How to care for Qingxiangmu (Chinese pepper tree)? Care methods and precautions

1. Light and temperature

Qingxiangmu likes a sunny environment and is not cold-tolerant, so the temperature must be controlled well, neither too high nor too low, and sufficient light must be ensured, as this benefits the growth of Qingxiangmu.

2. Watering

Qingxiangmu is slightly shade-tolerant, but watering must still be controlled well, and there must be no waterlogging, otherwise Qingxiangmu is prone to root rot.

3. Soil management

Qingxiangmu's main requirement for soil is that it does not waterlog, so soil with a deep layer and good drainage should be chosen.

4. Fertilization management

Qingxiangmu does not like fertilizer, so try not to apply too much fertilizer, otherwise it may damage the roots.

5. Pruning management

Frequent pruning of Qingxiangmu can accelerate the growth of its branches and leaves.

Does Qingxiangmu bloom?

Qingxiangmu does bloom, but the blooming period is not long, only about one month. It usually blooms in late spring and early summer. If it is given too much fertilizer or kept in a drought state for a long time, Qingxiangmu may also bloom early. Below are the care measures and precautions for Qingxiangmu provided by the editor.

Care measures for the southern plant date palm

Part One: "Compilation of Southern Plants"

Frangipani

Frangipani, its flowers really look like eggs, milky white on the outside, bright yellow in the center, just like the white and yolk of an egg, and they are really adorable. Its branches are thick and fleshy. The leaves are also large, and the flowers and leaves cluster at the top of the branches. Frangipani blooms brilliantly in summer, giving people a feeling of purity and elegant temperament, and it is very suitable for people to admire carefully. After the leaves fall, the bare trunk curves naturally, and its shape is very beautiful. It is very suitable for planting in courtyards and lawns. Frangipani likes a high-temperature, high-humidity, sunny environment with good drainage. It is naturally robust and can tolerate drought, but it fears cold and hates waterlogging. It likes to grow in acidic soil, but it is also resistant to alkalinity. Cultivation is best with deep, fertile, well-aerated acidic sandy loam rich in organic matter. Propagation uses the cutting method. When planting frangipani, attention must also be paid to pest and disease control. For example, if brown small spots appear on the leaves or even the leaves turn dark black, that is frangipani angular leaf spot, and at this time you must pay attention and take measures. Of course, there may also be other diseases, so frangipani needs your care and attention. In fact, besides white, frangipani also comes in red and yellow varieties, all of which can be used to extract essence for making high-grade cosmetics, soap and food additives, with quite a high price and great commercial development potential; the fresh flowers can also be dried for brewing tea, commonly known as frangipani tea, which has the effect of treating heat dysentery and moistening the lungs and detoxifying. The frangipani tree has a beautiful shape, with many branches on the stem, strange and varied, in countless forms; the leaves resemble loquat leaves, and after they fall in winter, semicircular leaf scars remain on the branch tips, quite like deer antlers decorated with beautiful spots, making it the preferred small tree treasure for tropical landscaping, courtyard arrangement and potted ornament. The bark is thin and grayish green, rich in toxic white sap, which can be used for external application to treat scabies, redness and swelling and other conditions. The wood is white, light and soft, and can be used to make musical instruments, tableware or furniture. Frangipani flower meaning: nurturing hope, resurrection, rebirth, as simple and ordinary as life, so it can always be so close to people, losing distance.

Yulan magnolia

Yulan magnolia is a tall deciduous tree, with dark gray bark, rough and cracked; branchlets slightly stout, grayish brown; winter buds and pedicels densely covered with pale grayish yellow long silky hairs. Leaves papery, obovate, broadly obovate or obovate-elliptic, with the base of vigorous shoots having elliptic leaves. Yulan magnolia flowers are very much like lotus flowers; when in full bloom, the petals spread in all directions, making the courtyard appear in patches of green and white, with dazzling white light, and it has high ornamental value; together with waves of delicate fragrance that refresh the heart and mind, it is truly an ideal flower type for beautifying courtyards. Yulan magnolia likes light and is relatively cold-tolerant, and can overwinter in the open ground. It loves dryness and hates low humidity, and waterlogging at the planting site easily causes root rot. It likes fertile, well-drained, slightly acidic sandy soil, and can also grow in weakly alkaline soil. In the warmer south, it can bloom from December to January of the following year. Yulan magnolia has strong resistance to harmful gases. For example, if this flower is planted in a factory polluted by sulfur dioxide and chlorine gas, it has a certain resistance and sulfur-absorbing capacity. With artificial fumigation using sulfur dioxide, 1 kilogram of dry leaves can absorb more than 1.6 grams of sulfur. Therefore, Yulan magnolia is a very good anti-pollution landscaping tree species for areas with atmospheric pollution. Yulan magnolia likes light; young trees are relatively shade-tolerant and not tolerant of strong light or west-facing sun. Too strong light or west-facing sun easily causes the tree to be scorched. Yulan magnolia likes fertilizer. In addition to applying base fertilizer at planting, it should be fertilized every year thereafter. Sufficient fertilizer can make the plant grow vigorously, with leaves green and thick, not only producing many buds, but also large flowers, a long flowering period and rich fragrance. Yulan magnolia is a tree species with relatively strong disease resistance, and its main diseases include anthracnose, chlorosis and leaf scorch. Besides ornamental value, Yulan magnolia also has medicinal value and edible value. Yulan magnolia flowers contain volatile oil, mainly citral, clove oil acid and others, and also contain magnolia alkaloid, alkaloids, yulan magnolia flower essence, capric acid, rutin, oleic acid, vitamin A and other components, and have certain medicinal value. Yulan magnolia flowers are pungent and warm in nature and flavor, and have the effects of dispelling wind and dispersing cold, opening the orifices, and soothing the lungs and clearing the nose. They can be used for headache, blood stasis-type dysmenorrhea, nasal congestion, acute and chronic sinusitis, allergic rhinitis and other conditions. Modern pharmacological research shows that Yulan magnolia flowers have an inhibitory effect on common skin fungi.

Yulan magnolia flowers are rich in vitamins, amino acids and various trace elements, and have the effects of dispelling wind and dispersing cold, and regulating qi and soothing the lungs. They can be processed into snacks or brewed as tea. The flower meaning of Yulan magnolia represents gratitude. Yulan magnolia often blooms large white flowers amid lush greenery, and with its fragrant scent it gives people an indescribable temperament, truly fresh and lovely. Because the plant is tall and the flowers are positioned relatively high, swaying in the wind, full of spirit, just like a heavenly maiden scattering flowers, very lovely.

Maranta

Maranta is a herbaceous plant. Most varieties have underground rhizomes or tubers, with single, relatively large leaves, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, with veins arranged in a pinnate pattern, in two rows, with entire margins. Maranta is a relatively good groundcover plant with diverse colors, and is a very good foliage plant. Maranta is a tropical plant that likes a warm, humid and brightly lit environment, is not cold-tolerant, nor drought-tolerant, and fears intense sun exposure. If exposed to direct sunlight, it will scorch the leaves, causing local scorching at the leaf edges, stopping the growth of new leaves, and yellowing of leaf color, so shading must be noted during cultivation. Maranta is relatively sensitive to water, and during the growing period it should be watered fully to keep the potting soil moist, but the soil should not waterlog, otherwise it will cause root rot and even plant death. Maranta is somewhat "delicate." It needs enough careful attention 365 days a year. If there are a few days of major environmental fluctuation, it will leave "evidence of the crime" on the plant. This is the consensus of Maranta seedling traders and producers. Plants of the Marantaceae family do not have many pests and diseases, mainly scale insects, whiteflies and others. Of course, it also has other values, such as medicinal value and dietary value. Maranta starch is almost entirely starch, contains no vitamins, and has a protein content of only 0.2%. It can be used as a thickener for soups, sauces, puddings and dessert pastries. Adding water and boiling produces a transparent, odorless, tasty paste. Maranta starch is fine in texture and, compared with other starches, can be cooked at lower temperatures and in shorter times, and is easy to digest, especially suitable for custards and other egg products that cannot be overcooked, and also suitable for making light-flavored, low-salt and low-protein foods. Effects: clears the lungs and stops cough, clears heat and promotes urination. Indications: used to treat cough due to lung heat and painful urination due to damp-heat in the bladder

Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum

Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum is an evergreen shrub or small tree. Bark dark gray or light grayish brown, much branched. Young branches reddish brown, densely covered with stellate hairs. Leaves leathery, alternate, ovate or elliptic, 2-5 cm long, apex short-acuminate, base rounded and oblique, asymmetrical, both surfaces with stellate hairs, entire, dark red. Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum likes light and is slightly shade-tolerant, but in shade the leaf color easily turns green. It has strong adaptability and is drought-tolerant. It likes warmth and is cold-tolerant. Its sprouting ability and branching ability are strong, and it is tolerant of pruning. It tolerates barrenness, but is suitable for growing in fertile, moist, slightly acidic soil. Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum has luxuriant branches and leaves, a graceful posture, is tolerant of pruning and tolerant of wiring, and can be used for hedges or for making stump bonsai. When it blooms, the whole tree is full of red flowers, extremely spectacular. Loropetalum is an evergreen plant, with new leaves bright red. Different strains have different leaf colors and flower colors at maturity, and leaf sizes also differ. In garden applications, the main considerations are leaf color and leaf size, bringing about leaf color contrast and forming color contrast, and the flowering periods can also be staggered. Main pests: aphids, geometer moths, yellow noctuid moths, Daopan noctuid moths, cutworms of various sizes and scarab beetles, etc. Common diseases of Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum: anthracnose, damping-off, mosaic disease. Anthracnose: mainly harms old leaves and basal leaves. Because the leaves themselves are red, the lesions appear as

black round spots, or nearly round, causing early leaf drop. Damage is severe in the rainy season from July to August. The pathogen is Actinothyrium. The fungus overwinters as mycelium on diseased leaves and is the primary infection source for the disease the following year. When you find disease on the branches and leaves of Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum, you must treat it promptly.

Ornamental peach

Ornamental peach is a variety of peach, a tree, 3-8 m tall; crown broad and flat-spreading; bark dark reddish brown, rough and scaly when old; branchlets slender, hairless, glossy, green, turning red on the sunny side, with numerous small lenticels; winter buds conical, apex blunt, covered with short soft hairs, often 2-3 clustered, with the middle one being a leaf bud and the two sides being flower buds. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, elliptic-lanceolate or obovate-lanceolate. Ornamental peach likes sunlight, is drought-tolerant, and is not tolerant of humid environments. It likes a warm climate and has good cold tolerance, and can overwinter safely in a natural environment at minus 25 degrees Celsius. It requires fertile soil with good drainage. It does not like waterlogging; if planted in a waterlogged low-lying place, seedling death easily occurs. Garden value: ornamental peach flowers are large and brightly colored, beautiful when blooming, with an ornamental period as long as 15 days. In landscaping it is widely used along lakesides, streams, both sides of roads and parks, etc. In small-scale greening projects such as courtyard greening accents and private gardens, it is also used for potted ornament, and is often used for cut flowers and making bonsai. A common form is also weeping ornamental peach. Ornamental peach has a wide range of landscaping uses, with outstanding greening effects, and shows particularly good effects in the year of planting. It can be planted in rows, in masses, or as a specimen, and shows particularly good greening effects in the same year. Ornamental peach is one of the commonly used colorful nursery stock in landscaping, and is usually used together with nursery stock such as purple-leaf plum and purple-leaf sand cherry. Mixed planting with flowering shrubs creates a scene of a hundred flowers blooming together. Besides ornamental value, it also has medicinal value. The gum secreted from the peach tree trunk, commonly known as peach gum, can be used as an adhesive and is a kind of polysaccharide substance. Hydrolysis can produce arabinose, galactose, xylose, rhamnose, glucuronic acid, etc. It is edible and also used medicinally, with the effects of breaking blood stasis, harmonizing blood and benefiting qi. Diseases and pests often occur in summer and autumn. Its main diseases include white rust and brown rot, shot hole disease, anthracnose, gummosis and leaf curl. Main pests include aphids, red spiders, scale insects, red-necked longhorn beetles, etc.

Artificial plant communities

1. Satsuki azalea + Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum + Euonymus japonicus 'Aureo-marginatus' + thornless holly ball

These four plants have strong adaptability and are relatively widely planted in Fuzhou. Three leaf-color plants are planted linearly, with rich leaf colors, plus large-specification thornless holly balls, forming a neat, full and clearly layered road greening color band effect.

2. Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum + Photinia x fraseri ball + Michelia figo + Japanese maple

Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum itself is widely planted in Fujian and has good adaptability, and both its leaf color and flower color are very beautiful, while the Photinia x fraseri ball has old leaves green accented with new leaves red, setting each other off, extremely beautiful. The four plants are matched with rich layers, and form a landscape road with longitudinal rhythm and spatial layers, and a strong sense of guidance.

3. Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum + Fatsia japonica + Canary Island date palm + frangipani

In this combination of several plants, green is mainly dominant, with leaves both small (Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum) and large (Fatsia japonica, frangipani), while the Canary Island date palm adds a touch of tropical flavor. The layers are rich, with the effect of narrowing the space, making people feel close to it.

4. Moso bamboo + iris

Moso bamboo is very suitable for planting in Fuzhou. It is a scattered bamboo, with spacing between culms. Iris has a graceful posture and colorful, beautiful flowers. The two matched together are very charming.

5. Small-leaf gardenia + Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum + Aucuba japonica + osmanthus

Small-leaf gardenia has leaves like sparrow tongues and a low plant habit, and can be used as the lowest-layer plant. Aucuba japonica has yellow spots in its leaf color and is a relatively good foliage plant, while the tree osmanthus has fragrant flowers that refresh the heart and mind. The arrangement has spacing, the leaf colors vary, and flower fragrance is added.

6. Azalea + Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum + Fagraea ceilanica + canna

Azalea flowers are gorgeous, and with Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum and Fagraea ceilanica as a foil, they are even more moving. Canna leaves are large, narrowing the space and making people feel close.

7. Groundcover lawn + marigold + Photinia x fraseri + Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum ball + Dan gui osmanthus

With green groundcover as the base, marigold's bright yellow flowers are extremely beautiful. Behind the marigold, Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum and red Photinia serve as a foil, and the Dan gui osmanthus has a spreading tree shape. The several plants set each other off, with rich variation.

