pittosporum tobira Pittosporaceae Round White flowers fragrant, blooms in May. Suitable for foundation planting, as a hedge, or potted. Date palm Phoenix dactylifera Linn Arecaceae Umbrella-shaped Trunk suckering, can reach 20-25 m tall, leaves gray-white with arched curvature, vigorous growth, beautiful form

Hankow willow Salix matsudana Salicaceae Umbrella-shaped Suitable as a shade tree, street tree, and bank-protection tree

Silk tree Albizia julibrissin Mimosoideae Umbrella-shaped Flowers pink, June to July, suitable as a shade ornamental tree and street tree

Black pine Pinus Thumbergii Porl. Pinaceae Conical Evergreen tree, bark gray-brown, branchlets orange-yellow, needles hard in pairs, long-lived

Purple-leaf plum Prunus cerasifera. F.arropurpurea Rosaceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous small tree, branchlets smooth, red-brown, leaves ovate, entirely purple-red, blooms pale pink small flowers in April, drupe purple. Suitable for both specimen and group planting, as a backdrop.

Washington palm Washingtonia filifera Wend. Arecaceae Umbrella-shaped Single cylindrical trunk, enlarged at the base, up to 4-8 m tall, leaves fan-shaped and round, vigorous growth, beautiful form {Maintenance measures for southern plants: date palm}.

Pagoda tree Sophora japonica Fabaceae Umbrella-shaped Branches and leaves dense, crown broad, suitable as a shade tree and street tree

Glaucous cassia Cassia glauca Lam. Fabaceae Round Deciduous tree, even-pinnate compound leaves, flowers yellow, fast-growing, beautiful form

Box elder (ash-leaved maple) Acer negundo Aceraceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous broadleaf tree, prefers fertile soil and cool moist climates, tolerant of smoke and dust, tolerant of dry cold, tolerant of light saline-alkali, tolerates pruning, autumn leaves yellow

Japanese maple Acer palmatum Aceraceae Umbrella-shaped Leaves elegant, autumn leaves red. Suitable for garden ornament and potting.

Golden larch Pseudolarix amabilis Rehd. Pinaceae Ovate tower-shaped Evergreen tree, branches and leaves spreading, leaves linear, alternate on long shoots, leaflets radiating, form vigorous and upright.

Bottle palm Hyophorbe amaricaulis Mart. Arecaceae Umbrella-shaped Trunk about 3 m tall, base oval and swollen, forming a wine bottle shape, very graceful posture

Mandarin orange Citrus reticulata Rutaceae Round Flowers white, fruit yellow-green, fragrant. Suitable for group planting.

Chinaberry tree Melia azedarch Linn. Meliaceae Round Deciduous tree, bark gray-brown, bipinnate odd-pinnate compound leaves, flowers purple, fast-growing

Snowbush Serissa serissoides Rubiaceae Round Evergreen small shrub. Leaves dark green, flowers snow-white, slightly pale pink. Branches and leaves slender, fine texture, suitable for potting, low hedges, ground cover, flower beds, and pruned shapes.

Dragon juniper Juniperus chinensis var. Kaituka, Hort Cupressaceae Upright tower-shaped Evergreen medium tree, branches dense, dark green, vigorous growth, very long-lived, very beautiful form

Dragon-claw pagoda tree S. j. cv. Pendula Fabaceae Umbrella-shaped Branches drooping, suitable for garden ornament, planted in pairs or rows

Dragon-claw willow S. m. cv. Tortuosa Salicaceae Round Branches twisted like a dragon roaming, suitable as a shade tree and ornamental tree

Pygmy date palm Phehix Roebelenii Brien. Arecaceae Umbrella-shaped Trunk upright, 2 m tall, leaf stalks thin and small, leaflets alternate or opposite, an excellent variety with beautiful leaves

Buddhist pine Podocaarpus macrophyllus D. Don Podocarpaceae Long conical Evergreen tree, plain and elegant demeanor, can be pruned as high-grade bonsai material, or shaped into round, conical, or layered forms for garden landscaping and beautification.

