Detailed Guide to Oleander Care Methods and Precautions

1. Pruning

Regular pruning of oleander not only maintains an attractive plant shape but also promotes its growth and produces more vibrant flowers.

2. Root thinning

Oleander has a well-developed root system; without proper management, it can affect the plant's growth, so the roots of oleander need to be thinned out.

3. Water and fertilization

Oleander likes fertilizer, so it should be fertilized regularly, generally about once every half month. Be careful to water in moderation; if watering is improper, oleander may wither.

Well, that is all for today's content from the editor. I hope that after reading it, you can have a clearer understanding of oleander!

Poisoning prevention

Keep an eye on small children; do not let them accidentally eat oleander leaves or flowers, and do not believe rumors that oleander can cure diseases. Of course, the best approach is for families with children not to grow oleander, which can greatly reduce the probability of oleander poisoning. Next, the editor will introduce the care measures and precautions for oleander.

Care Measures for the Southern Plant Date Palm

Part One: "Compilation of Southern Plants"

Frangipani

Frangipani, its flowers really look like eggs: milky white on the outside and bright yellow in the center, just like the white and yolk of an egg, and they look really cute. Its branches are thick and fleshy. The leaves are also large, and the flowers and leaves cluster at the tips of the branches. Frangipani blooms brilliantly in summer, giving people a feeling of purity and elegant refinement, and it is very suitable for careful appreciation. After the leaves fall, the bare trunk curves naturally, and its form is quite beautiful. It is very suitable for planting in courtyards and lawns. Frangipani likes a high-temperature, high-humidity environment with plenty of sunlight and good drainage. It is robust by nature and can tolerate drought, but it fears cold and dislikes waterlogging. It likes to grow in acidic soil, but it is also resistant to alkalinity. Cultivation is best in deep, fertile, well-aerated, organic-rich acidic sandy loam. Propagation uses the cutting method. When planting frangipani, attention should also be paid to pest and disease control. For example, if brown small spots appear on the leaves or even the leaves turn dark black, that is frangipani leaf spot disease, and at that time you need to pay attention and take measures. Of course, there may also be other diseases, so frangipani needs your care and attention. In fact, in addition to white, frangipani also has red and yellow types, all of which can be used to extract essence for making high-grade cosmetics, soap and food additives, with a rather high price and great potential for commercial development; the fresh flowers can also be dried for brewing tea, commonly known as frangipani tea, which has the effect of treating heat dysentery and moistening the lungs to detoxify. The frangipani tree has a beautiful shape, with many branches on the stem, strangely shaped and in a thousand postures; the leaves resemble loquat, and after falling in winter, semicircular leaf scars remain on the branch tips, rather like deer antlers adorned with beautiful spots, making it a preferred small tree for landscaping, courtyard arrangement and potted appreciation in tropical areas. The bark is thin and grayish green, rich in toxic white sap, which can be used for external application to treat scabies, redness and swelling and other symptoms. The wood is white, light and soft, and can be used to make musical instruments, tableware or furniture. Frangipani flower language: nurturing hope, resurrection, rebirth, as simple and ordinary as life, so it can always be so close to people, losing distance.

Yulan Magnolia

Yulan magnolia is a tall deciduous tree, with dark gray bark that is rough and cracked; the branchlets are slightly stout and grayish brown; the winter buds and flower stalks are densely covered with pale gray-yellow long silky hairs. The leaves are papery, obovate, broadly obovate or obovate-elliptic, and the vigorous shoots at the base have elliptic leaves. Yulan magnolia flowers are very much like lotus flowers; when fully open, the petals spread in all directions, making the courtyard full of green-white patches with dazzling white light, and it has high ornamental value; together with waves of delicate fragrance that refresh the heart, it is truly an ideal flower type for beautifying courtyards. Yulan magnolia likes light by nature and is relatively cold-tolerant, and can overwinter in the open field. It loves dryness and dislikes low humidity; waterlogged planting sites easily cause root rot. It likes fertile, well-drained, slightly acidic sandy soil, and can also grow in weakly alkaline soil. In the warmer south, it can bloom from December to January of the following year. Yulan magnolia has strong resistance to harmful gases. For example, if this flower is planted in a factory polluted by sulfur dioxide and chlorine gas, it has a certain resistance and sulfur-absorbing capacity. With artificial fumigation using sulfur dioxide, 1 kg of dry leaves can absorb more than 1.6 grams of sulfur. Therefore, Yulan magnolia is a very good pollution-resistant landscaping tree species for areas with air pollution. Yulan magnolia likes light; young trees are relatively shade-tolerant and not tolerant of strong light or west-facing sun. Too strong light or west-facing sun can easily scorch the trees. Yulan magnolia likes fertilizer. In addition to applying base fertilizer at planting, it should be fertilized every year thereafter. Sufficient fertilizer can make the plant grow vigorously, with green and thick leaves, not only producing many buds but also large flowers, a long flowering period and rich fragrance. Yulan magnolia is a tree species with relatively strong disease resistance. The main diseases include anthracnose, yellowing disease and leaf scorch disease. Besides ornamental value, Yulan magnolia also has medicinal and edible value. Yulan magnolia flowers contain volatile oil, mainly citral, clove oil acid and others, and also contain magnolia alkaloids, alkaloids, yulan magnolia essence, capric acid, rutin, oleic acid, vitamin A and other components, and have a certain medicinal value. The Yulan magnolia flower is pungent in flavor and warm in nature, and has the effects of dispelling wind and dispersing cold, unblocking orifices, and opening the lungs and clearing the nose. It can be used for headache, blood stasis-type dysmenorrhea, nasal congestion, acute and chronic sinusitis, allergic rhinitis and other symptoms. Modern pharmacological studies show that Yulan magnolia flowers have an inhibitory effect on common skin fungi.

Yulan magnolia flowers are rich in vitamins, amino acids and various trace elements, and have the effects of dispelling wind and dispersing cold, and regulating qi and the lungs. They can be processed into snacks and can also be brewed as tea. The flower language of Yulan magnolia represents gratitude. Yulan magnolia often blooms large white flowers amid lush greenery, and with its fragrant scent it gives people a sense of indescribable elegance, truly fresh and lovely. Because the plant is tall and the flowers are positioned relatively high, swaying in the wind and full of spirit, just like a heavenly maiden scattering flowers, it is very lovely.

Maranta

Maranta is a herbaceous plant. Most varieties have underground rhizomes or tubers, with single, relatively large leaves, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, with pinnate veins arranged in two rows and entire margins. Maranta is a good ground cover plant with diverse colors and is a very good foliage plant. Maranta is a tropical plant that likes a warm, humid and brightly lit environment. It is not cold-tolerant and not drought-tolerant, and fears exposure to the blazing sun. If direct sunlight hits it, it will scorch the leaves, causing local scorching at the leaf edges, stopping the growth of new leaves and turning leaf color yellow, so shading should be noted during cultivation. Maranta is relatively sensitive to water. During the growing period, it should be watered fully to keep the potting soil moist, but the soil should not be waterlogged, otherwise it will cause root rot and even plant death. Maranta is somewhat "delicate." It requires sufficient care all 365 days; if the environment fluctuates greatly for a few days, it will leave "evidence of the crime" on the plant. This is the consensus of Maranta seedling traders and producers. Plants in the Maranta family do not have many pests and diseases, mainly scale insects, whiteflies and others. Of course, it also has other values, such as medicinal value and dietary value. Maranta starch is almost entirely starch, contains no vitamins, and has a protein content of only 0.2%. It can be used as a thickener for soups, sauces, puddings and desserts. Add water and boil to make a transparent, odorless and tasty paste. Maranta starch is fine in texture; compared with other starches, it can be cooked at lower temperatures and in shorter times, and is easy to digest. It is especially suitable for custards and other egg products that cannot be overcooked, and is also suitable for making light-flavored, low-salt and low-protein foods. Effects: clears the lungs and stops cough, clears heat and promotes urination. Indications: used to treat cough due to lung heat and painful urination due to damp-heat in the bladder.

Red Loropetalum

Red Loropetalum is an evergreen shrub or small tree. The bark is dark gray or light grayish brown, with many branches. The young branches are reddish brown and densely covered with stellate hairs. The leaves are leathery and alternate, ovate or elliptic, 2 - 5 cm long, with a short pointed apex and a rounded, oblique, asymmetrical base, with stellate hairs on both sides, entire margins, and dark red color. Red Loropetalum likes light and is slightly shade-tolerant, but in shade the leaf color easily turns green. It has strong adaptability and is drought-tolerant. It likes warmth and is cold-tolerant. It has strong sprouting and branching ability and is tolerant of pruning. It is tolerant of poor soil, but is suitable for growing in fertile, moist, slightly acidic soil. Red Loropetalum has luxuriant branches and leaves, a graceful posture, is tolerant of pruning and wiring, and can be used for hedges and also for making stump bonsai. During the flowering season, the whole tree is covered with red flowers, which is extremely spectacular. Loropetalum is an evergreen plant, and its new leaves are bright red. Different strains have different leaf colors and flower colors at maturity, and leaf sizes also differ. In garden applications, the main considerations are leaf color and leaf size, bringing about leaf color contrast and forming color contrast, and the flowering periods can also be staggered. Main pests: aphids, geometer moths, yellow noctuid moths, Daopan noctuid moths, large and small cutworms and scarab beetles, etc. Common diseases of red Loropetalum: anthracnose, damping-off disease, mosaic disease. Anthracnose: mainly harms old leaves and basal leaves. Because the leaves themselves are red, the lesions appear

as black round spots, or nearly round, causing early leaf fall. Damage is severe in the rainy season from July to August. The pathogen is Actinomycetes. The pathogen overwinters as mycelium on diseased leaves and is the primary infection source for the disease the following year. When you find disease on the branches and leaves of red Loropetalum, you must treat it promptly.

Ornamental Peach

Ornamental peach is a variety of peach, a tree 3-8 m tall; the crown is broad and spreading; the bark is dark reddish brown, rough and scaly when old; the branchlets are slender, hairless, glossy, green, turning red on the sunny side, with many small lenticels; the winter buds are conical, blunt at the apex, covered with short soft hairs, usually clustered 2-3 together, with a leaf bud in the middle and flower buds on both sides. The leaves are oblong-lanceolate, elliptic-lanceolate or obovate-lanceolate. Ornamental peach likes sunlight by nature, is drought-tolerant, and is not tolerant of humid environments. It likes a warm climate and has good cold tolerance, and can overwinter safely in a natural environment at minus 25 degrees Celsius. It requires fertile, well-drained soil. It does not like waterlogging; if planted in waterlogged low-lying places, seedlings can easily die. Garden value: ornamental peach has large and colorful flowers, is beautiful when blooming, and has an ornamental period of as long as 15 days. In landscaping, it is widely used by lakesides, streams, roadsides and parks, etc., and in small-scale greening projects such as courtyard greening accents and private gardens, it is also used for potted appreciation, and is often used for cut flowers and making bonsai. A common form is also the weeping ornamental peach. Ornamental peach has a wide range of landscaping uses and outstanding greening effects, and shows particularly good results in the year of planting. It can be planted in rows, in groups or as specimens, and shows particularly good greening effects in the same year. Ornamental peach is one of the commonly used colorful nursery stock in landscaping, and is usually used together with plants such as purple-leaf plum and purple-leaf sand cherry. When combined with flowering shrubs, it forms a scene of a hundred flowers blooming together. Besides ornamental value, it also has medicinal value. The gum secreted from the peach trunk, commonly known as peach gum, can be used as an adhesive and is a kind of polysaccharide substance; hydrolysis can produce arabinose, galactose, xylose, rhamnose, glucuronic acid and others. It is edible and also used medicinally, with the effects of breaking blood, harmonizing blood and benefiting qi. Diseases and pests often occur in summer and autumn. Its main diseases include: white rust and brown rot, shot hole disease, anthracnose, gummosis and leaf curl disease. Main pests include aphids, red spiders, scale insects, red-necked longhorn beetles and others.

Artificial Plant Communities

1. Satsuki azalea + red Loropetalum + Euonymus japonicus 'Aureo-variegatus' + spineless holly ball

These four plants have strong adaptability and are relatively widely planted in Fuzhou. Three foliage-color plants are planted linearly, giving rich leaf colors, and together with large-specification spineless holly balls, they form a neat, full and clearly layered roadside greening color band effect.

2. Red Loropetalum + red-leaf photinia ball + Michelia figo + Japanese maple

Red Loropetalum itself is widely planted in Fujian and has good adaptability, and its leaf color and flower color are both beautiful. The red-leaf photinia ball has green old leaves accented by red new leaves, setting each other off and looking extremely beautiful. The combination of the four plants is richly layered and forms a landscape road with vertical rhythm and spatial layering, and a strong sense of guidance.

3. Red Loropetalum + Japanese aralia + Canary Island date palm + frangipani

In this combination of several plants, green is mainly dominant, with both small leaves (red Loropetalum) and large coarse leaves (Japanese aralia, frangipani), while the Canary Island date palm adds a touch of tropical flavor. The layers are rich, and it has the effect of narrowing the space, making people feel close to it.

4. Moso bamboo + iris

Moso bamboo is very suitable for planting in Fuzhou. It is a scattered bamboo, with spacing between culms. Iris has a graceful posture and gorgeous, varied flower colors. The two combined together are very charming.

5. Small-leaf gardenia + red Loropetalum + Aucuba japonica + osmanthus

Small-leaf gardenia has leaves like a sparrow's tongue and a low plant form, and can be used as the lowest-layer plant. Aucuba japonica has yellow spots in its leaf color and is a relatively good foliage plant, while the tree osmanthus has a delicate fragrance that refreshes the heart. The combination has both density and spacing, changes in leaf color, and the addition of floral fragrance.

6. Azalea + red Loropetalum + Fagraea ceilanica + canna

Azalea has brilliant flowers, and with red Loropetalum and Fagraea ceilanica as a backdrop, it is even more moving. Canna has large coarse leaves, narrowing the space and making people feel intimate.

7. Ground-cover lawn + marigold + red-leaf photinia + red Loropetalum ball + orange osmanthus

With green ground cover as the base, marigold's bright yellow flowers are extremely beautiful. Behind the marigold, red Loropetalum and red photinia serve as a backdrop, and the orange osmanthus has a spreading tree shape. The several plants set each other off and are richly varied.