8. Dwarf lilyturf + guava tree

Both dwarf lilyturf and guava tree have very good adaptability in Fuzhou and grow normally. Dwarf lilyturf has fine, soft leaves and is very suitable as groundcover. The guava tree has smooth yellow bark, a graceful posture, and relatively large leaves with orderly spacing, making it very suitable for open woodland paths.

9. Lawn + Agave americana 'Marginata' + pruned and shaped banyan + yellow-flowered double-pod sophora

With green lawn as the base, agave leaves are thick and large, with leaf color alternating silver-yellow and green, and matching very harmoniously with the pruned and shaped banyan, while the yellow-flowered double-pod sophora has a beautiful posture and gorgeous flower color. This combination of several plants has rich layers, with color variation but harmony.

10. Liriope + Rhapis excelsa + Areca palm + papaya tree

This plant arrangement is suitable for one side of a small building. Liriope leaves are fine and soft, while Rhapis excelsa and Areca palm leaves are thicker and larger, and papaya leaves are large and palmate, with fruit borne on the trunk, and its posture is very graceful.

11. Acalypha wilkesiana + Duranta erecta + Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum

As a carpet-bedding plant combination, Acalypha wilkesiana has bright leaf color and is used as the edge, Duranta erecta has yellow-green leaf color, and Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum has dark purple leaf color. The three plants combined as a carpet bed are extremely attractive.

Part Two: "Maintenance Plan 4"

Landscaping maintenance and management plan

Maintenance and management is very important in landscaping. It is a long-term, repeated task with relatively comprehensive technical requirements, including damage by people and livestock, sanitation and cleaning, pruning of flowers, grass and trees, watering and fertilizing, pest and disease control, and planting of flowerbed flowers. The completion of landscaping green space does not represent the completion of the landscape. People often say "three parts planting, seven parts management." Only with high-quality, high-level maintenance and management can the landscape gradually take shape and become perfect.

Current characteristics of plants in the park area:

1. The green area covers about 245419 ten-thousand square meters, with a high greening coverage rate, and there are large numbers of trees of different specifications and varieties and pruned and shaped shrubs. The initial growth has gradually taken shape. After careful investigation by us, the plant planting characteristics can be roughly divided into two areas according to the original master plan:

1) Plaza area: The plant planting style in this area is relatively open. The plaza is mainly planted with ginkgo, nanmu and large trees in

rows, appropriately combined with low shrubs, and the overall space is relatively transparent.

2) Factory area: The plant varieties in this area are complexly matched, with large and small trees, shrubs and groundcover plants interplanted.

The entrance is mainly planted with relatively precious large plants (Canary Island date palm, jacaranda, small-leaf banyan stump,

top-grade osmanthus, etc.). Whether the office-area courtyard can still maintain its elegant, clear, spacious and grand

scenery, and whether the hotel villa-area courtyard can still carry forward its delicate, gentle, leisurely and relaxed atmosphere,

all depend on later maintenance and management.

2. From the greening conditions in the vertical area, we can find the following problems: 1. Shaped shrubs grow poorly and have monotonous shapes; 2. Flowering shrubs have poor tree vigor, and the flowering situation (including number of flowers, flower size, color, and secondary flowering) is unsatisfactory; 3. There are many weeds in the lawn, and in local areas grass poaceous weeds show a tendency to spread; 4. There are pest and disease problems.

1. We are prepared to take the following corrective measures:

1. Promote three-dimensional horticulture and carry out diverse and graceful shaping of hedges and shrubs. For flowering shrubs planted as accents, take growth-promoting measures to promote their growth and then shape them according to their form, which depends on the specific plant growth and plant shape; in local areas, the hedges are highly regular, and the neat uniform strip shape undoubtedly makes the courtyard, which should be free and leisurely, appear mechanical and rigid. We can similarly try pruning them into wave shapes, matching the relaxed and leisure-oriented residential area landscaping, enlivening the atmosphere of the entire courtyard and also creating a more flowing living environment.

2. Immediately begin pest and disease control. For plants showing signs of pests and diseases, immediately carry out large-scale chemical control.

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5. For lawn weeds, apply chemicals and increase the workload of manual pulling. For different plants, implement different maintenance and management plans (mainly fertilizer supply: base fertilizer, topdressing, foliar fertilizer; different plants in different seasons all have different fertilization methods and fertilizer choices). Plant labeling. We classify and count all the plants, then make green labels, indicating their

family, genus and species, and living habits, and label all plants in the area. This can

enrich employees' general knowledge of plants, and can also add to the cultural atmosphere of the park, and with eye-catching labels

bring more attention to the greening.

6. Greening maintenance is not a matter of a single day. While doing the corrective work well, we will also

adopt different maintenance and management measures for different plants at different times. We arrange our daily work by month

(detailed rules attached), striving to make our work bring the landscape effect in the blueprint to the extreme, and

also ask Party A to offer more opinions, so that our work gradually becomes more perfect and complete.

7. Maintenance responsibilities

Within the contracted maintenance period, our company, in accordance with landscaping maintenance operating procedures and landscaping maintenance quality standards, organizes reasonably, maintains carefully, and sends professional horticulturists to organize, guide and arrange management and protection work, and flexibly sends no fewer than experienced workers according to the weather in each season and plant growth conditions, to complete the maintenance and management tasks with guaranteed quality and quantity.

Six. Maintenance content

1. Management procedures: including watering, opening pits and earthing up, pruning, fertilizing, weeding, pruning and bud removal, pest and disease control, straightening, replanting (nursery stock costs calculated separately) and other complete processes. {Care measures for the southern plant date palm}.

2. Management tools:

A. Flower shears, long shears, high-altitude shears, grass shovels, lawn mowers

B. Sprayers, buckets, dump carts, bamboo baskets

C. Shovels, hoes, saws, electric saws, ladders

D. Fuel, repair costs

3. Maintenance content:

A. Trees: apply organic fertilizer once a year, 0.25 kg of cake fertilizer per plant, topdress once, 0.1 kg of compound fertilizer mixed with urea per tree, using hole application, spraying, water-fertilizer, etc., then cover with soil, water thoroughly, with water penetration depth of more than 10 cm, promptly control pests and diseases, maintain the trees' natural growth state, with no need for shaping pruning, promptly cut off yellow branches, diseased and pest branches, shaded vigorous branches and drooping branches that obstruct vehicle passage, and promptly clean up pruned material. Remove weeds around the tree roots once a week to ensure no weeds.

B. Shrubs, hedges, bag seedlings: fertilize once a quarter, apply 10 kg of urea mixed with compound fertilizer per 667 sq m, using broadcast application and water-fertilizer, etc., water once within three hours after application, water once a day (except rainy days), with water penetration depth of more than 10 cm, promptly control pests and diseases, prune into round, square or conical shapes, with minor pruning once a week and major pruning once a month, with smooth and beautiful cuts, promptly remove pruned material, promptly cut off dead branches and diseased and pest branches, promptly replant old, diseased and dead plants, and remove weeds once a week.

C. Herbaceous plants: fertilize once a quarter, apply 10 kg of urea mixed with compound fertilizer per 667 sq m, using broadcast application and water-fertilizer, etc., water once within three hours after application, water once a day (except rainy days), with water penetration depth of more than 10 cm, promptly control pests and diseases, cut off spent flowers once a week, remove weeds once a week, and promptly cut off dead and yellow branches.

D. Taiwan grass: fertilize once a quarter, apply 10 kg of urea mixed with compound fertilizer per 667 sq m, with even fertilization and thorough watering, with water penetration depth of more than 5 cm, promptly control pests and diseases, promptly replant withered, dead and missing parts, with coverage rate above 98%, and prune 1-2 times a month.

(2) Specific annual landscaping maintenance work schedule:

January: the month with the lowest temperatures of the year, when open-ground trees are in a dormant state.

1. Winter pruning: fully carry out shaping and pruning work on deciduous trees; prune dead branches, damaged branches, diseased and pest branches on large and small trees, and branches that interfere with overhead lines and buildings.

2. Street tree inspection: promptly inspect the tying and staking of street trees, and immediately rectify any loosening, wire embedded in bark, or unstable stakes found.

3. Pest control: winter is a favorable season for eliminating landscaping pests. You can dig up the pupae and cocoons of slug moths in the loose soil under trees and burn them in a concentrated way. In mid-January, scale insects begin activity, but at this time they move slowly, and we can adopt the method of scraping off the larvae on the trunk. Controlling pests in winter often achieves twice the result with half the effort.

4. Green space maintenance: in green spaces, flowerbeds and other places, pay attention to removing large weeds; lawns should be promptly weeded and edged; in green spaces, pay attention to antifreeze watering.

February: temperatures rise somewhat compared with last month, and trees are still in a dormant state.

1. Maintenance is basically the same as in January.

2. Pruning: continue pruning dead branches and diseased branches of large and small trees. Complete pruning of all kinds of trees before the end of the month.

3. Pest control: continue to focus on controlling slug moths and scale insects.

March: temperatures continue to rise. After mid-month, trees begin to sprout, and in late month some trees (such as camellia) bloom.

1. Tree planting: spring is a favorable time for planting trees. After the soil thaws, immediately seize the opportunity to plant trees. Before planting large and small trees, do a good job of planning and design, dig (or hoe) the tree pits in advance, and achieve digging, transporting, planting and watering as you go. When planting shrubs, also achieve digging, transporting and planting as you go, and water fully to improve seedling survival rate.

2. Spring irrigation: because spring is dry and windy with high evaporation, in order to prevent spring drought, water green spaces and other areas promptly.

3. Fertilization: after the soil thaws, apply base fertilizer to plants and irrigate. {Care measures for the southern plant date palm}.

4. Pest and disease control: this month is a critical time for pest and disease control. Some nursery stock has developed sooty mold, and the boxwood leaf roller has also appeared (use pesticides such as fenitrothion spraying for control). For controlling slug moths, the method of digging pupae can continue to be used.

April: temperatures continue to rise, and trees all sprout and bloom or unfold leaves and begin to enter a period of vigorous growth.

1. Continue planting trees: in early April, seize the time to plant trees that sprout late, promptly remove and replant shrubs that died in winter (azalea, Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum, etc.), and water newly planted trees fully.

2. Irrigation: continue to water maintained green spaces promptly.

3. Fertilization: for lawns and shrubs, combine with irrigation and topdress with quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer, or carry out foliar spraying as needed.

4. Pruning: cut off branches that dried up in winter and spring; evergreen hedges can be pruned.

5. Pest and disease control: (1) After the second molting, scale insects successively move into bark cracks, tree holes, the base of trunks, wall corners and other places, secreting white waxy thin cocoons and pupating. They can be swept away with a hard bamboo broom, then buried deeply in a concentrated way or soaked. Or use methods such as spraying pesticides like fenitrothion. (2) Longhorn beetles begin activity. You can use a grafting knife or self-made steel wire to remove larvae, but the wound should be as small as possible. (3) Control work for other pests and diseases.

6. Maintenance in green spaces: pay attention to removing weeds and climbing plants in large green spaces. Lawns should also be weeded and edged.

May: temperatures rise sharply, and trees grow rapidly.

1. Watering: during the peak leaf-unfolding period, trees have a very large water demand and should be watered in a timely manner.

2. Pruning: prune spent flowers. Street trees undergo the first bud-removal pruning.

3. Pest and disease control: continue to focus on catching longhorn beetles. The first generation of slug moths hatches, but has not yet reached a harmful level; make corresponding measures according to the actual situation in the maintenance area. Sooty mold caused by scale insects, aphids and others has also entered its peak period (on crape myrtle, Pittosporum tobira, oleander, etc.). In mid-to-late May, spray 10-20 times rosin mixture and 50% parathion emulsifiable concentrate at 1500-2000 times solution to control diseases and kill pests. (Others can use pesticides such as insecticidal essence and Huabao)

June: high temperatures

1. Watering: plants have a large water demand and must be watered promptly; do not "leave it to heaven."

2. Fertilization: combine loosening the soil and weeding, fertilizing and watering to achieve the best effect.

3. Pruning: continue bud removal and tiller removal work on street trees. Carry out pruning on hedges, balls and some flowering shrubs. {Care measures for the southern plant date palm}.

4. Drainage work: during heavy rain weather, pay attention to drainage work in low-lying areas.

5. Pest and disease control: In mid to late June, the nettle caterpillar (Euproctis spp.) enters its peak hatching period, and measures should be taken promptly; currently, spraying with 50% fenitrothion emulsion at 500-800 times dilution is generally used. (Or compound BT emulsion can be sprayed.) Continue manual collection of longhorn beetles.

6. Do a good job of pre-typhoon inspection for tree flood prevention: right loose and leaning trees by straightening, reinforcing and re-tying them.

July: Temperatures are at their highest, and after mid-month there will be strong winds and heavy rain.

1. Transplanting evergreen trees: During the rainy season, with sufficient moisture, conifers and bamboos can be transplanted, but pay attention to weather changes and water promptly if high temperatures occur.

2. Drainage: Drain promptly after heavy rain.

3. Topdressing: Apply quick-acting fertilizers such as nitrogen fertilizer dry before rain.

4. Street trees: Carry out typhoon-prevention bud removal and pruning; prune all branches that conflict with power lines, and check each tree stump one by one; if any are loose or unstable, straighten and tie them immediately. Prepare in advance in terms of labor organization, materials and tools and equipment, and assign personnel to inspect at any time, handling dangerous situations promptly when found.

5. Pest and disease control: Continue controlling longhorn beetles and nettle caterpillars. For longhorn beetles, inject 50% fenitrothion at a 1:50 dilution (or Fruit Tree Treasure, or Yuanke No. 3), then seal the hole; this can also achieve good results. Camphor tree bagworm moths should be pruned out promptly, and the worm nests destroyed to prevent further damage.

August: Still the rainy season

1. Drainage: After heavy rain, drain low-lying waterlogged areas promptly.

2. Typhoon prevention for street trees: Continue doing a good job of typhoon prevention for street trees.

3. Pruning: In addition to general summer pruning of trees, carry out shaping pruning of hedges.

4. Cultivation and weeding: Weeds also grow vigorously, so weed promptly, and fertilizer can be applied together with weeding.

