Key Maintenance and Management Techniques for Aesculus (Buckeye) Seedlings

1. Aesculus seedlings prefer moist conditions. After the Aesculus seedlings emerge completely in May-June, promptly set up shade frames, spray water, and keep the seedbed moist.

2. Loosen the soil, pull weeds, and apply appropriate topdressing. During the rainy season, pay attention to drainage and waterlogging prevention. The tending of young Aesculus trees mainly involves loosening soil and weeding, etc.

3. In July-August, Aesculus seedlings grow relatively slowly; besides loosening soil and weeding, apply topdressing 2-3 times.

4. During the dry season, pay attention to watering to keep the seedbed moist. Timely prevent and control pests and diseases.

5. In addition to loosening soil, weeding, and earthing up, young Aesculus trees should be watered during tending.

Maintenance Measures for the Southern Plant Date Palm

Part One: "Organization of Southern Plants"

Frangipani

Frangipani, its flowers really resemble eggs, milky white on the outside and bright yellow in the center, just like the egg white and yolk, and they are truly adorable. Its branches are thick and fleshy. The leaves are also large, and the flowers and leaves cluster at the tips of the branches. Frangipani blooms brilliantly in summer, giving a feeling of purity and elegant refinement, very suitable for people to admire carefully. After the leaves fall, the bare trunk curves naturally, and its form is quite beautiful. It is very suitable for planting in courtyards and lawns. Frangipani likes high temperature and high humidity, sufficient sunlight, and well-drained environments. It is robust by nature and can tolerate drought, but it fears cold and dislikes waterlogging. It likes to grow in acidic soil, but it is also resistant to alkalinity. For cultivation, deep, fertile, well-aerated acidic sandy loam rich in organic matter is best. Propagation uses the cutting method. When planting frangipani, attention should also be paid to pest and disease control. For example, if brown small spots appear on the leaves or even the leaves turn dark black, that is because of frangipani angular leaf spot, and at this time you should pay attention to taking measures. Of course, there may also be other diseases, so frangipani needs your care and attention. In fact, besides white, frangipani also comes in red and yellow, and both can be used to extract essence for making high-grade cosmetics, soaps, and food additives, with quite high prices and great commercial development potential; the fresh flowers can also be dried for making tea, commonly known as frangipani tea, which has the effects of treating heat dysentery, moistening the lungs, and detoxifying. The frangipani tree has a beautiful form, with many branches on the stem, strange and varied, in countless postures; the leaves resemble loquat leaves, and after they fall in winter, semicircular leaf scars remain on the branch tips, quite like deer antlers adorned with beautiful spots, making it the preferred small tree for tropical landscaping, courtyard arrangement, and potted ornamentation. The bark is thin and grayish green, rich in toxic white sap, which can be used externally to treat scabies, redness and swelling, and other conditions. The wood is white, light, and soft, and can be used to make musical instruments, tableware, or furniture. Frangipani flower language: breeding hope, resurrection, rebirth, as simple and ordinary as life, so it can always be so close to people, losing distance.

Magnolia

Magnolia is a tall deciduous tree, with dark gray bark, rough and cracked; branchlets slightly stout, grayish brown; winter buds and pedicels densely covered with pale gray-yellow long silky hairs. Leaves papery, obovate, broadly obovate, or obovate-elliptic, with the base of vigorous shoots having elliptic leaves. Magnolia flowers resemble lotus flowers very much; when in full bloom, the petals spread in all directions, making the courtyard appear in patches of green and white, with dazzling white light, and possessing high ornamental value; together with waves of delicate fragrance, refreshing the heart, it is truly an ideal flower form for beautifying courtyards. Magnolia prefers light and is relatively cold-tolerant, and can overwinter in the open ground. It loves dryness and dislikes low humidity; waterlogging at the planting site easily causes root rot. It prefers fertile, well-drained, slightly acidic sandy soil, and can also grow in weakly alkaline soil. In the warmer south, it can bloom from December to January of the following year. Magnolia flowers have strong resistance to harmful gases. If this flower is planted in factories polluted by sulfur dioxide and chlorine gas, it has a certain resistance and ability to absorb sulfur. When fumigated artificially with sulfur dioxide, 1 kg of dry leaves can absorb more than 1.6 g of sulfur. Therefore, magnolia is a very good pollution-resistant landscaping tree species for areas with air pollution. Magnolia prefers light; young trees are relatively shade-tolerant, but not tolerant of strong light or west exposure. Excessive light or west exposure can easily scorch the trees. Magnolia prefers fertilizer. In addition to applying base fertilizer at planting, it should be fertilized every year afterward. Sufficient fertilizer can make the plant grow vigorously, with lush green and thick leaves, not only producing many flower buds, but also large flowers, a long flowering period, and rich fragrance. Magnolia is a tree species with relatively strong disease resistance; the main diseases include anthracnose, chlorosis, and leaf scorch. Besides ornamental value, magnolia also has medicinal and edible value. Magnolia flowers contain volatile oil, mainly citral, clove oil acid, etc., and also contain magnoflorine, alkaloids, yulan magnolia element, capric acid, rutin, oleic acid, vitamin A, and other components, possessing certain medicinal value. Magnolia flowers are pungent in flavor and warm in nature, and have the effects of dispelling wind and cold, opening the orifices, and freeing the lungs and nose. They can be used for headache, blood stasis-type dysmenorrhea, nasal congestion, acute and chronic sinusitis, allergic rhinitis, and other conditions. Modern pharmacological studies show that magnolia flowers have an inhibitory effect on common skin fungi.

Magnolia flowers are rich in vitamins, amino acids, and various trace elements, and have the effects of dispelling wind and cold, and regulating qi and the lungs. They can be processed into snacks and can also be brewed as tea. The flower language of magnolia represents gratitude. Magnolia often produces large white flowers amid lush greenery, and with its fragrant scent it gives people an indescribable temperament, truly fresh and lovely. Because the plant is tall and the flowering position is relatively high, swaying in the wind, full of spirit, like a heavenly maiden scattering flowers, very lovely.

Maranta

Maranta is a herbaceous plant. Most varieties have underground rhizomes or tubers, with leaves solitary, relatively large, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, leaf veins arranged in a feather-like pattern, in two rows, with entire margins. Maranta is a relatively good ground cover plant with diverse colors and is a very good foliage plant. Maranta is a tropical plant and likes warm, humid, and brightly lit environments. It is not cold-tolerant and not drought-tolerant, and fears scorching sun exposure. If directly exposed to sunlight, it will scorch the leaves, causing local scorching at the leaf edges, stopping the growth of new leaves, and yellowing of leaf color. Therefore, shading should be noted during cultivation. Maranta is relatively sensitive to water; during the growing period it should be watered sufficiently to keep the potting soil moist, but the soil should not be waterlogged, otherwise it will cause root rot and even plant death. Maranta is somewhat "delicate." It requires enough careful attention all 365 days. If the environment fluctuates greatly for a few days, it will leave "evidence of the crime" on the plant. This is the consensus of Maranta seedling traders and producers. Maranta plants do not have many pests and diseases, mainly scale insects, whiteflies, etc. Of course, it also has other values, such as medicinal value and dietary value. Maranta starch is almost entirely starch, contains no vitamins, and has a protein content of only 0.2%. It can be used as a thickener for soups, sauces, puddings, and desserts. Adding water and boiling produces a transparent, odorless, tasty paste. Maranta starch is fine in texture and, compared with other starches, can be cooked at lower temperatures and in shorter times, and is easy to digest. It is especially suitable for making custards and other egg products that cannot be overcooked, and is also suitable for making light-flavored, low-salt, and low-protein foods. Effects: clears the lungs and stops cough, clears heat and promotes urination. Indications: used to treat cough due to lung heat and painful urination due to damp-heat in the bladder.

Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum

Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum is an evergreen shrub or small tree. Bark dark gray or light grayish brown, much branched. Young branches reddish brown, densely covered with stellate hairs. Leaves leathery, alternate, ovate or elliptic, 2-5 cm long, apex shortly pointed, base rounded and oblique, asymmetrical, both surfaces with stellate hairs, margin entire, dark red. Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum prefers light and is slightly shade-tolerant, but in shade the leaf color easily turns green. Strong adaptability, drought-tolerant. Likes warmth, cold-tolerant. Strong sprouting and branching ability, tolerant of pruning. Tolerant of barren soil, but suitable for growing in fertile, moist, slightly acidic soil. Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum has luxuriant branches and leaves, a graceful posture, is tolerant of pruning, and tolerant of wiring, and can be used for hedges and also for making stump bonsai. When in bloom, the whole tree is red with flowers, extremely spectacular. Loropetalum is an evergreen plant, with new leaves bright red. Different lines differ in leaf color and flower color at maturity, and leaf size also differs. In landscape applications, the main considerations are leaf color and leaf size, bringing about leaf color contrast and forming color contrast, and the flowering periods can also be staggered. Main pests: aphids, geometrid moths, yellow noctuid moths, Daopan noctuid moths, large and small cutworms, and scarab beetles, etc. Common diseases of Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum: anthracnose, damping-off, and mosaic disease. Anthracnose: mainly harms old leaves and basal leaves. Because the leaves themselves are red, the lesions appear

as black round spots, or nearly round, causing early leaf fall, with severe damage in the rainy season of July-August. The pathogen is Actinonema. The fungus overwinters as mycelium on diseased leaves and is the primary infection source for the disease the following year. When you find disease damage on the branches and leaves of Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum, you must treat it promptly.