8. Ophiopogon + guava tree

Both Ophiopogon and guava trees adapt very well in Fuzhou and grow normally. Ophiopogon has fine, soft leaves and is very suitable as ground cover. The guava tree has smooth yellow bark, a graceful posture and relatively large leaves arranged with proper density, making it very suitable for open woodland paths.

9. Lawn + Agave americana 'Marginata' + pruned shaped banyan + yellow-flowered double-podded sophora

With green lawn as the base, agave has large coarse leaves, with leaf color alternating silver-yellow and green, and paired with pruned shaped banyan it is very harmonious, while yellow-flowered double-podded sophora has a beautiful posture and brilliant flower color. The combination of these several plants is richly layered, with color changes but harmonious.

10. Liriope + broadleaf lady palm + areca palm + papaya tree

This plant arrangement is suitable for one side of a small building. Liriope has fine, soft leaf shapes, while broadleaf lady palm and areca palm have larger coarse leaves, and papaya has large palmate leaves, with its fruit borne on the main trunk and a very graceful posture.

11. Copperleaf + Duranta erecta + red Loropetalum

As a plant combination for patterned flower beds, copperleaf has bright leaf color and serves as the edge, Duranta erecta has yellow-green leaf color, and red Loropetalum has dark purple leaf color. The combination of the three plants as a patterned flower bed is extremely attractive.

Part Two: "Maintenance Plan 4"

Landscaping Maintenance and Management Plan

Maintenance and management are very important in landscaping. It is long-term and repetitive work with relatively comprehensive technical requirements, including damage by people and livestock, sanitation and cleaning, pruning of flowers, grasses and trees, watering and fertilization, pest and disease control, and planting of flower bed flowers, etc. The completion of landscape green space does not mean the completion of the landscape. People often say "three parts planting, seven parts management." Only with high-quality, high-level maintenance and management can the landscape gradually take shape and become perfect.

Current plant characteristics of the park:

1. The green area covers about 245419 ten thousand sq m, with a high greening coverage rate and a large number of trees of different specifications and varieties and pruned shaped shrubs. The initial growth has gradually taken shape. After careful investigation, the plant planting characteristics can be roughly divided into two areas according to the original master plan:

1) Plaza area: The plant planting style in this area is relatively open. The plaza is mainly planted with ginkgo, Phoebe zhennan and large trees in

rows, appropriately combined with low shrubs, and the overall space is relatively transparent.

2) Factory area: The plant varieties in this area are complexly matched, with large and small trees, shrubs and ground cover plants interplanted.

The entrance is mainly planted with relatively precious large plants (Canary Island date palm, jacaranda, small-leaf banyan stump,

premium osmanthus, etc.). Whether the office area courtyard can still maintain its elegant, refined, open and grand

scenery, and whether the hotel villa area courtyard can still carry forward its delicate, gentle, leisurely and relaxed atmosphere,

all depends on later maintenance and management.

2. From the greening conditions in the vertical area, we can find the following problems: 1) Shaped shrubs are not growing well and their shapes are monotonous; 2) Flowering shrubs have poor tree vigor, and their flowering conditions (including number of flowers, flower size, color and secondary flowering) are unsatisfactory; 3) There are many weeds in the lawn, and in local areas the grass weeds have a tendency to run rampant; 4) There are pest and disease problems.

I. We plan to take the following corrective measures:

1. Promote three-dimensional gardening and carry out multi-style shaping of hedges and shrubs. For flowering shrubs planted as accents, take growth-promoting measures to encourage their growth and then shape them according to their form; this depends on the specific plant growth and plant shape. In local areas, the hedges are highly regular, and the neat uniform long strips undoubtedly make the courtyard, which should be free and leisurely, appear mechanical and rigid. We can likewise try pruning them into wave shapes to match the relaxed and casual residential landscaping, enliven the atmosphere of the entire courtyard, and also create a more fluid living environment.

2. Immediately begin pest and disease control. For plants showing pest and disease characteristics, immediately carry out large-area chemical control.

3、

4、

5. For lawn weeds, apply chemicals and increase the workload of manual pulling. For different plants, implement different maintenance and management plans (mainly fertilizer supply: base fertilizer, topdressing and foliar fertilizer; different plants in different seasons all have different fertilization methods and fertilizer choices). Plant labeling. We will classify and count all plants, then make green labels indicating their

family, genus, species and growth habits, and label all plants in the area. In this way,

we can both enrich employees' general knowledge of plants and add to the cultural atmosphere of the park, and with eye-catching labels

allow the greening to receive more attention.

6. Greening maintenance is not a matter of one morning or one evening. While doing the corrective work well, we will likewise

adopt different maintenance and management measures for different plants at different times. We arrange our daily work by month

(detailed rules attached). We strive to make our work bring the landscape effect in the blueprint to the extreme, and

we also ask Party A to offer more opinions so that our work can gradually become more perfect and complete.

7. Maintenance responsibilities

Within the contracted maintenance period, our company will, in accordance with landscaping maintenance operating procedures and landscaping maintenance quality standards, organize reasonably, maintain carefully, and dispatch professional horticulturists to organize, guide and arrange management and protection work, and flexibly dispatch no fewer than ____ experienced workers according to the weather in each season and plant growth conditions, to complete the maintenance and management tasks with guaranteed quality and quantity.

VI. Maintenance content

1. Management procedures: including watering, opening tree basins and earthing up, pruning, fertilization, weeding, pruning and bud removal, pest and disease control, straightening, and replanting (nursery stock costs calculated separately) and other whole processes. {Care Measures for the Southern Plant Date Palm}.

2. Management tools:

A. Flower shears, long shears, high-altitude shears, grass-cutting machines, lawn mowers

B. Sprayers, buckets, wheelbarrows, bamboo baskets

C. Shovels, hoes, saws, electric saws, ladders

D. Fuel and repair costs

3. Maintenance content:

A. Trees: apply organic fertilizer once a year, 0.25 kg of cake fertilizer per tree; topdress once, 0.1 kg of compound fertilizer mixed with urea per tree, using hole application, spraying, water-soluble fertilizer, etc., then cover with soil and water thoroughly, with water penetration depth of more than 10 cm. Control pests and diseases promptly, maintain the natural growth state of the trees, with no need for shaping pruning, promptly cut off yellow branches, diseased and pest-infested branches, shaded vigorous branches and drooping branches that obstruct vehicle passage, and promptly clean up pruned material. Remove weeds around the tree roots once a week to ensure no weeds.

B. Shrubs, hedges and bagged seedlings: fertilize once a quarter, applying 10 kg of urea mixed with compound fertilizer per 667 sq m, using broadcast application and water-soluble fertilizer, etc. Water once within three hours after application, and water once a day (except on rainy days), with water penetration depth of more than 10 cm. Control pests and diseases promptly. For those pruned into round, square or conical shapes, do minor pruning once a week and major pruning once a month, with smooth and attractive cut surfaces, promptly remove pruned material, promptly cut off dead branches and diseased and pest-infested branches, promptly replant old, diseased and dead plants, and remove weeds once a week.

C. Herbaceous plants: fertilize once a quarter, applying 10 kg of urea mixed with compound fertilizer per 667 sq m, using broadcast application and water-soluble fertilizer, etc. Water once within three hours after application, and water once a day (except on rainy days), with water penetration depth of more than 10 cm. Control pests and diseases promptly, cut off spent flowers once a week and remove weeds once a week, and promptly cut off dead branches and yellow branches.

D. Taiwan grass: fertilize once a quarter, applying 10 kg of urea mixed with compound fertilizer per 667 sq m, with even fertilization and thorough watering, with water penetration depth of more than 5 cm. Control pests and diseases promptly, promptly replant withered and missing parts, with coverage rate above 98%, and prune 1-2 times a month.

(II) Specific annual landscaping maintenance work schedule:

January: the month with the lowest temperature of the year, when open-field trees are in a dormant state.

1. Winter pruning: fully carry out shaping and pruning work on deciduous trees; prune dead branches, damaged branches, diseased and pest-infested branches and branches that obstruct overhead lines and buildings on large and small trees.

2. Street tree inspection: promptly inspect the tying and staking of street trees, and immediately rectify when loosened ties, embedded wire in bark, loose stakes and other situations are found.

3. Pest control: winter is a favorable season for eliminating garden pests. In the loose soil under the trees, you can dig out the pupae and cocoons of slug moths and burn them centrally. In mid-January, scale insects begin to become active, but at this time they move slowly, and we can adopt the method of scraping off the larvae on the trunks. Controlling pests in winter often yields twice the result with half the effort.

4. Green space maintenance: in green spaces, flower beds and other places, pay attention to removing large weeds; lawns should be weeded and edged promptly; in green spaces, pay attention to frost-prevention watering.

February: the temperature rises somewhat compared with last month, and trees are still in a dormant state.

1. Maintenance is basically the same as January.

2. Pruning: continue pruning dead branches and diseased branches of large and small trees. Finish pruning all kinds of trees before the end of the month.

3. Pest control: continue to focus on preventing slug moths and scale insects.

March: the temperature continues to rise. After mid-month, trees begin to sprout, and in late month some trees (such as camellia) bloom.

1. Tree planting: spring is a favorable time for planting trees. After the soil thaws, immediately seize the opportunity to plant trees. Before planting large and small trees, complete planning and design, and dig (hoe) the tree pits in advance, ensuring digging, transporting, planting and watering are done promptly. When planting shrubs, also ensure digging, transporting and planting are done promptly, and water fully to improve the survival rate of nursery stock.

2. Spring irrigation: because spring is dry and windy with high evaporation, to prevent spring drought, water green spaces and other areas promptly.

3. Fertilization: after the soil thaws, apply base fertilizer to plants and irrigate. {Care Measures for the Southern Plant Date Palm}.

4. Pest and disease control: this month is a critical time for pest and disease control. Some nursery stock has developed sooty mold, and the boxwood leaf roller has also appeared (use pesticides such as fenitrothion spraying for control). For slug moth control, the pupa-digging method can continue to be used.

April: the temperature continues to rise, and trees all sprout, bloom or unfold leaves and begin to enter a period of vigorous growth.

1. Continue planting trees: in early April, seize the time to plant trees that sprout late. Shrubs that died in winter (azalea, red Loropetalum, etc.) should be promptly removed and replanted, and newly planted trees should be watered fully.

2. Irrigation: continue timely watering of green spaces under maintenance.

3. Fertilization: for lawns and shrubs, combine with irrigation and apply quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer as topdressing, or carry out foliar spraying as needed.

4. Pruning: cut off branches that dried up in winter and spring; evergreen hedges can be pruned.

5. Pest and disease control: (1) After the second molt, scale insects successively move into bark cracks, tree holes, trunk bases, wall corners and other places, secrete white waxy thin cocoons and pupate. They can be swept away with a hard bamboo broom, then buried deeply or soaked centrally. Or use pesticides such as fenitrothion spraying. (2) Longhorn beetles begin to become active. A grafting knife or homemade steel wire can be used to remove the larvae, but the wound should be as small as possible. (3) Control work for other pests and diseases.

6. Maintenance in green spaces: pay attention to removing weeds and climbing plants in large green spaces. Lawns should also be weeded and edged.

May: the temperature rises sharply, and trees grow rapidly.

1. Watering: during the peak leaf-unfolding period, trees have a very high water demand and should be watered in a timely manner.

2. Pruning: prune spent flowers. Street trees undergo the first bud-thinning pruning.

3. Pest and disease control: continue to focus on catching longhorn beetles. The first generation of slug moths hatches, but has not yet reached a harmful level; make corresponding measures according to the actual situation in the maintenance area. Sooty mold caused by scale insects, aphids and others has also entered its peak period (on crape myrtle, Pittosporum tobira, oleander, etc.). In mid- and late May, spray 10?20 times rosin mixture and 50% parathion emulsifiable concentrate 1500?2000 times solution to control diseases and kill pests. (Other pesticides such as insecticidal antibiotics and Huabao can be used.)

June: high temperature

1. Watering: plants have a high water demand, so water promptly and do not "live by looking at the sky."

2. Fertilization: combine loosening soil and weeding, fertilization and watering to achieve the best effect.

3. Pruning: continue bud thinning and tiller removal for street trees. Carry out pruning for hedges, ball-shaped plants and some flowering shrubs. {Care Measures for the Southern Plant Date Palm}.

4. Drainage work: during heavy rain, pay attention to drainage in low-lying areas.

5. Pest and disease control: in mid- and late June, slug moths enter the peak hatching period, and measures should be taken promptly. At present, 50% fenitrothion emulsifiable concentrate 500?800 times solution is basically used for spraying. (Or compound BT emulsifiable concentrate can be used for spraying.) Continue manual capture of longhorn beetles.

6. Do a good job in pre-flood and pre-typhoon inspection of trees, and straighten, reinforce and re-tie loose and tilted trees.

July: the highest temperature, with strong winds and heavy rain after mid-month.

1. Transplanting evergreen trees: During the rainy season, with sufficient water, conifers and bamboos can be transplanted, but pay attention to weather changes and water promptly if high temperatures occur.

2. Drainage: Drain promptly after heavy rain.

3. Topdressing: Apply quick-acting fertilizers such as nitrogen fertilizer dry before rain.

4. Street trees: Carry out typhoon-prevention bud removal and pruning; prune all branches that conflict with power lines, and check each tree stump one by one; if any are loose or unstable, straighten and tie them tightly immediately. Prepare labor organization, materials, tools and equipment in advance, and send personnel to inspect at any time, dealing with dangerous situations promptly when found.

5. Pest and disease control: Continue to control longhorn beetles and slug moths. For longhorn beetles, inject a 1:50 dilution of 50% fenitrothion (or Guoshubao, or Yuanke No. 3), then seal the opening; this can also achieve good results. For the camphor tree shoot borer, prune promptly and destroy the larval nests to prevent further damage.

August: Still the rainy season

1. Drainage: After heavy rain, drain low-lying waterlogged areas promptly.

2. Typhoon prevention for street trees: Continue doing a good job of typhoon prevention for street trees.

3. Pruning: In addition to general summer pruning of trees, carry out shaping pruning of hedges.

4. Cultivation and weeding: Weeds also grow vigorously, so weed promptly; fertilization can be combined with weeding.

5. Pest and disease control: Focus on catching longhorn beetles, paying attention to catching them at the roots. Aphid damage and the camphor tree shoot borer should be controlled promptly. In damp weather, watch for powdery mildew and rot, and take measures promptly. September: Temperatures decline somewhat; do related work well for National Day.