5. Pest and disease control: Focus on capturing longhorn beetles, paying attention to capturing them at the roots. Aphid damage and camphor tree bagworm moths should be controlled promptly. In humid weather, watch for powdery mildew and rot, and take measures promptly. September: Temperatures decline somewhat; do relevant work to welcome National Day.

1. Pruning: In preparation for city appearance work, remove buds below the third fork on street trees. Shape hedges. Weed within green areas, edge lawns, and remove dead trees promptly, so that trees have green branches and leaves and green areas are clean and tidy.

2. Fertilization: For some trees that grow weakly and whose branches are not sufficiently substantial, apply additional phosphorus and potassium fertilizers.

3. Pest and disease control: Shot hole disease (on cherry, peach, plum, etc.) is at its peak; use 500% carbendazim at 1000 times dilution to prevent infection. Longhorn beetles begin to shift to root damage; pay attention to capturing them at the roots. Also promptly control wood borers on poplar and willow. Do a good job of controlling other pests and diseases.

4. Before the holiday, do a good job of inspecting all kinds of landscaping facilities.

October: Temperatures drop; in late October early winter begins, trees start to shed leaves and gradually enter dormancy.

1. Prepare for autumn tree planting; in late October, once cold-hardy trees shed their leaves, planting can begin.

2. Green area maintenance: Remove dead trees promptly and water promptly. Do a good job of weeding and edging in green areas and lawns. Fertilize flowering plants that are growing poorly.

3. Pest and disease control: Continue capturing longhorn beetles at the roots. Also monitor and control camphor tree bagworm moths. November: The soil begins to freeze at night and thaw by day, entering deep winter.

1. Tree planting: Continue planting cold-hardy plants; complete before the soil freezes.

2. Turning soil: Turn the soil in green areas to expose pests preparing to overwinter.

3. Watering: Water dry, compacted soil; complete before the ground freezes.

4. Pest and disease control: Various pests prepare to overwinter in late November, so control tasks are relatively light.

December: Low temperatures; begin winter maintenance work.

1. Winter pruning: Prune some evergreen trees and shrubs.

2. Eliminate overwintering pests and diseases.

3. Prepare for next year's adjustment work: After deciduous plants shed their leaves, observe the maintenance area and map out the positions to be adjusted.

VII. Green area maintenance quality objectives

1. Greening maintenance technical measures are complete and management is proper, achieving no bare yellow soil.

2. Landscape plants

2.1 Growth is normal. Various plants in newly built green areas reach normal form within three years; if plants or grass are damaged or die due to poor management, the replacement seedlings must survive within one year.

2.2 Landscape trees have basically complete crowns, with main and lateral branches evenly distributed, appropriate in number, and reasonably pruned; the interior is not tangled, with ventilation and light penetration. Flowering shrubs bloom promptly and normally, and are pruned promptly after flowering. Hedges and color blocks have normal branches and leaves, neat and uniform. Street trees have no missing individuals, and there are no dead trees in green areas.

2.3 Deciduous trees have normal new shoot growth, and normal leaf size and color; under general conditions, yellow leaves, scorched leaves, curled leaves, and leaves with insect excrement or webs must not exceed 5%, and the retention rate of normal leaves is above 90%. Coniferous

Part Three: "Annual Greening Maintenance Plan"

Annual Greening Maintenance Plan

January

1. Carry out winter shaping and pruning of various deciduous trees, cutting out dead branches, overlapping branches, crossing branches, diseased and pest-infested branches, and lower lateral branches, to ensure tree development tends toward rationality, improve branch form, and reduce the breeding of pests and diseases.

2. Appropriately thin out trees that are too densely growing, which can reduce pests and diseases and increase growth vigor.

3. Carry out winter plowing and soil turning to improve the soil, and apply winter fertilizer to all trees, ground cover and lawns to ensure the nutrient needs of seedlings and lawns.

4. Winter is a favorable season for eliminating landscape pests. In the loose soil under trees, dig out nettle caterpillar pupae and cocoons and burn them in a concentrated way.

5. As circumstances require, dethatch individual lawn types and prune 1-2 times. February

1. Carry out weeding, pruning and fertilization work on lawns.

2. Do a good job of pest and disease control, especially paying attention to powdery mildew on narrow-leaved mahonia (Mahonia fortunei) and globular scale on coral trees and Japanese aralia (Fatsia japonica).

3. In particular, strengthen freeze protection and insulation measures for trees, and do a good job of loosening and hilling soil around tree roots.

4. Apply a topdressing (urea) to cool-season lawns once at the end of the month at 10 g/mu.

March

1. To prevent spring drought, water trees promptly.

2. Roll and weed lawns promptly, and clean up winter grass in tree beds and flower beds.

3. Pest and disease control: Strengthen observation and inspection, and do a good job of forecasting, reporting and control. Pay special attention to sooty mold and boxwood leaf roller. In mid-March, crape myrtle scale eggs hatch; from late March, pear rust occurs on crabapple and cold-season lawns; pay attention to prevention and reporting.

4. For local sunken and low-lying spots appearing in lawns, add soil and cover with sand; carry out low pruning of winter ryegrass lawns to ensure the germination and growth of the underlying grass.

April

1. Do a good job of loosening soil, weeding and pre-flowering fertilization for field-planted flowers and trees. In particular, apply light fertilizer to herbaceous perennials and spring-sown flowering plants; for lawns and shrubs, combine with irrigation and apply quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer, or carry out foliar spraying as needed.

2. Cut out branches that dried up in winter and spring; begin pruning evergreen hedges.

3. Pest and disease control: Mainly control aphids, sooty mold and beetles. Keep relevant records.

May

1. This month is the peak period of leaf expansion for trees, with very high water demand, so water promptly.

2. Prune spring flowering shrubs such as osmanthus and Hall crabapple, and promptly carry out bud removal on London plane, red-leaf plum, crape myrtle and other trees.

3. Weed flower beds and shrub color blocks. At the same time, carry out weeding work on lawns and prune lawn grass promptly to control its height.

4. Pest and disease control: Do a good job of forecasting, reporting and control.

June

1. Water plants promptly to ensure sufficient water supply.

2. Loosen soil and weed tree beds and color-block shrubs, and carry out weeding work on lawns.

3. Prune lawns promptly and control their growth height, and pay attention to controlling the occurrence of large-scale pests and diseases. Apply compound fertilizer once to lawns that grow poorly or lack fertilizer, so they can pass the summer safely.

4. Pest and disease control: Do a good job of forecasting, reporting and control.

July

1. In high-temperature weather, especially ensure that watering work for plants is carried out.

2. Loosen soil and weed flower beds and color-block shrubs, and at the same time do a good job of weeding ground cover. This month the weather is hot, with high temperatures and relatively high humidity; weeds grow fast, so seize the opportunity to weed and remove grass to prevent grass overgrowth; continue intertillage weeding and loosening the soil.

3. Earnestly do a good job of typhoon and flood prevention: reinforce and secure trees in the park to prevent lodging; promptly dredge and drain low-lying or severely waterlogged places.

4. Pest and disease control: Do a good job of forecasting, reporting and control.

August

1. Carry out summer pruning of evergreen trees, and carry out shaping pruning of hedges.

2. Lawn weeds grow vigorously; weed and prune promptly, control lawn height, and fertilizer can be applied together with weeding. Timely supplementary and topdressing fertilization is needed, mainly P and K fertilizers, with N fertilizer as a supplement; for small seedlings, shrubs and herbaceous flowers, apply light fertilizer frequently, and at the same time pay attention to the timing of fertilization and the climate.

3. In high-temperature weather, the daily watering and drought-relief work must be ensured, and it must not be chosen between 10:00 and 15:00, to avoid burning the seedlings. (Including: tree bed maintenance, weed control, soil loosening, etc.)

4. Continue doing a good job of typhoon and flood prevention: further reinforce and secure large trees in residential areas to prevent lodging; and promptly dredge and drain ditches in low-lying and easily waterlogged places to prevent water from standing too long.

5. Pest and disease control: Do a good job of forecasting, reporting and control.

September

1. Carry out shaping pruning of hedges. Weed within green areas and remove dead trees promptly, so that trees have green branches and leaves and green areas are clean and tidy.

2. Thin out trees that are too densely growing, and at the same time carry out bud removal work.

3. Prune lawns promptly, edge them, and remove weeds, and pay attention to pest and disease control.

4. Weed flower beds and color-block shrubs, and at the same time do a good job of weeding ground cover, and collect flower seeds.

5. Pest and disease control: Do a good job of forecasting, reporting and control.

October

1. Prune spherical shrubs to ensure a beautiful appearance, neatness and distinct layers. Prune the tree form of evergreen trees so that their growth and development tend toward rationality and their tree posture and appearance are improved.

2. Strengthen management of newly planted flowering plants, promptly fill bare gaps and water, and fertilize those growing poorly.

3. Pest and disease control: Do a good job of forecasting and reporting, actively control, and keep relevant records. November

1. Carry out thinning and pruning of evergreen trees and evergreen shrubs, mainly for ventilation and light penetration, to reduce pests and diseases and enhance growth vigor.

2. Do a good job of weeding and edging in flower beds, color-block shrubs and green areas, promptly pull out weeds, and promptly replant bare gaps. As circumstances require, adjust trees in the local layout; some evergreen trees and a few deciduous tree species can be transplanted. Begin cold protection and insulation work; for trees with

poor cold resistance, wrap with straw and hill up soil.

3. Strengthen maintenance and management of newly planted plants, pay attention to timely watering, and prune appropriately. As circumstances require, dethatch and aerate lawns, and prune 2-3 times.

4. Carry out fertilization work in late this month, and carry out green area soil turning together with increased application of organic fertilizer.

5. Pest and disease control: Do a good job of forecasting and reporting, actively control, and keep relevant records. December

1. Do a good job of weeding and edging in color-block shrubs and green areas, and promptly pull out weeds.

2. Carry out thinning and pruning of evergreen and deciduous trees and shrubs, mainly removing stubs and dead branches, so that next year's trees grow better (do not prune flowering shrubs that have already formed flower buds); at the same time pay attention to cleaning off insect cocoons on trunks and branches.

3. Wrap sago palm, date palm and other southern plants with straw rope to ensure they overwinter safely.

4. Pest and disease control: Do a good job of forecasting and reporting, actively control, and keep relevant records.

Part Four: "Latest Common Landscape Plants of the South"

Common Landscape Plants of the South

Evergreen trees:

Norfolk Island pine, slash pine, Chinese fir, Caribbean pine, Chinese weeping cypress, mahogany, big-leaf mahogany, Sterculia lanceolata, Chinese saraca, sugar apple, longan, Dracontomelon duperreanum, Michelia macclurei, golden shower tree, Chinese arborvitae, Chinese juniper, dragon juniper, Fokien cypress, Buddhist pine, Japanese cedar, Buddhist pine (Podocarpus nagi), long-leaf podocarpus, white champaca, southern magnolia, houpo magnolia, burmann cinnamon, camphor tree, cinnamon, Gmelina hainanensis, Hainan ormosia, Taiwan acacia, siamese senna, red-flowered camel's foot tree, camel's foot tree, Hong Kong orchid tree, almond, mango, Ormosia henryi, water banyan, water stone banyan, avocado, Alstonia scholaris, false betel nut palm, Chinese fan palm, fishtail palm, queen palm, rose apple, Hainan rose apple, sapodilla, lemon-scented gum, river red gum, big-leaf eucalyptus, blue gum, cajeput, butterfly fruit, Chinese torreya, Chinese plum yew, Indian rubber fig, banyan, small-leaf fig, large-fruit fig, weeping fig, yellow-fruited fig, sacred fig, horsetail tree, jackfruit, maple-leafed maple, tanbark oak, blue Japanese oak, candlenut, silver oak, pointed-leaf elaeocarpus, big-leaf elaeocarpus, sea hibiscus, iron wintergreen, glossy privet, osmanthus, loquat, Albizia falcataria, royal palm, jaggery palm, Mexican fan palm, sugar palm, date palm, long-leaf phoenix palm, bishop wood, red sandalwood, Dillenia indica, jackfruit, yellow cassia, jackfruit, big-leaf privet, Michelia chapensis, Schefflera octophylla, Heteropanax fragrans

Deciduous trees:

Small-leaf terminalia, Chinese swamp cypress, water elder, Chinese tallow, Japanese raisin tree, sand pear, soapberry, goldenrain tree, frangipani, bald cypress, pond cypress, Chinese tulip tree, white magnolia, Chinese parasol tree, sawtooth oak, cork oak, Chinese hackberry, Chinese elm, white oak, happy tree, big-leaf crape myrtle, white silk floss tree, flame tree, peacock flower, Jacaranda, yellow cassia, chinaberry, Chinese mahogany, coral tree, cockspur coral tree, chestnut, silk tree, sweet acacia, Kalopanax, sweet gum, weeping willow, saucer magnolia, purple-leaf plum, ornamental peach, plum, papaya, Indian

red sandalwood, red-leaf plum

Evergreen shrubs:

Sago palm, Chinese plum yew, orchid tree, big-leaf boxwood, dense-flowered elaeagnus, camellia sasanqua, sweet viburnum (Viburnum odoratissimum), spotted aucuba, Hypericum, three-stamen areca, areca palm, qiong palm, four-season orchid tree, soft-branch golden trumpet, small-leaf ustularia, red bottlebrush, Fukien tea, gardenia, crown of thorns, poinsettia, Yunnan jasmine, aucuba, holly, foreign azalea, shining leaf cordyline, croton, red mulberry, golden-edged mulberry, golden-leaf fig, smooth senna, ovate rhododendron (Rhododendron ovatum), ardisia, orange jasmine, red-backed excoecaria, eagle-claw flower, camellia, oil tea, big-leaf tea, oleander, yellow oleander, small-flowered golden trumpet, serissa, banana shrub, pittosporum, mahonia, nandina, Japanese aralia, night-fragrant magnolia, hibiscus, Chinese lantern flower, red azalea (Rhododendron simsii), Spanish bayonet, yucca, Harland's boxwood (Buxus harlandii), axle palm, soft-leaf phoenix palm, short-spike fishtail palm, dwarf lady palm, bamboo palm,

golden ficus, fiddle-leaf fig, willow-leaf fig, golden-veined justicia, Schefflera octophylla, variegated duranta, yellow-leaf duranta, ustularia, golden-leaf privet, giant taro, Philodendron selloum, Monstera deliciosa, aspidistra, snake plant, thick-leaf rhaphiolepis, variegated hibiscus, purple-striped euphorbia, small-leaf boxwood, African jasmine, yesterday-today-and-tomorrow, Murraya, spider lily, spider orchid, powderpuff, red-flowered loropetalum, angel's trumpet, white mussaenda, red mussaenda, beautiful rhododendron (Rhododendron pulchrum), Western rhododendron (Rhododendron hybridum), two-pod senna, hard-stem trumpet vine, rose myrtle, Chinese ixora, Yunnan jasmine, jasmine, fiddle-leaf coral, blue snowflake, blue star flower, butterfly pea, nandina, pepper tree, red-backed excoecaria,