Ornamental Peach

Ornamental peach is a variety of peach, a tree, 3-8 m tall; crown broad and spreading; bark dark reddish brown, rough and scaly when old; branchlets slender, hairless, glossy, green, turning red on the sunny side, with many small lenticels; winter buds conical, apex obtuse, covered with short pubescence, often 2-3 clustered, with the middle one a leaf bud and the two sides flower buds. Leaf blades oblong-lanceolate, elliptic-lanceolate, or obovate-lanceolate. Ornamental peach prefers sunlight and is drought-tolerant, but not tolerant of humid environments. It likes warm climates and has good cold tolerance, able to overwinter safely in natural environments at minus 25 degrees Celsius. It requires fertile, well-drained soil. It does not like waterlogging; if planted in low-lying waterlogged places, seedling death easily occurs. Landscape value: ornamental peach has large flowers and brilliant color, beautiful when blooming, with an ornamental period as long as 15 days. In landscaping it is widely used at lakesides, streams, both sides of roads, and parks, etc., and in small-scale greening projects such as courtyard greening accents and private gardens, and is also used for potted viewing and often for cut flowers and making bonsai. Weeping ornamental peach is also common. Ornamental peach has a wide range of landscaping uses and outstanding greening effects, showing particularly good results in the year of planting. It can be planted in rows, in masses, or as specimens, showing particularly good greening effects in the same year. Ornamental peach is one of the commonly used colorful nursery stock in landscaping, usually used together with plants such as purple-leaf plum and purple-leaf dwarf cherry. When combined with flowering shrubs, it forms a scene of a hundred flowers blooming together. Besides ornamental value, it also has medicinal value. The gum secreted from the peach trunk, commonly known as peach gum, can be used as an adhesive, etc. It is a polysaccharide substance, and hydrolysis can produce arabinose, galactose, xylose, rhamnose, glucuronic acid, etc. It is edible and also used medicinally, with the effects of breaking blood stasis, harmonizing blood, and benefiting qi. Diseases and pests often occur in summer and autumn. Its main diseases include white rust and brown rot, shot hole disease, anthracnose, gummosis, and leaf curl. Main pests include aphids, red spiders, scale insects, and red-necked longhorn beetles, etc.

Artificial Plant Communities

1. Satsuki azalea + Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum + Euonymus japonicus 'Aureo-marginatus' + thornless holly ball

These four plants have strong adaptability and are relatively widely planted in Fuzhou. Three leaf-colored plants are planted linearly, with rich leaf colors, plus large-sized thornless holly balls, forming a neat, full, and clearly layered road greening color band effect.

2. Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum + Photinia × fraseri ball + Michelia figo + Acer palmatum

Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum itself is widely planted in Fujian and has good adaptability, and both its leaf color and flower color are very beautiful, while the old leaves of the Photinia × fraseri ball are green, dotted with the red of new leaves, setting each other off, extremely beautiful. The combination of the four plants is richly layered, and forms a landscape road with longitudinal rhythm and spatial hierarchy, and a strong sense of guidance.

3. Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum + Fatsia japonica + Canary Island date palm + frangipani

In this combination of several plants, green is the main color. The leaves are both small and fine (Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum) and thick and large (Fatsia japonica, frangipani), while the Canary Island date palm adds a touch of tropical flavor. The layers are rich, with the effect of narrowing the space, making people feel close to it.

4. Moso bamboo + iris

Moso bamboo is very suitable for planting in Fuzhou. It is a scattered bamboo, with spacing between the culms. The iris has a graceful posture and gorgeous, varied flower colors. The two combined together are very charming.

5. Small-leaf gardenia + Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum + Aucuba japonica + Osmanthus fragrans

Small-leaf gardenia, with leaves like sparrow tongues and a low plant form, can be used as the lowest-layer plant. Aucuba japonica has yellow spots on its leaf color and is a relatively good foliage plant, while the tree Osmanthus fragrans has fragrant flowers that refresh the heart. The combination has spacing, changes in leaf color, and added floral fragrance.

6. Rhododendron pulchrum + Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum + Fagraea ceilanica + Canna

Rhododendron pulchrum has brilliant flowers, and with Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum and Fagraea ceilanica as a backdrop, it is even more moving. Canna has thick and large leaves, narrowing the space and making people feel intimate.

7. Ground-cover lawn + marigold + Photinia × fraseri + Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum ball + Osmanthus fragrans 'Dangui'

With green ground cover as the base, the bright yellow flowers of marigold are extremely beautiful. Behind the marigold, Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum and red Photinia serve as a backdrop, and the Osmanthus fragrans 'Dangui' tree form spreads. The several plants set each other off, with rich variation.

8. Ophiopogon japonicus + guava tree

Both Ophiopogon japonicus and guava tree have very good adaptability in Fuzhou and grow normally. The leaves are fine and soft, very suitable as ground cover. The guava tree has yellow, smooth bark, a graceful posture, and relatively large leaves with well-spaced density, very suitable for a sparse woodland path.

9. Lawn + Agave americana var. marginata + pruned and shaped banyan tree + Senna bicapsularis

With green lawn as the base, agave leaves are thick and large, with silver-yellow and green alternating leaf color, and paired with the pruned and shaped banyan tree they are very harmonious, while Senna bicapsularis has a beautiful posture and brilliant flower color. The combination of these several plants is richly layered, with color changes but harmonious.

10. Liriope platyphylla + Rhapis excelsa + Areca palm + papaya tree

This plant arrangement is suitable for one side of a small building. Liriope platyphylla has fine, soft leaf shapes, while Rhapis excelsa and Areca palm have thicker and larger leaves, and papaya has large palmate leaves, with its fruit borne on the main trunk, and its posture is very graceful.

11. Acalypha wilkesiana + Duranta erecta + Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum

As a plant combination for a pattern flower bed, Acalypha wilkesiana has bright leaf color and serves as the edge, Duranta erecta has yellow-green leaf color, and Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum has dark purple leaf color. The combination of the three plants as a pattern flower bed is extremely attractive.

Part Two: "Maintenance Plan 4"

Landscaping Maintenance and Management Plan

Maintenance and management are very important in landscaping. It is a long-term, repeated task with relatively comprehensive technical requirements, including damage by people and livestock, sanitation and cleaning, pruning of flowers, grass, and trees, watering and fertilizing, pest and disease control, and flower bed planting, etc. The completion of green space does not mean the completion of the landscape. People often say "three parts planting, seven parts management." Only with high-quality, high-level maintenance and management can the landscape gradually take shape and become perfect.

Current characteristics of the plants in the park area:

1. The green area is about 245419 ten thousand sq m, with a high greening coverage rate, and there are large quantities of trees of different specifications and varieties and pruned and shaped shrubs. In the early stage, the growth has gradually taken shape. After our careful investigation, the plant planting characteristics can be roughly divided into two areas according to the original master plan:

1) Plaza area: The plant planting style in this area is relatively open. The plaza is mainly planted with ginkgo, Phoebe zhennan, and large trees in

rows, appropriately combined with low shrubs, and the overall space is relatively transparent.

2) Factory area: The plant varieties in this area are complexly matched, with large and small trees, shrubs, and ground cover plants interplanted.

At the entrance, relatively precious large plants (Canary Island date palm, Jacaranda mimosifolia, small-leaf banyan stump,

top-grade Osmanthus fragrans, etc.) are dominant. Whether the office area courtyard can still maintain its elegant, clear, spacious, and grand

scenery, and whether the hotel villa area courtyard can still carry forward its delicate, gentle, leisurely, and relaxed atmosphere,

all depend on later maintenance and management.

2. From the greening conditions in the vertical area, we can find the following problems: ① The shaped shrubs are not growing well, and their shapes are monotonous; ② The flowering shrubs have poor tree vigor, and the flowering conditions (including the number of flowers, flower size, color, and secondary flowering) are unsatisfactory; ③ There are many weeds in the lawn, and in local areas the grass weeds have a tendency to spread unchecked; ④ There are pest and disease problems.

I. We plan to take the following rectification measures:

1. Promote three-dimensional horticulture and carry out multi-posture shaping of hedges and shrubs. For the flowering shrubs planted as accents, take growth-promoting measures to promote their growth and then shape them according to their form. This depends on the specific plant growth and plant shape. The hedges in local areas are highly regular, and the neat long strips undoubtedly make the courtyard, which should be free and leisurely, appear mechanical and rigid. Similarly, we can try pruning them into wave shapes, matching the relaxed and casual landscaping of the residential area, enlivening the atmosphere of the entire courtyard and also creating a more flowing living environment.

2. Immediately begin pest and disease control. For plants showing pest and disease characteristics, immediately carry out large-scale chemical control.

3、

4、

5. For lawn weeds, apply chemicals and increase the workload of manual removal. For different plants, implement different maintenance and management plans (mainly fertilizer supply: base fertilizer, topdressing, foliar fertilizer; different plants in different seasons all have different fertilization methods and fertilizer choices). Plant labeling. We classify and count all the plants, then make green labels indicating their

family, genus, species, and life habits, and label all the plants in the area. This can both

enrich employees' common knowledge of plants and add to the cultural atmosphere of the park, and can also use eye-catching labeling

to bring more attention to the greening.

6. Greening maintenance is not a matter of a single day. While doing a good job in rectification, we will likewise adopt different maintenance and management measures for different

plants at different times. We arrange our daily work by month

(detailed rules attached), striving to make our work bring the landscape effect in the blueprint to the extreme, and

likewise we ask Party A to offer more opinions, so that our work gradually becomes more perfect and complete.

7. Maintenance Responsibilities

Within the contracted maintenance period, our company, in accordance with landscaping maintenance operating procedures and landscaping maintenance quality standards, organizes reasonably, maintains carefully, and dispatches professional horticulturists to organize, guide, and arrange management and protection work, and flexibly dispatches no fewer than experienced workers according to the weather in each season and the plant growth conditions, to complete the maintenance and management tasks with guaranteed quality and quantity.

VI. Maintenance Content

1. Management procedures: including watering, opening basins and earthing up, pruning, fertilizing, weeding, pruning and bud removal, pest and disease control, straightening, and replanting (nursery stock costs calculated separately), and other complete processes. {Maintenance Measures for the Southern Plant Date Palm}.

2. Management tools:

A. Flower shears, long shears, high-altitude shears, grass shovels, lawn mowers

B. Sprayers, buckets, carts, bamboo baskets

C. Shovels, hoes, saws, electric saws, ladders

D. Fuel, maintenance costs

3. Maintenance content:

A. Trees: apply organic fertilizer once a year, with 0.25 kg of cake fertilizer per plant; apply topdressing once, with 0.1 kg of compound fertilizer mixed with urea per tree, using hole application, spraying, and water-fertilizer methods, etc., then cover with soil, water thoroughly, with water penetration depth of more than 10 cm; timely prevent and control pests and diseases; maintain the natural growth state of the trees without shaping and pruning; promptly prune yellow branches, diseased and pest-infested branches, shaded vigorous branches, and drooping branches that obstruct vehicle passage; promptly clean up pruned material. Remove weeds around the tree roots once a week to ensure no weeds.