1. Pruning: In preparation for city appearance work, remove buds below the third fork of street trees. Shaping pruning of hedges. Weeding in green areas, edging lawns, and promptly clearing dead trees, so that trees have green branches and leaves and green areas are clean and neat.

2. Fertilization: For some trees with weak growth and insufficiently plump branches, apply some phosphorus and potassium fertilizer as topdressing.

3. Pest and disease control: Shot-hole disease (cherry, peach, plum, etc.) is at its peak; use a 1000-fold dilution of 500% carbendazim to prevent infection. Longhorn beetles begin to shift to damaging the roots; pay attention to catching longhorn beetles at the roots. Also promptly control the wood leopard moth on poplar and willow. Do a good job of controlling other pests and diseases.

4. Before the holiday, do a good job of inspecting all kinds of greening facilities.

October: Temperatures drop; in mid-to-late October it enters early winter, trees begin to shed leaves and gradually enter dormancy.

1. Prepare for autumn tree planting; once cold-hardy trees shed their leaves in late October, planting can begin.

2. Green area maintenance: Remove dead trees promptly and water promptly. Do a good job of weeding and edging in green areas and lawns. Fertilize flowering herbaceous plants that are growing poorly.

3. Pest and disease control: Continue catching longhorn beetles at the roots. Also pay attention to observing and controlling the camphor tree shoot borer. November: The soil begins to freeze at night and thaw by day, entering deep winter.

1. Tree planting: Continue planting cold-hardy plants, completing before the soil freezes.

2. Soil turning: Turn the soil in green areas to expose pests preparing to overwinter.

3. Watering: Water dry, hardened soil, completing before the freeze.

4. Pest and disease control: Various pests prepare to overwinter in late November, so control tasks are relatively light.

December: Low temperatures; begin winter maintenance work.

1. Winter pruning: Prune some evergreen trees and shrubs.

2. Eliminate overwintering pests and diseases.

3. Prepare for next year's adjustment work: After deciduous plants shed their leaves, observe the maintenance area and map out the positions to be adjusted.

VII. Green area maintenance quality objectives

1 Greening maintenance technical measures are complete and management is proper, achieving no bare yellow earth.

2 Landscape plants

2.1 Growth is normal. Various plants in newly built green areas reach normal form within three years; if plants or grass are damaged or die due to poor management, the replacement seedlings must survive within one year.

2.2 Landscape trees have basically complete crowns, with main and lateral branches evenly distributed, appropriate in number, and reasonably pruned; the interior is not tangled, allowing ventilation and light penetration. Flowering shrubs bloom promptly and normally, and are pruned promptly after flowering. Hedges and color blocks have normal branches and leaves, neat and uniform. Street trees have no missing plants, and there are no dead trees in green areas.

2.3 Deciduous trees have normal new shoot growth, and normal leaf size and color; under general conditions, yellow leaves, scorched leaves, curled leaves, and leaves with insect honeydew or webs must not exceed 5%, and the retention rate of normal leaves is above 90%. Coni-

Part Three: "Annual Greening Maintenance Plan"

Annual Greening Maintenance Plan

January

1. Carry out winter shaping and pruning of various deciduous trees, cutting off dry and dead branches, overlapping branches, crossing branches, diseased and pest-infested branches, and lower lateral branches, to ensure that tree development tends toward rationality, improve branch form, and reduce the breeding of pests and diseases.

2. Thin out trees that are too densely growing as appropriate; this can reduce pests and diseases and increase growth vigor.

3. Carry out winter plowing and soil turning to improve the soil, and apply winter fertilizer to all trees, ground cover and lawns to ensure the nutrient needs of seedlings and lawns.

4. Winter is a favorable season for eliminating garden pests. Dig up slug moth pupae and cocoons in the loose soil under trees and burn them in a concentrated manner.

5. As appropriate, scarify certain lawn types and mow 1-2 times. February

1. Carry out weeding, mowing and fertilization of lawns.

2. Do a good job of pest and disease control, especially paying attention to powdery mildew on narrow-leaved mahonia and the globular mealybug on coral and Japanese aralia.

3. In particular, strengthen freeze protection and insulation measures for trees, and do a good job of loosening and banking soil around tree roots.

4. Apply one topdressing (urea) to cool-season turf at the end of the month at 10 g/mu.

March

1. To prevent spring drought, water trees promptly.

2. Roll and weed lawns promptly, and clean up winter grass in tree beds and flower beds.

3. Pest and disease control: Strengthen observation and inspection, and do a good job of forecasting, reporting and control. Pay special attention to sooty mold and the boxwood leaf roller. In mid-March, crape myrtle scale eggs hatch; from late March, pear rust occurs on crabapple species and cool-season turf; pay attention to prevention and reporting.

4. For local depressions and low-lying spots in lawns, add soil and cover with sand; carry out low mowing of winter ryegrass lawns to ensure the sprouting and growth of the underlying grass.

April

1. Do a good job of loosening soil, weeding and pre-flowering fertilization for field-planted flowers and trees. In particular, apply light fertilizer to perennial flowers and spring-sown flowering herbaceous plants; for lawns and shrubs, combine with irrigation and apply quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer as topdressing, or carry out foliar spraying as needed.

2. Cut off branches that dried up in winter and spring; pruning of evergreen hedges can begin.

3. Pest and disease control: Mainly control aphids, sooty mold and beetles. Keep relevant records.

May

1. This month is the peak period of leaf expansion for trees, with a very high water demand, so water in a timely manner.

2. Prune spring flowering shrubs such as osmanthus and hall crabapple, and promptly carry out bud removal on plane trees, red-leaf plum, crape myrtle and other trees.

3. Weed flower beds and shrub color blocks. At the same time, carry out weeding of lawns and mow lawn grass promptly to control its height.

4. Pest and disease control: Do a good job of forecasting, reporting and control.

June

1. Water plants promptly to ensure sufficient water supply.

2. Loosen soil and weed tree beds and color-block shrubs, and carry out weeding of lawns.

3. Mow lawns promptly and control their growth height, and pay attention to controlling the occurrence of large-scale pests and diseases. Apply one application of compound fertilizer to lawns that are growing poorly or lack fertilizer, so they can pass the summer safely.

4. Pest and disease control: Do a good job of forecasting, reporting and control.

July

1. In high-temperature weather, especially ensure that watering of plants is carried out.

2. Carry out soil loosening and weeding for flower beds and color-block shrubs, and at the same time do a good job of weeding ground cover. This month the weather is hot, with high temperatures and relatively high humidity; weeds grow quickly, so seize the opportunity to weed and remove grass to prevent grass from running wild; continue intertillage weeding and loosening the soil.

3. Earnestly do a good job of typhoon and flood prevention; reinforce and secure trees in the garden to prevent lodging; promptly clear and drain low-lying or seriously waterlogged places.

4. Pest and disease control: Do a good job of forecasting, reporting and control.

August

1. Carry out summer pruning of evergreen trees, and carry out shaping pruning of hedges.

2. Lawn weeds grow vigorously, so weed and mow promptly, control lawn height, and fertilization can be combined with weeding. Timely supplemental and topdressing fertilization is needed, mainly with P and K fertilizer, together with N fertilizer; for small seedlings, shrubs and herbaceous flowers, apply light fertilizer frequently; at the same time, pay attention to grasping the fertilization period and climate well.

3. In high-temperature weather, be sure to ensure daily watering and drought relief work; it must not be chosen during 10-15 o'clock, so as to avoid burning the seedlings. (Including: tree bed maintenance, weed control, soil loosening, etc.)

4. Continue doing a good job of typhoon and flood prevention, further reinforce and secure large trees in residential areas to prevent lodging; and promptly clear drainage ditches in low-lying and easily waterlogged places to prevent water from accumulating for too long.

5. Pest and disease control: Do a good job of forecasting, reporting and control.

September

1. Carry out shaping pruning of hedges. Weed green areas and promptly clear dead trees, so that trees have green branches and leaves and green areas are clean and neat.

2. Thin out trees that are too densely growing, and at the same time carry out bud removal work.

3. Mow lawns promptly, edge them, and remove weeds, and pay attention to pest and disease control.

4. Carry out weeding for flower beds and color-block shrubs, at the same time do a good job of weeding ground cover, and collect flower seeds.

5. Pest and disease control: Do a good job of forecasting, reporting and control.

October

1. Prune spherical shrubs; to ensure a beautiful appearance, neat and clearly layered. Prune the tree form of evergreen trees so that their growth and development tend toward rationality and their tree posture and appearance are improved.

2. Strengthen management of newly planted flowering herbaceous plants, promptly fill gaps and water, and fertilize those growing poorly.

3. Pest and disease control: Do a good job of forecasting and reporting, actively control, and keep relevant records. November

1. Carry out thinning and pruning of evergreen trees and evergreen shrubs, mainly for ventilation and light penetration, to reduce pests and diseases and enhance growth vigor.

2. Do a good job of weeding and edging in flower beds, color-block shrubs and green areas, promptly pull out weeds, and promptly replant bare spots. As appropriate, adjust trees in the local layout, and some evergreen trees and a few deciduous tree species can be transplanted. Also begin cold protection and warmth work; for trees with

poor cold resistance, wrap with rice straw and bank soil.

3. Strengthen maintenance and management of newly planted plants, pay attention to timely watering, and prune appropriately. Scarify and aerate lawns as appropriate, and mow 2-3 times at the same time.

4. Carry out fertilization work in late November, and combine with increased application of organic fertilizer to carry out soil turning in green areas.

5. Pest and disease control: Do a good job of forecasting and reporting, actively control, and keep relevant records. December

1. Do a good job of weeding and edging in color-block shrubs and green areas, and promptly pull out weeds.

2. Carry out thinning and pruning of evergreen and deciduous trees and shrubs, mainly removing residual stumps and dead branches, in order to make next year's tree growth better (flowering shrubs that have already formed flower buds must not be pruned); at the same time, pay attention to clearing insect cocoons on trunks and branches.

3. Wrap sago palms, date palms and other southern plants with straw rope to ensure they overwinter safely.

4. Pest and disease control: Do a good job of forecasting and reporting, actively control, and keep relevant records.

Part Four: "Latest Commonly Used Southern Landscape Plants"

Commonly Used Garden Plants in Southern Landscapes

Evergreen trees:

Norfolk Island pine, slash pine, Chinese fir, Caribbean pine, Chinese weeping cypress, mahogany, big-leaf mahogany, false sterculia, Chinese saraca, sugar apple, longan, rambutan, firepower magnolia, golden shower tree, Chinese arborvitae, Chinese juniper, dragon juniper, Fujian cypress, Buddhist pine, Japanese cedar, Buddhist pine, long-leaf Buddhist pine, white champaca, southern magnolia, houpo magnolia, camphor, camphor tree, cinnamon, bitter catalpa, Hainan ormosia, Taiwan acacia, ironwood, red flower Bauhinia, Bauhinia, Hong Kong orchid tree, almond, mango, flower padauk, water banyan, water stone banyan, avocado, dwarf umbrella tree, false betel palm, Chinese fan palm, fishtail palm, queen palm, rose apple, Hainan rose apple, sapodilla, lemon eucalyptus, river red gum, large-leaf eucalyptus, blue gum, cajuput, butterfly fruit, Chinese torreya, plum yew, Indian rubber fig, mountain fig, small-leaf fig, large-fruit fig, weeping fig, yellow kudzu fig, sacred fig, horsetail beefwood, jackfruit, camphor-leaf maple, bitter oak, oriental white oak, candlenut, silver beech, pointed-leaf elaeocarpus, large-leaf elaeocarpus, yellow hibiscus, iron wintergreen, glossy privet, osmanthus, loquat, albizia, royal palm, fish-tail palm, Mexican fan palm, sugar palm, long-leaf date palm, autumn maple, red sandalwood, large-flowered dillenia, jackfruit, yellow locust, tree jackfruit, large-leaf privet, Lechang Michelia, schefflera, false umbrella tree

Deciduous trees:

small-leaf terminalia, Chinese swamp cypress, water wax gourd, Chinese tallow, raisin tree, sand pear, soapberry, entire-leaf goldenrain tree, frangipani, bald cypress, pond cypress, tulip tree, white magnolia, Chinese parasol tree, sawtooth oak, cork oak, Chinese hackberry, Chinese elm, white oak, camptotheca, large-flowered crape myrtle, beautiful silk floss tree, flame tree, yellow poinciana, jacaranda, yellow locust, chinaberry, chinaberry, coral tree, cockspur coral tree, chestnut, silk tree, acacia, prickly castor oil tree, sweetgum, weeping willow, two-bloom magnolia, purple-leaf plum, ornamental peach, plum, papaya, Indian

red sandalwood, red-leaf plum

Evergreen shrubs:

sago palm, Chinese plum yew, aglaia, large-leaf boxwood, dense-flower elaeagnus, camellia sasanqua, South China coral tree, gold-dust aucuba, hypericum, three-medicine areca, areca palm, qiong palm, four-season aglaia, soft-branch allamanda, small-leaf liu gong dan, red bottlebrush, Fukien tea, gardenia, crown-of-thorns, poinsettia, Yunnan jasmine, aucuba, Chinese holly, foreign azalea, shiny-leaf cordyline, croton, red mulberry, golden-edge mulberry, golden-leaf fig, smooth senna, ma yin hua, purple gold cow, orange jasmine, red-back osmanthus, eagle-claw flower, camellia, oil tea, large-leaf tea, oleander, yellow oleander, small-flower allamanda, snow-in-June, banana shrub, pittosporum, mahonia, nandina, Japanese aralia, night-blooming magnolia, hibiscus, lantern flower, azalea, Adam's needle, yucca, South China boxwood, axle palm, soft-leaf date palm, short-spike fishtail palm, dwarf lady palm, jin tou zhu,

golden fig, fiddle-leaf fig, willow-leaf fig, golden-vein justicia, schefflera, variegated duranta, yellow-leaf duranta, liu gong dan, golden-leaf privet, taro, bird's nest fern, monstera, aspidistra, snake plant, thick-leaf rhaphiolepis, variegated hibiscus, purple brocade wood, small-leaf boxwood, African jasmine, yesterday-today-and-tomorrow, xi mei li, crinum lily, spider lily, beautyberry, red flower loropetalum, large-flowered datura, white paper fan, red paper fan, mao du juan, Western azalea, double-pod senna, hard-bone trumpet creeper, rose myrtle, ixora, Yunnan yellow jasmine, jasmine, fiddle-leaf coral, blue snowflake, blue star flower, butterfly, nandina, pepper wood, red-back osmanthus,