Masson pine Pinus massoniana Lamb. Pinaceae Umbrella-shaped Evergreen tree, trunk bark red-brown, winter buds brown, large trees majestic

Heavenly bamboo Nandina domestica Berberidaceae Umbrella-shaped Branches and leaves elegant, red berries in autumn and winter; garden ornament, suitable for group planting or potting. Norfolk Island pine Araucaria ecelsa Br. Araucariaceae Conical Evergreen conifer tree, branches whorled, lower ones drooping, leaves dark green, beautiful form, vigorous growth

Glossy privet Ligustrum lucidum Oleaceae Ovate Flowers white, blooms in June. Suitable as a hedge or street tree.

Chinese fan palm Livistona chinensis R. Br. Arecaceae Umbrella-shaped Upright trunk can reach 6-12 m tall, leaves round, leaf stalk edges spiny, grows luxuriantly, elegant posture

Globe juniper Junlperus chinensis cv. Globosa. Cupressaceae Broadly round Shrub, no main trunk, branches clustered.

Japanese maple Acer serrulatum Aceraceae Umbrella-shaped conical Deciduous tree. Trunk upright. Form light and graceful, can be trained into noble-shaped bonsai, an elegant street tree, landscape tree, and forest-bathing tree.

Boxwood B. bodinieri Buxaceae Ovate Branches and leaves fine and dense, suitable for garden ornament. Can be group-planted, used as a hedge, or potted. Japanese cedar Cryptomeria japonica D. Don Taxodiaceae Conical, ovate, round Evergreen tree. Branches whorled, graceful

Chapter Eight: "Cultivation and Maintenance of Arecaceae Plants"

Arecaceae is a very distinctive group of evergreen plants in the monocotyledon class, with stems single or clustered, upright or climbing; leaves clustered at the top of the stem, well-developed root system, tolerant of drought and poor soil, strong resistance to pests and diseases, and outstanding for creating tropical-style garden landscapes. This section introduces their introduction, transplanting, and disease control.

Brief Introduction to the Introduction Process

There are 183 genera and about 2,400 species of Arecaceae plants worldwide, widely distributed in tropical and subtropical humid regions of the world. High temperature and high humidity are important conditions for the normal growth and development of most palm plants. A few palm plants have unique adaptability to adverse environments, such as the silver date palm (wild date palm) distributed in extremely arid areas at the edge of deserts, and quite a few palm species that can tolerate long-term water immersion, such as the swamp palm. Most palm plants are rich in fiber, with tough stems and well-developed root systems, and have strong wind resistance, such as the Alexander palm and Chinese fan palm.

Since the 1940s, in the construction of numerous tropical and subtropical cities worldwide, the landscape value of palm plants has been recognized, and they have been used as key species for urban greening and beautification, such as in Miami in the United States, Jakarta in India, Bangkok in Thailand, as well as Cape Town in South Africa and Singapore.

Some landscaping companies in Guangdong began the work of introducing and applying palm plants in the early 1980s. Over the following twenty-plus years, southern provinces and regions such as Guangxi, Fujian, and Yunnan, and later Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Shanghai, Chongqing, and Yunnan, successively set off a boom in introducing, producing, and applying palms.

Several units led by Guangdong Palm Landscape Company, based on plant geography and ecology theories, through observational research on the growth and mortality of introduced and acclimatized Arecaceae plants, found that plants native to the Northern Hemisphere generally have cold-hardiness potential because they experienced ancient glacial climates, while species native to high latitudes and high altitudes in the Southern Hemisphere also have relatively strong cold tolerance. Through research on the cold tolerance and cold-tolerance mechanisms of palm plants, researchers found that the main factors affecting introduction and acclimatization are: temperature, light, humidity, moisture, and soil. The most significant effect of the temperature factor is governing plant growth and development; winter low temperature is the leading factor affecting the success or failure of palm plant introduction and acclimatization; through research on palm salt tolerance and shade tolerance, researchers screened out a batch of varieties with strong saline-alkali tolerance and shade tolerance; at the same time, through the control of palm Phytophthora disease, coconut leaf beetle, red palm weevil, and other pests and diseases, the incidence of palm pests and diseases was greatly reduced. In addition, researchers also studied the mechanism of palm seed germination, summarized and invented palm seed germination-promotion technology, mastered whole-crown transplanting of palm plants and large-specification container seedling cultivation technology, and did fruitful work on soil improvement and winter cold-protection conservation techniques.