B. Shrubs, hedges, bagged seedlings: apply fertilizer once a quarter, with 10 kg of urea mixed with compound fertilizer per 667 sq m, using broadcast application and water-fertilizer methods, etc.; water once within three hours after application, water once a day (except rainy days), with water penetration depth of more than 10 cm; timely prevent and control pests and diseases; for those pruned into round, square, or conical shapes, carry out minor pruning once a week and major pruning once a month, with smooth and attractive cut surfaces; promptly remove pruned material; promptly prune dead branches and diseased and pest-infested branches; promptly replant old, diseased, and dead plants; remove weeds once a week.

C. Herbaceous plants: apply fertilizer once a quarter, with 10 kg of urea mixed with compound fertilizer per 667 sq m, using broadcast application and water-fertilizer methods, etc.; water once within three hours after application, water once a day (except rainy days), with water penetration depth of more than 10 cm; timely prevent and control pests and diseases; prune spent flowers once a week and remove weeds once a week; promptly prune dead branches and yellow branches.

D. Taiwan grass: apply fertilizer once a quarter, with 10 kg of urea mixed with compound fertilizer per 667 sq m, apply evenly and water thoroughly, with water penetration depth of more than 5 cm; timely prevent and control pests and diseases; promptly replant withered and dead missing parts, with coverage rate above 98%; prune 1-2 times a month.

(II) Specific annual landscaping maintenance work schedule:

January: the month with the lowest temperature in the whole year, when open-ground trees are in a dormant state.

1. Winter pruning: fully carry out shaping and pruning work on deciduous trees; prune dead branches, damaged branches, diseased and pest-infested branches on large and small trees, and branches that obstruct overhead lines and buildings.

2. Street tree inspection: promptly inspect the tying and staking of street trees, and immediately rectify any loose ties, wire embedded in bark, or loose stakes.

3. Pest control: winter is a favorable season for eliminating landscape pests. In the loose soil under trees, dig up the pupae and cocoons of nettle caterpillars and burn them in a concentrated manner. In mid-January, scale insects begin activity, but at this time they move slowly, so we can adopt the method of scraping off the larvae on the trunks. Controlling pests in winter often achieves twice the result with half the effort.

4. Green space maintenance: in green spaces, flower beds, and other places, pay attention to removing large weeds; lawns should be promptly weeded and edged; in green spaces, pay attention to antifreeze watering.

February: the temperature rises somewhat compared with last month, and trees are still in a dormant state.

1. Maintenance is basically the same as in January.

2. Pruning: continue pruning dead branches and diseased branches of large and small trees. Complete the pruning of all kinds of trees before the end of the month.

3. Pest control: continue to focus on nettle caterpillars and scale insects.

March: the temperature continues to rise; after mid-month, trees begin to sprout, and in late month some trees (such as camellia) bloom.

1. Tree planting: spring is a favorable time for planting trees. After the soil thaws, immediately seize the opportunity to plant trees. Before planting large and small trees, complete planning and design, dig (excavate) the tree pits in advance, and ensure digging, transporting, planting, and watering are done in sequence. When planting shrubs, also ensure digging, transporting, and planting in sequence, and water sufficiently to increase the survival rate of nursery stock.

2. Spring irrigation: because spring is dry and windy with high evaporation, to prevent spring drought, water green spaces and other areas promptly.

3. Fertilization: after the soil thaws, apply base fertilizer to plants and irrigate. {Maintenance Measures for the Southern Plant Date Palm}.

4. Pest and disease control: this month is a critical time for pest and disease control. Some nursery stock has developed sooty mold, and the boxwood leaf roller has also appeared (use pesticides such as fenitrothion spraying for control). To control nettle caterpillars, the method of digging up pupae can continue to be used.

April: the temperature continues to rise, and trees all sprout, bloom, or unfold leaves and begin to enter a period of vigorous growth.

1. Continue planting trees: in early April, seize the time to plant trees that sprout late, promptly remove and replant shrubs that died in winter (azalea, Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum, etc.), and water newly planted trees sufficiently.

2. Irrigation: continue timely watering of green spaces under maintenance.

3. Fertilization: for lawns and shrubs, combine with irrigation and apply quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer as topdressing, or carry out foliar spraying as needed.

4. Pruning: prune branches that dried up in winter and spring; evergreen hedges can be pruned.

5. Pest and disease control: (1) After the second molting, scale insects successively move into bark cracks, tree holes, trunk bases, wall corners, and other places, secreting white waxy thin cocoons and pupating. They can be swept away with a hard bamboo broom, then buried deeply or soaked in a concentrated manner. Alternatively, spraying pesticides such as fenitrothion can be used. (2) Longhorn beetles begin activity; a grafting knife or self-made steel wire can be used to remove the larvae, but the wound should be as small as possible. (3) Control work for other pests and diseases.

6. Maintenance in green spaces: pay attention to removing weeds and climbing plants in large green spaces. Lawns should also be weeded and edged.

May: the temperature rises sharply, and trees grow rapidly.

1. Watering: during the peak leaf-unfolding period, trees have a very large water requirement and should be watered in a timely manner.

2. Pruning: prune spent flowers. Street trees undergo their first bud-removal pruning.

3. Pest and disease control: continue to focus on catching longhorn beetles. The first generation of nettle caterpillars hatches, but has not yet reached a harmful level; make corresponding measures according to the actual situation in the maintenance area. Sooty mold caused by scale insects, aphids, etc. has also entered its peak period (on crape myrtle, Pittosporum tobira, Nerium oleander, etc.). In mid- and late May, spray 10-20 times rosin mixture and 50% parathion emulsion at 1500-2000 times dilution to control diseases and kill pests. (Other pesticides such as insecticidal antibiotics and Huabao can be used.)

June: high temperature

1. Watering: plants have a large water requirement and should be watered in a timely manner; do not "live by the weather."

2. Fertilization: combine loosening soil and weeding, fertilizing, and watering to achieve the best effect.

3. Pruning: continue bud removal and tiller removal work on street trees. Carry out pruning on hedges, ball-shaped plants, and some flowering shrubs. {Maintenance Measures for the Southern Plant Date Palm}.

4. Drainage work: during heavy rain, pay attention to drainage in low-lying areas.

5. Pest and disease control: in mid- and late June, nettle caterpillars enter the peak hatching period, and measures should be taken promptly; currently, spraying 50% fenitrothion emulsion at 500-800 times dilution is basically used. (Or use compound BT emulsion for spraying.) Continue manual catching of longhorn beetles.

6. Do a good job in pre-flood and pre-typhoon inspection of trees, and straighten, reinforce, and re-tie loose and leaning trees.

July: the highest temperature, and after mid-month there will be strong winds and heavy rain.

1. Transplanting evergreen trees: during the rainy season, with sufficient moisture, conifers and bamboos can be transplanted, but pay attention to weather changes and water promptly once high temperatures occur.

2. Drainage: drain promptly after heavy rain.

3. Topdressing: apply quick-acting fertilizers such as nitrogen fertilizer dry before rain.

4. Street trees: carry out typhoon-prevention bud-removal pruning, prune all branches that conflict with power lines, and inspect tree stakes one by one, immediately straightening and tying tightly any that are loose or unstable. Prepare in advance in terms of labor organization, materials, tools and equipment, etc., and send people to inspect at any time, handling dangerous situations promptly.

5. Pest and disease control: Continue controlling longhorn beetles and nettle caterpillars. For longhorn beetles, inject a 50% fenitrothion solution diluted 1:50 (or Fruit Tree Treasure, or Yuanke No. 3), then seal the hole; this also achieves good results. Camphor tree bagworms should be pruned out promptly, and the bags destroyed to prevent further damage.

August: Still the rainy season

1. Drainage: After heavy rain, drain waterlogged low-lying areas promptly.

2. Typhoon protection for street trees: Continue typhoon protection work for street trees.

3. Pruning: In addition to summer pruning of ordinary trees, carry out shaping pruning of hedges.

4. Cultivation and weeding: Weeds also grow vigorously, so weed promptly; fertilization can be combined with weeding.

5. Pest and disease control: Focus on catching longhorn beetles, paying attention to catching them at the roots. Aphid damage and camphor tree bagworms should be controlled promptly. In humid weather, watch for powdery mildew and rot, and take measures promptly. September: Temperatures drop somewhat; do related work well for National Day.

1. Pruning: In preparation for city appearance work, remove buds below the third fork of street trees. Shape-prune hedges. Weed within green areas, edge the lawn, and remove dead trees promptly, so that trees have green branches and leaves and green areas are clean and tidy.

2. Fertilization: For some trees that grow weakly and whose branches are not sufficiently plump, apply additional phosphorus and potassium fertilizer.

3. Pest and disease control: Shot hole disease (cherry, peach, plum, etc.) peaks at this time; use 500% carbendazim 1000x solution to prevent infection. Longhorn beetles begin to move to the roots to cause damage; pay attention to catching root longhorn beetles. Also promptly control wood borers on poplar and willow. Do a good job of controlling other pests and diseases.

4. Before the holiday, carry out inspection work on all kinds of greening facilities.

October: Temperatures drop; in late October early winter begins, trees start to shed leaves and gradually enter dormancy.

1. Prepare well for autumn planting; in late October, once cold-hardy trees shed their leaves, planting can begin.

2. Green area maintenance: Remove dead trees promptly and water promptly. Do a good job of weeding and edging in green areas and lawns. Fertilize flowers and grasses that are growing poorly.

3. Pest and disease control: Continue catching root longhorn beetles. Also observe and control camphor tree bagworms. November: The soil begins to freeze at night and thaw by day, entering deep winter.

1. Tree planting: Continue planting cold-hardy plants, completing before the soil freezes.

2. Turning the soil: Turn the soil in green areas to expose pests preparing to overwinter.

3. Watering: Water dry, compacted soil; complete before the ground freezes.

4. Pest and disease control: Various pests prepare to overwinter in late November, so control tasks are relatively light.

December: Low temperatures; begin winter maintenance work.

1. Winter pruning: Prune some evergreen trees and shrubs.

2. Eliminate overwintering pests and diseases.

3. Prepare well for next year's adjustment work: After deciduous plants shed their leaves, observe the maintenance area and map out the positions to be adjusted.

