What are the key points to note when growing Duranta repens (golden dewdrop) as a bonsai?
Pruning: Duranta repens is fairly tolerant of pruning. Regular pruning helps with the plant's ventilation and light penetration and with shaping the plant. When pruning, you can do it in spring together with repotting, and you should cut away some of the weak and diseased branches of Duranta repens to promote better growth. After Duranta repens blooms, if you want to keep the fruit, then do not prune
Pruning
Duranta repens is fairly tolerant of pruning. Regular pruning helps with the plant's ventilation and light penetration and with shaping the plant. When pruning, you can do it in spring together with repotting, and you should cut away some of the weak and diseased branches of Duranta repens to promote better growth. After Duranta repens blooms, if you want to keep the fruit, then do not prune; if you do not need to keep the fruit, you can cut off the flower clusters, so that it will branch again and bloom again.
Repotting
Duranta repens can be repotted once every 1 to 2 years in spring, and some fresh soil can be replaced at the same time as repotting. Pests and diseases: the common pests and diseases of Duranta repens are mainly sunscald as well as damage from caterpillars and aphids.
Duranta repens Duranta repens illustrated guide: how to grow Duranta repens / how to propagate Duranta repens
Duranta repens profileDuranta repens
How to grow Duranta repens and points to note: an introduction to Duranta repens
Duranta repens belongs to the Verbenaceae family, genus Duranta. It is native to Mexico, Brazil and the Indian Ocean islands. Evergreen shrub. Branches long, drooping or prostrate, two leaves opposite, ovate-elliptic or obovate, apex shortly pointed or rounded, base wedge-shaped, margin serrate above the middle. Racemes axillary, arranged into a terminal panicle, usually borne on one side of the rachis, corolla blue-purple or white. Drupe fleshy, ovate, borne in strings enclosed within the calyx lobes, yellow, glossy. Duranta repens is a plant grown for its flowers and fruit. It opens small blue-purple or white flowers all year round, and after autumn the fruit changes colour, borne on drooping long branches, very endearing. It can be grown in pots to decorate halls, and can also be planted in the ground as a garden hedge or clump, planted as a shrub group.
Ornamental classification: foliage plants.
Morphological characteristics: evergreen trailing shrub, flowers blue-purple, flowering in summer, autumn and winter, blooming and fruiting at the same time, drupe yellow and glossy when ripe.
Growth habits: likes light, tolerates partial shade, likes a warm and humid climate, tolerates pruning.
Landscape uses: hedges, ornamentals.
Resource distribution: native to tropical America.
Morphological characteristics of Duranta repens
Duranta repens is an evergreen shrub, with plants 1.5-3 m tall. Branches often drooping, thorny or thornless, young branches hairy. Leaves opposite, rarely whorled; petiole about 1 cm long, pubescent; leaf blade papery, ovate-elliptic, obovate or ovate-lanceolate, 2-6.5 cm long and 1.5-3.5 cm wide, base wedge-shaped, margin serrate above the middle, apex shortly pointed or blunt, pubescent. Racemes terminal or axillary, often arranged in a panicle; calyx tubular, hairy, about 5 mm long, with 5 ribs, apex 5-lobed, apex twisted when in fruit; corolla blue or pale blue-purple, about 8 mm long, apex 5-lobed, lobes spreading, hairy inside and out; style shorter than the corolla tube, ovary hairless, drupe spherical, about 5 mm in diameter, red-yellow when ripe, glossy, completely enclosed within the enlarged persistent calyx. Flowering and fruiting period May-October.
Evergreen shrub. Stems can reach 6 m long, generally 2-3 m long. Much branched, not upright, semi-climbing, branches thorny or thornless. Leaves opposite, margin serrate. Long flowering period, from mid-April to mid-December, opening successively, with May-September as the main flowering period. Flowers small, salverform, blue-purple, quiet and delicate, much loved. Fruit round or nearly ovate, apex beaked, fruiting all year round, with June-November as the peak ripening period.
Ecological habits of Duranta repens
It likes a warm and humid climate and has relatively low cold resistance; when exposed to long-term low temperatures of 5-6°C or short-term frost, the plant suffers cold damage. In the vast areas from northern South China to Central China and North China, it is only suitable for pot cultivation, overwintering in a greenhouse or indoors with protection from the cold, with room temperature not lower than 8°C.