Deciduous shrubs:

Cotton rose, bridal wreath spirea, Vanhoutte spirea (Spiraea vanhouttei), modern rose, Abelia chinensis, pomegranate, purple beautyberry, purple magnolia, bush clover, Amur honeysuckle (Lonicera maackii), Chinese snowball viburnum, rose of Sharon, redbud, dwarf flowering cherry, bridal wreath spirea (Spiraea prunifolia), Thunberg spirea (Spiraea thunbergii), butterfly tree, elderberry, fig, Sichuan pepper, trifoliate orange, butterfly bush, small wax privet

Vines:

Monstera deliciosa, bougainvillea, Millettia reticulata, firecracker vine, rangoon creeper, three-leaf akebia, honeysuckle, wintercreeper, climbing fig, kiwi, creeping euonymus, Hong Kong rhaphidophora, Mucuna birdwoodiana, wax flower, rhaphidophora, pothos, star jasmine, Chinese ivy, English ivy, southern magnolia vine, Boston ivy, Chinese trumpet creeper, passionflower, crape myrtle (Lagerstroemia indica), evergreen mucuna, large-flowered thunbergia (Thunbergia grandiflora)

Eagle-claw flower, large-flowered thunbergia (Thunbergia grandiflora), rangoon creeper, coral vine, Boston ivy, firecracker vine, white-flowered mucuna, glorybower (Clerodendrum speciosissimum), wisteria, climbing fig, cypress vine, morning glory, Cairo morning glory (Ipomoea cairica), snake vine, common jasmine (Jasminum officinale), giant Dutchman's pipe (Aristolochia gigantea), garlic vine, wood rose, lavender trumpet vine (Clytostoma callistegioides), passionflower

Bamboos:

Bambusa textilis, Chung bamboo (Bambusa chungii), moso bamboo, fernleaf bamboo, glaucous bamboo (Phyllostachys glauca), painted bamboo (Bambusa vulgaris 'Vittata'), bitter bamboo (Neosinocalamus affinis), hedge bamboo, bitter bamboo (Pleioblastus amarus), broadleaf bamboo (Indocalamus tessellatus), Buddha belly bamboo, sweet giant bamboo (Dendrocalamus latiflorus), (Bambusa textilis), Thai bamboo, poling bamboo (Bambusa pervariabilis), square bamboo (Chimonobambusa quadrangularis), green bamboo (Bambusa oldhamii), Goddess bamboo (Bambusa multiplex var. riviereorum), Alphonse Karr bamboo (Bambusa multiplex 'Alphonse Karr'), red bamboo (Phyllostachys rubromarginata)

Lawns and ground cover plants:

Bermuda grass, Chinese lawngrass, fine-leaf lawngrass, carpet grass, centipede grass, joint paspalum, Manila grass, lawngrass, Guangdong evergreen, purple spiderwort, Moses-in-the-cradle (Tradescantia spathacea), lilyturf, palm grass (Curculigo capitulata), creeping lilyturf (Liriope spicata), pink reineckea (Reineckea carnea), aspidistra, black-eyed Susan vine, sweet flag (Acorus tatarinowii), autumn zephyr lily (Zephyranthes candida), rosy zephyr lily (Zephyranthes grandiflora), golden spider lily (Lycoris aurea), arrowhead vine (Syngonium podophyllum), butterfly iris, red-flowered oxalis, inch plant (Tradescantia zebrina),

red-backed stromanthe (Stromanthe sanguinea), arrowhead vine, white-butterfly arrowhead vine, pothos, inch plant (Tradescantia zebrina), sword fern, clearweed, small oyster plant, peace lily, silver-edged lilyturf, red-flowered lantana, yellow-flowered lantana, purple-flowered lantana,

lantana (Lantana), dusty miller, bleeding glorybower, shrimp plant, firecracker plant (Russelia equisetiformis), asparagus fern, beach evening primrose, beach morning glory, ivy, star jasmine, ginger lily, umbrella plant, papyrus, iris, purple loosestrife, narcissus, lotus, water lily, three-lobed wedelia, red-flowered oxalis, Brazilian peanut vine, dichondra, Joseph's coat (Alternanthera), large-leaf alternanthera (Alternanthera), coleus, fine-leaf verbena, red-green grass, autumn zephyr lily (Zephyranthes candida), rosy zephyr lily (Zephyranthes grandiflora), amaryllis, lily, calla lily, periwinkle, centipede grass, Manila grass, Korean velvetgrass, Bermuda grass, big-leaf carpet grass, variegated blunt grass, bahia grass, short-leaf lilyturf

Palms:

Royal palm, Washington palm, triangle palm, queen palm, foxtail palm, Butia palm, bottle palm, club palm, Mediterranean date palm, Canary Island date palm, Bismarck palm, oil palm, fishtail palm, windmill palm, dragon-scale palm, Chinese fan palm, Queen palm, fishtail palm, Chinese fan palm, Washingtonia palm, pygmy date palm, dwarf fishtail palm, giant fishtail palm, areca palm, three-stamen betel nut palm, traveler's palm, lady palm,

Seasonal flowers

Star flower, African impatiens, four-season begonia, scarlet sage, petunia, hybrid dianthus, ornamental kale, French marigold, African marigold, nasturtium, pansy, wishbone flower, cockscomb, pot marigold, globe amaranth, zinnia, moss rose, purslane, cosmos, cineraria, spider flower, daylily, lavender, purple loosestrife

Chapter Five: "Examples of Southern Plant Configuration"

Southern Plant Configuration

Philodendron bipinnatifidum + Cyperus alternifolius + Alpinia zerumbet variegata

Dracaena fragrans + Dracaena fragrans 'Colorama' + Nandina domestica + Nephrolepis cordifolia + landscape stone

Royal palm + fishtail palm + pygmy date palm + Canna + Coleus + Codiaeum variegatum

Royal palm + Canary Island date palm head + Cordyline fruticosa 'Red Edge' + Acalypha wilkesiana + Ixora chinensis

Royal palm + Archontophoenix alexandrae + areca palm + Rhapis excelsa + Duranta erecta 'Golden Leaves'

Chapter Six: "Commonly Used Garden Plants in the South"

Commonly Used Plants in Southern Courtyards

I. Palm category:

1. Royal palm 2. Archontophoenix alexandrae 3. Washingtonia palm 4. Silver date palm 5. Canary Island date palm 6. Three-stamen betel nut palm

7. Chinese fan palm 8. Washingtonia palm 9. Areca palm 10. Lady palm (slender-leaf lady palm) 11. Areca palm 12. Soft-leaf date palm

II. Tree category (street trees, shade trees):

1. Flame tree 2. Silk cotton tree 3. Beautiful silk cotton tree 4. Coral tree 5. Elaeocarpus apiculatus 6. Alstonia scholaris

7. Ficus microcarpa 8. Elaeocarpus hainanensis 9. Mango 10. Chukrasia tabularis 11. Cinnamomum porrectum 12. Tecoma grandis

13. Red sandalwood 14. Frangipani 15. Terminalia catappa 16. Traveler's palm 17. Pandanus tectorius 18. Bischofia javanica

19. Star fruit 20. Osmanthus fragrans var. aurantiacus 21. Golden shower tree 22. Albizia falcataria 23. Melaleuca leucadendra

24. Eucalyptus 25. Syzygium hainanense 26. Aphanamixis grandifolia 27. Bauhinia 28. Mahogany

29. Ficus altissima 30. Spathodea campanulata 31. Tabebuia chrysantha 32. Koelreuteria bipinnata

III. Flowering shrub category:

1. Four-season osmanthus 2. Bambusa multiplex 3. Tree fern 4. Ficus microcarpa 'Golden Leaves' 5. Bougainvillea

6. Cassia surattensis 7. Callistemon rigidus 8. Agave americana 'Marginata' 9. Hibiscus rosa-sinensis 10. Fagraea ceilanica 11. Ficus variegata

12. Hibiscus rosa-sinensis 13. Michelia figo 14. Tecoma 15. Calliandra 16. Tabernaemontana divaricata 17. Aglaonema

18. Furcraea 19. Yucca 20. Pyrostegia venusta 21. Thevetia peruviana 22. Polyscias

IV. Ground cover or color blocks:

1. Pittosporum tobira 2. Monstera deliciosa 3. Epipremnum aureum 4. Bird's nest fern 5. Red jewel 6. Large-leaf Alternanthera 7. Schefflera octophylla

8. Syngonium 9. Duranta erecta 'Golden Leaves' 10. Cuphea hyssopifolia 11. Slender-leaf frog orchid 12. Calathea 13. Rhododendron

14. Dwarf Chinese fan palm 15. Philodendron bipinnatifidum 16. Duranta repens variegata 17. Spider plant 18. Tradescantia zebrina 19. Allamanda cathartica

20. Alpinia zerumbet variegata 21. Asparagus fern 22. Arachis pintoi 23. Ixora chinensis 24. Nephrolepis cordifolia 25. Pachystachys lutea

26. Syngonium podophyllum 'White Butterfly' 27. Pilea cadierei 28. Dieffenbachia 29. Cordyline fruticosa 'Rainbow' 30. Codiaeum variegatum 31. Ophiopogon japonicus

32. Acorus gramineus variegatus 33. Jasmine 34. Calathea zebrina 35. Taiwan grass 36. Axonopus compressus

37. Manila grass 38. Bermuda grass 39. Ryegrass 40. Tall fescue

There are also some commonly used plants:

1. Ficus religiosa 2. Ficus altissima 3. Elaeocarpus hainanensis 4. Campanula 5. National Day flower 6. Golden shower tree

7. Senna siamea 8. Kigelia africana 9. Thai yellow large yellow flower ball 10. Melaleuca bracteata

11. Senna alata 12. Cassia bicapsularis 13. Jatropha 14. Cleistocalyx operculatus 15. Manglietia glauca

16. Hainan speckled gold 17. Variegated money tree 18. Ormosia pinnata 19. Mahogany

20. Albizia falcataria 21. Cinnamomum cassia 22. Autumn osmanthus 23. Bay laurel 24. Washingtonia palm 25. Bambusa multiplex

26. Indian yellow (purple) sandalwood 27. Red sandalwood 28. Dianella ensifolia 29. Leizhou banyan 30. Markhamia cauda-felina

Commonly Used Garden Plants in the South

1. Evergreen trees

Norfolk Island pine, Cunningham's araucaria, Keteleeria, hoop pine, kauri, masson pine, slash pine, camphor tree, Cinnamomum japonicum, Eucalyptus grandis x urophylla, Melaleuca leucadendra, Syzygium jambos, Syzygium hainanense, Bischofia javanica, Acacia confusa, Acacia mangium, Acacia auriculiformis, red sandalwood, Ficus microcarpa, Ficus virens, Ficus altissima, Ficus superba, Ficus elastica, Ficus elastica variegata, Ficus religiosa, Aleurites moluccanus, mahogany, Dillenia indica, Alstonia scholaris, Terminalia catappa, Terminalia mantaly, jackfruit, Syzygium samarangense, Dracontomelon duperreanum, sapodilla, Chukrasia tabularis, Casuarina equisetifolia, Michelia alba, Magnolia coco, Michelia macclurei, Elaeocarpus sylvestris, Magnolia grandiflora, Hibiscus tiliaceus, mango, longan, lychee, olive, loquat, bayberry, pomelo, Elaeocarpus hainanensis, Buddhist pine, Chinese juniper, Podocarpus nagi, osmanthus, four-season osmanthus, Michelia figo, Aglaia odorata, camellia, Ficus benjamina, Phyllanthus emblica, Ficus tinctoria

2. Deciduous trees

Dawn redwood, pond cypress, bald cypress, Chinese swamp cypress, tulip tree, Chinese parasol tree, Bischofia polycarpa, Albizia falcataria, Albizia lebbeck, Leucaena leucocephala, sweetgum, weeping willow, Kigelia africana, Anthocephalus chinensis, Grevillea robusta, Chinese hackberry, soapberry, Pistacia chinensis, Melia azedarach, Chinese tallow, Vernicia montana, ginkgo, Sterculia monosperma, persimmon, fig, mulberry, papaya, guava, red maple, Acacia farnesiana

3. Palm category

Archontophoenix alexandrae, royal palm, queen palm, bottle palm, club palm, triangle palm, foxtail palm, Queen palm, oil palm, sugar palm, Washingtonia palm, Washingtonia palm, Canary Island date palm, Mediterranean date palm, Iranian honey date palm, Chinese fan palm, fishtail palm, sugar palm, spiny date palm, soft-leaf date palm, three-stamen betel nut palm, green palm, fragrant palm, giant fishtail palm, dwarf fishtail palm, areca palm, windmill palm, banana, traveler's palm, Cordyline fruticosa, lady palm, slender-leaf lady palm, Strelitzia nicolai, Philodendron 'Red Congo', Alocasia macrorrhizos