7. Green area maintenance quality objectives

1 Greening maintenance technical measures are complete and management is proper, achieving no exposed loess.

2 Garden plants

2.1 Growth is normal. Various plants in newly built green areas reach normal form within three years; if plants or grass are damaged or die due to poor management, the replacement seedlings must survive within one year.

2.2 Garden trees have basically complete crowns, with main and lateral branches evenly distributed, appropriate in number, and reasonably pruned; the interior is not chaotic, with ventilation and light penetration. Flowering shrubs bloom promptly and normally, and are pruned promptly after flowering. Hedges and color blocks have normal branches and leaves, neat and uniform. Street trees have no missing plants, and there are no dead trees in green areas.

2.3 Deciduous trees have normal new shoot growth, and leaf size and color are normal; under general conditions, yellow leaves, scorched leaves, curled leaves, and leaves with insect honeydew or insect webs must not exceed 5%, and the retention rate of normal leaves is above 90%. Coni

Article Three: "Annual Greening Maintenance Plan"

Annual Greening Maintenance Plan

January

1. Carry out winter shaping and pruning of various deciduous trees, cutting off dead branches, overlapping branches, crossing branches, diseased and pest-infested branches, and lower lateral branches, to ensure that tree development tends toward rationality, tree branch form is improved, and pest and disease breeding is reduced.

2. Appropriately thin out trees that are too densely growing; this can reduce pests and diseases and increase growth vigor.

3. Carry out winter plowing and soil turning to improve the soil, and carry out winter fertilization for all trees, ground cover, and lawns to ensure the nutrient needs of seedlings and lawns.

4. Winter is a favorable season for eliminating garden pests. You can dig out nettle caterpillar pupae and cocoons from the loose soil under trees and burn them in a concentrated way.

5. As circumstances require, scarify individual lawn types and mow 1-2 times. February

1. Carry out weeding, mowing, and fertilization work on lawns.

2. Do a good job of pest and disease control, especially paying attention to powdery mildew on narrow-leaf mahonia and scale insects on coral and Japanese aralia.

3. In particular, strengthen freeze protection and insulation measures for trees, and do a good job of loosening and banking soil around tree root systems.

4. Apply a topdressing of fertilizer (urea) to cool-season lawns once at the end of the month at 10g/mu.

March

1. To prevent spring drought, water trees promptly.

2. Roll and weed lawns promptly, and clean up winter grass in tree beds and flower beds.

3. Pest and disease control: Strengthen observation and inspection, and do a good job of forecasting, reporting, and control. In particular, pay special attention to sooty mold and boxwood leaf roller. In mid-March, crape myrtle scale eggs hatch; from late March, pear rust occurs on crabapple species and cool-season lawns; pay attention to prevention reports.

4. For local sunken and low-lying spots appearing in lawns, carry out soil banking and sand capping; carry out low mowing on winter ryegrass lawns to ensure the sprouting and growth of the underlying grass.

April

1. Do a good job of loosening soil, weeding, and pre-flowering fertilization for planted flowers and trees. In particular, apply light fertilizer to herbaceous perennials and spring-sown flowering plants; for lawns and shrubs, combine with irrigation and apply quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer, or carry out foliar spraying as needed.

2. Cut off branches that dried out in winter and spring; pruning of evergreen hedges can begin.

3. Pest and disease control: Mainly control aphids, sooty mold, and beetles. Keep relevant records.

May

1. This month is the peak period of leaf expansion for trees, with a very large water requirement, so water promptly.

2. Prune spring flowering shrubs such as osmanthus and hall crabapple, and promptly carry out bud removal on London plane, red-leaf plum, crape myrtle, and other trees.

3. Weed flower beds and shrub color blocks. At the same time, carry out weeding work on lawns, and mow lawn grass promptly to control its height.

4. Pest and disease control: Do a good job of forecasting, reporting, and control.

June

1. Water plants promptly to ensure an adequate water supply.

2. Loosen soil and weed tree beds and color-block shrubs, and carry out weeding work on lawns.

3. Mow lawns promptly and control their growth height, and pay attention to controlling the occurrence of large-scale pests and diseases. Apply a compound fertilizer once to lawns that are growing poorly or lacking fertilizer, so they can pass the summer safely.

4. Pest and disease control: Do a good job of forecasting, reporting, and control.

July

1. In high-temperature weather, especially ensure that watering work for plants is carried out.

2. Carry out soil loosening and weeding work on flower beds and color-block shrubs, and at the same time do a good job of weeding ground cover. This month the weather is hot, with high temperatures and relatively high humidity; weeds grow quickly, so seize the opportunity to carry out weeding and grass removal work to prevent grass from running wild; continue intertillage weeding and loosening the soil.

3. Earnestly do a good job of typhoon and flood prevention work; reinforce and secure trees in the garden to prevent lodging; promptly dredge and drain low-lying or seriously waterlogged places.

4. Pest and disease control: Do a good job of forecasting, reporting, and control.

August

1. Carry out summer pruning of evergreen trees, and carry out shaping pruning of hedges.

2. Lawn weeds grow vigorously; weed and mow promptly, control lawn height, and fertilization can be combined with weeding. Apply supplemental and topdressing fertilizer promptly, mainly P and K fertilizer, together with N fertilizer; for small seedlings, shrubs, and herbaceous flowers, apply light fertilizer frequently; at the same time, pay attention to mastering the fertilization period and climate.

3. In high-temperature weather, daily watering and drought-relief work must be ensured, and it must not be chosen to be carried out from 10-15 o'clock, so as to avoid burning seedlings. (Including: tree bed maintenance, weed control, soil loosening, etc.)

4. Continue doing a good job of typhoon and flood prevention work; further reinforce and secure large trees in residential areas to prevent lodging; and promptly dredge and drain ditches in low-lying and easily waterlogged places to prevent water accumulation for too long.

5. Pest and disease control: Do a good job of forecasting, reporting, and control.

September

1. Carry out shaping pruning of hedges. Weed within green areas and remove dead trees promptly, so that trees have green branches and leaves and green areas are clean and tidy.

2. Thin out trees that are too densely growing, and at the same time carry out bud removal work.

3. Mow lawns promptly, edge them, and remove weeds, and pay attention to pest and disease control work.

4. Carry out weeding work on flower beds and color-block shrubs, and at the same time do a good job of weeding ground cover, and collect flower seeds.

5. Pest and disease control: Do a good job of forecasting, reporting, and control.

October

1. Prune spherical shrubs to ensure a beautiful appearance, neatness, and distinct layers. Prune the tree form of evergreen trees so that their growth and development tend toward rationality and their tree posture and appearance are improved.

2. Strengthen management of newly planted flowering plants, promptly fill in bare gaps, water, and fertilize those growing poorly.

3. Pest and disease control: Do a good job of forecasting and reporting, actively control, and keep relevant records. November

1. Carry out thinning and pruning of evergreen trees and evergreen shrubs, mainly for ventilation and light penetration, reducing pests and diseases, and enhancing growth vigor.

2. Do a good job of weeding and edging in flower beds, color-block shrubs, and green areas, promptly pull out weeds, and promptly replant bare gaps. As circumstances require, adjust trees in the local layout; some evergreen trees and a few deciduous tree species can be transplanted. Begin cold protection and insulation work; for trees with

poor cold resistance, carry out straw wrapping and soil banking.

3. Strengthen maintenance and management of newly planted plants, pay attention to timely watering, and prune appropriately. As circumstances require, scarify and aerate lawns, and mow 2-3 times at the same time.

4. Carry out fertilization work in late November, and combine with increased application of organic fertilizer to carry out soil turning in green areas.

5. Pest and disease control: Do a good job of forecasting and reporting, actively control, and keep relevant records. December

1. Do a good job of weeding and edging in color-block shrubs and green areas, and promptly pull out weeds.

2. Carry out thinning and pruning of evergreen and deciduous trees and shrubs, mainly removing stubs and dead branches, so that next year's trees grow better (do not prune flowering shrubs that have already formed flower buds); at the same time, pay attention to cleaning cocoons on trunks and branches.

3. Wrap sago palms, date palms, and other southern plants with straw rope to ensure they overwinter safely.

4. Pest and disease control: Do a good job of forecasting and reporting, actively control, and keep relevant records.

Article Four: "Latest Commonly Used Southern Landscape Plants"

Commonly Used Garden Plants in Southern Landscapes

Evergreen trees:

Norfolk Island pine, slash pine, Chinese fir, Caribbean pine, Chinese weeping cypress, mahogany, large-leaf mahogany, Sterculia lanceolata, Chinese saraca, sugar apple, longan, Dracontomelon duperreanum, Michelia macclurei, golden shower tree, Chinese arborvitae, Chinese juniper, dragon juniper, Fujian cypress, Buddhist pine, Japanese cedar, Buddhist pine, long-leaf podocarp, white champaca, southern magnolia, official magnolia, camphor tree, cinnamon, Gmelina hainanensis, Hainan ormosia, Taiwan acacia, siamese senna, red camel's foot tree, camel's foot tree, butterfly tree, almond, mango, Ormosia henryi, water banyan, water stone banyan, avocado, Alstonia scholaris, false betel nut palm, Chinese fan palm, fishtail palm, queen palm, rose apple, Hainan rose apple, sapodilla, lemon-scented gum, river red gum, large-leaf eucalyptus, blue gum, cajuput, butterfly fruit, Chinese Torreya, Chinese plum yew, Indian rubber fig, banyan, small-leaf banyan, large-fruit fig, weeping fig, yellow banyan, sacred fig, beefwood, jackfruit, camphor-leaf maple, Chinese cork oak, oriental white oak, candlenut, silver oak, sharp-leaf elaeocarpus, large-leaf elaeocarpus, sea hibiscus, rough-bark holly, glossy privet, osmanthus, loquat, albizia, royal palm, fishtail palm, Mexican fan palm, sugar palm, date palm, long-leaf phoenix palm, Java bishopwood, red sandalwood, large-flowered dillenia, jackfruit, yellow cassia, jackfruit, large-leaf privet, Leshan Michelia, schefflera, Heteropanax fragrans

Deciduous trees:

Small-leaf terminalia, Chinese swamp cypress, Chinese water elder, Chinese tallow, Japanese raisin tree, sand pear, soapberry, goldenrain tree, frangipani, bald cypress, pond cypress, tulip tree, white magnolia, Chinese parasol tree, sawtooth oak, cork oak, Chinese hackberry, Chinese elm, white oak, camptotheca, large-leaf crape myrtle, beautiful silk floss tree, flame tree, yellow poinciana, jacaranda, yellow cassia, chinaberry, Chinese mahogany, coral tree, cockspur coral tree, chestnut, silk tree, sweet acacia, prickly castor oil tree, sweetgum, weeping willow, saucer magnolia, purple-leaf plum, ornamental peach, plum, papaya, Indian

red sandalwood, red-leaf plum

Evergreen shrubs:

Sago palm, Chinese plum yew, orchid tree, large-leaf boxwood, dense-flower elaeagnus, camellia sasanqua, Chinese coral tree, spotted laurel, St. John's wort, three-stamen areca, areca palm, bottle palm, four-season orchid tree, soft-branch allamanda, small-leaf justicia, crimson bottlebrush, Fukien tea, gardenia, crown of thorns, poinsettia, Yunnan jasmine, Japanese aucuba, Chinese holly, foreign azalea, shining ti plant, croton, red mulberry, golden-edge mulberry, golden-leaf fig, smooth senna, red azalea, Ardisia japonica, orange jasmine, red-back excoecaria, climbing ylang-ylang, camellia, oil tea, large-leaf tea, oleander, yellow oleander, small-flower allamanda, snow-in-summer, banana shrub, pittosporum, mahonia, heavenly bamboo, Japanese aralia, night-blooming magnolia, hibiscus, lantern flower, red azalea, Yucca gloriosa, yucca, South China boxwood, rhapis palm, soft-leaf phoenix palm, short-spike fishtail palm, dwarf bamboo palm, bamboo palm,

golden banyan, fiddle-leaf fig, willow-leaf fig, golden-vein shrimp plant, schefflera, variegated duranta, yellow-leaf duranta, justicia, golden-leaf privet, elephant ear, Philodendron bipinnatifidum, Monstera deliciosa, Aspidistra, snake plant, thick-leaf rhaphiolepis, variegated hibiscus, purple euphorbia, small-leaf boxwood, African jasmine, Brunfelsia, Ixora, crinum lily, spider lily, calliandra, Chinese loropetalum, angel's trumpet, white mussaenda, red mussaenda, hairy azalea, Western azalea, dual-pod senna, hard-stem tecomaria, myrtle, Ixora, Yunnan jasmine, jasmine, fiddle-leaf coral, blue plumbago, blue star flower, butterfly pea, heavenly bamboo, pepper tree, red-back excoecaria,

Deciduous shrubs:

Cotton rose, bridal wreath spirea, rhomboid-leaf spirea, modern rose, Chinese abelia, pomegranate, beautyberry, purple magnolia, bush clover, honeysuckle, Chinese snowball, rose of Sharon, redbud, dwarf flowering cherry, bridal wreath spirea, pearl bush, butterfly tree, elderberry, fig, Sichuan pepper, trifoliate orange, butterfly bush, small wax privet

Vines:

Monstera deliciosa, bougainvillea, Millettia reticulata, orange trumpet vine, rangoon creeper, three-leaf akebia, honeysuckle, wintercreeper, climbing fig, kiwi, creeping euonymus, Hong Kong rhaphidophora, Mucuna birdwoodiana, wax flower, rhaphidophora, pothos, star jasmine, Chinese ivy, English ivy, southern schisandra, Boston ivy, trumpet creeper, passionflower, multi-flower crape myrtle, evergreen mucuna, large-flower thunbergia

Climbing ylang-ylang, large-flower thunbergia, rangoon creeper, coral vine, Boston ivy, orange trumpet vine, white-flower mucuna, beautiful clerodendrum, wisteria, climbing fig, cypress vine, morning glory, maple-leaf morning glory, snake vine, jasmine, large-flower Dutchman's pipe, garlic vine, wood rose, woolly morning glory, passionflower

Bamboo:

Bambusa textilis, Bambusa chungii, moso bamboo, fernleaf bamboo, Phyllostachys glauca, golden-stripe bamboo, Neosinocalamus affinis, hedge bamboo, bitter bamboo, indocalamus, Buddha belly bamboo, Dendrocalamus latiflorus, Bambusa textilis, Thai bamboo, Bambusa pervariabilis, square bamboo, green bamboo, Guanyin bamboo, small qinsi bamboo, red bamboo

Lawns and ground cover plants:

Bermuda grass, Chinese lawngrass, fine-leaf lawngrass, carpet grass, centipede grass, knotgrass, Manila grass, zoysia grass, Guangdong evergreen, purple spiderwort, oyster plant, lilyturf, large-leaf curculigo, Liriope, reineckea, Aspidistra, black-eye Susan, Acorus gramineus, rain lily, Chinese chive lily, golden spider lily, white butterfly, toad lily, red-flower oxalis, inch plant,

Calathea, arrowhead plant, white-butterfly arrowhead, pothos, inch plant, sword fern, clearweed, small oyster plant, peace lily, silver-edge lilyturf, red-flower lantana, yellow-flower lantana, purple-flower lantana

lantana, dusty miller, clerodendrum, shrimp plant, red firecracker, asparagus fern, beach evening primrose, beach morning glory, ivy, star jasmine, ginger lily, umbrella plant, papyrus, iris, loosestrife, narcissus, lotus, water lily, three-lobed wedelia, red-flower oxalis, Brazilian peanut vine, dichondra, purple amaranth, round-leaf amaranth, coleus, fine-leaf verbena, red-green grass, rain lily, Chinese chive lily, amaryllis, lily, calla lily, periwinkle, centipede grass, Manila grass, Korean velvetgrass, Bermuda grass, large-leaf carpet grass, variegated blunt grass, bahia grass, short-leaf Liriope

Palm family:

Royal palm, Washington palm, triangle palm, king palm, foxtail palm, Butia palm, bottle palm, club palm, Middle Eastern date palm, Canary Island date palm, Bismarck palm, oil palm, fishtail palm, windmill palm, dragon-scale palm, Chinese fan palm, queen palm, fishtail palm, queen palm, Mexican fan palm, beautiful phoenix palm, short-spike fishtail palm, long-spike fishtail palm, areca palm, three-stamen areca, traveler's palm, bamboo palm,

Seasonal flowers

Pentas, African impatiens, four-season begonia, scarlet sage, petunia, hybrid dianthus, ornamental kale, French marigold, African marigold, nasturtium, pansy, wishbone flower, cockscomb, pot marigold, globe amaranth, zinnia, moss rose, purslane, cosmos, cineraria, spider flower, daylily, lavender, loosestrife

Article Five: "Examples of Southern Plant Configuration"

Southern Plant Configuration

Philodendron bipinnatifidum + umbrella plant + variegated galangal

Large horsetail tree + seven-color horsetail tree + heavenly bamboo + sword fern + placed stone

Royal palm + Caryota urens + Phoenix roebelenii + Canna + Coleus + Codiaeum variegatum

Royal palm + Canary date palm head + Cordyline fruticosa + Acalypha wilkesiana + Ixora chinensis

Royal palm + Archontophoenix alexandrae + Areca lutescens + Rhapis excelsa + Duranta erecta 'Golden Leaves'

Chapter Six: "Commonly Used Garden Plants in Southern China"

Commonly Used Plants in Southern Courtyards

I. Palm category:

1. Royal palm 2. Archontophoenix alexandrae 3. Washingtonia filifera 4. Phoenix sylvestris 5. Phoenix canariensis 6. Areca triandra

7. Livistona chinensis 8. Washingtonia filifera 9. Areca lutescens 10. Rhapis excelsa (slender-leaved lady palm) 11. Trachycarpus fortunei 12. Phoenix roebelenii

II. Tree category (street trees, shade trees):

1. Delonix regia 2. Bombax ceiba 3. Ceiba speciosa 4. Erythrina variegata 5. Elaeocarpus apiculatus 6. Alstonia scholaris

7. Ficus microcarpa 8. Elaeocarpus hainanensis 9. Mango 10. Toona sinensis 11. Cinnamomum burmannii 12. Tecoma grandis

13. Pterocarpus indicus 14. Plumeria rubra 15. Terminalia catappa 16. Ravenala madagascariensis 17. Pandanus tectorius 18. Bischofia javanica

19. Carambola 20. Olea europaea subsp. cuspidata 21. Cassia fistula 22. Albizia falcataria 23. Melaleuca leucadendra

24. Eucalyptus 25. Syzygium hainanense 26. Aphanamixis grandifolia 27. Bauhinia 28. Swietenia mahagoni

29. Ficus altissima 30. Spathodea campanulata 31. Tabebuia chrysantha 32. Koelreuteria bipinnata

III. Flowering shrub category:

1. Osmanthus fragrans 'Semperflorens' 2. Bambusa multiplex 'Fernleaf' 3. Cyathea spinulosa 4. Ficus microcarpa 'Golden Leaves' 5. Bougainvillea spectabilis

6. Cassia surattensis 7. Callistemon rigidus 8. Agave americana 'Marginata' 9. Hibiscus rosa-sinensis 10. Fagraea ceilanica 11. Ficus aspera

12. Hibiscus rosa-sinensis 13. Michelia figo 14. Tecoma 15. Calliandra haematocephala 16. Tabernaemontana divaricata 17. Aglaonema

18. Furcraea gigantea 19. Yucca 20. Pyrostegia venusta 21. Thevetia peruviana 22. Polyscias

IV. Ground cover or color blocks:

1. Pittosporum tobira 2. Monstera deliciosa 3. Epipremnum aureum 4. Asplenium nidus 5. Alternanthera dentata 'Ruby' 6. Canna generalis 7. Schefflera octophylla

8. Syngonium podophyllum 9. Duranta erecta 'Golden Leaves' 10. Cuphea hyssopifolia 11. Tradescantia 12. Calathea 13. Rhododendron obtusum

14. Livistona chinensis 'Dwarf' 15. Philodendron bipinnatifidum 16. Duranta repens 'Variegata' 17. Chlorophytum comosum 18. Tradescantia zebrina 19. Allamanda cathartica

20. Alpinia zerumbet 'Variegata' 21. Asparagus 22. Arachis pintoi 23. Ixora chinensis 'Dwarf' 24. Nephrolepis cordifolia 25. Pachystachys lutea