Deciduous shrubs:

cotton rose hibiscus, mao ye xiu xian ju, ling ye xiu xian ju, modern rose, nuo mi tiao, pomegranate, beautyberry, purple magnolia, lespedeza, jin yin mu, hydrangea, hibiscus, redbud, yu li, xiao ye hua, pearl flower, butterfly tree, elderberry, fig, Sichuan pepper, trifoliate orange, butterfly bush, small wax

Vines:

monstera, bougainvillea, chicken-blood vine, firecracker flower, rangoon creeper, three-leaf akebia, honeysuckle, winter creeper, climbing fig, kiwi, creeping euonymus, Hong Kong raphidophora, Mucuna birdwoodiana, wax flower, rhaphidophora, pothos, star jasmine, Chinese ivy, English ivy, South China magnolia vine, Boston ivy, Chinese trumpet creeper, passionflower, multi-flower crape myrtle, evergreen mucuna, large-flower thunbergia

eagle-claw flower, large-flower thunbergia, rangoon creeper, coral vine, Boston ivy, firecracker flower, white-flower mucuna, beautiful clerodendrum, wisteria, climbing fig, cypress vine, morning glory, maple-leaf morning glory, snake vine, su fang hua, large-flower Dutchman's pipe, garlic vine, wood rose, lian li teng, passionflower

Bamboo:

green-skin bamboo, fen dan zhu, moso bamboo, fernleaf bamboo, dan zhu, golden bamboo, ci zhu, hedge bamboo, ku zhu, indocalamus, Buddha belly bamboo, ma zhu, green-skin bamboo, Thai bamboo, cheng gao zhu, square bamboo, green bamboo, guan yin zhu, small qinsi bamboo, red bamboo

Lawns and ground cover plants:

Bermuda grass, Chinese zoysia, fine-leaf zoysia, carpet grass, centipede grass, shuang sui que bai, Manila grass, zoysia, Guangdong evergreen, purple dew grass, bang hua, lilyturf, large-leaf curculigo, shan mai dong, lucky grass, aspidistra black-eye flower, shi chang pu, cong lan, jiu lan, hu di xiao, white butterfly, butterfly flower, red-flower oxalis, hanging bamboo plum,

purple-back arrowroot, arrowhead plant, white butterfly arrowhead plant, pothos, hanging bamboo plum, sword fern, clearweed, small bang lan, peace lily, silver-edge lilyturf, red-flower lantana, yellow-flower lantana, purple-flower lantana

dan, silver-leaf chrysanthemum, clerodendrum, shrimp flower, pao zhu hong, asparagus fern, beach evening primrose, beach morning glory, ivy, star jasmine, ginger lily, umbrella plant, papyrus, iris, purple loosestrife, narcissus, lotus, water lily, three-lobed wedelia, red-flower oxalis, Brazilian peanut vine, dichondra, purple amaranth, round-leaf amaranth, coleus, fine-leaf verbena, red-green grass, cong lan, jiu lan, zhu ding hong, lily, calla lily, periwinkle, centipede grass, Manila grass, Korean velvet grass, Bermuda grass, large-leaf carpet grass, variegated blunt grass, bahia grass, short-leaf lilyturf

Palm species:

royal palm, Washington palm, triangle palm, king palm, foxtail palm, Butia palm, bottle palm, club palm, Middle East date palm, Canary date palm, ba wang zong, oil palm, fish-tail palm, palm, dragon-scale palm, Chinese fan palm, jin shan kui, fishtail palm, jin shan kui, Mexican fan palm, beautiful date palm, short-spike fishtail palm, long-spike fishtail palm, areca palm, three-medicine areca, traveler's palm, lady palm,

Seasonal flowers

star flower, African impatiens, four-season begonia, scarlet sage, petunia, hybrid dianthus, kale, marigold, marigold, nasturtium, pansy, wishbone flower, cockscomb, pot marigold, globe amaranth, zinnia, moss rose, purslane, cosmos, cineraria, cleome, daylily, lavender, purple loosestrife

Part Five: "Southern Plant Configuration Examples"

Southern Plant Configuration

Philodendron bipinnatifidum + Cyperus alternifolius + Alpinia zerumbet 'Variegata'

Dracaena draco + Dracaena fragrans 'Massangeana' + Nandina domestica + Nephrolepis cordifolia + ornamental stone

Roystonea regia + Caryota obtusa + Phoenix roebelenii + Canna indica + Coleus scutellarioides + Codiaeum variegatum

Roystonea regia + Phoenix canariensis + Cordyline fruticosa 'Red Edge' + Acalypha wilkesiana + Ixora chinensis

Roystonea regia + Archontophoenix alexandrae + Dypsis lutescens + Rhapis excelsa + Duranta erecta 'Golden Leaves'

Part Six: "Common Southern Landscape Plants"

Common Plants for Southern Gardens

I. Palm category:

1. Roystonea regia 2. Archontophoenix alexandrae 3. Washingtonia filifera 4. Phoenix sylvestris 5. Phoenix canariensis 6. Areca triandra

7. Livistona chinensis 8. Washingtonia filifera 9. Dypsis lutescens 10. Rhapis excelsa (slender-leaved Rhapis) 11. Chamaedorea metallica 12. Phoenix roebelenii

II. Tree category (street trees, shade trees):

1. Delonix regia 2. Bombax ceiba 3. Ceiba speciosa 4. Erythrina variegata 5. Elaeocarpus apiculatus 6. Alstonia scholaris

7. Ficus microcarpa 8. Elaeocarpus hainanensis 9. Mangifera indica 10. Chukrasia tabularis 11. Cinnamomum burmannii 12. Tabebuia pentaphylla

13. Pterocarpus indicus 14. Plumeria rubra 15. Terminalia catappa 16. Ravenala madagascariensis 17. Pandanus tectorius 18. Bischofia javanica

19. Star fruit 20. Olea europaea subsp. cuspidata (African wild olive) 21. Golden shower tree (Cassia fistula) 22. Albizia falcataria 23. Paperbark tree (Melaleuca leucadendra)

24. Eucalyptus 25. Syzygium hainanense 26. Aphanamixis grandifolia 27. Bauhinia 28. Swietenia mahagoni

29. Ficus altissima 30. Spathodea campanulata 31. Tabebuia chrysantha 32. Koelreuteria bipinnata

III. Flowering shrub category:

1. Osmanthus fragrans 'Semperflorens' 2. Bambusa multiplex 'Fernleaf' 3. Alsophila spinulosa 4. Ficus microcarpa 'Golden Leaves' 5. Bougainvillea spectabilis

6. Cassia surattensis 7. Callistemon rigidus 8. Agave americana 'Marginata' 9. Hibiscus rosa-sinensis 10. Fagraea ceilanica 11. Ficus aspera

12. Hibiscus rosa-sinensis 13. Michelia figo 14. Campsis grandiflora 15. Calliandra haematocephala 16. Tabernaemontana divaricata 17. Aglaonema

18. Furcraea foetida 19. Yucca 20. Pyrostegia venusta 21. Thevetia peruviana 22. Polyscias

IV. Ground cover or color blocks:

1. Pittosporum tobira 2. Monstera deliciosa 3. Epipremnum aureum 4. Asplenium nidus 5. Alternanthera dentata 'Ruby' 6. Pennisetum purpureum 7. Schefflera octophylla

8. Philodendron 'Little Angel' 9. Duranta erecta 'Golden Leaves' 10. Cuphea ignea 11. Ophiopogon japonicus 12. Stromanthe thalia 13. Rhododendron pulchrum

14. Livistona chinensis 'Dwarf' 15. Philodendron bipinnatifidum 16. Duranta erecta 'Variegata' 17. Chlorophytum comosum 18. Tradescantia zebrina 19. Allamanda cathartica

20. Alpinia zerumbet 'Variegata' 21. Asparagus 22. Arachis pintoi 23. Ixora chinensis 'Dwarf' 24. Nephrolepis cordifolia 25. Pachystachys lutea

26. Syngonium podophyllum 'White Butterfly' 27. Pilea cadierei 28. Dieffenbachia 29. Cordyline fruticosa 'Rainbow' 30. Codiaeum variegatum 31. Ophiopogon japonicus

32. Ophiopogon japonicus 'Silver Edge' 33. Jasminum sambac 34. Calathea zebrina 35. Zoysia matrella 36. Axonopus compressus

37. Zoysia matrella 'Manila' 38. Cynodon dactylon 39. Lolium perenne 40. Festuca arundinacea

There are also some commonly used plants:

1. Ficus religiosa 2. Ficus altissima 3. Elaeocarpus hainanensis 4. Campsis grandiflora 5. Koelreuteria bipinnata 6. Cassia fistula

7. Senna siamea 8. Kigelia africana 9. Thai yellow flowering ball 10. Melaleuca bracteata 'Revolution Gold'

11. Senna alata 12. Cassia bicapsularis 13. Jatropha integerrima 14. Syzygium nervosum 15. Manglietia glauca

16. Hainan golden-spotted plant 17. Pachira aquatica 'Variegata' 18. Ormosia hainanensis 19. Swietenia mahagoni

20. Albizia falcataria 21. Cinnamomum cassia 22. Osmanthus fragrans 'Autumn' 23. Laurus nobilis 24. Washingtonia filifera 25. Bambusa multiplex 'Fernleaf'

26. Pterocarpus indicus (yellow/purple sandalwood) 27. Pterocarpus indicus 28. Dianella ensifolia 29. Ficus concinna 30. Markhamia stipulata

Common Southern Landscape Plants

1. Evergreen trees

Norfolk Island pine, Cunningham's araucaria, Keteleeria, hoop pine, Agathis, Pinus massoniana, Pinus elliottii, Cinnamomum camphora, Cinnamomum japonicum, Eucalyptus grandis x urophylla, Melaleuca leucadendra, Syzygium jambos, Syzygium hainanense, Bischofia javanica, Acacia confusa, Acacia mangium, Acacia auriculiformis, Pterocarpus indicus, Ficus microcarpa, Ficus virens, Ficus altissima, Ficus superba, Ficus elastica, Ficus elastica 'Variegata', Ficus religiosa, Aleurites moluccana, Swietenia mahagoni, Dillenia indica, Alstonia scholaris, Terminalia catappa, Terminalia mantaly, Artocarpus heterophyllus, Syzygium samarangense, Dracontomelon duperreanum, Manilkara zapota, Chukrasia tabularis, Casuarina equisetifolia, Michelia alba, Magnolia coco, Michelia macclurei, Elaeocarpus sylvestris, Magnolia grandiflora, Hibiscus tiliaceus, Mangifera indica, Dimocarpus longan, Litchi chinensis, Canarium album, Eriobotrya japonica, Myrica rubra, Citrus maxima, Elaeocarpus hainanensis, Podocarpus macrophyllus, Sabina chinensis, Nageia nagi, Osmanthus fragrans, Osmanthus fragrans 'Semperflorens', Michelia figo, Aglaia odorata, Camellia japonica, Ficus benjamina, Cleidiocarpon cavaleriei, Ficus tinctoria

2. Deciduous trees

Metasequoia glyptostroboides, Taxodium ascendens, Taxodium distichum, Glyptostrobus pensilis, Liriodendron chinense, Firmiana simplex, Bischofia polycarpa, Albizia falcataria, Albizia lebbeck, Leucaena leucocephala, Liquidambar formosana, Salix babylonica, Kigelia africana, Neolamarckia cadamba, Grevillea robusta, Celtis sinensis, Sapindus mukorossi, Pistacia chinensis, Melia azedarach, Sapium sebiferum, Vernicia montana, Ginkgo biloba, Sterculia nobilis, Diospyros kaki, Ficus carica, Morus alba, Carica papaya, Psidium guajava, Acer palmatum 'Atropurpureum', Acacia farnesiana

3. Palm category

Archontophoenix alexandrae, Roystonea regia, Roystonea oleracea, Hyophorbe lagenicaulis, Hyophorbe verschaffeltii, Neodypsis decaryi, Wodyetia bifurcata, Syagrus romanzoffiana, Elaeis guineensis, Borassus flabellifer, Washingtonia robusta, Washingtonia filifera, Phoenix canariensis, Phoenix dactylifera, Phoenix sylvestris, Livistona chinensis, Caryota obtusa, Arenga pinnata, Phoenix loureiroi, Phoenix roebelenii, Areca triandra, Areca catechu, Arenga engleri, Caryota ochlandra, Caryota mitis, Dypsis lutescens, Trachycarpus fortunei, Musa basjoo, Ravenala madagascariensis, Cordyline fruticosa, Rhapis excelsa, Rhapis humilis, Strelitzia nicolai, Philodendron erubescens, Alocasia macrorrhizos

4. Foliage shrubs

Ficus benjamina 'Golden Leaves', Ficus microcarpa 'Golden Leaves', Ficus lyrata, Ficus salicifolia, Garcinia subelliptica, Arundo donax 'Variegata', Polyalthia longifolia 'Pendula', Pandanus tectorius, Pittosporum tobira, Hibiscus rosa-sinensis 'Variegata', Cycas revoluta, Callistemon rigidus, Cestrum nocturnum, Cotinus coggygria, Odontonema strictum, Fatsia japonica, Sabina procumbens, Manihot esculenta 'Variegata', Nandina domestica, Schefflera octophylla, Schefflera arboricola 'Variegata', Zanthoxylum beecheyanum, Excoecaria cochinchinensis, Acalypha wilkesiana, Syringa japonica, Duranta erecta, Duranta erecta 'Variegata', Duranta erecta 'Golden Leaves', Murraya paniculata, Codiaeum variegatum, Codiaeum variegatum 'Hastatum', Codiaeum variegatum 'Hainan', Codiaeum variegatum 'Aucubaefolium', Buddleja asiatica, Carmona retusa, Buxus sinica var. parvifolia, Ligustrum sinense 'Golden Leaves', Euphorbia milii, Furcraea foetida 'Yellow Stripe', Agave americana, Agave americana 'Marginata', Yucca, Beaucarnea recurvata, Aspidistra elatior, Sansevieria trifasciata, Cactus, Alocasia macrorrhizos, Philodendron bipinnatifidum, Monstera deliciosa, Alpinia zerumbet 'Variegata', Scaevola taccada, Rhaphiolepis indica, Breynia disticha, Phyllanthus myrtifolius, Rosa chinensis