4. Foliage shrubs

Ficus benjamina 'Golden Leaves', Ficus microcarpa 'Golden Leaves', Ficus lyrata, Ficus salicifolia, Garcinia subelliptica, Arundo donax variegata, Polyalthia longifolia, Pandanus tectorius, Pittosporum tobira, Hibiscus rosa-sinensis variegata, cycad, Callistemon rigidus, Cestrum nocturnum, Cotinus coggygria, Justicia brandegeeana, Fatsia japonica, Juniperus procumbens, Manihot esculenta variegata, Nandina domestica, Schefflera octophylla, Schefflera variegata, Zanthoxylum beecheyanum, Excoecaria cochinchinensis, Acalypha wilkesiana, Syringa japonica, Duranta repens, Duranta repens variegata, Duranta erecta 'Golden Leaves', Murraya paniculata, Codiaeum variegatum, Codiaeum variegatum 'Hastaefolium', Codiaeum variegatum 'Hainan', Codiaeum variegatum 'Aucubaefolium', Buddleja asiatica, Carmona retusa, Buxus microphylla, Ligustrum sinense 'Aureum', Euphorbia milii, Furcraea foetida 'Mediopicta', Agave, Agave americana 'Marginata', Yucca, Beaucarnea recurvata, Aspidistra elatior, Sansevieria, cactus, Alocasia macrorrhizos, Philodendron bipinnatifidum, Monstera deliciosa, Alpinia zerumbet variegata, Scaevola taccada, Rhaphiolepis indica, Breynia disticha, Phyllanthus myrtifolius, Chinese rose

5. Flowering shrubs

African jasmine, Brunfelsia, Murraya paniculata, Hibiscus syriacus, Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, Fuchsia, Malvaviscus, Poinsettia, Calliandra, Bougainvillea, Gardenia jasminoides var. grandiflora, Hydrangea, Pachystachys, Melastoma, Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum, Datura suaveolens, Mussaenda frondosa, Mussaenda erythrophylla, Allamanda, Western azalea, Cassia bicapsularis, Tecomaria capensis, Myrtus, Ixora chinensis, Phlox drummondii, Jasminum mesnyi, Jasmine, Crinum asiaticum,

Hymenocallis, crab claw flower, dwarf Canna, Reinwardtia indica, Jatropha pandurifolia, Plumbago auriculata, Oxypetalum, Papilio butterfly

6. Ground cover

Calathea roseopicta, Syngonium podophyllum, Syngonium podophyllum 'White Butterfly', Epipremnum aureum, Tradescantia zebrina, Nephrolepis cordifolia, Pilea cadierei, Rhoeo spathacea, Spathiphyllum, Ophiopogon japonicus, Ophiopogon japonicus 'Variegatus', Lantana camara (red), Lantana camara (yellow), Lantana camara (purple), Senecio cineraria, Clerodendrum thomsoniae, Justicia brandegeeana, Russelia equisetiformis, Asparagus fern, Oenothera drummondii, Ipomoea pes-caprae, Hedera helix, Trachelospermum jasminoides, Hedychium coronarium, Cyperus alternifolius, Cyperus papyrus, Iris, purple loosestrife, Narcissus, lotus, water lily, Wedelia trilobata, Oxalis corymbosa, Arachis pintoi, Dichondra repens, Alternanthera dentata, Alternanthera paronychioides, Coleus, Verbena tenuisecta, Alternanthera versicolor, Zephyranthes candida, Zephyranthes carinata, Hippeastrum, lily, Calla lily, Catharanthus roseus, Eremochloa ophiuroides, Manila grass, Korean zoysia, Bermuda grass, Axonopus compressus, Stenotaphrum secundatum variegatum, Paspalum notatum, Liriope spicata

7. Vines

Thunbergia grandiflora, Quisqualis indica, Antigonon leptopus, Parthenocissus tricuspidata, Pyrostegia venusta, Mucuna birdwoodiana, Clerodendrum speciosum, Wisteria, Ficus pumila, Quamoclit, morning glory, Ipomoea cairica, snake vine, Jasminum officinale, Aristolochia gigantea, Mansoa alliacea, Merremia, Bignonia, Passiflora

Chapter Seven: "Document on Commonly Used Plant Configuration in the South"

Practical Plant Configuration Table —- Brief Table of Commonly Used Plant Configuration

Aquatic plants:

Moisture-loving plants: Hankow willow, weeping willow, cotton willow, sand willow, Artemisia selengensis willow, soap willow, Populus simonii, Populus simonii, Sabina vulgaris, Chinese juniper, Platycladus orientalis, dawn redwood, Melia azedarach, Chinese wingnut, ash, Forsythia, elm, Ulmus laciniata, Chinese elm, Chinese tallow, cherry blossom, Eucommia, Koelreuteria, Hibiscus mutabilis, Hibiscus syriacus, oleander, Parthenocissus tricuspidata, grape, Wisteria, Amorpha fruticosa, tamarisk, buttercup, water hyacinth seedling, long-leaf alkali grass, marsh willow leaf, willow leaf vegetable, marsh woundwort, Chinese woundwort, mint, Marsh weed, speedwell, watercress, Scirpus, Scirpus mucronatus, flat-stem Scirpus, Cyperus, spike-flower Cyperus, globe-flower Pycreus, red-scale Pycreus, Juncus articulatus, Juncus bufonius, Juncus tenuis, Juncus gracillimus, Polygonum aviculare, Polygonum lapathifolium, red Polygonum, clump Polygonum, Rumex acetosa, Polygonum bungeanum, Polygonum minus, Polygonum perfoliatum, Polygonum senticosum, Polygonum thunbergii, Polygonum macrophyllum, Japanese knotweed, Imperata cylindrica, Calamagrostis, Deyeuxia, Beckmannia, long-awn clubhead, Arundinella, Miscanthus sacchariflorus, Coix, Hemarthria, moist-loving Carex,

Emergent plants: Scirpus validus, reed, lotus root, arrowhead, broad-leaf Caldesia, Alisma, lotus, purple loosestrife, cattail, Monochoria, Monochoria korsakowii, Acorus calamus, Pontederia cordata, rice, mangrove, Narcissus, water celery, wild rice stem, taro, Marsilea quadrifolia, reed, water chestnut, Scirpus triqueter, needle rush, Typha, umbrella sedge, broad-leaf cattail

Floating plants: duckweed, water hyacinth, water lily, water chestnut, Victoria amazonica, Nuphar, water hyacinth, Nymphoides, water shield, Utricularia aurea, floating fern, Nymphoides peltata,

Submerged plants: hornwort, water plantain

Colorful-leaf plants:

Red or purple: sweetgum, lacquer tree, Japanese maple, Amur maple, Celastrus, red oak, maple, Chinese tallow, staghorn sumac, Rhus chinensis, mountain ash, Nandina, Euonymus, hawthorn, Pistacia chinensis, Chinese wingnut, barberry, Hubei hornbeam, Parthenocissus tricuspidata

Golden yellow or yellow-brown: ginkgo, persimmon, Koelreuteria, tulip tree, Chinese parasol tree, elm, walnut, Catalpa, dawn redwood, crape myrtle, Chinese elm, Nanmu, wild jujube, kiwi, horse chestnut, Sorbus alnifolia, wintersweet, pomegranate, yellow cassia, witch hazel, soapberry, Acacia farnesiana

Aromatic plants:

Aromatic plants that can be optionally planted in residential areas include: mint, basil, lemon balm, Roman chamomile, lemongrass, sage, dandelion, pot marigold, thyme, borage, scented geranium, mallow and other herbaceous plants; lavender, rosemary, gardenia, rose, lemon verbena and other shrubs.

Woody plants with fragrance in rotation through the four seasons, such as: plum blossom and orange blossom in spring; gardenia and Michelia alba in summer; osmanthus in autumn and wintersweet in winter.

Pollution-resistant and exhaust-resistant plants: black locust, Paulownia, lacebark pine, Chinese juniper, coral tree, photinia, Pittosporum tobira, Fatsia japonica, etc.

Nitrogen-fixing plants: Robinia, Lonicera, Albizia, Amorpha fruticosa, Caragana, Glycine, Lespedeza, Melilotus, Pisum, Phaseolus, Myrica, Elaeagnus, Cycas

Nectar-source, bird-attracting and butterfly-attracting plants: dwarf yew, Buddhist pine, Torreya, Ilex crenata, camphor, bayberry, privet, Ternstroemia, Viburnum, Aucuba, Mahonia, firethorn, boxwood, Pittosporum tobira, Fatsia japonica, etc., Buddleja davidii, Pistacia chinensis, and other fragrant-flower plants (such as Citrus plants in the Rutaceae family)

Perennial (herbaceous) flowers: torch lily (red-hot poker), lupine, blue fescue, Astilbe, Coreopsis, Lysimachia, oregano, Hibiscus moscheutos, red mint, variegated Trachelospermum, Osteospermum, Hellebore, Lycoris, daylily, Iris, Tradescantia, Hosta, variegated Canna, red-leaf Canna, Aster novi-belgii, Farfugium japonicum, Bletilla, perennial verbena

Flowering plants for the four seasons:

Spring: various cherry blossoms (early cherry, late cherry, weeping cherry, etc.), various crabapples (Malus spectabilis, Malus micromalus, Chaenomeles speciosa, etc.), Magnoliaceae (Magnolia grandiflora, Magnolia denudata, Magnolia soulangeana, Magnolia liliiflora, red magnolia, Michelia figo, Michelia maudiae, etc.), redbud, red-leaf

plum, peach blossom, camellia, winter jasmine, lilac, etc.

Summer: crape myrtle, Hibiscus syriacus, hydrangea, Michelia figo, summer azalea, pomegranate (flower), gardenia, Campsis, Albizia, Acacia farnesiana. Autumn: osmanthus, crape myrtle, Hibiscus syriacus, flowering pomegranate, Hibiscus mutabilis, Campsis, etc.

Winter: honeysuckle, Nandina, plum blossom, Michelia figo, camellia, sasanqua, etc.

Classification diagram of common greening tree species:

(1) Evergreen conifers

1. Tree category: deodar cedar, Korean pine, black pine, Chinese juniper, masson pine, Chinese juniper, cycad, Norfolk Island pine, Japanese cedar, Torreya

2. Shrub category: (Buddhist pine), Platycladus orientalis, Chinese incense cedar, creeping juniper, Japanese cedar, five-needle pine

(2) Deciduous conifers (no shrubs):

Tree category: dawn redwood, golden larch, pond cypress, bald cypress

(3) Evergreen broadleaf trees:

1. Tree category: camphor, Magnolia grandiflora, privet, windmill palm

2. Shrub category: coral tree, Euonymus japonicus, Buxus sinica, Buxus bodinieri, Ilex cornuta, orange tree, photinia, Pittosporum tobira, osmanthus, oleander, Jasminum floridum, winter jasmine, Aucuba, Nandina, Serissa, Ligustrum quihoui, Fatsia japonica, gardenia, Distylium, camellia, Hypericum, azalea, Yucca (pineapple flower, sword hemp), cycad (iron tree), Mahonia

(4) Deciduous broadleaf trees:

1. Tree category: weeping willow, upright willow, Chinese wingnut, dragon-claw willow, Chinese tallow, pagoda tree, Chinese parasol tree (Chinese parasol

tree), plane tree (French plane), pagoda tree (Chinese pagoda), coiled pagoda, Albizia, ginkgo, Melia azedarach (chinaberry), Catalpa

2. Shrub category: cherry blossom, Magnolia denudata, peach blossom, wintersweet, crape myrtle, redbud, maple, green maple, red-leaf plum, Chaenomeles speciosa, hanging crabapple, hydrangea, Hydrangea strigosa, Forsythia (golden strip), Hibiscus mutabilis, Hibiscus syriacus, Alchornea (cinnamon tree), pomegranate

(5) Bamboo category: Bambusa multiplex, Phyllostachys bambusoides, moso bamboo, purple bamboo, Goddess bamboo, fernleaf bamboo, Buddha belly bamboo, painted bamboo

(6) Vines: Wisteria, Trachelospermum, Parthenocissus tricuspidata (Boston ivy, climbing ivy), Hedera helix, grapevine, Euonymus fortunei

(7) Flowers: moss rose, pot marigold, scarlet sage, Canna, Amaranthus tricolor, kale (ornamental cabbage), chrysanthemum, orchid

(8) Lawn: velvet grass, zoysia grass, Liriope, four-season evergreen grass, tall fescue, Manila grass, clover, Dichondra

Detailed Table of Commonly Used Plant Configuration

Table of Commonly Used Street Trees

Name Scientific name Family Tree shape Characteristics

Camphor Cinnamomun camphcra Camphor family Spherical Evergreen large tree, alternate leaves, three-veined, aromatic, spherical berries.

Plane tree Platanus x acerifolia Platanaceae Oval Prefers warmth, pollution-resistant, tolerant of pruning. Large crown with dense shade, suitable as a street tree and shade tree.