26. Syngonium podophyllum 'White Butterfly' 27. Pilea cadierei 28. Dieffenbachia 29. Cordyline fruticosa 'Rainbow' 30. Codiaeum variegatum 31. Ophiopogon japonicus

32. Acorus gramineus 'Variegatus' 33. Jasminum sambac 34. Calathea zebrina 35. Zoysia tenuifolia 36. Axonopus compressus

37. Zoysia matrella 38. Cynodon dactylon 39. Lolium perenne 40. Festuca arundinacea

There are also some commonly used plants:

1. Ficus religiosa 2. Ficus altissima 3. Elaeocarpus hainanensis 4. Campanula 5. Koelreuteria 6. Cassia fistula

7. Senna siamea 8. Kigelia africana 9. Thai yellow flowering ball 10. Melaleuca bracteata 'Golden'

11. Senna alata 12. Cassia bicapsularis 13. Euphorbia milii 14. Cleistocalyx operculatus 15. Manglietia glauca

16. Hainan variegated 17. Pachira aquatica 'Variegata' 18. Adenanthera pavonina 19. Swietenia mahagoni

20. Albizia falcataria 21. Cinnamomum cassia 22. Osmanthus fragrans 'Autumn' 23. Laurus nobilis 24. Washingtonia filifera 25. Bambusa multiplex 'Fernleaf'

26. Pterocarpus indicus (yellow/purple sandalwood) 27. Pterocarpus indicus 28. Dianella ensifolia 29. Ficus 'Leizhou' 30. Markhamia cauda-felina

Commonly Used Garden Plants in Southern China

1. Evergreen trees

Norfolk Island pine, Araucaria cunninghamii, Keteleeria, Araucaria bidwillii, Agathis dammara, Pinus massoniana, Pinus elliottii, Cinnamomum camphora, Cinnamomum japonicum, Eucalyptus grandis x urophylla, Melaleuca leucadendra, Syzygium jambos, Syzygium hainanense, Bischofia javanica, Acacia confusa, Acacia mangium, Acacia auriculiformis, Pterocarpus indicus, Ficus microcarpa, Ficus virens, Ficus altissima, Ficus superba, Ficus elastica, Ficus elastica 'Variegata', Ficus religiosa, Aleurites moluccanus, Swietenia mahagoni, Dillenia indica, Alstonia scholaris, Terminalia catappa, Terminalia mantaly, Artocarpus heterophyllus, Syzygium samarangense, Dracontomelon duperreanum, Manilkara zapota, Toona sinensis, Casuarina equisetifolia, Michelia alba, Magnolia coco, Michelia macclurei, Elaeocarpus sylvestris, Magnolia grandiflora, Hibiscus tiliaceus, Mango, Longan, Lychee, Olive, Loquat, Waxberry, Pomelo, Elaeocarpus hainanensis, Podocarpus macrophyllus, Sabina chinensis, Nageia nagi, Osmanthus fragrans, Osmanthus fragrans 'Semperflorens', Michelia figo, Aglaia odorata, Camellia japonica, Ficus benjamina, Cleidiocarpon cavaleriei, Ficus tinctoria

2. Deciduous trees

Metasequoia glyptostroboides, Taxodium ascendens, Taxodium distichum, Glyptostrobus pensilis, Liriodendron chinense, Firmiana simplex, Bischofia polycarpa, Albizia falcataria, Albizia lebbeck, Leucaena leucocephala, Liquidambar formosana, Salix babylonica, Kigelia africana, Neolamarckia cadamba, Grevillea robusta, Celtis sinensis, Sapindus mukorossi, Pistacia chinensis, Melia azedarach, Sapium sebiferum, Vernicia montana, Ginkgo biloba, Sterculia monosperma, Diospyros kaki, Ficus carica, Morus alba, Carica papaya, Psidium guajava, Acer palmatum 'Atropurpureum', Acacia farnesiana

3. Palm category

Archontophoenix alexandrae, Royal palm, Roystonea regia, Hyophorbe lagenicaulis, Hyophorbe verschaffeltii, Neodypsis decaryi, Wodyetia bifurcata, Syagrus romanzoffiana, Elaeis guineensis, Borassus flabellifer, Washingtonia robusta, Washingtonia filifera, Phoenix canariensis, Phoenix dactylifera, Phoenix 'Ilanc' honey date, Livistona chinensis, Caryota urens, Arenga pinnata, Phoenix loureiroi, Phoenix roebelenii, Areca triandra, Areca catechu, Areca 'Fragrant', Caryota maxima, Caryota mitis, Areca lutescens, Trachycarpus fortunei, Musa basjoo, Ravenala madagascariensis, Cordyline fruticosa, Rhapis excelsa, Rhapis excelsa 'Slender', Strelitzia nicolai, Philodendron 'Red King', Alocasia macrorrhizos

4. Foliage shrubs

Ficus benjamina 'Golden Leaves', Ficus microcarpa 'Golden', Ficus lyrata, Ficus salicifolia, Garcinia subelliptica, Arundo donax 'Variegata', Polyalthia longifolia 'Pendula', Pandanus tectorius, Pittosporum tobira, Hibiscus rosa-sinensis 'Variegata', Cycas revoluta, Callistemon rigidus, Cestrum nocturnum, Cotinus coggygria 'Golden', Justicia aurea, Fatsia japonica, Sabina procumbens, Manihot esculenta 'Variegata', Nandina domestica, Schefflera arboricola, Schefflera arboricola 'Variegata', Zanthoxylum beecheyanum, Excoecaria cochinchinensis, Acalypha wilkesiana, Syringa japonica, Duranta repens, Duranta repens 'Variegata', Duranta repens 'Golden Leaves', Murraya paniculata, Codiaeum variegatum, Codiaeum variegatum 'Hastatum', Codiaeum variegatum 'Hainan', Codiaeum variegatum 'Aucubaefolium', Justicia gendarussa, Carmona retusa, Buxus sinica var. parvifolia, Ligustrum sinense 'Golden Leaves', Euphorbia milii, Furcraea gigantea 'Yellow Striped', Agave americana, Agave americana 'Marginata', Yucca, Beaucarnea recurvata, Aspidistra elatior, Sansevieria trifasciata, Cactus, Alocasia macrorrhizos, Philodendron bipinnatifidum, Monstera deliciosa, Alpinia zerumbet 'Variegata', Scaevola taccada, Rhaphiolepis umbellata, Breynia disticha, Phyllanthus myrtifolius, Rosa chinensis

5. Flowering shrubs

African jasmine, Brunfelsia acuminata, Murraya paniculata, Hibiscus syriacus, Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, Ceropegia, Malvaviscus arboreus, Euphorbia pulcherrima, Calliandra haematocephala, Bougainvillea, Gardenia jasminoides 'Grandiflora', Hydrangea, Pachystachys coccinea, Melastoma candidum, Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum, Datura suaveolens, Mussaenda frondosa, Mussaenda erythrophylla, Allamanda, Rhododendron hybridum, Cassia bicapsularis, Tecomaria capensis, Rhodomyrtus tomentosa, Ixora chinensis, Fringed pearl, Jasminum mesnyi, Jasminum sambac, Crinum asiaticum,

Hymenocallis, Crab claw flower, Dwarf Canna, Reinwardtia indica, Jatropha pandurifolia, Plumbago auriculata, Oxypetalum caeruleum, Papilio butterfly

6. Ground cover

Calathea roseopicta, Syngonium podophyllum, Syngonium podophyllum 'White Butterfly', Epipremnum aureum, Tradescantia zebrina, Nephrolepis cordifolia, Pilea cadierei, Rhoeo spathacea 'Dwarf', Spathiphyllum, Ophiopogon japonicus, Ophiopogon japonicus 'Variegatus', Lantana camara 'Red', Lantana camara 'Yellow', Lantana camara 'Purple', Senecio cineraria, Clerodendrum thomsoniae, Justicia brandegeeana, Russelia equisetiformis, Asparagus, Oenothera littoralis, Ipomoea pes-caprae, Hedera helix, Trachelospermum jasminoides, Hedychium coronarium, Cyperus alternifolius, Cyperus papyrus, Iris, Lythrum, Narcissus, Lotus, Water lily, Wedelia trilobata, Oxalis corymbosa, Arachis pintoi, Dichondra repens, Alternanthera dentata 'Purple', Alternanthera 'Round Leaf', Coleus, Verbena tenuisecta, Alternanthera 'Red Green', Zephyranthes candida, Zephyranthes carinata, Hippeastrum, Lily, Calla lily, Catharanthus roseus, Eremochloa ophiuroides, Zoysia matrella, Zoysia japonica, Cynodon dactylon, Axonopus compressus, Stenotaphrum secundatum 'Variegatum', Paspalum notatum, Liriope platyphylla

7. Vines

Thunbergia grandiflora, Quisqualis indica, Antigonon leptopus, Parthenocissus tricuspidata, Pyrostegia venusta, Mucuna birdwoodiana, Clerodendrum speciosum, Wisteria sinensis, Ficus pumila, Quamoclit pennata, Ipomoea, Ipomoea x multifida, Snake vine, Jasminum officinale, Aristolochia gigantea, Mansoa alliacea, Merremia tuberosa, Clytostoma callistegioides, Passiflora

Chapter Seven: "Commonly Used Plant Configuration Document for Southern China"

Practical Plant Configuration Table ---- Concise Table of Common Plant Configurations

Aquatic plants:

Wetland plants: Salix matsudana, Salix babylonica, Salix 'Cotton', Salix psammophila, Salix viminalis, Salix variegata, Populus simonii, Populus maximowiczii, Sabina vulgaris, Sabina chinensis, Platycladus orientalis, Metasequoia glyptostroboides, Melia azedarach, Pterocarya stenoptera, Fraxinus chinensis, Forsythia suspensa, Ulmus pumila, Ulmus laciniata, Ulmus parvifolia, Sapium sebiferum, Cherry blossom, Eucommia ulmoides, Koelreuteria paniculata, Hibiscus mutabilis, Hibiscus syriacus, Nerium oleander, Parthenocissus tricuspidata, Grape, Wisteria sinensis, Amorpha fruticosa, Tamarix chinensis, Ranunculus, Halerpestes, Ranunculus longifolius, Salix leaf, Salix leaf vegetable, Stachys palustris, Stachys chinensis, Mint, Lindernia, Veronica, Watercress, Scirpus, Scirpus mucronatus, Scirpus planiculmis, Cyperus, Cyperus glomeratus, Cyperus globosus, Cyperus 'Red', Juncus articulatus, Juncus bufonius, Juncus minimus, Juncus gracillimus, Polygonum aviculare, Polygonum plebeium, Polygonum orientale, Polygonum caespitosum, Polygonum lapathifolium, Polygonum senticosum, Polygonum thunbergii, Polygonum perfoliatum, Polygonum senticosum, Polygonum thunbergii, Polygonum thunbergii, Polygonum cuspidatum, Imperata cylindrica, Calamagrostis epigejos, Calamagrostis 'Large Leaf', Beckmannia syzigachne, Lagurus 'Long Awn', Arundinella anomala, Miscanthus sacchariflorus, Coix lacryma-jobi, Hemarthria, Wetland 'Bracteate'