5. Flowering shrubs

Tabernaemontana divaricata, Brunfelsia pauciflora, Jasminum, Hibiscus syriacus, Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, Ceropegia, Malvaviscus arboreus, Euphorbia pulcherrima, Calliandra haematocephala, Bougainvillea spectabilis, Gardenia jasminoides 'Grandiflora', Hydrangea macrophylla, Pachystachys coccinea, Melastoma candidum, Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum, Datura suaveolens, Mussaenda frondosa, Mussaenda erythrophylla, Allamanda cathartica, Rhododendron hybridum, Cassia bicapsularis, Tecomaria capensis, Rhodomyrtus tomentosa, Ixora chinensis, Pavetta hongkongensis, Jasminum mesnyi, Jasminum sambac, Crinum asiaticum,

Hymenocallis littoralis, Clivia, Canna indica 'Dwarf', Reinwardtia indica, Jatropha pandurifolia, Plumbago auriculata, Oxypetalum coeruleum, Hamelia patens

6. Ground cover

Calathea roseopicta, Syngonium podophyllum, Syngonium podophyllum 'White Butterfly', Epipremnum aureum, Tradescantia zebrina, Nephrolepis cordifolia, Pilea cadierei, Rhoeo spathacea 'Compacta', Spathiphyllum, Ophiopogon japonicus, Ophiopogon japonicus 'Silver Edge', Lantana camara 'Red', Lantana camara 'Yellow', Lantana camara 'Purple', Senecio cineraria, Clerodendrum thomsoniae, Justicia brandegeeana, Russelia equisetiformis, Asparagus, Oenothera drummondii, Ipomoea pes-caprae, Hedera helix, Trachelospermum jasminoides, Hedychium coronarium, Cyperus alternifolius, Cyperus papyrus, Iris, Lythrum salicaria, Narcissus, Nelumbo nucifera, Nymphaea, Wedelia trilobata, Oxalis corymbosa, Arachis pintoi, Dichondra repens, Iresine herbstii, Alternanthera dentata, Coleus scutellarioides, Verbena tenera, Alternanthera versicolor, Zephyranthes candida, Zephyranthes grandiflora, Hippeastrum, Lilium, Zantedeschia aethiopica, Catharanthus roseus, Eremochloa ophiuroides, Zoysia matrella 'Manila', Zoysia matrella 'Korean', Cynodon dactylon 'Bermuda', Axonopus compressus, Stenotaphrum secundatum 'Variegatum', Paspalum notatum, Liriope spicata

7. Vines

Thunbergia grandiflora, Quisqualis indica, Antigonon leptopus, Parthenocissus tricuspidata, Pyrostegia venusta, Mucuna birdwoodiana, Clerodendrum speciosissimum, Wisteria sinensis, Ficus pumila, Ipomoea quamoclit, Ipomoea, Ipomoea batatas, Derris, Jasminum officinale, Aristolochia gigantea, Mansoa alliacea, Merremia tuberosa, Clytostoma callistegioides, Passiflora caerulea

Part Seven: "Common Southern Plant Configuration Document"

Practical Plant Configuration Table ---- Brief Table of Common Plant Configurations

Aquatic plants:

Wetland plants: Salix matsudana, Salix babylonica, Salix integra, Salix psammophila, Salix viminalis, Salix wilsonii, Populus simonii, Populus maximowiczii, Sabina vulgaris, Sabina chinensis, Platycladus orientalis, Metasequoia glyptostroboides, Melia azedarach, Pterocarya stenoptera, Fraxinus chinensis, Forsythia suspensa, Ulmus pumila, Ulmus laciniata, Ulmus parvifolia, Sapium sebiferum, Cerasus serrulata, Eucommia ulmoides, Koelreuteria paniculata, Hibiscus mutabilis, Hibiscus syriacus, Nerium oleander, Parthenocissus tricuspidata, Vitis vinifera, Wisteria sinensis, Amorpha fruticosa, Tamarix chinensis, Ranunculus, Halerpestes, Ranunculus, Lysimachia, Stachys, Stachys, Mentha, Mazus, Veronica, Nasturtium officinale, Scirpus, Scirpus, Scirpus, Cyperus, Cyperus, Cyperus, Cyperus, Cyperus, Juncus, Juncus, Juncus, Juncus, Polygonum aviculare, Polygonum, Polygonum orientale, Polygonum caespitosum, Polygonum lapathifolium, Polygonum, Polygonum, Polygonum perfoliatum, Polygonum, Polygonum thunbergii, Polygonum, Polygonum cuspidatum, Imperata cylindrica, Calamagrostis, Calamagrostis, Beckmannia, Polypogon, Arundinella, Miscanthus sacchariflorus, Coix lacryma-jobi, Hemarthria, Hygrophila

Emergent plants: Scirpus validus, Phragmites australis, Nelumbo nucifera rhizome, Sagittaria sagittifolia, Cyperus, Alisma, Nelumbo nucifera, Lythrum salicaria, Typha, Monochoria vaginalis, Monochoria korsakowii, Acorus calamus, Pontederia cordata, Oryza sativa, Kandelia, Narcissus, Oenanthe javanica, Zizania latifolia, Colocasia esculenta, Marsilea quadrifolia, Phragmites australis, Eleocharis dulcis, Scirpus, Juncus, Typha, Cyperus alternifolius, Typha latifolia

Floating plants: Lemna minor, Eichhornia crassipes, Nymphaea, Euryale ferox, Victoria amazonica, Nuphar, Eichhornia crassipes, Nymphoides, Brasenia schreberi, Utricularia, Ceratopteris, Nymphoides

Submerged plants: Ceratophyllum demersum, Ottelia alismoides

Colorful-leaf plants:

Red or purple: Liquidambar formosana, Rhus succedanea, Acer palmatum, Acer ginnala, Celastrus orbiculatus, Quercus rubra, Acer, Sapium sebiferum, Rhus typhina, Rhus chinensis, Sorbus, Nandina domestica, Euonymus, Crataegus, Pistacia chinensis, Pterocarya stenoptera, Berberis, Carpinus hupeana, Parthenocissus tricuspidata

Golden yellow or yellowish brown: Ginkgo biloba, Diospyros kaki, Koelreuteria paniculata, Liriodendron chinense, Firmiana simplex, Ulmus, Juglans, Catalpa, Metasequoia glyptostroboides, Lagerstroemia indica, Ulmus parvifolia, Phoebe, Ziziphus jujuba, Actinidia, Aesculus, Sorbus, Chimonanthus praecox, Punica granatum, Cassia surattensis, Hamamelis, Sapindus mukorossi, Acacia farnesiana

Aromatic plants:

Aromatic plants that can optionally be planted in residential areas include: Mentha, Ocimum basilicum, Melissa officinalis, Matricaria chamomilla, Cymbopogon citratus, Salvia, Taraxacum, Calendula officinalis, Thymus, Borago officinalis, Pelargonium graveolens, Malva and other herbaceous plants, and Lavandula, Rosmarinus officinalis, Gardenia, Rosa, Aloysia citrodora and other shrubs.

Woody plants arranged to release fragrance in turn across the four seasons, such as: plum blossoms and orange blossoms in spring; gardenia and Michelia alba in summer; Osmanthus fragrans in autumn and Chimonanthus praecox in winter.

Pollution-resistant and exhaust-resistant plants: Robinia pseudoacacia, Paulownia, Pinus bungeana, Sabina chinensis, Viburnum odoratissimum, Photinia, Pittosporum tobira, Fatsia japonica, etc.

Nitrogen-fixing plants: Robinia, Lonicera, Albizia, Amorpha fruticosa, Caragana, Glycine, Lespedeza, Melilotus, Pisum, Phaseolus, Myrica, Elaeagnus, Cycas

Nectar-source, bird-attracting and butterfly-attracting plants: Taxus cuspidata 'Nana', Podocarpus macrophyllus, Torreya grandis, Ilex crenata, Cinnamomum camphora, Myrica rubra, Ligustrum lucidum, Ternstroemia gymnanthera, Viburnum, Aucuba japonica, Mahonia, Pyracantha, Buxus, Pittosporum tobira, Fatsia japonica, etc., Buddleja davidii, Pistacia chinensis, and other fragrant-flower plants (such as Citrus of the Rutaceae family)

Perennial (herbaceous perennial) flowers: Kniphofia (torch lily), Lupinus, Festuca glauca, Astilbe, Coreopsis, Lysimachia nummularia, Origanum vulgare, Hibiscus moscheutos, Mentha 'Red', Trachelospermum asiaticum 'Tricolor', Mesembryanthemum, Helleborus, Lycoris radiata, Hemerocallis, Iris, Tradescantia, Hosta, Canna 'Variegata', Canna 'Red Leaf', Aster novi-belgii, Farfugium japonicum, Bletilla striata, Verbena

Flowering plants of the four seasons:

Spring: various Cerasus species (early cherry, late cherry, weeping cherry, etc.), various Malus species (Malus spectabilis, Chaenomeles sinensis, Chaenomeles speciosa, etc.), Magnoliaceae (Magnolia grandiflora, Magnolia denudata, Magnolia soulangeana, Magnolia liliiflora, Magnolia 'Red', Michelia figo, Michelia maudiae, etc.), Cercis chinensis, red-leaf

plum, peach blossom, camellia, winter jasmine, Syringa, etc.

Summer: Lagerstroemia indica, Hibiscus syriacus, Hydrangea macrophylla, Michelia figo, Rhododendron 'Summer', Punica granatum (flowering pomegranate), Gardenia jasminoides, Campsis grandiflora, Albizia julibrissin, Acacia farnesiana Autumn: Osmanthus fragrans, Lagerstroemia indica, Hibiscus syriacus, flowering pomegranate, Hibiscus mutabilis, Campsis grandiflora, etc.

Winter: Lonicera japonica, Nandina domestica, plum blossom, Michelia figo, Camellia japonica, Camellia sasanqua, etc.

Schematic classification of common landscaping tree species:

(I) Evergreen coniferous trees

1. Tree category: Cedrus deodara, Pinus koraiensis, Pinus thunbergii, Sabina chinensis, Pinus massoniana, Sabina chinensis, Cycas revoluta, Araucaria cunninghamii, Cryptomeria japonica, Torreya grandis

2. Shrub category: (Podocarpus macrophyllus), Platycladus orientalis 'Sieboldii', Sabina chinensis 'Pyramidalis', Sabina procumbens, Cryptomeria japonica, Pinus parviflora

(II) Deciduous coniferous trees (no shrubs):

Tree category: Metasequoia glyptostroboides, Pseudolarix amabilis, Taxodium ascendens, Taxodium distichum

(III) Evergreen broadleaf trees:

1. Tree category: Cinnamomum camphora, Magnolia grandiflora, Ligustrum lucidum, Trachycarpus fortunei

2. Shrub category: Viburnum odoratissimum, Euonymus japonicus, Buxus sinica, Buxus bodinieri, Ilex cornuta, Citrus, Photinia, Pittosporum tobira, Osmanthus fragrans, Nerium oleander, Jasminum floridum, Jasminum nudiflorum, Aucuba japonica 'Variegata', Nandina domestica, Serissa japonica, Ligustrum sinense, Fatsia japonica, Gardenia jasminoides, Distylium racemosum, Camellia japonica, Hypericum monogynum, Rhododendron, Yucca (yucca, sword agave), Cycas revoluta (sago palm), Mahonia

(IV) Deciduous broadleaf trees:

1. Tree category: Salix babylonica, Salix babylonica 'Recta', Pterocarya stenoptera, Salix matsudana 'Tortuosa', Sapium sebiferum, Sophora japonica, Firmiana simplex (Chinese parasol

tree), Platanus x acerifolia (London plane), Sophora japonica (Chinese scholar tree), Sophora japonica 'Pendula', Albizia julibrissin, Ginkgo biloba, Melia azedarach (chinaberry), Catalpa ovata

2. Shrub category: Cerasus serrulata, Magnolia denudata, peach blossom, Chimonanthus praecox, Lagerstroemia indica, Cercis chinensis, Acer, Acer palmatum, Prunus cerasifera 'Atropurpurea', Chaenomeles speciosa, Chaenomeles, Hydrangea macrophylla, Spiraea thunbergii, Forsythia viridissima (golden bells), Hibiscus mutabilis, Hibiscus syriacus (rose of Sharon), Alchornea davidii, Punica granatum

(V) Bamboo category: Bambusa multiplex, Phyllostachys sulphurea, Phyllostachys edulis, Phyllostachys nigra, Bambusa multiplex, Bambusa multiplex 'Fernleaf', Bambusa ventricosa, Bambusa vulgaris 'Vittata'

(VI) Vines: Wisteria sinensis, Trachelospermum jasminoides, Parthenocissus tricuspidata (Boston ivy, climbing ivy), Hedera helix, Vitis vinifera, Euonymus fortunei

(VII) Flowers: Portulaca grandiflora, Chrysanthemum, Salvia splendens, Canna indica, Alternanthera versicolor, Brassica oleracea (ornamental cabbage), Chrysanthemum, Orchid

(VIII) Lawn: Zoysia matrella, Zoysia japonica, Ophiopogon japonicus, Lolium perenne 'Tetragold', Festuca arundinacea, Zoysia matrella 'Manila', Trifolium, Dichondra repens

Detailed Table of Common Plant Configurations

Table of Commonly Used Street Trees

Name Scientific name Family Tree shape Characteristics

Cinnamomum camphora Cinnamomun camphcra Lauraceae Spherical Evergreen large tree, leaves alternate, triplinerved, aromatic, berries spherical.

London plane Platanus x acerifolia Platanaceae Ovate Prefers warmth, pollution-resistant, tolerant of pruning. Large crown with dense shade, suitable as a street tree and shade tree.