At present, researchers have screened and promoted about 80 species of palm plants in South China, including royal palm, Chinese fan palm, broadleaf lady palm, southern coconut palm, and fishtail palm; in Shanghai and surrounding areas, more than ten species of Arecaceae plants have been successfully applied, mainly including Butia palm, Mexican washingtonia, Canary Island date palm, and Washington palm, and the related research techniques have been appraised by experts as reaching the world's advanced level.

Taking the Washington palm as an example

On the Occurrence and Control of Phytophthora Disease

Damage and General Symptoms of Palm Phytophthora Disease

This disease often occurs and causes damage on palm plants such as royal palm, large Chinese fan palm, Washington palm, Mexican fan palm, and Canary Island date palm. In affected plants, the central leaf cannot emerge normally, new leaves shrink and dry up, and in severe cases the whole plant wilts in patches. The pathogen of Phytophthora disease is caused by Phytophthora, which can be identified by culture in an incubator. The pathogen mainly overwinters in the soil or on diseased plant residues. The bacteria spread through watering, rain splash, and air movement.

Occurrence Pattern of Washington Palm Phytophthora Disease

This disease occurs during the high-temperature, high-humidity period between summer and autumn. After early drought followed by rain, or poor management after transplanting, such as heavy watering, the soil moisture content

suddenly increases, ventilation is poor, or plants located in drafty positions are prone to infection. The disease is severe in low-lying, poorly drained, and continuous-cropping plots. In addition, the disease is often related to severe root injury during seedling digging and long-distance transport.

When it occurs, the base of the unexpanded young tender central leaf rots, and the leaf becomes gray-green and droops, and it can be pulled out with slight force. Dissecting the stem, one can see paste-like secretions at the growth point and even the entire central part of the plant, with a foul odor, and white mold-like matter can grow on the diseased tissue. In severely affected plants, root damage is also often seen, with the main symptoms being blackened, rotted roots and a peculiar

odor. This disease mainly occurs at the seedling stage and in nurseries, and is less common in adult trees planted in green spaces.

Symptoms

In recent years, the damage has been relatively severe in nursery plots. In the early stage of the disease, yellow-brown water-soaked lesions first appear near the ground, and the lesions rapidly expand and are slightly sunken; when moist, the surface is densely covered with white cottony mold, and the diseased part rots and smells foul. When it occurs on leaves, the diseased part is yellow-brown, and white mold grows under moist conditions. When it occurs on stems, it is initially dark green, then expands, becomes moist and soft, and later the upper part appears withered. This disease can harm the entire palm plant. Sometimes purulent liquid oozes from the cut roots and stem, and in severe cases the edges of the veins of young leaves bear large amounts of gray-black mycelium. Phytophthora disease is a vascular disease; in severe cases the whole plant wilts, droops, dries up, and dies, with a high fatality rate.

According to surveys, the peak period of this disease is mostly the high-temperature, high-humidity period, that is, the optimum temperature is 27°C to 35°C. For example, in 2006, the disease period in coastal areas near the Pearl River Delta was July to October, in Xiamen August to November, in Shanghai June to September (also occurring in early spring), and in the mountainous areas of the western Pearl River Delta August to November, but in all places the disease could be seen within 1 to 2 months after typhoon rainstorms, sometimes occurring sporadically, sometimes appearing in patches.

Control Methods

I. Preventive Cultivation Measures

1. Pay attention to ventilation, dryness, and drainage in the nursery; moderate pruning of leaves can be done in autumn and winter each year, and pits can be opened in the planting site and soil mounded, etc., to keep the seedling site dry. Usually, potassium fertilizer can be added, and quicklime and superphosphate can also be applied separately, to enhance the density of plant tissues and resistance to infection, and improve the disease resistance of the plants.

2. Choose a good plot; select loam or sandy loam plots with high terrain and good drainage for planting.

3. Implement crop rotation; plots where Washington palms have been grown require crop rotation of three to four years or more.

4. Strengthen field management, apply more organic fertilizer, promote robust plant growth with deep roots and lush leaves, and improve resistance. Implement high-ridge (bed) cultivation. Appropriately control watering during the rainy season, drain promptly after rain so that the ground dries after rain; water promptly in drought, and strictly forbid flood irrigation when watering, and do it in the sunny afternoon or evening.