Emergent plants: Scirpus validus, Reed, Lotus root, Sagittaria sagittifolia, Cyperus 'Broad Leaf', Alisma orientale, Lotus, Lythrum, Typha, Monochoria vaginalis, Monochoria korsakowii, Acorus calamus, Pontederia cordata, Rice, Kandelia, Narcissus, Water celery, Wild rice stem, Taro, Marsilea quadrifolia, Reed, Water chestnut, Scirpus yagara, Eleocharis, Typha angustifolia, Cyperus alternifolius, Typha latifolia

Floating plants: Duckweed, Water hyacinth, Water lily, Euryale ferox, Victoria amazonica, Nuphar, Eichhornia crassipes, Nymphoides, Brasenia schreberi, Utricularia aurea, Floating fern, Nymphoides 'Keel-petaled',

Submerged plants: Ceratophyllum demersum, Ottelia alismoides

Colorful-leaf plants:

Red or purple: Liquidambar formosana, Rhus verniciflua, Acer palmatum, Acer ginnala, Celastrus orbiculatus, Quercus rubra, Acer truncatum, Sapium sebiferum, Rhus typhina, Rhus chinensis, Sorbus, Nandina domestica, Euonymus, Hawthorn, Pistacia chinensis, Pterocarya stenoptera, Berberis, Carpinus hupeana, Parthenocissus tricuspidata

Golden yellow or yellowish brown: Ginkgo biloba, Diospyros kaki, Koelreuteria, Liriodendron, Firmiana simplex, Ulmus, Walnut, Catalpa, Metasequoia glyptostroboides, Lagerstroemia indica, Ulmus parvifolia, Phoebe, Ziziphus jujuba var. spinosa, Kiwi, Aesculus, Sorbus alnifolia, Wintersweet, Pomegranate,, Cassia surattensis, Hamamelis mollis, Sapindus mukorossi, Acacia farnesiana

Aromatic plants:

Aromatic plants that can be selected for residential areas include: Mint, Basil, Lemon balm, German chamomile, Lemongrass, Sage, Dandelion, Calendula, Thyme, Borage, Scented pelargonium, Mallow and other herbaceous plants; Lavender, Rosemary, Gardenia, Rose, Lemon verbena and other shrubs.

The configuration of woody plants that emit fragrance in turn across the four seasons is as follows: Plum blossom and orange blossom in spring; Gardenia and Michelia alba in summer; Osmanthus in autumn and wintersweet in winter.

Pollution-resistant and exhaust-resistant plants: Black locust, Paulownia, Pinus bungeana, Sabina chinensis, Viburnum odoratissimum, Photinia, Pittosporum tobira, Fatsia japonica, etc.

Nitrogen-fixing plants: Robinia, Lonicera, Albizia, Amorpha fruticosa, Caragana, Glycine, Lespedeza, Melilotus, Pisum, Phaseolus, Myrica, Elaeagnus, Cycas

Nectar-source, bird-attracting and butterfly-attracting plants: Dwarf yew, Podocarpus macrophyllus, Torreya grandis, Ilex crenata, Cinnamomum camphora, Waxberry, Ligustrum lucidum, Ternstroemia, Viburnum, Aucuba, Mahonia, Pyracantha, Buxus, Pittosporum tobira, Fatsia japonica, etc., Buddleja davidii, Pistacia chinensis, other fragrant-flower plants (such as plants of the genus Citrus in the family Rutaceae)

Perennial (herbaceous perennial) flowers: Torch lily (Kniphofia), Lupinus, Blue fescue, Astilbe, Coreopsis, Lysimachia christinae, Oregano, Hibiscus moscheutos, Mint 'Red Flower', Trachelospermum 'Variegated', Lampranthus, Helleborus, Lycoris radiata, Hemerocallis, Iris, Tradescantia, Hosta, Canna 'Variegata', Canna 'Red Leaf', Aster novi-belgii, Farfugium japonicum, Bletilla striata, Perennial verbena

Flowers and trees of the four seasons:

Spring: Various cherry blossoms (early cherry, late cherry, weeping cherry, etc.), various crabapples (Malus micromalus, Malus spectabilis, Chaenomeles speciosa, etc.), Magnoliaceae (Magnolia grandiflora, Magnolia denudata, Magnolia soulangeana, Magnolia liliiflora, Magnolia 'Red', Michelia figo, Michelia maudiae, etc.), Redbud, Red leaf

Plum, Peach blossom, Camellia, Winter jasmine, Lilac, etc.

Summer: Lagerstroemia indica, Hibiscus syriacus, Hydrangea macrophylla, Michelia figo, Summer azalea, Pomegranate (flower), Gardenia, Campsis grandiflora, Albizia julibrissin, Acacia farnesiana Autumn: Osmanthus, Lagerstroemia indica, Hibiscus syriacus, Flowering pomegranate, Hibiscus mutabilis, Campsis grandiflora, etc.

Winter: Honeysuckle, Nandina domestica, Plum blossom, Michelia figo, Camellia, Camellia sasanqua, etc.

Classification diagram of common greening tree species:

(I) Evergreen coniferous trees

1. Tree category: Cedrus deodara, Pinus koraiensis, Pinus thunbergii, Sabina chinensis, Pinus massoniana, Sabina chinensis, Cycas revoluta, Araucaria cunninghamii, Cryptomeria japonica, Torreya grandis

2. Shrub category: (Podocarpus macrophyllus), Platycladus orientalis 'Sieboldii', Calocedrus macrolepis, Sabina procumbens, Cryptomeria japonica, Pinus parviflora

(II) Deciduous coniferous trees (no shrubs):

Tree category: Metasequoia glyptostroboides, Pseudolarix amabilis, Taxodium ascendens, Taxodium distichum

(III) Evergreen broad-leaved trees:

1. Tree category: Cinnamomum camphora, Magnolia grandiflora, Ligustrum lucidum, Trachycarpus fortunei

2. Shrub category: Viburnum odoratissimum, Euonymus japonicus, Buxus sinica, Buxus bodinieri, Ilex cornuta, Citrus tree, Photinia, Pittosporum tobira, Osmanthus fragrans, Nerium oleander, Jasminum floridum, Winter jasmine, Aucuba 'Spotted', Nandina domestica, Serissa japonica, Ligustrum quihoui, Fatsia japonica, Gardenia, Distylium racemosum, Camellia japonica, Hypericum, Rhododendron, Yucca (pineapple flower, arrow hemp), Cycas revoluta (iron tree), Mahonia

(IV) Deciduous broad-leaved trees:

1. Tree category: Salix babylonica, Salix 'Erect', Pterocarya stenoptera, Salix matsudana 'Tortuosa', Sapium sebiferum, Sophora japonica, Firmiana simplex (Chinese parasol

tree), Platanus (French plane tree), Sophora japonica (Chinese scholar tree), Sophora japonica 'Pendula', Albizia julibrissin, Ginkgo biloba, Melia azedarach, Catalpa ovata

2. Shrub category: Cherry blossom, Magnolia denudata, Peach blossom, Wintersweet, Lagerstroemia indica, Redbud, Acer, Acer palmatum, Prunus cerasifera 'Atropurpurea', Chaenomeles speciosa, Malus 'Bell', Hydrangea macrophylla, Spiraea, Forsythia (golden strip), Hibiscus mutabilis, Hibiscus syriacus (shrub althaea), Alchornea (cassia tree), Pomegranate

(V) Bamboo category: Bambusa multiplex, Phyllostachys sulphurea, Moso bamboo, Purple bamboo, Bambusa multiplex 'Variegated', Bambusa multiplex 'Fernleaf', Bambusa ventricosa, Bambusa multiplex 'Golden'

(VI) Vines: Wisteria sinensis, Trachelospermum jasminoides, Parthenocissus tricuspidata (Boston ivy, climbing ivy), Hedera helix, Grape vine, Euonymus fortunei

(VII) Flowers: Portulaca grandiflora, Chrysanthemum 'Long Life', Salvia splendens, Canna, Alternanthera 'Five Colors', Cabbage (ornamental kale), Chrysanthemum, Orchid

(VIII) Lawn: Zoysia tenuifolia, Zoysia japonica, Liriope, Evergreen grass, Festuca arundinacea, Zoysia matrella, Clover, Dichondra

Detailed table of common plant configurations

Table of commonly used street trees

Name Scientific name Family Tree shape Characteristics

Cinnamomum camphora Cinnamomun camphcra Lauraceae Spherical Evergreen large tree, leaves alternate, three-veined, aromatic, berries spherical.

Platanus Platanus x acerifolia Platanaceae Ovate Prefers warmth, pollution-resistant, tolerant of pruning. Large crown and dense shade, suitable as street tree and shade tree.