Maple Liquidamdar formosana Hance. Hamamelidaceae Conical Deciduous tree, bark grey and smooth, leaves triangular, slow-growing, beautiful tree form

Flamboyant tree Delonix regia Raffin Fabaceae Umbrella-shaped Sun-loving, prefers warm and hot climates, not cold-tolerant, fast-growing, pollution-resistant, wind-resistant; flowers red and beautiful, flowering period May to August

Silk tree Albizia julibrissin Fabaceae Umbrella-shaped Flowers pink, June to July, suitable as a shade ornamental tree and street tree

Sweet acacia Albizia farnesiana Wild. Fabaceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous sub-tree, fast-growing, dense branches and leaves, flowers golden yellow, excellent tree vigour

Weeping willow Salix babylonica Linn. Salicaceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous sub-tree, suitable for low-temperature areas, grows luxuriantly and rapidly, beautiful tree form

Banyan Ficus retusa Linn.. Moraceae Spherical Deciduous tree, broad crown, fast-growing, strong canopy density, suitable for various pruning styles

Camphor tree Cinnamomum camphora Ness. Lauraceae Spherical Evergreen tree, broad crown, large and round, robust growth, beautiful tree form

Chinese fan palm Livitonia chinensis R.Br. Arecaceae Umbrella-shaped Single upright trunk, leaf surface dark green, robust growth, very beautiful posture

Longan tree Euphoria longana Lanark. Sapindaceae Round Evergreen tree with round crown, strong canopy density, relatively slow-growing, very beautiful posture

Chinaberry (Melia) Melia azedarach Linn. Meliaceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous tree, fast-growing, irregular crown, slightly umbrella-shaped, flowers pale purple

Chinese parasol tree Sterculia platanifolia L. Sterculiaceae Umbrella-shaped Evergreen tree, broad leaves, fast-growing, upright when young, crown spreading when old

Paper mulberry Broussonetia papyrifera Vent. Moraceae Umbrella-shaped Evergreen tree, leaves huge and soft-thin, branches spreading in all directions, umbrella-shaped crown, beautiful posture

Formosan alder Alnus formosana Makino. Fagaceae Umbrella-shaped Evergreen tree, tolerant of moisture and heat, unsuitable for dry land and hard soil, tall and beautiful tree form

Ash tree Faxinus insularis Hemsl. Oleaceae Umbrella-shaped Evergreen tree, robust, fast-growing, beautiful tree form and leaf shape Araucaria Araucaria cuninghamii Araucariaceae Conical Evergreen coniferous tree, sun-loving, prefers warm and hot climates, not cold-tolerant, fertilizer-loving, fast-growing, narrow conical crown, graceful posture

Qinghai spruce Picea carassifolia Pinaceae Tower-shaped Evergreen coniferous tree, neutral, shallow-rooted, suitable for the northwest region

Korean pine Pinus koraiensis Pinaceae Tower-shaped Evergreen coniferous tree, weakly sun-loving, prefers cool and humid climates and acidic soil, needles blue-green

Chinese juniper (juniper) Sabina chinensis Cupressaceae Conical Evergreen coniferous tree, sun-loving, young trees slightly shade-tolerant, tolerant of drought and barren soil, cold-tolerant, slightly moisture-tolerant, tolerant of pruning, good dust-proofing and sound-insulating effect

Southern magnolia Magnolia grandiflora L. Magnoliaceae Ovate Evergreen tree, flowers large white and fragrant, beautiful tree form,

Taiwan acacia Acacia confusa Merr. Fabaceae Umbrella-shaped Evergreen tree, bark smooth when young, rough when old, trunk mostly curved, strong growth vigour

Date palm Phoenix dactylifera L. Arecaceae Pinnate Evergreen broadleaf tree, trunk branching, strong heat resistance, robust growth, beautiful posture

Canary Island date palm Phoenix dactylifera Arecaceae Pinnate Evergreen broadleaf tree, thick trunk, tall and majestic, pinnate leaves dense and spreading,

Royal palm (Roystonea regia) Oreodoxa regia H.B.K. Arecaceae Umbrella-shaped Single trunk, upright, up to 18m tall, slightly swollen at the middle, pinnate compound leaves, very vigorous, highly ornamental

Ginkgo Ginkgo biloba Ginkgoaceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous broadleaf tree, yellow autumn leaves, cold-resistant, deep-rooted, intolerant of waterlogging, resistant to various toxic gases

Chinese tulip tree (horse jacket tree) Liriodendron chinense Magnoliaceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous broadleaf tree, prefers warm and humid climate, fairly strong resistance, fertile acidic soil, fast-growing, long-lived, leaves shaped like a horse jacket, flowers yellow-green, large and beautiful.

Chinese white poplar Populus tomentosa Salicaceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous broadleaf tree, prefers cool temperate climate, pollution-resistant, deep-rooted, fast-growing, fairly long-lived; form upright, trunk straight, bark grayish-white

Lombardy poplar Populus nigra var. italica Salicaceae Narrow cylindrical Deciduous broadleaf tree, cold- and drought-tolerant, slightly tolerant of saline-alkali and waterlogging, fast-growing

Chinese elm Ulmus parvifolia Ulmaceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous broadleaf tree, prefers warm and humid climate, tolerant of drought and poor soil, deep-rooted, fast-growing, long-lived, resistant to smoke, dust and toxic gases, strong dust-retention capacity

Box elder (ash-leaved maple) Acer negundo Aceraceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous broadleaf tree, prefers fertile soil and a cool, humid climate, tolerant of smoke and dust, tolerant of dry cold, tolerant of light saline-alkali, tolerant of pruning, yellow autumn leaves{Maintenance measures for the southern plant date palm}.

Table of Traits of Commonly Used Landscape Trees

Name Scientific name Family Tree form Characteristics

Camphor tree Cinnamomun camphcra Lauraceae Spherical Evergreen large tree, leaves alternate, triplinerved, aromatic, berries spherical.

London plane Platanus x acerifolia Platanaceae Oval Prefers warmth, pollution-resistant, tolerant of pruning. Large crown, dense shade, suitable as a street tree and shade tree.

Southern magnolia Magnolia grandiflora L. Magnoliaceae Oval Evergreen tree, flowers large, white, fragrant, tree form graceful,

Yulan magnolia Magnolia denudata Magnoliaceae Umbrella-shaped Fairly cold-tolerant, afraid of waterlogging. Flowers large, pure white, blooms in March to April. Suitable for garden ornament.

Chinese tulip tree (horse jacket tree) Liriodendron chinense Magnoliaceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous broadleaf tree, prefers warm and humid climate, fairly strong resistance, fertile acidic soil, fast-growing, long-lived, leaves shaped like a horse jacket, flowers yellow-green, large and beautiful.

Chinese arborvitae Thuja orientalis Linn Cupressaceae Conical Evergreen tree, form neat when young, often crooked when old, vigorous growth, long-lived, beautiful tree form

Ash tree Faxinus insularis Hemsl. Oleaceae Round Evergreen tree, robust, fast-growing, beautiful tree form and leaf shape Bischofia Bischoffia javanica Blanco Euphorbiaceae Round Evergreen tree, very ornamental when young leaves sprout, vigorous growth, beautiful tree form

Weeping willow Salix babylonica Linn. Salicaceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous small tree, suitable for low-lying land, luxuriant and fast-growing, beautiful tree form

Chinese incense cedar Calocedrus macrolepis Kurz Cupressaceae Umbrella-shaped Evergreen tree, bark grayish-brown, irregularly longitudinally fissured; branchlets alternate, green when young, flattened.

Royal palm Roystonea regia Arecaceae Umbrella-shaped Single trunk, upright, up to 18m tall, slightly swollen at the middle, pinnate compound leaves, very vigorous, highly ornamental

Japanese euonymus Euonymus japonica Celastraceae Oval Prefers warm and humid climate, resistant to toxic gases. Grown for foliage. Suitable for hedges and foundation planting.

Maple Liquidamdar formosana Hance. Hamamelidaceae Conical Deciduous tree, bark gray and smooth, leaves triangular, slow-growing, beautiful tree form

Chinese wingnut Pterocarya stenoptera Juglandaceae Umbrella-shaped Highly adaptable, tolerant of waterlogging, fast-growing. Suitable as a shade tree, street tree, bank-protection tree

Creeping juniper Sabina procumbens Cupressaceae Evergreen prostrate dwarf shrub, branches sprawling and creeping on the ground, leaves needle-like. Slow-growing, uniquely styled, with verdant, flowing foliage. Suitable for ground cover and beautification around courtyard rocks, ponds, sand pits, slopes, etc.{Maintenance measures for the southern plant date palm}.

Golden dewdrop Duranta repens Verbenaceae Round Evergreen shrub. Suitable for large container planting, flower troughs, hedges. Golden dewdrop is mainly grown for foliage, widely used, can serve as ground cover, pruned into shapes, used to form patterns or highlight color combinations, dazzling and eye-catching. Chinese holly Ilex cornuta Aquifoliaceae Round Resistant to toxic gases, slow-growing. Green leaves and red berries, very beautiful. Suitable for foundation planting. Paper mulberry Broussonetia papyrifera Vent. Moraceae Umbrella-shaped Evergreen tree, leaves huge, soft and thin, branches spreading in all directions, graceful posture

Chinese elm Ulmus parvifolia Ulmaceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous broadleaf tree, prefers warm and humid climate, tolerant of drought and poor soil, deep-rooted, fast-growing, long-lived, resistant to smoke, dust and toxic gases, strong dust-retention capacity

Chinese juniper Juniperus Chinensis Linn Cupressaceae Conical Evergreen medium tree, branches densely borne, dark green, vigorous growth, suitable for pruning, beautiful tree form

Pittosporum Pittosporum tobira Pittosporaceae Round White flowers fragrant, blooms in May. Suitable for foundation planting, as a hedge or in containers. Date palm Phoenix dactylifera Linn Arecaceae Umbrella-shaped Trunk tillering, up to 20-25m tall, leaves grayish-white with arching curves, vigorous growth, beautiful tree form

Hankow willow Salix matsudana Salicaceae Umbrella-shaped Suitable as a shade tree, street tree, bank-protection tree

Silk tree Albizia julibrissin Mimosaceae Umbrella-shaped Flowers pink, June to July, suitable as a shade ornamental tree, street tree

Japanese black pine Pinus Thumbergii Porl. Pinaceae Conical Evergreen tree, bark grayish-brown, branchlets orange-yellow, needles hard, borne two per cluster, long-lived

Purple-leaf cherry plum Prunus cerasifera. F.arropurpurea Rosaceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous small tree, branchlets smooth, reddish-brown, leaves ovate, entirely purple-red, pale pink small flowers in April, drupe purple. Suitable for both specimen and group planting, as a contrasting background.

Washington palm Washingtonia filifera Wend. Arecaceae Umbrella-shaped Single trunk, cylindrical, swollen at the base, up to 4-8m tall, leaf blade fan-shaped and round, vigorous growth, beautiful tree form{Maintenance measures for the southern plant date palm}.

Japanese pagoda tree Sophora japonica Fabaceae Umbrella-shaped Branches and leaves dense, crown broad, suitable as a shade tree, street tree

Glaucous cassia Cassia glauca Lam. Fabaceae Round Deciduous tree, evenly pinnate compound leaves, flowers yellow, fast-growing, beautiful tree form

Box elder (ash-leaved maple) Acer negundo Aceraceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous broadleaf tree, prefers fertile soil and a cool, humid climate, tolerant of smoke and dust, tolerant of dry cold, tolerant of light saline-alkali, tolerant of pruning, yellow autumn leaves

Japanese maple Acer palmatum Aceraceae Umbrella-shaped Leaves elegant, autumn leaves red. Suitable for garden ornament and container planting.

Golden larch Pseudolarix amabilis Rehd. Pinaceae Oval-tower-shaped Evergreen tree, branches and leaves spreading, leaves linear, alternate on long shoots, small leaves radial, tree form vigorous and upright.

Bottle palm Hyophorbe amaricaulis Mart. Arecaceae Umbrella-shaped Trunk about 3 m tall, base oval and swollen, forming a wine bottle shape, very graceful posture

Mandarin orange tree Citrus reticulata Rutaceae Round Flowers white, fruit yellow-green, fragrant. Suitable for group planting.

Chinaberry tree Melia azedarch Linn. Meliaceae Round Deciduous tree, bark grayish-brown, bipinnately odd-pinnate compound leaves, flowers purple, fast-growing

Snowbush Serissa Serissa serissoides Rubiaceae Round Evergreen small shrub. Leaves dark green, flowers snow-white, slightly pale pink. Branches and leaves fine, fine texture, suitable for container planting, low hedges, ground cover, flower beds, pruned shapes.

Dragon juniper Juniperus chinensis var. Kaituka, Hort Cupressaceae Upright tower-shaped Evergreen medium tree, branches densely borne, dark green, vigorous growth, very long-lived, very beautiful tree form

Dragon-claw pagoda tree S. j. cv. Pendula Fabaceae Umbrella-shaped Branches pendulous, suitable for garden ornament, opposite planting or row planting

Dragon-claw willow S. m. cv. Tortuosa Salicaceae Round Branches twisted like a roaming dragon, suitable as a shade tree, ornamental tree

Pygmy date palm Phehix Roebelenii Brien. Arecaceae Umbrella-shaped Trunk upright, 2m tall, petioles thin and small, leaflets alternate or opposite, an excellent variety with beautiful leaves

Buddhist pine Podocaarpus macrophyllus D. Don Podocarpaceae Long conical Evergreen tree, elegantly simple in appearance, can be pruned as high-grade bonsai material, or shaped into round, conical or tiered forms for garden landscaping and beautification.

Masson pine Pinus massoniana Lamb. Pinaceae Umbrella-shaped Evergreen tree, trunk bark reddish-brown, winter buds brown, large trees majestic in appearance

Nandina Nandina domestica Berberidaceae Umbrella-shaped Branches and leaves elegant, red berries in autumn and winter; for garden ornament, can be group-planted or container-grown. Norfolk Island pine Araucaria ecelsa Br. Araucariaceae Conical Evergreen coniferous tree, branches whorled, lower ones pendulous, leaves dark green, beautiful tree form, vigorous growth

Glossy privet Ligustrum lucidum Oleaceae Oval Flowers white, blooms in June. Suitable as a hedge or street tree.

Chinese fan palm Livistona chinensis R. Br. Arecaceae Umbrella-shaped Trunk upright, up to 6-12m tall, leaves round, petiole margins spiny, luxuriant growth, elegant posture

Globe juniper Junlperus chinensis cv. Globosa. Cupressaceae Broadly round Shrub, no main trunk, branches clustered.

Green maple Acer serrulatum Aceraceae Umbrella-shaped conical Deciduous tree. Trunk upright. Tree form light and graceful, can be trained into a noble bonsai, an elegant street tree, landscape tree, forest-bathing tree.