5. Achieve prevention first and integrated control. Observe normally, often prune dead branches and fallen leaves, and when diseased plants are found, clean them up promptly, bury them deeply or burn them, and disinfect the diseased holes with lime.

II. Chemical Control

In the one to two months before the onset of the disease in summer and during the onset period, use 64% Sa Du Fan (Duofan) wettable powder (1:500 to 600), 80% phosethyl-Al (1:400), or other hymexazol-type products such as Ka Mei Tong, also known as Tu Jun Xiao (common dosage 600 to 700 times), lime-sulfur mixture (1:1:100), dexon (500 times), etc. for control. Specific control methods: when transplanting Washingtonia palm, first spray the planting site and the roots of the Washingtonia palm with Tu Jun Xiao at 600 to 700 times dilution, or on consecutive sunny days first dig the pit and expose it to the sun for sterilization, or spread lime powder for disinfection, or use dexon at 500 times dilution for soil disinfection.

After a typhoon, promptly spray Sa Du Fan (better) or phosethyl-Al (prone to developing resistance), adding 0.4% washing powder, as a drench into the heart or as a spray for both prevention and treatment. You can also spray 80% mancozeb at 700 times dilution, once every 7 to 10 days, spraying two or three times in succession, which can effectively prevent and control the occurrence of Phytophthora disease. After adopting this measure, the Washingtonia palms and hair Washingtonia palms at the Shanghai base of Guangdong Palm Landscape Company saw their disease incidence rate drop from 20% in 2004 to below 10%.

Control experience

Using carbendazim and similar products for control has no obvious effect. If at the early stage of disease onset all leaves are cut off and the plant is transplanted elsewhere, about 30% can gradually revive over 2 to 3 years, but their growth is rather poor.

It is understood that this disease rarely occurs in high-temperature, dry areas such as Los Angeles, so this disease is related to high temperature and high humidity, and the infection route is through surface water, groundwater and rainwater, etc. When the plant's root system, trunk, leaves, etc. are damaged, the pathogen invades and multiplies massively when moisture is sufficient, ultimately causing the vascular conductive tissue to become blocked, and the plant wilts and dies from water loss. The heart rot disease described in some literature is actually also Phytophthora disease, only occurring at the heart leaf part.

This disease is different from anthracnose, which occurs on leaves, presenting water-soaked small spots at onset, then expanding into larger lesions, and is easily detected; it can generally be controlled with agents such as carbendazim. As for leaf spot disease, it refers to diseases occurring on leaves, with common pathogens being Phyllosticta, Pestalotiopsis, etc., often causing leaf blight, but anthracnose and leaf spot disease rarely cause plant death. Transplanting techniques for large single-trunk seedlings

Preparation before transplanting

1. Root-prune the seedlings to be transplanted in advance; after root pruning, the soil ball size should be twice the ground diameter, and the root-pruning depth should be 50 cm to 60 cm. After root pruning, stones and broken roots should be removed from the soil and it should be backfilled promptly, with good moisture retention: the purpose is to toughen the seedling's adaptability and promote new root growth. After root pruning, it is best to keep them for more than 30 days, and transplant only when new roots begin to sprout. If using heeled-in seedlings, the effect is even better.

2. Digging pits and preparing the soil. The planting site should have pits dug 20 days before transplanting, with pit specifications generally 1.5 times the soil ball. The soil from digging the pits should be exposed to the sun in the open for a period, and the backfill soil is best a pre-prepared mixed soil: pond mud + farmyard manure or mushroom soil + an appropriate amount of matured phosphate fertilizer + an appropriate amount of river sand, with sand:soil at 4:6.

Planting time

In the Pearl River Delta region, transplanting can be done year-round, with spring and autumn being best; try to avoid summer and winter, especially January and July. Most palm family plants like warmth and moisture. In summer, temperatures are high, seedlings evaporate water quickly, easily causing excessive water loss and affecting survival; in winter, temperatures are low, some places even have frost, and strong north winds easily cause seedling frostbite or even death.

Transplanting seedlings

Some large single-trunk palm family seedlings have relatively thick trunks, and transplanting them is labor-intensive and the seedlings are very easily injured. Therefore, when transplanting seedlings, the trunk should be wrapped with burlap sacks or rice straw, especially the green wrapped trunk portion at the boundary between trunk and leaf stalk. This protects the trunk, retains moisture and blocks sunlight. In addition, when lifting seedlings, combine with leaf pruning, removing old leaves and retaining 40% to 45% of the leaves (specifically depending on tree vigor). At the same time, cut off 1/5 of the leaves together with the leaf stalks, to minimize water evaporation as much as possible.