It likes light and also tolerates partial shade. It has strong adaptability to soil, and sandy soil, heavy clay soil, acidic soil or calcareous soil are all suitable. It prefers fertile soil and grows poorly in poor soil. It tolerates waterlogging but not drought.
Whether pot-grown or ground-planted, it is advisable to apply sufficient base fertilizer, and afterwards apply compound fertilizer 1-2 times each year during the vigorous growth period. It has strong sprouting ability, and according to ornamental requirements, the branches can be bent and twisted, or a heavy pruning can be carried out each spring to facilitate the sprouting of new branches that year and avoid a loose, messy crown shape. The old stems can also be cut off to cultivate a stump bonsai.
It likes a warm, sunny, cool and well-ventilated environment. It tolerates slight shade and has poor cold resistance; the overwintering temperature must be above 5°C. It grows well in ordinary soil. It has strong sprouting ability, tolerates pruning, grows fast, and the optimum growth temperature is 18-28°C. In warm weather it can bloom all year round.
Cultivation techniques for Duranta repens: site selection and land preparation
For raising Forsythia (lianqiao) seedlings from seed, it is advisable to choose a wind-sheltered, sunny, well-drained sandy loam or loam with deep, loose and fertile soil, apply 1000 kg of decomposed chicken and sheep manure, 50 kg of superphosphate and 30 kg of diammonium phosphate per 667 sq m, plough deeply and harrow finely, and make raised beds 100-120 cm wide, 20-30 cm high and 5-10 m long; for raising seedlings by cuttings, it is advisable to choose sandy land that is easy to irrigate and has good permeability; for planting, it is advisable to choose a gentle slope facing away from the wind and toward the sun.
Cultivation
Mainly by sowing and raising seedlings, but it can also be propagated by cuttings.
Seeds can be collected all year round; after collection, soak them in water and compost them for about 1 week, and when the fruit skin turns black and becomes rotten, put them in a basket, rub and wash them in water, and float and wash out the seeds. The seed yield rate of the fruit is about 16%, and the 1000-seed weight is about 7.5 grams; after drying slightly, they can be sown. They must not lose water, and must not be sun-dried or stored exposed for a long time. The seeds have no dormant period, so it is best to sow them as soon as they are collected; the temperature during germination needs to be above 20°C, and generally they germinate about 10 days after sowing, with a germination rate of about 50%. Seedlings generally need to be grown for 2 years before they are suitable for potting or leaving the nursery.
Cuttings are taken in late spring and early summer, using 1-2-year-old tender branches, cut into sections 15 cm long each, inserted into a wet sand bed; they can take root after about 1 month, can be planted in the nursery after about 1.5 months, and can leave the nursery the next year or the third year.
For those used for bending branches into shapes, this should be started when the seedlings are in their second year.
Propagation methods of Duranta repens
Mainly by sowing and raising seedlings, but it can also be propagated by cuttings.
Seeds can be collected all year round; after collection, soak them in water and compost them for about 1 week, and when the fruit skin turns black and becomes rotten, put them in a basket, rub and wash them in water, and float and wash out the seeds. The seed yield rate of the fruit is about 16%, and the 1000-seed weight is about 7.5 grams; after drying slightly, they can be sown. They must not lose water, and must not be sun-dried or stored exposed for a long time. The seeds have no dormant period, so it is best to sow them as soon as they are collected; the temperature during germination needs to be above 20°C, and generally they germinate about 10 days after sowing, with a germination rate of about 50%. Seedlings generally need to be grown for 2 years before they are suitable for potting or leaving the nursery.
Cuttings are taken in late spring and early summer, using 1-2-year-old tender branches, cut into sections 15 cm long each, inserted into a wet sand bed; they can take root after about 1 month, can be planted in the nursery after about 1.5 months, and can leave the nursery the next year or the third year. For those used for bending branches into shapes, this should be started when the seedlings are in their second year.
Growing seedlings from seed
In winter, after the fruit turns yellow, wash the seeds clean and dry them in the shade before sowing. They germinate after 2-3 weeks; when they have 2 pairs of true leaves, transplant them into flower pots for growing.