Maple Liquidamdar formosana Hance. Hamamelidaceae Conical Deciduous tree, bark gray and smooth, leaves triangular, slow-growing, beautiful tree form

Flame tree Delonix regia Raffin Fabaceae Umbrella-shaped Sun-loving, prefers warm hot climates, not cold-tolerant, fast-growing, pollution-resistant, wind-resistant; flowers red and beautiful, flowering period May to August

Albizia Albizia julibrissin Mimosoideae Umbrella-shaped Flowers pink, June to July, suitable as a shade ornamental tree, street tree

Acacia farnesiana Albizia farnesiana Wild. Mimosoideae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous sub-tree, fast-growing, dense branches and leaves, flowers golden yellow, excellent tree vigor

Weeping willow Salix babylonica Linn. Salicaceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous sub-tree, suitable for low-temperature areas, grows luxuriantly and rapidly, beautiful tree form

Banyan Ficus retusa Linn.. Moraceae Spherical Deciduous tree, broad crown, fast-growing, strong canopy density, suitable for various forms of pruning

Camphor tree Cinnamomum camphora Ness. Lauraceae Spherical Evergreen tree, broad crown, large and rounded, vigorous growth, beautiful tree form

Chinese fan palm Livitonia chinensis R.Br. Arecaceae Umbrella-shaped Single erect trunk, leaf surface dark green, vigorous growth, very beautiful posture

Longan tree Euphoria longana Lanark. Sapindaceae Round Evergreen tree with round crown, strong canopy density, relatively slow growth, very beautiful posture

Chinaberry (Melia azedarach) Melia azedarach Linn. Meliaceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous tree, fast-growing, irregular crown, slightly umbrella-shaped, flowers pale purple

Chinese parasol tree Sterculia platanifolia L. Sterculiaceae Umbrella-shaped Evergreen tree, broad leaf surface, fast-growing, upright when young, crown spreading when old

Paper mulberry Broussonetia papyrifera Vent. Moraceae Umbrella-shaped Evergreen tree, leaves huge and soft-thin, branches spreading in all directions, umbrella-shaped crown, beautiful posture

Alder Alnus formosana Makino. Fagaceae Umbrella-shaped Evergreen tree, tolerant of moisture and heat, unsuitable for dry land and hard soil, tall and beautiful tree posture

Ash Faxinus insularis Hemsl. Oleaceae Umbrella-shaped Evergreen tree, vigorous tree habit, fast-growing, beautiful tree posture and leaf shape. Norfolk Island pine Araucaria cuninghamii Araucariaceae Conical Evergreen conifer, sun-loving, prefers warm hot climates, not cold-tolerant, fertilizer-loving, fast-growing, narrow conical crown, elegant posture

Qinghai spruce Picea carassifolia Pinaceae Tower-shaped Evergreen conifer, neutral, shallow-rooted, suitable for the northwest region

Korean pine Pinus koraiensis Pinaceae Tower-shaped Evergreen conifer, weakly sun-loving, prefers cool and humid climates and acidic soil, needles blue-green

Chinese juniper (Sabina chinensis) Sabina chinensis Cupressaceae Conical Evergreen conifer, sun-loving, young trees slightly shade-tolerant, drought and barren-tolerant, cold-tolerant, slightly moisture-tolerant, pruning-tolerant, good dust-proof and sound-insulating effect

Magnolia grandiflora Magnolia grandiflora L. Magnoliaceae Oval Evergreen tree, flowers large white and fragrant, beautiful tree form,

Acacia confusa Merr. (Taiwan acacia) - Fabaceae - Umbrella-shaped - Evergreen tree; bark smooth when young, rough when old; trunk often curved; strong growth vigor

Phoenix dactylifera L. (Date palm) - Arecaceae - Pinnate - Evergreen broadleaf tree; trunk branching; strong heat resistance; robust growth; attractive form

Phoenix dactylifera (Canary Island date palm) - Arecaceae - Pinnate - Evergreen broadleaf tree; trunk thick and sturdy; tall and majestic; pinnate leaves dense and spreading

Oreodoxa regia H.B.K. (Royal palm) - Arecaceae - Umbrella-shaped - Single trunk, upright, up to 18 m tall; slightly swollen at the middle; pinnate compound leaves; very strong vitality; high ornamental value

Ginkgo biloba (Ginkgo) - Ginkgoaceae - Umbrella-shaped - Deciduous broadleaf tree; autumn leaves yellow; cold-resistant; deep-rooted; intolerant of waterlogging; resistant to various toxic gases

Liriodendron chinense (Chinese tulip tree) - Magnoliaceae - Umbrella-shaped - Deciduous broadleaf tree; prefers warm, humid climate; relatively strong resistance; fertile acidic soil; fast-growing; long-lived; leaves shaped like a mandarin jacket; flowers yellow-green, large and beautiful.

Populus tomentosa (Chinese white poplar) - Salicaceae - Umbrella-shaped - Deciduous broadleaf tree; prefers cool temperate climate; pollution-resistant; deep-rooted; fast-growing; relatively long-lived; well-formed tree shape; trunk straight; bark grayish-white

Populus nigra var. italica (Lombardy poplar) - Salicaceae - Narrow columnar - Deciduous broadleaf tree; cold-resistant and drought-tolerant; slightly tolerant of salinity-alkalinity and waterlogging; fast-growing

Ulmus parvifolia (Chinese elm) - Ulmaceae - Umbrella-shaped - Deciduous broadleaf tree; prefers warm, humid climate; tolerant of drought and poor soil; deep-rooted; fast-growing; long-lived; resistant to smoke, dust and toxic gases; strong dust-retention capacity

Acer negundo (Box elder) - Aceraceae - Umbrella-shaped - Deciduous broadleaf tree; prefers fertile soil and a cool, humid climate; tolerant of smoke and dust, dry cold, and light salinity-alkalinity; tolerant of pruning; autumn leaves yellow{Maintenance measures for the southern plant date palm}.

Table of Common Landscape Tree Characteristics

Name - Scientific name - Family - Tree shape - Characteristics

Cinnamomum camphora (Camphor tree) - Lauraceae - Spherical - Large evergreen tree; leaves alternate, with three main veins; aromatic; berries spherical.

Platanus x acerifolia (London plane) - Platanaceae - Oval - Prefers warmth; pollution-resistant; tolerant of pruning. Broad crown with dense shade; suitable as a street tree and shade tree.

Magnolia grandiflora L. (Southern magnolia) - Magnoliaceae - Oval - Evergreen tree; flowers large, white and fragrant; beautiful tree form.

Magnolia denudata (Yulan magnolia) - Magnoliaceae - Umbrella-shaped - Fairly cold-resistant; intolerant of waterlogging. Flowers large and pure white; blooms in March to April. Suitable for courtyard viewing.

Liriodendron chinense (Chinese tulip tree) - Magnoliaceae - Umbrella-shaped - Deciduous broadleaf tree; prefers warm, humid climate; relatively strong resistance; fertile acidic soil; fast-growing; long-lived; leaves shaped like a mandarin jacket; flowers yellow-green, large and beautiful.

Thuja orientalis Linn (Chinese arborvitae) - Cupressaceae - Conical - Evergreen tree; tree form neat when young, often curved when old; strong growth; long-lived; beautiful tree form

Fraxinus insularis Hemsl. (Island ash) - Oleaceae - Round - Evergreen tree; robust; fast-growing; beautiful tree form and leaf shape. Bischoffia javanica Blanco (Java bishopwood) - Euphorbiaceae - Round - Evergreen tree; very attractive when young leaves sprout; robust growth; beautiful tree form

Salix babylonica Linn. (Weeping willow) - Salicaceae - Umbrella-shaped - Deciduous small tree; suitable for low-lying wet ground; luxuriant and fast-growing; beautiful tree form

Calocedrus macrolepis Kurz (Chinese incense cedar) - Cupressaceae - Umbrella-shaped - Evergreen tree; bark grayish-brown, with irregular longitudinal fissures; branchlets alternate, green and flat when young.

Roystonea regia (Royal palm) - Arecaceae - Umbrella-shaped - Single trunk, upright, up to 18 m tall; slightly swollen at the middle; pinnate compound leaves; very strong vitality; high ornamental value

Euonymus japonica (Japanese spindle) - Celastraceae - Oval - Prefers warm, humid climate; resistant to toxic gases. Grown for foliage. Suitable for hedges and foundation planting.

Liquidambar formosana Hance (Formosan sweetgum) - Hamamelidaceae - Conical - Deciduous tree; bark gray and smooth; leaves triangular; slow-growing; beautiful tree form

Pterocarya stenoptera (Chinese wingnut) - Juglandaceae - Umbrella-shaped - Highly adaptable; tolerant of waterlogging; fast-growing. Suitable as a shade tree, street tree and bank-protection tree

Sabina procumbens (Creeping juniper) - Cupressaceae - Evergreen prostrate dwarf shrub; branches spreading and creeping along the ground; leaves needle-like. Slow-growing; unique tree form; foliage emerald green and flowing. Suitable for ground cover and beautification around courtyard stones, ponds, sand pits and slopes. {Maintenance measures for the southern plant date palm}.

Duranta repens (Golden dewdrop) - Verbenaceae - Round - Evergreen shrub. Suitable for large potted plants, flower troughs and hedges. Golden dewdrop is mainly grown for its foliage, with wide uses; can be used as ground cover, pruned into shapes, used to form patterns or for color-contrast planting, eye-catching and striking. Ilex cornuta (Chinese holly) - Aquifoliaceae - Round - Resistant to toxic gases; slow-growing. Green leaves and red berries, very beautiful. Suitable for foundation planting. Broussonetia papyrifera Vent. (Paper mulberry) - Moraceae - Umbrella-shaped - Evergreen tree; leaves huge, soft and thin; branches spreading in all directions; attractive form

Ulmus parvifolia (Chinese elm) - Ulmaceae - Umbrella-shaped - Deciduous broadleaf tree; prefers warm, humid climate; tolerant of drought and poor soil; deep-rooted; fast-growing; long-lived; resistant to smoke, dust and toxic gases; strong dust-retention capacity

Juniperus chinensis Linn (Chinese juniper) - Cupressaceae - Conical - Medium evergreen tree; branches densely grown; dark green; robust growth; suitable for pruning; beautiful tree form

Pittosporum tobira (Japanese pittosporum) - Pittosporaceae - Round - White flowers fragrant; blooms in May. Suitable for foundation planting, hedges or potted plants. Phoenix dactylifera Linn (Date palm) - Arecaceae - Umbrella-shaped - Trunk suckering; up to 20-25 m tall; leaves grayish-white with arching curves; robust growth; beautiful tree form

Salix matsudana (Hankow willow) - Salicaceae - Umbrella-shaped - Suitable as a shade tree, street tree and bank-protection tree

Albizia julibrissin (Silk tree) - Mimosaceae - Umbrella-shaped - Flowers pink; June to July; suitable as a shade ornamental tree and street tree

Pinus thunbergii Parl. (Black pine) - Pinaceae - Conical - Evergreen tree; bark grayish-brown; branchlets orange-yellow; needles hard, in clusters of two; long-lived

Prunus cerasifera f. atropurpurea (Purple-leaf plum) - Rosaceae - Umbrella-shaped - Deciduous small tree; branchlets smooth, reddish-brown; leaves ovate, entirely purplish-red; small pale pink flowers in April; drupe purple. Suitable for both specimen and group planting, as a contrasting background.

Washingtonia filifera Wend. (California fan palm) - Arecaceae - Umbrella-shaped - Single cylindrical trunk, swollen at the base, up to 4-8 m tall; leaf blade fan-shaped and round; robust growth; beautiful tree form{Maintenance measures for the southern plant date palm}.

Sophora japonica (Japanese pagoda tree) - Fabaceae - Umbrella-shaped - Branches and leaves dense; crown broad; suitable as a shade tree and street tree

Cassia glauca Lam. (Glaucous cassia) - Fabaceae - Round - Deciduous tree; even-pinnate compound leaves; flowers yellow; fast-growing; beautiful tree form

Acer negundo (Box elder) - Aceraceae - Umbrella-shaped - Deciduous broadleaf tree; prefers fertile soil and a cool, humid climate; tolerant of smoke and dust, dry cold, and light salinity-alkalinity; tolerant of pruning; autumn leaves yellow

Acer palmatum (Japanese maple) - Aceraceae - Umbrella-shaped - Leaves elegant; autumn leaves red. Suitable for courtyard viewing and potted plants.

Pseudolarix amabilis Rehd. (Golden larch) - Pinaceae - Oval tower-shaped - Evergreen tree; branches and leaves well-spaced; leaves linear, alternate on long shoots, small leaves radiating; tree form vigorous and upright.

Hyophorbe amaricaulis Mart. (Bottle palm) - Arecaceae - Umbrella-shaped - Trunk about 3 m tall, base oval and swollen, forming a bottle shape; very beautiful form

Citrus reticulata (Mandarin orange) - Rutaceae - Round - Flowers white; fruit yellow-green, fragrant. Suitable for group planting.

Melia azedarach Linn. (Chinaberry) - Meliaceae - Round - Deciduous tree; bark grayish-brown; bipinnate odd-pinnate compound leaves; flowers purple; fast-growing

Serissa serissoides (Snowrose) - Rubiaceae - Round - Evergreen small shrub. Leaf color dark green; flowers snow-white, slightly pale pink. Branches and leaves slender, fine texture; suitable for potted plants, low hedges, ground cover, flower beds and pruning into shapes.

Juniperus chinensis var. Kaizuka Hort (Dragon juniper) - Cupressaceae - Upright tower-shaped - Medium evergreen tree; branches densely grown; dark green; robust growth; very long-lived; very beautiful tree form

S. j. cv. Pendula (Weeping pagoda tree) - Fabaceae - Umbrella-shaped - Branches pendulous; suitable for courtyard viewing, planted in pairs or rows

S. m. cv. Tortuosa (Corkscrew willow) - Salicaceae - Round - Branches twisted like a roaming dragon; suitable as a shade tree and ornamental tree

Phoenix roebelenii Brien. (Pygmy date palm) - Arecaceae - Umbrella-shaped - Trunk upright, 2 m tall; petioles thin and small; leaflets alternate or opposite; an excellent variety with beautiful leaves

Podocarpus macrophyllus D. Don (Buddhist pine) - Podocarpaceae - Long conical - Evergreen tree; elegant and simple form; can be pruned as high-grade bonsai material, or shaped into round, conical or tiered forms for courtyard landscaping and beautification.

Pinus massoniana Lamb. (Masson pine) - Pinaceae - Umbrella-shaped - Evergreen tree; trunk bark reddish-brown; winter buds brown; large trees majestic

Nandina domestica (Heavenly bamboo) - Berberidaceae - Umbrella-shaped - Branches and leaves elegant; red berries in autumn and winter; courtyard viewing; can be group-planted or potted. Araucaria excelsa Br. (Norfolk Island pine) - Araucariaceae - Conical - Evergreen coniferous tree; branches whorled, lower ones pendulous; leaves dark green; beautiful tree form; robust growth

Ligustrum lucidum (Glossy privet) - Oleaceae - Oval - Flowers white; blooms in June. Suitable as a hedge or street tree.

Livistona chinensis R. Br. (Chinese fan palm) - Arecaceae - Umbrella-shaped - Trunk upright, up to 6-12 m tall; leaves round; petiole margins spiny; luxuriant growth; elegant form

Juniperus chinensis cv. Globosa (Dwarf Japanese juniper) - Cupressaceae - Broadly round - Shrub; no main trunk; branches clustered.

Acer serrulatum (Taiwan maple) - Aceraceae - Umbrella-shaped conical - Deciduous tree. Trunk upright. Tree form light and graceful; can be trained into noble bonsai; an elegant street tree, landscape tree and forest-bathing tree.