Planting

Seedlings are best dug and planted the same day; if too much time passes, the seedlings evaporate a lot of water and are easily affected in survival due to water loss. If they cannot all be planted the same day, cover them with shade netting and spray a small amount of water on the leaf surface every day, doing well at shading and moisture retention.

1. Backfilling soil Once the seedling is positioned, backfill soil immediately. When the backfill reaches half the height of the soil ball, first compact the loose soil. After backfilling is complete, shape the soil mound into a "water storage basin" slightly higher around the edges and slightly lower in the middle, to facilitate watering and moisture retention.

2. Watering After backfilling, immediately water thoroughly to settle the roots; before watering, first use bamboo poles, etc. to tamp the loose soil around the soil ball until the loose soil no longer sinks.

3. Fixing There are many kinds of supports; using three bamboo poles to form a triangular support is the most economical and practical one. Tie at a height of 2/3 of the trunk.

Post-planting management

1. Moisture retention Spray the leaves and trunk wrapping twice a day, except on rainy days, just enough to wet the leaves and trunk wrapping. Do not water at the roots, because excess water will flow downward, and water accumulation causes root rot. Cover the area around the tree base with rice straw for sun protection, to prevent excessive soil temperature differences from causing soil compaction, and to keep the soil around the soil ball loose, moist and aerated, which helps new roots sprout.

2. Wind protection Because transplanted large single-trunk palm plants are generally taller, and after transplanting are often affected by thunderstorms and strong winds, check regularly after planting whether the supports have loosened; especially after strong winds, if the trunk is found to be leaning, promptly straighten and re-tie it.

3. Topdressing About one month after planting, urea water can be used as a foliar topdressing, applied as a spray, with topdressing about once every half month. After the first new leaf grows and matures, use fully decomposed peanut bran for hole fertilization. Dig the holes at the edge of the soil ball and beyond, opening a ring-shaped trench, with trench width and depth each 30 cm, and the fertilizer must be mixed evenly with the backfill soil.

4. Pest and disease control Newly transplanted large single-trunk palm family seedlings have relatively weak tree vigor and are extremely susceptible to pests and diseases, especially tender leaves and heart leaves. For insect control, 5% methamidophos plus 5% omethoate can be applied. At present, the invasive pest "coconut leaf beetle" causes quite serious harm to palm family plants; adults and larvae gather in the overlapping spaces of not-yet-unfolded heart leaves and gnaw the leaf flesh, causing some or all of the newly emerging leaves to wither and die, and affected plants grow slowly or even die. The control methods include the following: ① 81% malathion emulsifiable concentrate at 1000 times dilution; ② cypermethrin at 500 times dilution; ③ using "Ye Jia Qing", all of which can achieve good control effects. Based on practical operation, the author believes the simplest, most convenient and long-lasting method is to hang a "Ye Jia Qing" packet on the heart leaf during planting together with tying.

For large single-trunk palm family seedlings, about one month after planting, whether they have survived can be roughly determined based on whether their leaves remain green, but to truly confirm survival, generally one must wait until after one growing season, using whether new shoots and new roots have emerged as the standard. After the author adopted the above transplanting techniques in construction, the transplanting survival rate increased from the original 75% to above 90%, and the above techniques are highly operable and worth promoting and applying.

Transplanting techniques for seedlings, large trees and clumping seedlings

Key techniques for transplanting seedlings

Palm family plants are most suitable for transplanting during a period after they germinate and root. At this time the seedlings are smaller and can be transplanted with seeds, and moreover have few fibrous roots, so the root system is not easily damaged during transplanting. Using nutrition bags for seedling cultivation, the size depends on the cultivation time of the seedlings; generally speaking, 1-year-old seedlings are suitable with 16 cm x 18 cm containers, and 2-year-old seedlings with 19 cm x 20 cm. Nutrition bags that are too small are not conducive to rapid seedling growth. The nutrition soil is prepared with loose topsoil, burnt soil and wheat bran, in a 5:2:1 ratio, adding a small amount of phosphate fertilizer, evenly mixed, then bagged. First fill half the bag with mixed soil, then place the seedling, then straighten the seedling and fill it full, then compact it so that the seedling root system and the mixed soil are pressed closely together, and water thoroughly. Palm family plants cannot be planted too deep, otherwise it will affect seedling growth. If too deep, the seedling should be lifted upward so that the seedling root system spreads out.