Select excellent individual plants that grow vigorously, have short and thick internodes, dense and plump flowers and fruit, and no pests or diseases as mother plants for seed collection; in September-October, pick the ripe fruit, dry it and thresh it, then store it in sand, that is, dig a storage pit 1.2 m deep and 0.8 m wide (the length depends on the amount of seed), mix the Forsythia (lianqiao) seeds thoroughly with wet sand in a 1:3 ratio, with the sand's moisture such that it forms a ball when squeezed in the hand and crumbles when released, without dripping water.
Then bury the seeds in the pit in layers of soil and sand, with the covering soil slightly higher than the ground; sow in early to mid-March in the south, and in early April in the north; the sowing rate is about 150 kg/hectare; when sowing, open shallow furrows 4-5 cm deep at a row spacing of 25 cm, scatter the seeds evenly into the furrows, cover with 2 cm of soil and press lightly, and seedlings emerge in about 20 days; after the seedlings emerge completely, loosen the soil and weed in time and apply fertilizer.
Thin the seedlings when they are 5-6 cm tall, and thin them a second time when they are 10-15 cm tall. During the seedling stage, loosen the soil and weed frequently, irrigate in good time, and keep the soil moist, but Forsythia (lianqiao) also fears waterlogging, so in the rainy season open ditches in time to drain water, so as to avoid root rot from standing water. During the seedling stage, apply thin fertilizer frequently, each time topdressing 30-75 kg/hectare of urea or 75-100 kg/hectare of ammonium sulfate, to promote the growth of stems, leaves and the plant. Generally after 2 years of cultivation, when the seedlings are over 60 cm tall, they can leave the nursery.
Growing seedlings from cuttings
Both old and young branches can be used as cuttings; inserted in sandy soil and kept at about 80% humidity, they root very easily and have a high survival rate. After rooting, they can be planted in flower pots as single plants or 2-3 plants. If the young plants are cared for in the open air and uneven growth or overly long branches are found, pinch or prune them in time to adjust.
It is advisable to choose a semi-shaded, cool and well-ventilated environment. In summer the light should not be too strong, as it easily scorches the leaves. Prune overly dense branches in time and strengthen water and fertilizer management to encourage the plant to bloom more.
After autumn begins, increase the light and maintain good growth vigour of the plant. After the weather turns cool, it needs to be moved into a greenhouse to overwinter. In April, repot and carry out shaping and pruning; during the growing period it requires sufficient water, and from spring to autumn apply liquid fertilizer once every 10-15 days.
In dry seasons, pay attention to watering to keep the air humid. After flowering, proper pruning should be carried out to facilitate new branching and blooming again.
In early summer, cut 1-2-year-old tender branches from excellent mother plants and cut them into cuttings 20-25 cm long (with 3 nodes). Soak the lower 1/3 of the cuttings in a 500×10E-6 rooting powder (ABT) or indolebutyric acid (IBA) solution for 1 min, take them out and let them dry slightly, then in a previously prepared bed make holes with an iron rod or small wooden stick at a plant and row spacing of 5 cm×20 cm, insert 2/3 of the cutting into the hole, firm the soil and water it; they root and sprout in about 1 month, and in the same year can grow into plants 50 cm tall, and are transplanted to the field the following spring.
Propagation by layering
Forsythia (lianqiao) has many drooping branches, so in spring from March to April the drooping branches on the mother plant can be bent down and pressed into the soil; cut and wound the part entering the soil, bury it with fine soil, and the wounded part will take root and form a new plant; in winter or early the following spring, cut it away from the mother plant and dig up the seedling with roots to transplant to the field.
Propagation by division
Forsythia (lianqiao) has a well-developed root system and extremely strong sprouting ability; after leaf fall in autumn or before sprouting in early spring, the root sucker seedlings around the root zone of the plant can be dug up and transplanted and planted separately.
Disease and pest control of Duranta repens
The common pests and diseases of Duranta repens are mainly aphids, caterpillars and sunscald. For aphids and caterpillars, biological control is the main method; combined with autumn pruning, cut off diseased branches to reduce the occurrence of aphids and caterpillars; a 1000-fold omethoate solution can also be sprayed on the leaves. Sunscald is mainly avoided in the hot summer by avoiding direct strong light, and appropriate water spraying and shading are needed.
Duranta repens should be protected against two insect pests.