Box-leaved euonymus B. bodinieri Buxaceae Oval Branches and leaves fine and dense, suitable for garden ornament. Can be group-planted, used as a hedge or container-grown. Japanese cedar Cryptomeria japonica D. Don Taxodiaceae Conical, oval, round Evergreen tree. Branches whorled, graceful

Chapter Eight: "Cultivation and Maintenance of Arecaceae Plants"

The Arecaceae family is a very distinctive group of evergreen plants in the monocotyledon class, with stems single or clustered, upright or climbing; leaves clustered at the top of the stem, well-developed root systems, tolerant of drought and poor soil, strong resistance to pests and diseases, and outstanding for creating tropical-style garden landscapes. This edition introduces their introduction, transplanting and disease control.

Brief Introduction to the Introduction Process

There are 183 genera and about 2400 species of Arecaceae plants worldwide, widely distributed in the tropical and subtropical humid regions of the world. High temperature and high humidity are important conditions for the normal growth and development of most palms, while a few palms have unique adaptability to adverse environments, such as the silver date palm (wild date palm) distributed in extremely arid areas at the edge of deserts, and quite a few palm species that can withstand long-term flooding, such as the swamp palm. Most palm plants are rich in fiber, with tough stems and well-developed root systems, and have strong wind resistance, such as the Alexander palm and the Chinese fan palm.

Since the 1940s, in the construction of numerous tropical and subtropical cities around the world, the landscape value of palms has been recognized, and they have been used as key species for urban greening and beautification, such as in Miami in the United States, Jakarta in India, Bangkok in Thailand, as well as Cape Town in South Africa and Singapore.

Some landscaping companies in Guangdong began the work of introducing and applying palm plants in the early 1980s. Over the following twenty-plus years, the southern provinces and regions of Guangxi, Fujian and Yunnan, and later Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Shanghai, Chongqing and Yunnan, successively set off a wave of introducing, producing and applying palms.

Led by Guangdong Palm Landscape Company, several institutions, based on theories of plant geography and ecology, through observational research on the growth and mortality of introduced and acclimatized Arecaceae plants, found that plants native to the Northern Hemisphere generally have cold-tolerance potential because they experienced ancient glacial climates, while species native to high-latitude, high-altitude regions of the Southern Hemisphere also have relatively strong cold tolerance. Through research on the cold tolerance and cold-tolerance mechanisms of palms, researchers found that the main factors affecting introduction and acclimatization are: temperature, light, humidity, water and soil, among others. The most significant effect of the temperature factor is governing plant growth and development; low winter temperatures are the dominant factor determining the success or failure of palm introduction and acclimatization; through research on salt tolerance and shade tolerance of palms, researchers selected a batch of varieties with relatively strong saline-alkali tolerance and shade tolerance; at the same time, through the control of pests and diseases such as palm Phytophthora disease, coconut leaf beetle and red palm weevil, the incidence of palm pests and diseases was greatly reduced. In addition, researchers also studied the mechanism of palm seed germination, summarized and invented techniques for accelerating palm seed germination, mastered full-crown transplanting and large-specification container seedling cultivation techniques for palms, and did highly effective work on soil improvement, winter cold protection and maintenance techniques.

At present, researchers have selected and promoted about 80 species of palms in South China, including the royal palm, Chinese fan palm, broadleaf lady palm, southern sugar palm, fishtail palm, etc.; in Shanghai and surrounding areas, the Arecaceae plants successfully applied mainly include the Butia palm, mao Washington palm, Canary Island date palm, Washington palm and more than ten other species, and the relevant research techniques have been appraised by experts as reaching the world's advanced level.

Taking the Washington palm as an example

On the Occurrence and Control of Phytophthora Disease

Damage and General Symptoms of Palm Phytophthora Disease

This disease often causes damage on palms such as the royal palm, large Chinese fan palm, Washington palm, Mexican fan palm and Canary Island date palm; affected plants cannot normally put out new central leaves, new leaves shrink and dry up, and in severe cases whole plants wither in patches. The pathogen of Phytophthora disease is caused by Phytophthora fungi, which can be identified by incubation in an incubator. The pathogen mainly overwinters in the soil or on diseased plant residues. The bacteria spread through watering, rain splash, air movement, etc.

Occurrence Pattern of Washington Palm Phytophthora Disease

This disease occurs during the high-temperature, high-humidity period between summer and autumn. Drought followed by rain, or poor management after transplanting, such as heavy watering causing soil water content

to suddenly increase, poor ventilation, or plants located in drafty positions, are prone to infection. The disease is severe in low-lying, poorly drained, continuous-cropping plots. In addition, the disease is often related to severe root injury caused during seedling digging, followed by long-distance transport.

When it occurs, the base of the unexpanded young central leaf rots, the leaves turn grayish-green and droop, and they can be pulled out with slight force. Dissecting the stem, one can see paste-like secretions at the growing point and even throughout the central part of the whole plant, with a foul odor, and the infected tissue can grow white mold-like substances. In severely affected plants, the roots are also often seen to be damaged, with the main symptoms being blackened, rotted roots and an abnormal

odor. This disease mainly occurs at the seedling stage and in nurseries, and is less common in adult trees planted in green spaces.

Symptoms

In recent years, the damage has been relatively severe in nursery sites. In the early stage of the disease, yellow-brown water-soaked lesions first appear near the ground, the lesions rapidly expand and are slightly sunken, and when moist the surface is densely covered with white cottony mold, and the diseased part rots and smells foul. When it occurs on leaves, the diseased part is yellow-brown, and white mold grows under moist conditions. When it occurs on the stem, it is initially dark green, then expands, becomes moist and soft, and in the later stage the upper part shows wilting. This disease can harm the entire palm plant. Sometimes purulent liquid oozes out when the root system and stem are cut open, and in severe cases the edges of the veins of young leaves bear large amounts of gray-black mycelium. Phytophthora disease is a vascular bundle disease, and in severe cases the whole plant wilts, droops, dries up and eventually dies, with a high mortality rate.

According to surveys, the peak incidence of this disease is mostly during high-temperature, high-humidity periods, that is, the optimum temperature is 27°C to 35°C. For example, in 2006, the incidence period was July to October in the coastal areas near the Pearl River Delta, August to November in Xiamen, June to September in Shanghai (also occurring in early spring), and August to November in the mountainous areas of western Pearl River Delta, but in all places the disease can be seen within 1 to 2 months after typhoons and rainstorms, sometimes occurring sporadically, sometimes appearing in patches.

Control Methods

I. Preventive Cultivation Measures

1. Pay attention to ventilation, dryness and drainage in the nursery; leaves can be moderately pruned each autumn and winter, and pits can be dug and soil mounded in the planting site, etc., to keep the nursery land dry. Usually, potassium fertilizer can be applied additionally, and quicklime, superphosphate, etc. can also be applied separately, to enhance the density of plant tissues and resistance to infection, and improve the disease resistance of plants.

2. Choose good plots: choose loam or sandy loam plots with high terrain and good drainage for planting.

3. Implement crop rotation: land that has been planted with Washington palms requires a rotation of three to four years or more.

4. Strengthen field management, apply more organic fertilizer to promote robust plant growth with deep roots and lush leaves, and improve resistance. Implement high-ridge (bed) cultivation. Appropriately control watering during the rainy season, drain promptly after rain so that the ground dries after rain; water promptly in drought, and strictly prohibit flood irrigation when watering, and do it in the afternoon or evening on sunny days.

5. Achieve prevention first, integrated control. Usually observe carefully, often prune dead branches and fallen leaves, and when diseased plants are found, clean them up promptly, bury them deep or burn them, and disinfect the diseased holes with lime.

II. Chemical Control

One to two months before the onset of the disease in summer and during the disease period, use 64% Sandofan wettable powder (1:500 to 600), 80% fosethyl aluminum (1:400), or other hymexazol-type products such as Kameitong, i.e. soil fungicide (usual dosage 600 to 700 times), lime-sulfur mixture (1:1:100), Dexon (500 times), etc. for control. Specific control methods: when transplanting Washington palms, first spray the planting site and the roots of the Washington palm with soil fungicide at 600 to 700 times dilution, or on consecutive sunny days first dig pits and expose them to the sun for sterilization, or sprinkle lime powder for disinfection, or use Dexon at 500 times dilution for soil disinfection.

After a typhoon, promptly spray Sandofan (better) or fosethyl aluminum (prone to resistance), add 0.4% washing powder, and pour into the heart or spray for both prevention and treatment. You can also spray 80% mancozeb at 700 times dilution, once every 7 to 10 days, spraying two or three times in succession, which can effectively prevent and control the occurrence of Phytophthora disease. After adopting this measure, the Washington palms and mao Washington palms at the Shanghai base of Guangdong Palm Landscape Company have dropped from a 20% incidence rate in 2004 to below 10%.

Experience in Control

The control effect of using carbendazim and the like is not obvious. In the early stage of the disease, if all leaves are cut off and the plant is transplanted elsewhere, about 30% can gradually revive after 2 to 3 years, but the growth is poor.

It is understood that this disease rarely occurs in high-temperature, dry areas such as Los Angeles, so this disease is related to high temperature and high humidity, and the infection route is through surface water, groundwater and rainwater, etc. When the plant's root system, trunk, leaves, etc. are damaged, the pathogen invades and multiplies massively when water is sufficient, ultimately causing blockage of the vascular conducting tissue and the plant dying from water loss and wilting. The heart rot described in some literature is actually also Phytophthora disease, only occurring at the central leaf position.

This disease is different from anthracnose, which occurs on leaves, with water-soaked small spots appearing when the disease occurs, then expanding into larger lesions, and is easily found, and can generally be controlled with agents such as carbendazim. As for leaf spot disease, it refers to diseases occurring on leaves, with common pathogens being Phyllosticta, Pestalotiopsis, etc., often causing leaf blight, but anthracnose and leaf spot disease rarely cause plant death. Transplanting Techniques for Large Single-Trunk Seedlings

Preparation Before Transplanting

1. Root-prune the seedlings to be transplanted in advance; after root pruning, the soil ball size is twice the ground diameter, and the root-pruning depth is 50 cm to 60 cm. Stones and broken roots should be removed from the root-pruning soil and it should be backfilled promptly, and moisture should be maintained: the purpose is to exercise the adaptability of the seedling and promote new root growth. After root pruning, it is best to keep it for more than 30 days, and transplant only when new roots begin to sprout. If heeled-in seedlings are used, the effect is even better.

2. Dig holes and prepare the soil. Dig holes at the planting site 20 days before transplanting, and the hole specification is generally 1.5 times the soil ball. The soil from digging the holes is exposed to the open air and sun for a period, and the backfill soil is best a pre-prepared mixed soil: pond mud + farmyard manure or mushroom soil + an appropriate amount of cured phosphate fertilizer + an appropriate amount of river sand, with sand:soil at 4:6.

Planting Time

In the Pearl River Delta region, transplanting can be done throughout the year, with the best being spring and autumn, and summer and winter should be avoided as much as possible, especially January and July. Most Arecaceae plants like warmth and humidity; in summer, temperatures are high, seedlings evaporate water quickly, and it is easy to cause excessive water loss and affect survival; in winter, temperatures are low, and some places even have frost, and strong north winds can easily cause frostbite or even death of seedlings.

Moving the Seedlings

Some large single-trunk Arecaceae seedlings have relatively thick stems, the workload of moving seedlings is large, and seedlings are very easily injured; therefore, when moving seedlings, the trunk must be wrapped with gunny sacks or rice straw, especially the green wrapped-trunk portion at the boundary between the trunk and the petioles. This protects the trunk, and also maintains moisture and blocks sunlight. In addition, when lifting seedlings, combine with leaf pruning, remove old leaves, and retain 40% to 45% of the leaves (specifically depending on the vigor of the tree). At the same time, cut off 1/5 of the leaves together with the petioles, to minimize water evaporation as much as possible.

Planting

It is best to plant seedlings on the same day they are dug; if the time is too long, the seedlings evaporate a lot of water, and it is easy for water loss to affect survival. If they cannot all be planted the same day, cover them well with shade netting and spray a small amount of water on the leaf surfaces every day, and do well in shading and moisture retention.

1. Backfilling soil Once the seedling is positioned, backfill the soil. When the backfill reaches half the height of the soil ball, first compact the loose soil. After backfilling is complete, shape the soil mound into a "water-storage basin" slightly higher around the edges and slightly lower in the middle, to facilitate watering and moisture retention.

2. Watering After backfilling, immediately water thoroughly to settle the roots; before watering, first use bamboo poles, etc. to poke and firm the loose soil around the soil ball, until the loose soil no longer sinks.

3. Fixing There are many kinds of supports; using three bamboo poles to form a triangular support is the most economical and practical one. The tying height is at 2/3 of the trunk.

Post-Planting Management

1. Moisture retention Spray the leaves and trunk wrapping twice a day, except on rainy days, to the extent of wetting the leaves and trunk wrapping. Do not water the roots, because excess water will flow down, and water accumulation causes root rot. Cover the area around the tree base with rice straw to block sunlight, prevent soil compaction caused by excessive soil temperature differences, and keep the soil around the soil ball loose, moist and aerated, which is conducive to the sprouting of new roots.

2. Wind protection Because transplanted large single-trunk palm plants are generally tall, and after transplanting are often affected by thunderstorms and strong winds, the supports must be checked regularly after planting to see whether they have come loose; especially after strong winds, if the trunk is found to be leaning, it must be promptly straightened and re-tied.

3. Topdressing About one month after planting, urea water can be used as a foliar topdressing by spraying, with topdressing about once every half month. After the first new leaf grows and matures, use fully decomposed peanut cake to dig holes and fertilize. The hole-digging position is a ring-shaped trench opened beyond the edge of the soil ball, with the trench width and depth each 30 cm, and the fertilizer and backfill soil must be mixed evenly.

4. Pest and disease control Newly transplanted large single-trunk Arecaceae seedlings are relatively weak in vigor and highly susceptible to pests and diseases, especially tender leaves and central leaves. For insect control, 5% methamidophos plus 5% omethoate can be applied. At present, the invasive pest "coconut leaf beetle" is quite severely harmful to Arecaceae plants; adults and larvae concentrate in the overlapping gaps of unexpanded central leaves and chew the leaf flesh, causing part or all of the newly emerged leaves to die, and affected plants grow slowly or even die. The control methods include the following: ① 81% malathion emulsion at 1000 times dilution; ② cypermethrin at 500 times dilution; ③ using "Yejiaqing", all of which can achieve very good control effects. Based on practical operation, the author believes that the simplest, most convenient and long-lasting method is to hang a packet of "Yejiaqing" on the central leaf in combination with tying during planting for control.