Key techniques for transplanting large trees

Palm family plants cultivated in nurseries for 5 to 10 years mostly need several rounds of bed-to-bed transplanting, so choosing sparse-planted strong seedlings gives a relatively high survival rate.

Reducing damage to the root mass Palm plant root systems are tender, with many lateral roots and capillary roots; when lifting and digging, carry as large a soil ball as possible, and prevent it from loosening and cracking. Minimize root mass damage as much as possible, so as to maintain normal respiration and water absorption capacity and improve transplanting survival rate. During construction, lines and planting holes should be accurately laid out to avoid rework and prevent the soil ball from loosening.

Leaf pruning The amount of leaves retained at transplanting should be comprehensively determined according to different species, the climate at transplanting, and transplanting and maintenance conditions, etc.

Generally about 40% of the original leaf count should be retained. Retaining too many leaves causes leaves to yellow and wither due to high water evaporation; retaining too few leaves makes plant recovery difficult and the cycle long, and the initial landscape effect is also poor.

Protecting the plant's stem and its pseudostem During lifting, carrying, loading and unloading of the plant, the stem should be protected from damage, and the pseudostem part should not be squeezed or bent; this is the guarantee of plant health and rapid recovery.

Soil at the new planting site Palm family plants suffer root tip damage during transplanting, and within one month after transplanting it is very difficult for new root tips to sprout, so water absorption capacity is weak. At this time, if the soil has good water permeability and air permeability, it is beneficial to seedling survival, so when planting, large holes should be dug and attention paid to the quality of imported soil, adding peat soil and compound fertilizer, to facilitate palm recovery after planting.

Maintenance Within one month after planting, the plant has poor adaptability, so the seedlings should be carefully maintained, with timely water supplementation and appropriate shading, striving to have new leaves sprout within three months. If continuous rainy weather occurs after transplanting, palm seedlings will recover better, because rainy days can avoid the adverse effects of scorching sun exposure and other factors.

Key techniques for transplanting large clumping seedlings

Clumping species of palm family plants have multiple growth points; after growing into a multi-trunk clumping state, they can grow new roots relatively quickly after transplanting. But clumping palms also have disadvantages such as heavy trunks, large leaf area causing high water evaporation, and poor ventilation making them susceptible to strong wind damage. Therefore, in addition to handling them according to single-trunk palm transplanting, the following technical measures should be added:

1. Implement "hairy root method" transplanting, that is, after lifting and digging a relatively large soil ball, use a small shovel to remove part of the soil along the outer edge of the soil ball, retaining more fibrous roots and a moderate soil ball, and then immediately wrap it with lightweight moisture-retaining material, to reduce soil ball weight while ensuring survival. For example, this method can be used for transplanting slower-recovering clumping palms such as fishtail palm and three-stamen areca.

2. Implement bare-root heel-in or pot planting, concentrating maintenance until new roots sprout and the plant stabilizes before formal planting. This method is suitable for robust clumping palms such as areca palm, Ptychosperma elegans, and Chamaedorea seifrizii, and can reduce transport costs and facilitate construction.

In short, for transplanting large seedlings and large trees of palm family plants, in brief, do well in five aspects, namely: select strong seedlings; dig good soil balls and transport carefully; prune leaves appropriately; ensure good aeration and drainage at the planting site; and do well in post-planting maintenance, sun protection and moisture retention. The sign of successful transplanting of large seedlings and large trees is being able to keep most leaves within half a year after planting and to sprout new leaves, among which sprouting three healthy new leaves is complete transplanting success.