(1) Stem borers
The larvae bore into the xylem pith of the stems and cause damage; in severe cases the affected branches cannot bloom or bear fruit, and even the whole plant dies. Control methods: in winter clear away dead branches, fallen leaves and weeds to eliminate overwintering eggs; cut off and burn affected branches in time; use a 500-fold 40% dimethoate emulsifiable concentrate solution or undiluted 80% dichlorvos on a cotton swab to plug the bore holes and poison them.
(2) Snails
They mainly damage flowers and young fruit. Control method: scatter lime powder around the plant in the early morning, or catch and kill them by hand.
Distribution area of Duranta repens
It is native to the tropics of Central and South America, from the West Indies and Mexico to Brazil, and has been introduced and planted in many tropical regions of the world. In China it is widely cultivated in the vast areas from northern South China to Central China and North China.
Ecological environment: commonly cultivated or escaped into the wild in southern China.
Resource distribution: native to tropical America. Produced from Mexico to Brazil and the West Indies; widely cultivated in southern China, and mostly pot-grown in the north.
Medicinal or dietary therapeutic value of Duranta repens
The medical information and health dietary therapy information on Huahua Network is for reference only and cannot be used as a basis for diagnosis or medical treatment. For any health problem, consult professional medical personnel, and for the treatment of any disease, please follow the doctor's advice.
Ultimate flower-protecting mission: to love yourself, start from reality and strictly follow the doctor's advice. For illness, do not be careless, do not delay, do not give up hope, face it bravely, use love to warm the silent world, and use your heart to care for the flower field within.
Medicinal value
Duranta repens is a commonly used bulk medicinal material in China. In autumn, when the fruit is first ripe and still green, it is harvested, impurities removed, steamed and sun-dried, and called "green lianqiao"; when the fruit is fully ripe, it is harvested, dried in the air and impurities removed, and is customarily called "old lianqiao"; the Forsythia (lianqiao) fruit contains forsythol, alcohol compounds, saponins (non-haemolytic) and flavonoid glycosides, lignins, triterpenes, coumarins, etc.; its taste is bitter and its nature slightly cold, and it can dissipate nodules and purge fire, reduce swelling and discharge pus, relieve pain and promote urination; modern pharmacology shows that Forsythia (lianqiao) has antibacterial, antiviral, liver-protecting, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic effects, and is mainly used to treat carbuncles and gangrene, scrofula, breast abscess, erysipelas, wind-heat common cold, the early stage of warm disease, warm-heat entering the nutrient level, high fever with thirst, coma with spots, heat strangury and urinary retention, etc. The fruit is used as medicine to treat malaria, and the leaves can be pounded and applied to treat painful swellings.
Duranta repens (Fujian Chinese Herbal Medicine) [Alternative names] Fanzi thorn, fence tree, foreign thorn, flower wall thorn (Fujian Chinese Herbal Medicine).
[Source] The fruit of the Verbenaceae plant Duranta repens.
[Collection] Can be collected all year round.
[Chemical composition] Contains alkaloids, steroids, glucose and fructose.
[Nature and flavour] Sweet and slightly pungent, warm, slightly toxic.
[Functions and indications - effects of Duranta repens] Treats malaria, induces abortion.
[Cautions and contraindications] Contraindicated for pregnant women.
[Selected formulas]
(1) To treat malaria: 15 to 20 fruits of Duranta repens, taken with boiled water 2 hours before the attack.
(2) To treat chest pain from trauma: 5 qian of fresh Duranta repens, pounded into a paste and taken with hot wine.
Uses and purposes of Duranta repens: ornamental and applications
The racemose fruit clusters of Duranta repens hang at the tips of the branches, orange-red or golden yellow, glossy, like strings of golden grains, long-lasting and not falling off, extremely gorgeous, and it is an important fruit-ornamental plant. It is suitable for planting as hedges, green walls, flower corridors, or climbing on flower trellises, or hanging over stone walls and masonry walls, all very beautiful. The branches are soft and tolerant of pruning, and can be bent into many forms, planted as bonsai, or pruned and cultivated as stump bonsai, with especially good results. The fruit is used as medicine to treat malaria, and the leaves can be pounded and applied to treat painful swellings.