Buxus bodinieri (Bodinier's box) - Buxaceae - Oval - Branches and leaves fine and dense; suitable for courtyard viewing. Can be group-planted, used as a hedge or potted. Cryptomeria japonica D. Don (Japanese cedar) - Taxodiaceae - Conical, oval, round - Evergreen tree. Branches whorled, graceful

Chapter Eight: "Cultivation and Maintenance of Arecaceae Plants"

Arecaceae is a very distinctive group of evergreen plants in the class Monocotyledoneae; their stems are solitary or clustered, upright or climbing; leaves clustered at the top of the stem; root systems well-developed; tolerant of drought and poor soil; strongly resistant to pests and diseases; and they produce outstanding effects when used to create tropical-style garden landscapes. This section will introduce their introduction, transplanting and disease control.

Brief Introduction to the Introduction Process

There are 183 genera and about 2,400 species of Arecaceae plants worldwide, widely distributed in tropical and subtropical humid regions of the world. High temperature and high humidity are important conditions for the normal growth and development of most palm plants; a few palm plants have unique adaptability to adverse environments, such as the silver date palm (wild date palm) distributed in extremely arid areas at the edge of deserts, and quite a few palm species that can withstand long-term water immersion, such as the swamp palm. Most palm plants are rich in fiber, with tough stems and well-developed root systems, and have strong wind resistance, such as the Alexandra palm and the Chinese fan palm.

Since the 1940s, in the construction of numerous tropical and subtropical cities around the world, the landscape effects of palm plants have been recognized, and they have been used as key species for urban greening and beautification, such as in Miami in the United States, Jakarta in India, Bangkok in Thailand, as well as Cape Town in South Africa and Singapore.

Some landscaping companies in Guangdong began the work of introducing and applying palm plants in the early 1980s. Over the following more than twenty years, southern provinces and regions such as Guangxi, Fujian and Yunnan, and later Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Shanghai, Chongqing and Yunnan, successively set off a wave of introducing, producing and applying palms.

Several units led by the Guangdong Palm Landscape Company, based on theories of plant geography and ecology, through observational research on the growth and mortality rates of introduced and acclimatized Arecaceae plants, found that plants native to the Northern Hemisphere generally have cold-tolerance potential because they experienced ancient glacial climates, while species native to high latitudes and high altitudes in the Southern Hemisphere also have relatively strong cold tolerance. Through research on the cold tolerance and cold-tolerance mechanisms of palm plants, researchers found that the main factors affecting introduction and acclimatization are: temperature, light, humidity, water and soil. The most significant effect of the temperature factor is governing plant growth and development; low winter temperatures are the leading factor affecting the success or failure of palm plant introduction and acclimatization; through research on salt tolerance and shade tolerance of palms, researchers screened out a batch of varieties with relatively strong saline-alkaline tolerance and shade tolerance; at the same time, through the control of pests and diseases such as palm Phytophthora blight, coconut leaf beetle and red palm weevil, the incidence of palm pests and diseases was greatly reduced. In addition, researchers also studied the mechanism of palm seed germination, summarized and invented techniques for accelerating palm seed germination, mastered the techniques for whole-crown transplanting of palm plants and cultivation of large-specification container seedlings, and did effective work on techniques such as soil improvement and winter cold protection and preservation.

At present, researchers have screened and promoted about 80 species of palm plants in South China, including the royal palm, Chinese fan palm, broadleaf lady palm, South China palm and fishtail palm; the Arecaceae plants successfully applied in Shanghai and surrounding areas mainly include the Butia palm, hairy Washington palm, Canary Island date palm and Washington palm, more than ten species in total, and the related research techniques have been appraised by experts as having reached the world's advanced level.

Taking the Washington palm as an example

On the Occurrence and Control of Phytophthora Blight

Damage and General Symptoms of Palm Phytophthora Blight

This disease often occurs and causes damage on palm plants such as the royal palm, large Chinese fan palm, Washington palm, Mexican fan palm and Canary Island date palm; the heart leaves of affected plants cannot emerge normally, new leaves shrink and dry up, and in severe cases the entire plant withers in patches. The pathogen of Phytophthora blight is caused by Phytophthora and can be identified by incubation in an incubator. The pathogen mainly overwinters in soil or on diseased plant residues. The pathogen spreads through watering, rain splashing and air movement.

Occurrence Pattern of Washington Palm Phytophthora Blight

This disease occurs during periods of high temperature and high humidity in summer and autumn. When there is drought followed by rain, or poor management after transplanting, such as heavy watering, soil moisture content

suddenly increases, ventilation is poor, or plants are located in drafty positions, they are prone to infection. The disease is severe in low-lying, poorly drained and continuous-cropping plots. In addition, the disease is often related to severe root injury caused when digging seedlings and then long-distance transport.

When it occurs, the base of the unexpanded young heart leaf rots, and the leaf turns grayish-green and droops, and it can be pulled out with slight force. When the stem is dissected, the growing point and even the entire heart of the plant can be seen to have mushy secretions with a foul odor, and white mold-like growth can appear on the infected tissue. In severely affected plants, the roots are also often seen to be damaged, with the main symptoms being blackened, rotting roots and an abnormal smell

odor. This disease mainly occurs at the seedling stage and in nurseries; adult trees planted in green spaces are less commonly affected.

Symptoms

In recent years, the damage has been relatively severe in nursery plots. In the early stage of the disease, yellowish-brown water-soaked lesions first appear near the ground, and the lesions rapidly expand and are slightly sunken; when moist, the surface is densely covered with white cottony mold, and the diseased part rots and smells foul. When it occurs on leaves, the diseased part is yellowish-brown, and white mold grows under moist conditions. When it occurs on stems, it is initially dark green, then expands, becomes moist and soft, and in the later stage the upper part appears withered. This disease can harm the entire palm plant. Sometimes purulent liquid oozes when the root system and stem are cut open, and in severe cases the edges of the veins of young leaves bear large amounts of grayish-black mycelium. Phytophthora blight is a vascular bundle disease; in severe cases the entire plant wilts, droops and dries up until death, with a high mortality rate.

According to surveys, the peak period of this disease is mostly during high temperature and high humidity periods, that is, the optimum temperature is 27°C to 35°C. For example, in 2006, the disease period in coastal areas near the Pearl River Delta was July to October, in Xiamen August to November, in Shanghai June to September (also occurring in early spring), and in the mountainous areas of western Pearl River Delta August to November, but in all places the disease could be seen within 1 to 2 months after typhoons and rainstorms, sometimes occurring sporadically and sometimes appearing in patches.

Control Methods

I. Preventive Cultivation Measures

1. Pay attention to ventilation, drying and drainage in the nursery; moderately prune leaves in autumn and winter each year, and dig pits and earth up the planting site to keep the nursery dry. At ordinary times, increase the application of potassium fertilizer, and also apply quicklime and superphosphate separately, to enhance the density of plant tissues and resistance to infection, and improve the disease resistance of plants.

2. Choose a good plot; select loam or sandy loam plots with high terrain and good drainage for planting.

3. Implement crop rotation; plots where Washington palms have been planted require rotation of three to four years or more.

4. Strengthen field management, increase the application of organic fertilizer, promote robust plant growth with deep roots and luxuriant leaves, and improve resistance. Implement high-ridge (bed) cultivation. Appropriately control watering during the rainy season, drain water promptly after rain so that the ground dries after rain; water promptly in drought, and strictly prohibit flooding irrigation when watering, and do it on sunny afternoons or in the evening.

5. Achieve prevention first and integrated control. Observe regularly at ordinary times, often prune dead branches and fallen leaves, and when diseased plants are found, clean them up promptly, bury them deeply or burn them, and disinfect the diseased holes with lime.

II. Chemical Control

One to two months before the onset of disease in summer and during the disease period, use 64% oxadixyl + folpet wettable powder (1:500 to 600), 80% fosetyl-aluminum (1:400), or other hymexazol-type products such as carbendazim, i.e. hydroxyisoxazole (usual amount 600 to 700 times), lime-sulfur mixture (1:1:100), dexon (500 times), etc. for control. Specific control methods: when transplanting Washington palms, first spray the planting site and Washington palm roots with 600 to 700 times hydroxyisoxazole solution, or first dig pits and expose them to the sun for sterilization on consecutive sunny days, or spread lime powder for disinfection, or use 500 times dexon solution for soil disinfection.

After a typhoon, promptly spray oxadixyl + folpet (better) or fosetyl-aluminum (prone to resistance), adding 0.4% washing powder, and pour into the heart or spray for both prevention and treatment. You can also spray 80% mancozeb 700 times solution, once every 7 to 10 days, spraying two or three times in succession, which can effectively prevent and control the occurrence of Phytophthora blight. After taking this measure, the incidence rate of Washington palms and hairy Washington palms at the Shanghai base of Guangdong Palm Landscape Company has dropped from 20% in 2004 to below 10%.

Control Experience

The control effect of using carbendazim and the like is not obvious. In the early stage of plant disease, if all leaves are cut off and the plant is transplanted elsewhere, about 30% can successively revive after 2 to 3 years, but the growth is relatively poor.

It is understood that this disease rarely occurs in high-temperature dry areas such as Los Angeles, so this disease is related to high temperature and high humidity, and the infection route is through surface water, groundwater and rainwater, etc. When the root system, trunk and leaves of the plant are damaged, the pathogen invades and multiplies massively when water is sufficient, ultimately causing blockage of the vascular conductive tissue, and the plant wilts and dies from water loss. The heart rot disease introduced in some literature is actually also Phytophthora blight, only occurring at the heart leaf site.

This disease is different from anthracnose, which occurs on leaves and appears as small water-soaked spots at onset, then expands into larger lesions and is easily found, and can generally be controlled with agents such as carbendazim. As for leaf spot disease, it refers to diseases occurring on leaves, with common pathogens being Phyllosticta and Pestalotiopsis, etc., often causing leaf blight, but anthracnose and leaf spot disease rarely cause plant death. Transplanting Techniques for Large Single-Trunk Seedlings

Preparation Before Transplanting

1. Root pruning should be carried out in advance on seedlings to be transplanted; after root pruning, the soil ball size should be twice the ground diameter, and the root pruning depth should be 50 cm to 60 cm. Stones and broken roots should be removed from the root-pruned soil and it should be backfilled promptly, with good moisture retention: the purpose is to toughen the adaptability of the seedling and promote new root growth. After root pruning, it is best to keep it for more than 30 days, and transplant only when new roots begin to sprout. If heeled-in seedlings are used, the effect is even better.

2. Dig holes and prepare the soil. Dig holes at the planting site 20 days before transplanting; the hole specification is generally 1.5 times the soil ball. Let the soil from the holes be exposed to the sun in the open for a period; the backfill soil is best a pre-prepared mixed soil: pond mud + farmyard manure or mushroom soil + an appropriate amount of decomposed phosphate fertilizer + an appropriate amount of river sand, with sand:soil at 4:6.

Planting Time

In the Pearl River Delta region, transplanting can be done throughout the year, with spring and autumn being the best, and summer and winter should be avoided as much as possible, especially January and July. Most Arecaceae plants like warmth and moisture; in summer temperatures are high, seedlings evaporate water quickly, easily causing excessive water loss and affecting survival; in winter temperatures are low, some places even have frost, and strong north winds easily cause frostbite or even death of seedlings.

Moving Seedlings

Some large single-trunk Arecaceae seedlings have relatively thick stems, the workload of moving seedlings is large, and seedlings are very easily injured; therefore, when moving seedlings, the trunk should be wrapped with burlap sacks or rice straw, especially the green wrapped trunk part at the boundary between the trunk and the petiole. This both protects the trunk and retains moisture and prevents sunburn. In addition, when lifting seedlings, prune leaves at the same time, remove old leaves and retain 40% to 45% of the leaves (specifically depending on tree vigor). At the same time, cut off the leaves together with the petiole by 1/5, to minimize water evaporation.

Planting

It is best to plant seedlings on the same day they are dug; if the time is too long, seedlings evaporate a lot of water, and survival is easily affected by water loss. If they cannot all be planted on the same day, cover them with shade netting and spray a small amount of water on the leaf surfaces every day, and do good shading and moisture retention.

1. Backfilling soil After the seedling is positioned, backfill soil immediately. When the backfill reaches half the height of the soil ball, first compact the loose soil. After backfilling is complete, make the soil mound into a "water storage basin" with slightly higher surroundings and a slightly lower middle, to facilitate watering and moisture retention.

2. Watering Immediately after backfilling, water thoroughly to settle the roots; before watering, first use bamboo poles, etc. to poke and firm the loose soil around the soil ball until the loose soil no longer sinks.

3. Fixing There are many kinds of supports; using three bamboo poles to form a triangular support is the most economical and practical one. The tying height is at 2/3 of the trunk.

Post-Planting Management

1. Moisture retention Spray the leaves and trunk wrapping twice a day, except on rainy days, to the extent that the leaves and trunk wrapping are moistened. Do not water the roots, because excess water will flow downward, and water accumulation will cause root rot. Cover the area around the tree base with rice straw to prevent sunburn, prevent excessive soil temperature differences from causing soil compaction, and keep the soil around the soil ball loose, moist and aerated, which is conducive to the sprouting of new roots.

2. Wind protection Because transplanted large single-trunk palm plants are generally relatively tall, and after transplanting are often affected by thunderstorms and strong winds, the supports should be checked regularly after planting to see whether they have loosened; especially after strong winds, if the trunk is found to be leaning, it should be straightened and tied promptly.

3. Topdressing About one month after planting, urea water can be used for foliar topdressing by spraying, with topdressing about once every half a month. After the first new leaf grows and matures, use fully decomposed peanut bran for hole fertilization. Open a ring-shaped trench outside the edge of the soil ball, with a trench width and depth of 30 cm each, and mix the fertilizer and backfill soil evenly.