Drainage: First understand the hydrological conditions of the planting site, try to place the very bottom of the soil ball at a position 100-150CM above the year-round groundwater level of the planting site and with thick fertile soil, and at the same time make a drainage layer for the soil ball root system underground and a surface runoff guidance network, to prevent water accumulation in the soil ball after planting; if the hydrological conditions cannot meet the requirements, the method of planting with a raised soil ball can be used, that is, use loose medium mixed with fertile soil or coarse sand to first pile up the planting site as high as possible to meet the above requirements, then place the plant on the soil pile, and bury the soil ball with mixed loose soil or planting soil mixed with humus soil; remove debris from the soil around the planting site, or appropriately use loose medium to improve the soil, so as to achieve loose and breathable conditions for the plant roots; strengthen inspections during the rainy season, promptly clear drainage facilities and appropriately loosen the soil at the roots, to facilitate waterlogging prevention and drainage. Moisture retention: After planting, immediately water once to settle the roots, ensuring the soil ball roots are moist and closely combined with the surrounding soil, promoting root development; then water thoroughly three more times and promptly cover the soil ball well to prevent the surface soil from cracking. In hot summer, also spray water on the ground and tree crown more, to increase environmental humidity and reduce transpiration; leaf moisture retention treatments include a. newly planted seedlings should have leaves appropriately pruned, to reduce the transpiration area of the leaves; b. appropriately spray antitranspirants on the leaves, to inhibit the plant's physiological metabolism and reduce physiological water loss; c. under sunny weather conditions, spray atomized water on the leaves as much as possible, to strengthen the leaves' absorption of water and weaken transpiration; check the moisture status of the soil ball and roots at any time and replenish water promptly, ensuring the soil ball is moist and the root respiration is unobstructed. Fertilization: After planting, in addition to keeping the plant moist, appropriately spray low-concentration foliar fertilizer to strengthen post-planting nutritional supplementation; frequently check the root sprouting status of the plant; if new roots are found growing, consider increasing root fertilization, generally choosing the season when the monthly average temperature is above 20°C, applying organic fertilizer as the main type as much as possible, and appropriately adding compound fertilizer with high P and K content, to promote balanced nutrition of the plant and ensure its rapid recovery and healthy growth. Pest and disease control: Spray chemicals to control pests and diseases before the seedlings leave the nursery, and after arriving at the site, the plants also need to be sprayed for pest and disease control before unloading, and ensure continuous application three times at intervals of one week to ten days within one month after planting, and afterward a pest and disease control plan still needs to be reasonably formulated. Special

Chapter Nine: "Maintenance Plan"

Steradian (Nanjing) Optoelectronics Co., Ltd. landscaping

Main

te

nan

ce

Nanjing Gensen Flowers and Trees Co., Ltd.

October 8, 2010

Project overview

"Steradian (Nanjing) Optoelectronics Co., Ltd." is located at No. 31 Hengfei Road, Nanjing Economic and Technological Development Zone, with a factory green space area of 28,186 sq m. The factory landscaping plant arrangement is relatively reasonable, rich in color, with obvious seasonal changes, forming a clearly layered, naturally ecological plant community, basically displaying the natural landscape of the plants. The arrangement of flowering shrubs and hedges among the factory buildings gives each factory area a different landscape style. The factory area has planted several dozen plant varieties such as camphor, southern magnolia, zelkova, osmanthus, crape myrtle, etc., among which there is a tree-lined avenue composed of large-specification camphor, and a gatehouse scenic spot composed of varieties such as ancient red maple, fruiting pomegranate, Malus spectabilis, ginkgo, and Canary Island date palm.

In view of the existing situation of the factory landscaping, we believe the initial landscaping construction was relatively extensive, with insufficient understanding of plant habits, especially the planting soil replacement in the landscaping land was not done properly, and in some areas the garbage soil was not replaced, causing poor plant growth.

Landscaping maintenance plan schedule

January (Minor Cold, Major Cold)

1. Shaping and pruning of fruit trees.

2. Frequently check cold protection equipment, facilities and seedling cold protection wrappings.

3. Turn the soil for winter plowing, apply sufficient winter fertilizer.

4. Cut off withered, remnant, diseased and pest-infested branches and leaves, thoroughly remove overwintering bagworm cases, slug moth cocoons and lurking overwintering pests.

February (Start of Spring, Rain Water)

1. Continue winter pruning of deciduous trees and fruit trees.

2. Continue cutting off diseased and pest-infested branches, and observe the occurrence of pests and diseases (such as cottony cushion scale, globular scale, etc.).