Ornamental value
Duranta repens has a graceful tree form and vigorous growth; in early spring it blooms before the leaves, and has a long flowering period and abundant flowers; when in full bloom the branches are covered in golden yellow and full of fragrance, pleasing to the eye, and it plays an important role in the seasonal changes of early spring. It can be planted as flower hedges, flower clumps, flower borders and flower beds beside houses, at pavilion steps, in wall corners, under hedges or along roadsides, streamsides and pool banks, and is widely used in greening, beautifying and adding fragrance to cities; it is a rare and excellent tree species for sightseeing agriculture and modern landscaping.
The racemose fruit clusters hang at the tips of the branches, orange-red or golden yellow, glossy, like strings of golden grains, long-lasting and not falling off, extremely gorgeous, and it is an important fruit-ornamental plant. It is suitable for planting as hedges, green walls, flower corridors, or climbing on flower trellises, or hanging over stone walls and masonry walls, all very beautiful. The branches are soft and tolerant of pruning, and can be bent into many forms, planted as bonsai, or pruned and cultivated as stump bonsai, with especially good results.
Soil-retaining effect
Duranta repens has a well-developed root system; its main roots, lateral roots and fibrous roots can densely form a network in the soil layer, and its ability to absorb and retain water is strong; the lateral roots are thick and long, and the fibrous roots are numerous and dense, which can pull and fix the soil and prevent soil blocks from sliding; Forsythia (lianqiao) has strong sprouting ability, and the crown coverage increases relatively quickly, which can effectively prevent raindrops from splashing the ground and reduce erosion, and it has a good effect on soil and water conservation; it is an excellent ecological tree species recommended by the state for returning farmland to forest and the best economic plant for controlling soil and water loss on the Loess Plateau.
Development and utilization
In today's society that advocates green, environmental protection and "returning to nature", the development and utilization prospects of Forsythia (lianqiao) are broad. Forsythia (lianqiao) leaf tea has the effect of scavenging free radicals and antioxidation, and as a purely natural medicine for preventing and treating various diseases caused by reactive oxygen species (such as aging, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, high blood lipids, senile dementia and even cancer, etc.) and a new type of natural food antioxidant, it has a wide range of applications; Forsythia (lianqiao) has a long flowering period and its flower colour does not fade for a long time, and it is a yellow food colourant source with abundant resources; Forsythia (lianqiao) is a very good nectar plant, and placing bees during the flowering period can both increase income and raise the cross-pollination rate, which is beneficial to fruit set; Forsythia (lianqiao) seed oil is rich in nutrition and the oil tastes aromatic; under the current situation of rapid growth in China's vegetable oil consumption, developing the oil source from Forsythia (lianqiao) seeds and fully utilizing China's abundant wild oil resources has important practical significance for raising people's living standards and promoting the economic development of mountainous areas.
Landscape uses of Duranta repens: indoor pot cultivation
The racemose fruit clusters of Duranta repens hang at the tips of the branches, orange-red or golden yellow, glossy, like strings of golden grains, long-lasting and not falling off, extremely gorgeous, and it is an important fruit-ornamental plant.
Hedges and topiary
Duranta repens has fine, soft, spreading branches, blue-purple elegant flowers, and blooms continuously all year round; in autumn the fruit is golden yellow, borne on drooping inflorescences, long like strings of golden beads, endearing, and it is an excellent flower- and fruit-ornamental plant. It is suitable for pot cultivation, for decorating halls and meeting rooms, or as a hanging basket for fruit display, and can also be used for group planting as ornamentals in parks and courtyards, or as flower hedges, or planted in colour blocks. Its flowers and fruit can both be used as cut flower material. The fruit can be used medicinally.
Cultural background of Duranta repens: plant toxicity
The ripe golden fruit of Duranta repens hangs on the branches like strings of jewellery, very gorgeous and charming, but this fruit has an abortifacient effect and can induce nasopharyngeal cancer. Landscape experts advise residents not to "keep" this good-looking but toxic plant.
No harm by the roadside, do not plant indoors
In fact, if Duranta repens is planted outdoors and is not touched, picked or eaten by mistake, it is basically harmless to people, but Hu Xiancong, director of the municipal landscape research institute and a senior landscape engineer, also reminds citizens that "if such plants are grown in the home, cancer may be triggered by long-term inhalation of pollen, dust particles and other reasons"; citizens who love growing flowers and plants should not grow cancer-causing plants at home.