4. Pest and disease control Newly transplanted large single-trunk Arecaceae seedlings are relatively weak in tree vigor and are very susceptible to pests and diseases, especially young leaves and heart leaves. For insect control, 5% methamidophos plus 5% omethoate can be applied. At present, the invasive pest "coconut leaf beetle" is quite seriously harmful to Arecaceae plants; adults and larvae concentrate in the overlapping spaces of unexpanded heart leaves and gnaw the leaf flesh, causing part or all of the newly emerged leaves to die, and affected plants grow slowly or even die. The control methods include the following: ① 81% malathion emulsifiable concentrate 1000 times solution; ② cypermethrin 500 times solution; ③ use "Ye Jia Qing", all of which can achieve good control effects. According to actual operation, the author believes that the simplest, most convenient and long-lasting method is to hang a packet of "Ye Jia Qing" on the heart leaf in combination with tying during planting for control.

For large single-trunk Arecaceae seedlings, about one month after planting, whether they have survived can be roughly determined according to whether their leaves remain green, but to truly determine survival, it is generally necessary to wait until after one growing season, using whether new shoots and new roots have emerged as the standard. After the author adopted the above transplanting techniques in construction, the transplanting survival rate increased from the original 75% to more than 90%, and the above techniques are highly operable and worth promoting and applying.

Transplanting Techniques for Seedlings, Large Trees and Clustered Seedlings

Key Techniques for Transplanting Seedlings

Palm plants are most suitable for transplanting for a period after they germinate and take root. At this time the seedlings are relatively small and can be transplanted with seeds, and moreover have few fibrous roots, so the root system is not easily damaged when moving seedlings. Use nutritional bags for seedling raising; the size depends on the time for cultivating the seedlings. Generally speaking, for 1-year-old seedlings, 16 cm x 18 cm containers are suitable, and for 2-year-old seedlings, 19 cm x 20 cm; nutritional bags that are too small are not conducive to rapid seedling growth. The nutritional soil is prepared with loose topsoil, burnt soil and wheat bran, mixed evenly in a 5:2:1 ratio with a small amount of phosphate fertilizer, and then bagged. First fill half the bag with mixed soil, then place the seedling, then straighten the seedling and fill it full and compact it, so that the seedling root system and the mixed soil are closely attached, and then water thoroughly. Palm plants cannot be planted too deep, otherwise it will affect seedling growth. If too deep, the seedling should be lifted upward so that the seedling root system spreads out.

Key Techniques for Transplanting Large Trees

Arecaceae plants are cultivated in nurseries for 5 to 10 years, and most require several times of bed-to-bed transplanting; therefore, selecting sparse-planted strong seedlings results in a relatively high survival rate.

Reduce damage to the root mass Palm plant root systems are tender in tissue, with many lateral roots and capillary roots; when digging, carry as large a soil ball as possible and prevent it from loosening and cracking. Minimize the degree of root mass damage so as to maintain normal respiration and water absorption capacity and improve the transplanting survival rate. During construction, accurately set out lines and fix holes to avoid rework and prevent the soil ball from loosening.

Leaf pruning The amount of leaves retained during transplanting should be comprehensively determined according to different species, the climate at the time of transplanting, and transplanting and maintenance conditions.

Generally, about 40% of the original leaf number should be retained. Retaining too many leaves will cause leaves to yellow and dry due to large water evaporation; retaining too few leaves makes plant recovery difficult and the cycle long, and the initial landscape effect is also poor.

Protect the plant stem and its pseudostem During the processes of digging, carrying, loading and unloading the plant, the stem should be protected from damage, and the pseudostem part should not be squeezed or bent; this is the guarantee for plant health and rapid recovery.

Soil at the new planting site Palm plants suffer root tip damage during transplanting, and it is difficult for new root tips to sprout within one month after transplanting, so water absorption capacity is weak. At this time, if the soil has good permeability and aeration, it is conducive to seedling survival; therefore, when planting, large holes should be dug and attention paid to the quality of imported soil, adding peat soil and compound fertilizer to facilitate palm recovery after planting.

Maintenance Within one month after planting, plants have poor adaptability, and seedlings should be carefully maintained; be sure to replenish water promptly and provide appropriate shading, and strive to have new leaves sprout within three months. If there is continuous rainy weather for several days after transplanting, palm seedlings will recover relatively well, because rainy days can avoid the effects of adverse factors such as scorching sun exposure.

Key Techniques for Transplanting Large Clustered Seedlings

Clustered species of palms have multiple growing points. Once they form a multi-stemmed clumping habit, they can grow new roots relatively quickly after transplanting. However, clustered palms also have drawbacks: their heavy trunks and large leaf area cause high water evaporation, and their poor wind permeability makes them vulnerable to strong winds. Therefore, in addition to the measures used for transplanting single-stem palms, the following technical measures should be added:

1. Implement the "fibrous root method" of transplanting: after digging out a relatively large root ball, use a small shovel to remove part of the soil along the outer edge of the root ball, retaining more fibrous roots and a moderate root ball, then immediately wrap it with a lightweight moisture-retaining material to reduce the weight of the root ball while ensuring survival. For example, this method can be used for transplanting slow-to-recover clustered palms such as the fishbone palm (Caryota) and the three-stemmed areca palm (Areca triandra).

2. Implement bare-root heeling-in or pot planting for centralized care until new roots sprout and the plant is stable before formal planting. This method is suitable for robust clustered palms such as the areca palm (Dypsis lutescens), the strange wrinkled-seed palm, and the Hawaiian bamboo palm (Chamaedorea), reducing transport costs and facilitating construction.

In summary, for transplanting large seedlings and mature trees of palms, in brief, five aspects should be well managed: selecting strong seedlings; digging good root balls and careful transport; moderate pruning of leaves; ensuring good aeration and drainage at the planting site; and carrying out post-planting care including sun protection and moisture retention. The sign of successful transplanting of large seedlings and mature trees is being able to retain most leaves and sprout new leaves within half a year after planting, with the sprouting of three healthy new leaves being complete transplanting success.

Drainage: First understand the hydrological conditions of the planting site. Try to place the bottom of the root ball at a position 100-150CM above the year-round groundwater level of the planting site, in a location with deep fertile soil. At the same time, a drainage layer for the root ball underground and a surface runoff drainage network should be established to prevent water accumulation around the root ball after planting. If hydrological conditions do not meet the requirements, the raised root ball planting method can be used, that is, using loose media mixed with fertile soil or coarse sand to first build up the planting site as high as possible to meet the above requirements, then place the plant on the mound and fill around the root ball with mixed loose soil or planting soil mixed with humus. Remove debris from the soil around the planting site, or appropriately improve the soil with loose media, to achieve loose and breathable conditions for the plant roots. Strengthen inspections during the rainy season, promptly clear drainage facilities and appropriately loosen the soil around the roots to prevent waterlogging and drain accumulated water. Moisture retention: After planting, immediately water once with settling water to ensure the root ball roots are moist and closely integrated with the surrounding soil, promoting root development. Then water three more times thoroughly and promptly cover the root ball to prevent the surface soil from cracking. In hot summer, spray water on the ground and canopy more often to increase environmental humidity and reduce transpiration. Leaf moisture retention treatments include: a. Newly planted seedlings should have their leaves appropriately pruned to reduce the transpiration area of the leaves; b. Appropriately spray anti-transpirants on the leaves to inhibit the plant's physiological metabolism and reduce physiological water loss; c. In sunny weather, spray atomized water on the leaves as much as possible to enhance leaf water absorption and weaken transpiration; check the moisture status of the root ball and roots at any time and replenish water promptly to ensure the root ball remains moist and the roots can breathe freely. Fertilization: After planting, in addition to moisture retention, appropriately spray low-concentration foliar fertilizer to strengthen post-planting nutrient supplementation. Frequently check the root sprouting status of the plant. If new roots are found, consider increasing root fertilization. Generally choose the season when the monthly average temperature is above 2O°C, apply organic fertilizer as the main type, and appropriately add compound fertilizer with high P and K content to promote balanced nutrition and ensure rapid recovery and healthy growth. Pest and disease control: Spray pesticides to prevent pests and diseases before the seedlings leave the nursery. After arriving at the site, spray the plants before unloading, and ensure three consecutive pesticide applications at intervals of one week to ten days within one month after planting. Afterwards, a reasonable pest and disease control plan should also be formulated. Special

Chapter Nine: "Maintenance Plan"

Sidalien (Nanjing) Optoelectronics Co., Ltd. Greening

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Nanjing Gensen Flowers and Trees Co., Ltd.

October 8, 2010

Project Overview

"Sidalien (Nanjing) Optoelectronics Co., Ltd." is located at No. 31 Hengfei Road, Nanjing Economic and Technological Development Zone, with a green area of 28,186 sq m. The plant configuration in the factory greening is relatively reasonable, with rich colors and obvious seasonal changes, forming a distinct layered and natural ecological plant community, basically showing the natural landscape of plants. The configuration of flowering shrubs and hedges between the factory buildings gives each factory area a different landscape style. Dozens of plant species are planted in the factory area, including camphor trees (Cinnamomum camphora), southern magnolias (Magnolia grandiflora), zelkova trees (Zelkova serrata), osmanthus (Osmanthus fragrans), and crape myrtles (Lagerstroemia indica). Among them are a boulevard composed of large-sized camphor trees, and scenic spots at the gatehouse composed of ancient red maples, pomegranates, Malus spectabilis, ginkgos, and Canary Island date palms (Phoenix canariensis).

In view of the existing situation of the factory greening landscape, we believe that the initial construction was relatively extensive, with insufficient understanding of plant habits. In particular, the replacement of planting soil in the green areas was not done properly, and in some areas the garbage soil was not replaced, resulting in poor plant growth.

Greening Maintenance Plan Schedule

January (Minor Cold, Major Cold)

1. Shaping and pruning of fruit trees.

2. Frequently check cold protection equipment, facilities and seedling cold protection wrappings.

3. Plow the soil for winter cultivation, apply sufficient winter fertilizer.

4. Prune dead, damaged, diseased and pest-infested branches, thoroughly remove overwintering bagworm cases, slug moth cocoons and latent overwintering pests.

February (Start of Spring, Rain Water)

1. Continue winter pruning of deciduous trees and fruit trees.

2. Continue pruning diseased and pest-infested branches, and observe the occurrence of pests and diseases (such as cottony cushion scale, globular scale, etc.).

3. Continue collecting fertilizer and making compost, prepare culture soil, continue applying winter fertilizer to various deciduous trees. March (Awakening of Insects, Spring Equinox)

As the weather gradually warms, many pests and diseases are about to occur. Maintain and repair various pest and disease control equipment and prepare medicines. Pay attention to the occurrence of aphids and globular scale, and achieve timely control. April (Clear and Bright, Grain Rain)

1. Carry out control of pests such as scale insects, mites, cutworms, white grubs, mole crickets and diseases such as powdery mildew and rust.

2. Do well in loosening soil, weeding, and pre-flowering fertilization. Apply dilute fertilizer weekly to perennial flowers and spring-sown herbaceous flowers.

3. Do well in bud removal and pruning of trees. Remove excess tender buds and improperly positioned branches at any time.

4. Clear and repair the drainage system.

May (Start of Summer, Grain Full)

1. Carry out post-flowering pruning of spring-flowering shrubs and hedge pruning. According to technical operation requirements, carry out bud removal and pruning of trees, and prune and remove root sprouts of small seedlings at any time.

2. Continue to strengthen tree maintenance and management, do well in replanting, thinning and final planting of seedlings, increase supplementary fertilization and frequently apply dilute fertilizer.

3. This month the temperature gradually rises, and pests and diseases greatly harm trees and flowers. Attention should be paid to pest forecasting and prevention and disease control work.

4. Carry out lawn mowing and continue to remove weeds from the lawn.

June (Grain in Ear, Summer Solstice)

1. This month enters the plum rain season, with high temperature and high humidity. Replanting should be carried out promptly.

2. Carry out post-flowering pruning and fertilization of flowering shrubs, and pinching and pruning of some spring-sown herbaceous flowers.

3. Continue to remove weeds and continue mowing.

4. Do well in pest and disease control. This month focus on controlling bagworms, slug moths, tussock moths, inchworms, wax scales and other pests, as well as leaf spot disease, anthracnose, and sooty mold.

July (Minor Heat, Major Heat)

1. This month the weather is hot, weeds grow quickly. Continue intertillage weeding and loosening the soil.

2. Bagworms, slug moths, longhorn beetles, wax scales, armored scales, second-generation cottony cushion scale, mites and other pests occur in large numbers. Attention should be paid to their control, while continuing to control anthracnose, powdery mildew, leaf spot disease, etc.

3. During the dog days with high temperature and little rain, irrigation is needed to combat drought. This month is also a month with more heavy rain, so attention should be paid to waterlogging prevention.

4. This month enters the typhoon and tidal flood season. Do well in typhoon and flood prevention work, conduct frequent inspections, and promptly right wind-toppled trees.

August (Start of Autumn, End of Heat)

1. Continue intertillage weeding and loosening the soil.

2. Continue to do well in drought prevention and drainage work to ensure normal growth of seedlings.

3. This month seedlings grow vigorously. Apply supplementary fertilizer promptly. For small seedlings, apply dilute fertilizer frequently.

4. Continue to do well in typhoon and flood prevention work, and promptly right wind-toppled trees when found.

5. Continue to do well in pest and disease control work. Earnestly control major pests harmful to trees (bagworms, second-generation slug moths, longhorn beetles, mites, etc.) and major diseases (powdery mildew, anthracnose, leaf spot disease, etc.).

September (White Dew, Autumn Equinox)

1. Continue to do well in pest and disease elimination work; in particular, frequently check the occurrence of aphids, wood moth, etc. Once found, control immediately.

2. Continue intertillage weeding, continue to remove lawn weeds, carry out lawn mowing, and carry out shaping and pruning of topiary balls, hedges, etc.

3. Continue to do well in pest and disease control work. In particular, check the occurrence of more common pests and diseases such as aphids, bagworms, slug moths, brown spot disease and sooty mold on flowering shrubs, and control them promptly.

October (Cold Dew, Frost Descent)

1. Do well in pest and disease control work, eliminate various adult insects and eggs.

2. Continue intertillage weeding.

3. After seedlings stop growing, check the survival rate, ascertain the inventory, and ensure the smooth progress of winter and spring greening work.

November (Start of Winter, Minor Snow)

1. Do well in cold protection work. Whitewash some trees, or wrap them with straw rope.

2. Carry out winter tree pruning, cut off diseased branches, dead branches; egg-bearing branches and competing branches, excessive