3. Continue accumulating fertilizer and making compost, preparing culture soil, and continue applying winter fertilizer to various deciduous trees. March (Awakening of Insects, Spring Equinox)

The weather gradually warms, and many pests and diseases are about to occur; maintain and repair various insecticidal and disease-prevention equipment and prepare medicines. Pay attention to the occurrence of aphids and globular scale, and achieve timely control. April (Clear and Bright, Grain Rain)

1. Do well in the control of pests such as scale insects, mites, cutworms, white grubs, mole crickets and diseases such as powdery mildew and rust.

2. Do well in loosening soil, weeding, and pre-flowering fertilization. Apply light fertilizer weekly to perennial flowers and spring-sown herbaceous flowers.

3. Do well in bud removal and pruning of trees. Remove excess tender buds and improperly positioned branches at any time.

4. Dredge and repair the drainage system.

May (Start of Summer, Grain Full)

1. Perform post-flowering pruning and hedge pruning on shrubs that bloom in spring; according to technical operation requirements, perform bud removal and pruning on trees, and prune and remove root sprouts of small seedlings at any time.

2. Continue strengthening tree maintenance and management, do well in replanting, thinning and final spacing of seedlings, increase topdressing, and apply light fertilizer frequently.

3. This month temperatures gradually rise, and pests and diseases cause extensive harm to trees and flowers; pay attention to pest forecasting and do well in pest and disease prevention.

4. Carry out lawn mowing, and continue removing weeds from the lawn.

June (Grain in Ear, Summer Solstice)

1. This month enters the plum rain season, with high temperatures and high humidity; promptly carry out replanting.

2. Perform post-flowering pruning and fertilization on flowering shrubs, and perform pinching and pruning on some spring-sown herbaceous flowers.

3. Continue removing weeds, and continue mowing.

4. Do well in pest and disease control; this month focus on controlling pests such as bagworms, slug moths, tussock moths, inchworms, and tortoise wax scale, and diseases such as leaf spot, anthracnose, and sooty mold.

July (Minor Heat, Major Heat)

1. This month the weather is hot, weeds grow fast; continue intertillage and weeding, and loosening the soil.

2. Pests such as bagworms, slug moths, longhorn beetles, tortoise wax scale, armored scale, second-generation cottony cushion scale, and mites occur in large numbers; pay attention to control, and at the same time continue controlling anthracnose, powdery mildew, leaf spot, etc.

3. In the dog days with high temperatures and little rain, irrigate for drought resistance. This month is also a month with relatively many rainstorms, so pay attention to waterlogging prevention.

4. This month enters the typhoon and tidal flood season; do well in typhoon and flood prevention work, check frequently, and promptly straighten wind-thrown trees.

August (Start of Autumn, End of Heat)

1. Continue intertillage and weeding, and loosening the soil.

2. Continue doing well in drought prevention and drainage work, ensuring normal seedling growth.

3. This month seedlings grow vigorously; topdress fertilizer promptly, and for small seedlings apply light fertilizer frequently.

4. Continue doing well in typhoon and flood prevention work, and promptly straighten wind-thrown trees when found.

5. Continue doing well in pest and disease control work, conscientiously control the main pests harming trees (bagworms, second-generation slug moths, longhorn beetles, mites, etc.) and main diseases (powdery mildew, anthracnose, leaf spot, etc.).

September (White Dew, Autumn Equinox)

1. Continue doing well in pest elimination and disease control work; in particular, frequently check the occurrence of aphids, wood borers, etc., and once found, control immediately.

2. Continue intertillage and weeding, continue removing lawn weeds, carry out lawn mowing, and perform shaping and pruning on ball-shaped plants and hedges, etc.

3. Continue doing well in pest and disease control work. In particular, check the pest and disease situations that occur more frequently, such as aphids, bagworms, slug moths, brown spot disease and sooty mold of flowering shrubs, and control them promptly.

October (Cold Dew, Frost's Descent)

1. Do well in pest and disease control work, eliminating various adults and eggs.

2. Continue intertillage and weeding.

3. After seedlings stop growing, check the survival rate, get a clear picture of the situation, and ensure the smooth progress of winter and spring landscaping work.

November (Start of Winter, Minor Snow)

1. Do well in cold protection work; whitewash some trees, or wrap them with straw rope.

2. Carry out winter tree pruning, cutting off diseased branches, dead branches; branches with eggs and competing branches, excessive