The flower language of Duranta repens
The flower language of Duranta repens is evil and witchcraft.
The fruit of Duranta repens is very beautiful, hanging on the branches; when the fruit is ripe it is orange-red or golden yellow and glossy, just like strings of golden jewellery; the fruit lasts a long time and does not fall off, very gorgeous and charming, and it is an important fruit-ornamental plant in the Lingnan region.
It is especially suitable for planting as hedges, flower corridors, green walls and other places, and can also hang over stone walls and masonry walls in the courtyard, all appearing very elegant and beautiful.
The branches are very soft, suitable for making various shapes, and tolerant of pruning, so it can be planted as a bonsai plant. However, although the fruit of Duranta repens is very beautiful and charming, its fruit has an abortifacient effect.
It contains substances that can activate the Epstein-Barr virus, and long-term contact may induce nasopharyngeal cancer, so children must stay away from it.
Duranta repens pictures
Variegated Duranta repens information and variegated Duranta repens pictures
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In today's society that advocates green, environmental protection and “returning to nature”, the development and utilization prospects of variegated Duranta repens are broad, and it has already been widely pot-grown for ornament in Central and North China. Today the editor will briefly introduce the information on variegated Duranta repens and share its pictures with everyone.
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Chinese name: variegated Duranta repens.
Ornamental classification: foliage plants.
Morphological characteristics: evergreen trailing shrub, flowers blue-purple, flowering in summer, autumn and winter, blooming and fruiting at the same time, drupe orange-yellow when ripe, glossy.
Growth habits: likes light, tolerates partial shade, likes a warm and humid climate, tolerates pruning.
Landscape uses: hedges, pot cultivation, ornamentals.
Resource distribution: native from Mexico to Brazil, widely cultivated in southern China, and in Central and North China.
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Variegated Duranta repens is an evergreen shrub or small tree. Plant height 1-3 m, branches drooping or spreading, stems four-angled, green to grey-brown. Leaves opposite, ovate-elliptic or obovate, with coarse spines above the middle, papery, green. Racemes arranged in loose panicles, terminal, flowers small and usually borne on one side of the rachis, salverform, corolla blue-purple or white, flowering period May-October. Drupe fleshy, ovate, golden yellow, borne in strings enclosed within the calyx lobes, glossy. Leaves opposite, with yellow or white blotches, with short petioles, leaf blade ovate-elliptic or obovate, with coloured markings, serrate. Corolla pale purple, racemes terminal or axillary; fruit orange-yellow when ripe.
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Variegated Duranta repens likes high temperatures and tolerates drought. Full sun, likes strong light, tolerates partial shade. Grows fast, tolerates pruning. Propagation is mostly by cuttings or sowing. During the growing period water must be sufficient, and apply liquid fertilizer once every half month or so. Pay attention to maintaining moisture; after flowering, pruning should be carried out to promote branching and blooming again. In the north, it should overwinter in a greenhouse where the temperature must not be lower than 5°C. The optimum growth temperature is 22-30°C.
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Variegated Duranta repens can be propagated by cuttings or air layering, with spring to summer being the suitable period. In spring cut the terminal buds and insert them into a sand bed; they root easily. For the growing medium use fertile loam or sandy loam; drainage must be good and sunlight must be sufficient. From spring to summer topdress once a month; various organic fertilizers or nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium are all ideal. The optimum growth temperature is about 22-30°C.
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Variegated Duranta repens blooms before the leaves in early spring, and has a long flowering period and abundant flowers; in the south it can be pruned into shape, planted in groups on lawns or combined with other tree species, and can also be used as hedges, and can form patterned flower beds with other colourful plants. In the north it can be pot-grown for ornament, suitable for decorating meeting rooms and other places. It can also be planted as flower hedges, flower clumps, flower borders and flower beds beside houses, at pavilion steps, in wall corners, under hedges or along roadsides, streamsides and pool banks, and is widely used in greening, beautifying and adding fragrance to cities; it is a rare and excellent tree species for sightseeing agriculture and modern landscaping.
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Variegated Duranta repens opens small blue-purple or white flowers all year round, and after autumn the fruit changes colour, borne on drooping long branches, very endearing. Today the editor's introduction to the information on variegated Duranta repens ends here; thank you all for accompanying the editor in enjoying the variegated Duranta repens pictures.