For large single-trunk Arecaceae seedlings, about one month after planting, whether they have survived can be roughly determined based on whether their leaves remain green, but to truly determine survival, one generally must wait until after one growing season, using whether new shoots and new roots have emerged as the standard. After the author adopted the above transplanting techniques in construction, the transplanting survival rate increased from the original 75% to above 90%, and the above techniques are highly operable and should be promoted and applied.

Transplanting Techniques for Seedlings, Large Trees and Clustered Seedlings

Key Techniques for Transplanting Seedlings

Palm plants are most suitable for transplanting during the period after germination and rooting. At this time the seedlings are small, can be transplanted with seeds, and in addition have few fibrous roots, so the root system is not easily damaged when moving seedlings. Use nutrient bags for seedling cultivation, with the size depending on the cultivation time of the seedlings; generally speaking, 1-year-old seedlings are best in 16 cm x 18 cm containers, and 2-year-old seedlings in 19 cm x 20 cm; nutrient bags that are too small are not conducive to rapid seedling growth. The nutrient soil is prepared with loose topsoil, burned soil and wheat bran, mixed evenly in a 5:2:1 ratio with a small amount of phosphate fertilizer, then bagged. First fill half the bag with the mixed soil, then place the seedling, then straighten the seedling and fill it full and compact it, so that the seedling root system is closely attached to the mixed soil, and water thoroughly. Palm plants must not be planted too deep, otherwise it will affect seedling growth. If too deep, the seedling must be pulled upward so that the seedling root system spreads out.

Key Techniques for Transplanting Large Trees

Arecaceae plants are cultivated in nurseries for 5 to 10 years, and most require several rounds of bed-to-bed transplanting, so selecting widely spaced, robust seedlings gives a higher survival rate.

Reduce damage to the root mass Palm plant roots are tender, with many lateral roots and capillary roots; when lifting and digging, bring as large a soil ball as possible and prevent it from loosening and cracking. Minimize the degree of root mass damage as much as possible, so as to maintain normal respiration and water absorption capacity and improve the transplanting survival rate. During construction, lines should be accurately set and holes accurately positioned to avoid rework and prevent the soil ball from loosening.

Leaf pruning The amount of leaves retained during transplanting should be comprehensively determined according to different species, the climate at the time of transplanting, and the transplanting and maintenance conditions.

Generally, about 40% of the original leaf count should be retained. Retaining too many leaves will cause the leaves to yellow and dry due to large water evaporation; retaining too few leaves makes plant recovery difficult and the cycle long, and the initial landscape effect is also poor.

Protect the plant's stem and its pseudostem During the processes of lifting and digging, transporting, loading and unloading the plant, the stem should be protected from damage, and the pseudostem part should not be squeezed or bent; this is the guarantee of plant health and rapid recovery.

Soil at the new planting site Palm plants suffer damage to root tips during transplanting, and it is difficult for new root tips to sprout within one month after transplanting, so water absorption capacity is weak. At this time, good soil permeability and aeration are conducive to seedling survival, so when planting, large holes should be dug and attention paid to the quality of the imported soil, adding peat soil and compound fertilizer to facilitate palm recovery after planting.

Maintenance Within one month after planting, the plant has poor adaptability, and the seedling should be carefully maintained; be sure to replenish water promptly and provide appropriate shading, and strive to have new leaves sprout within three months. If, after transplanting, there is continuous rainy weather for several days, palm seedlings will recover better, because rainy days can avoid the effects of adverse factors such as scorching sun exposure.

Key Techniques for Transplanting Large Clustered Seedlings

Clustered species of Arecaceae plants have multiple growing points, and after growing into a multi-trunk clustered state, they can grow new roots relatively quickly after transplanting. But clustered palms also have disadvantages such as heavy trunks, large leaf area causing high water evaporation, and poor ventilation making them vulnerable to strong winds. Therefore, in addition to handling them according to single-trunk palm transplanting, the following technical measures should be added:

1. Implement the "hairy root method" transplanting, that is, after lifting and digging a relatively large soil ball, use a small shovel to remove part of the soil along the outer edge of the soil ball, retain more fibrous roots and a moderate soil ball, and immediately wrap it with a lightweight moisture-retaining material, so as to reduce the weight of the soil ball while ensuring survival. For example, this method can be used for transplanting slower-recovering clustered palms such as the fishtail palm and the three-stamen areca.

2. Implement bare-root heeling-in or potting for centralized maintenance until new roots sprout and the plant stabilizes, and only then formally plant it. This method is suitable for robust clustered palms such as the areca palm, the rare Ptychosperma and the Hawaiian bamboo palm; it can reduce transport costs and facilitate construction.

In short, for the transplantation of large palm seedlings and mature trees, the key is to do well in five aspects: select strong seedlings; dig good soil balls and transport and plant them carefully; prune leaves moderately; ensure good aeration and drainage at the planting site; and carry out post-planting care with attention to sun protection and moisture retention. The sign of successful transplantation of large seedlings and mature trees is being able to retain most leaves and sprout new leaves within half a year after planting, among which sprouting three healthy new leaves is complete success in transplantation.

Drainage: first understand the hydrological conditions of the planting site, and as far as possible place the very bottom of the soil ball at a position 100-150CM above the year-round groundwater level of the planting site and with deep, fertile soil. At the same time, a drainage layer for the roots of the underground soil ball and a surface runoff guidance network should be properly established to prevent water accumulation in the soil ball after planting; if the hydrological conditions cannot meet the requirements, the method of planting on a raised soil ball can be adopted, that is, use loose media mixed with fertile soil or use coarse sand to first pile up the planting site as high as possible to meet the above requirements, then place the plant on the soil mound, and use mixed loose soil or planting soil mixed with humus soil to fill and bury the soil ball; remove debris from the soil around the planting site, or appropriately improve the soil with loose media, so as to achieve loose and breathable conditions for the plant roots; strengthen inspections during the rainy season, promptly clear drainage facilities and appropriately loosen the soil around the roots, so as to prevent waterlogging and drain accumulated water. Moisture retention: immediately after planting, water once with settling water to ensure that the roots of the soil ball are moist and closely combined with the surrounding soil and to promote root development; then water three more times thoroughly and promptly cover the soil ball well to prevent the surface soil from cracking. In hot summer, also spray water more on the ground and tree crown to increase environmental humidity and reduce transpiration; leaf moisture retention treatments include a. newly planted seedlings should have their leaves properly pruned to reduce the transpiration area of the leaves; b. appropriately spray antitranspirants on the leaves to inhibit the plant's physiological metabolism and reduce physiological water loss; c. in clear weather conditions, spray atomized water on the leaves as much as possible to strengthen the leaves' absorption of water and weaken transpiration; check the moisture status of the soil ball and roots at any time and replenish water in time to ensure the moisture of the soil ball and the permeability of root respiration. Fertilization: after planting, in addition to maintaining moisture for the plant, foliar fertilizer can be sprayed at an appropriately low concentration to strengthen post-planting nutritional supplementation; frequently check the root sprouting status of the plant, and if new roots are found growing, consider increasing root fertilization, generally choosing the season when the monthly average temperature is higher than 2O°C, applying mainly organic fertilizer as much as possible, with an appropriate additional application of compound fertilizer high in P and K, so as to promote balanced nutrition for the plant and ensure its rapid recovery and healthy growth. Pest and disease control: spray chemicals before the seedlings leave the nursery to prevent and control pests and diseases, and after arriving at the site, the plants also need to be sprayed before unloading, and ensure continuous application three times at intervals of one week to ten days within one month after planting, after which a pest and disease control plan still needs to be reasonably formulated. Special

Part Nine: "Maintenance Plan"

Sidalien (Nanjing) Optoelectronics Co., Ltd. Greening

Main

te

nance

Plan

Nanjing Gensen Flowers and Trees Co., Ltd.

October 8, 2010

Project Overview

"Sidalien (Nanjing) Optoelectronics Co., Ltd." is located at No. 31 Hengfei Road, Nanjing Economic and Technological Development Zone, with a factory green space area of 28,186 sq m. The plant configuration in the factory greening is relatively reasonable, rich in color, and obvious in seasonal changes, forming a plant community with distinct layers and natural ecology, basically displaying the natural landscape of plants. The arrangement of flowering shrubs and hedges among the factory buildings gives each factory area a different landscape style. Dozens of plant varieties such as camphor, southern magnolia, zelkova, osmanthus, and crape myrtle have been planted in the factory area, among which there is a tree-lined avenue composed of large-specification camphor trees, and scenic spots at the gatehouse composed of ancient red maple, fruiting pomegranate, Xifu crabapple, ginkgo, Canary Island date palm, and other varieties.

In view of the existing situation of the factory greening landscape, we believe that the initial greening construction was relatively extensive, and the understanding of plant habits was insufficient. In particular, the replacement of planting soil in the greening areas was not in place, and in some areas the garbage soil was not replaced, resulting in poor plant growth.

Greening Maintenance Plan Schedule

January (Minor Cold, Major Cold)

1. Shaping and pruning of fruit trees.

2. Frequently inspect cold protection equipment, facilities, and seedling cold protection wrappings.

3. Turn the soil for winter plowing, and apply sufficient winter fertilizer.

4. Prune dead, damaged, diseased, and pest-infested branches and leaves, thoroughly remove overwintering bagworm cases, slug moth cocoons, and latent overwintering pests.

February (Start of Spring, Rain Water)

1. Continue winter pruning of deciduous trees and fruit trees.

2. Continue pruning diseased and pest-infested branches, and pay attention to observing the occurrence of pests and diseases (such as cottony cushion scale, globose scale, etc.).

3. Continue accumulating fertilizer and making compost, prepare culture soil, and continue applying winter fertilizer to various deciduous trees. March (Awakening of Insects, Spring Equinox)

As the weather gradually warms, many pests and diseases are about to occur. Maintain and repair various insecticidal and disease-prevention equipment and prepare medicines. Pay attention to the occurrence of aphids and globose scale, and achieve timely control. April (Pure Brightness, Grain Rain)

1. Do a good job in the prevention and control of pests such as scale insects, mites, cutworms, white grubs, mole crickets, and diseases such as powdery mildew and rust.

2. Do a good job in loosening soil, weeding, and pre-flowering fertilization. Apply light fertilizer to perennial flowers and spring-sown herbaceous flowers every week.

3. Do a good job in bud stripping and pruning of trees. Remove excess young buds and improperly positioned branches at any time.

4. Dredge and repair the drainage system.

May (Start of Summer, Grain Full)

1. Carry out post-flowering pruning and hedge pruning for shrubs that bloom in spring. According to technical operation requirements, carry out bud stripping and pruning of trees, and prune and remove root sprouts of small seedlings at any time.

2. Continue to strengthen tree maintenance and management, do a good job in replanting, thinning, and final spacing of seedlings, increase topdressing, and apply light fertilizer frequently.

3. This month the temperature gradually rises, and pests and diseases greatly harm trees and flowers. Attention should be paid to forecasting and forecasting pest conditions, and good pest and disease prevention work should be done.

4. Carry out lawn mowing and continue removing weeds from the lawn.

June (Grain in Ear, Summer Solstice)

1. This month enters the plum rain season, with high temperature and high humidity, so replanting should be carried out promptly.

2. Carry out post-flowering pruning and fertilization for flowering shrubs, and pinch and prune some spring-sown herbaceous flowers.

3. Continue removing weeds and continue mowing.

4. Do a good job in pest and disease control. This month focus on controlling pests such as bagworms, slug moths, tussock moths, inchworms, and tortoise wax scale, and diseases such as leaf spot, anthracnose, and sooty mold.

July (Minor Heat, Major Heat)

1. This month the weather is hot and weeds grow quickly, so continue intertillage weeding and loosening the soil.

2. Pests such as bagworms, slug moths, longhorn beetles, tortoise wax scale, armored scale, second-generation cottony cushion scale, and mites occur in large numbers. Attention should be paid to their control, and at the same time continue to control anthracnose, powdery mildew, leaf spot, and so on.

3. During the dog days with high temperature, irrigate to resist drought when there is little rain. This month is also a month with more heavy rain, so attention should be paid to preventing waterlogging.

4. This month enters the typhoon and tidal flood season, so typhoon and flood prevention work should be done well, with frequent inspections and timely righting of wind-thrown trees.

August (Start of Autumn, End of Heat)

1. Continue intertillage weeding and loosening the soil.

2. Continue doing a good job in drought prevention and drainage to ensure normal growth of seedlings.

3. This month the seedlings grow vigorously, so topdressing should be applied in time, and for small seedlings, light fertilizer should be applied frequently.

4. Continue doing a good job in typhoon and flood prevention, and right wind-thrown trees in time when found.

5. Continue doing a good job in pest and disease control, and conscientiously control the main pests harmful to trees (bagworms, second-generation slug moths, longhorn beetles, mites, etc.) and main diseases (powdery mildew, anthracnose, leaf spot, etc.).

September (White Dew, Autumn Equinox)

1. Continue to do a good job in pest elimination and disease control; in particular, frequently inspect the occurrence of aphids, wood-boring moths, and so on, and once found, control them immediately.

2. Continue intertillage weeding, continue removing lawn weeds, carry out lawn mowing, and carry out shaping and pruning of ball-shaped plants, hedges, and so on.

3. Continue to do a good job in pest and disease control. In particular, inspect the conditions of pests and diseases such as aphids, bagworms, slug moths, brown spot disease, and sooty mold of flowering shrubs, which occur relatively frequently, and control them in time.

October (Cold Dew, Frost's Descent)

1. Do a good job in pest and disease control, and eliminate various adult insects and eggs.

2. Continue intertillage weeding.

3. After seedlings stop growing, check the survival rate, clarify the inventory, and ensure the smooth progress of winter and spring greening work.

November (Start of Winter, Minor Snow)

1. Do a good job in cold protection, whitewash some trees, or wrap them with straw rope.

2. Carry out winter tree pruning, cut off diseased branches and dead branches; branches with insect eggs as well as competing branches, excessive