Maple Liquidamdar formosana Hance. Hamamelidaceae Conical Deciduous tree, bark gray and smooth, leaves triangular, slow-growing, beautiful tree form

Delonix regia Delonix regia Raffin Fabaceae Umbrella-shaped Sun-loving, prefers warm-hot climate, not cold-tolerant, fast-growing, pollution-resistant, wind-resistant; beautiful red flowers, flowering period May to August

Albizia julibrissin Albizia julibrissin Mimosaceae Umbrella-shaped Flowers pink-red, June to July, suitable as courtyard shade ornamental tree and street tree

Acacia farnesiana Albizia farnesiana Wild. Mimosaceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous sub-tree, fast-growing, dense branches and leaves, golden-yellow flowers, excellent tree vigor

Weeping willow Salix babylonica Linn. Salicaceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous sub-tree, suitable for low-temperature land, grows luxuriantly and rapidly, beautiful tree form

Ficus retusa Ficus retusa Linn.. Moraceae Spherical Deciduous tree, broad crown, fast-growing, strong canopy density, suitable for various pruning styles

Camphor tree Cinnamomum camphora Ness. Lauraceae Spherical Evergreen tree, broad crown, large and round, robust growth, beautiful tree form

Livistona chinensis Livitonia chinensis R.Br. Arecaceae Umbrella-shaped Single upright trunk, dark green leaf surface, robust growth, very beautiful posture

Longan tree Euphoria longana Lanark. Sapindaceae Round Evergreen tree with round crown, strong canopy density, slower growth, very beautiful posture

Melia azedarach Melia azedarach Linn. Meliaceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous tree, fast-growing, irregular crown, slightly umbrella-shaped, pale purple flowers

Firmiana simplex Sterculia platanifolia L. Sterculiaceae Umbrella-shaped Evergreen tree, broad leaves, fast-growing, upright when young, crown spreading when old

Paper mulberry Broussonetia papyrifera Vent. Moraceae Umbrella-shaped Evergreen tree, huge soft thin leaves, branches spreading in all directions, umbrella-shaped crown, also beautiful in posture

Alder Alnus formosana Makino. Fagaceae Umbrella-shaped Evergreen tree, tolerant of moisture and heat, not suitable for dry land and hard soil, tall and beautiful tree form

Ash tree Faxinus insularis Hemsl. Oleaceae Umbrella-shaped Evergreen tree, robust tree vigor, fast-growing, beautiful tree form and leaf shape Araucaria cunninghamii Araucaria cuninghamii Araucariaceae Conical Evergreen coniferous tree, sun-loving, prefers warm-hot climate, not cold-tolerant, fertilizer-loving, fast-growing, narrow conical crown, beautiful posture

Qinghai spruce Picea carassifolia Pinaceae Tower-shaped Evergreen coniferous tree, neutral, shallow-rooted, suitable for northwest regions

Korean pine Pinus koraiensis Pinaceae Tower-shaped Evergreen coniferous tree, weakly sun-loving, prefers cold-cool humid climate and acidic soil, needles blue-green

Sabina chinensis Sabina chinensis Cupressaceae Conical Evergreen coniferous tree, sun-loving, young trees slightly shade-tolerant, drought and barren-tolerant, cold-tolerant, slightly moisture-tolerant, pruning-tolerant, good dust-proof and sound-insulation effect

Southern magnolia Magnolia grandiflora L. Magnoliaceae Ovate Evergreen tree, large white fragrant flowers, beautiful tree form,

Acacia confusa Acacia confusa Merr. Fabaceae Umbrella-shaped Evergreen tree, bark smooth when young, rough when old, trunk mostly curved, strong growth vigor

Date palm Phoenix dactylifera L. Arecaceae Pinnate Evergreen broad-leaved tree, trunk branching, strong heat resistance, robust growth, also beautiful posture

Canary date palm Phoenix dactylifera Arecaceae Pinnate Evergreen broad-leaved tree, thick trunk, tall and majestic, dense and spreading pinnate leaves,

Royal palm Oreodoxa regia H.B.K. Arecaceae Umbrella-shaped Single upright trunk, up to 18m tall, slightly swollen in the middle, pinnate compound leaves, very strong vitality, high ornamental value

Ginkgo Ginkgo biloba Ginkgoaceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous broad-leaved tree, yellow autumn leaves, cold-tolerant, deep-rooted, not tolerant of waterlogging, resistant to various toxic gases

Chinese tulip tree Liriodendron chinense Magnoliaceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous broad-leaved tree, prefers warm humid climate, relatively strong resistance, fertile acidic soil, fast-growing, long lifespan, leaf shape like a mandarin jacket, yellow-green flowers, large and beautiful.

Populus tomentosa Populus tomentosa Salicaceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous broad-leaved tree, prefers cool climate, pollution-resistant, deep-rooted, fast-growing, relatively long lifespan; tree form upright, trunk straight, bark gray-white

Lombardy Poplar Populus nigra var. italica Salicaceae Narrow columnar Deciduous broadleaf tree, cold and drought tolerant, slightly tolerant of saline-alkali and waterlogged conditions, fast growing

Chinese Elm Ulmus parvifolia Ulmaceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous broadleaf tree, prefers warm and humid climates, tolerant of drought and poor soil, deep-rooted, fast growing, long-lived, resistant to smoke, dust and toxic gases, strong dust retention ability

Box Elder (Ash-leaved Maple) Acer negundo Aceraceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous broadleaf tree, prefers fertile soil and cool, humid climates, tolerant of smoke and dust, tolerant of dry cold, tolerant of light saline-alkali, tolerant of pruning, autumn foliage yellow{Maintenance measures for the southern plant Date Palm}.

Table of Common Landscape Tree Characteristics

Name Scientific name Family Tree shape Characteristics

Camphor Tree Cinnamomun camphcra Lauraceae Spherical Evergreen large tree, leaves alternate, tri-nerved, aromatic, berries spherical.

London Plane Platanus x acerifolia Platanaceae Oval Prefers warmth, resistant to pollution, tolerant of pruning. Large crown with dense shade, suitable as street tree and shade tree.

Southern Magnolia Magnolia grandiflora L. Magnoliaceae Oval Evergreen tree, large white fragrant flowers, beautiful tree form,

Yulan Magnolia Magnolia denudata Magnoliaceae Umbrella-shaped Fairly cold tolerant, afraid of waterlogging. Large pure white flowers, blooms in March to April. Suitable for garden viewing.

Chinese Tulip Tree (Jacket Tree) Liriodendron chinense Magnoliaceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous broadleaf tree, prefers warm and humid climates, fairly strong resistance, fertile acidic soil, fast growing, long-lived, leaves shaped like a mandarin jacket, flowers yellow-green, large and beautiful.

Chinese Arborvitae Thuja orientalis Linn Cupressaceae Conical Evergreen tree, neat tree shape when young, often crooked when old, strong growth, long-lived, beautiful tree form

Ash Tree Faxinus insularis Hemsl. Oleaceae Round Evergreen tree, vigorous growth, fast growing, beautiful tree form and leaf shape Java Bishopwood Bischoffia javanica Blanco Euphorbiaceae Round Evergreen tree, very beautiful when young leaves sprout, vigorous growth, beautiful tree form

Weeping Willow Salix babylonica Linn. Salicaceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous small tree, suitable for low-lying wet land, lush and fast growing, beautiful tree form

Chinese Incense Cedar Calocedrus macrolepis Kurz Cupressaceae Umbrella-shaped Evergreen tree, bark grayish-brown, showing irregular longitudinal fissures; branchlets alternate, green when young, flattened.

Royal Palm Roystonea regia Palmae Umbrella-shaped Single upright trunk, up to 18m tall, slightly swollen in the middle, pinnate compound leaves, very strong vitality, high ornamental value

Japanese Spindle Tree Euonymus japonica Celastraceae Oval Prefers warm and humid climates, resistant to toxic gases. Grown for foliage. Suitable for hedges and foundation planting.

Maple Tree Liquidamdar formosana Hance. Hamamelidaceae Conical Deciduous tree, bark gray and smooth, leaves triangular, slow growing, beautiful tree form

Chinese Wingnut Pterocarya stenoptera Juglandaceae Umbrella-shaped Strong adaptability, tolerant of waterlogging, fast growing. Suitable as shade tree, street tree, bank-protection tree

Creeping Juniper Sabina procumbens Cupressaceae Evergreen creeping dwarf shrub, branches and trunk sprawling and creeping on the ground, leaves needle-like. Slow growing, unique tree form, verdant and flowing foliage. Suitable for ground cover and beautification around courtyard stones, ponds, sand pits, slopes, etc.{Maintenance measures for the southern plant Date Palm}.

Golden Dewdrop Duranta repens Verbenaceae Round Evergreen shrub. Suitable for large potted plants, flower troughs, hedges. Golden Dewdrop with yellow leaves is mainly grown for foliage, widely used, can be used as ground cover, pruned into shapes, formed into patterns, or used for color-contrast planting, dazzling and eye-catching. Chinese Holly Ilex cornuta Aquifoliaceae Round Resistant to toxic gases, slow growing. Green leaves and red berries, very beautiful. Suitable for foundation planting. Paper Mulberry Broussonetia papyrifera Vent. Moraceae Umbrella-shaped Evergreen tree, leaves huge and soft-thin, branches spreading in all directions, posture also beautiful

Chinese Elm Ulmus parvifolia Ulmaceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous broadleaf tree, prefers warm and humid climates, tolerant of drought and poor soil, deep-rooted, fast growing, long-lived, resistant to smoke, dust and toxic gases, strong dust retention ability

Chinese Juniper Juniperus Chinensis Linn Cupressaceae Conical Evergreen medium-sized tree, branches densely grown, dark green, vigorous growth, suitable for pruning, beautiful tree form

Japanese Pittosporum Pittosporum tobira Pittosporaceae Round White flowers fragrant, blooms in May. Suitable for foundation planting, as hedge or potted plant. Date Palm Phoenix dactylifera Linn Palmae Umbrella-shaped Trunk tillering, up to 20-25m tall, leaves grayish-white with arching curve, vigorous growth, beautiful tree form

Hankow Willow Salix matsudana Salicaceae Umbrella-shaped Suitable as shade tree, street tree, bank-protection tree

Silk Tree Albizia julibrissin Mimosaceae Umbrella-shaped Flowers pink, June to July, suitable as shade ornamental tree, street tree

Japanese Black Pine Pinus Thumbergii Porl. Pinaceae Conical Evergreen tree, bark grayish-brown, branchlets orange-yellow, leaves hard and in clusters of two, long-lived

Purple-leaf Cherry Plum Prunus cerasifera. F.arropurpurea Rosaceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous small tree, branchlets smooth, reddish-brown, leaves ovate, entirely purplish-red, pale pink small flowers in April, drupe purple. Suitable for both specimen and group planting, as a backdrop.

Washington Palm Washingtonia filifera Wend. Palmae Umbrella-shaped Single cylindrical trunk, swollen at the base, up to 4-8m tall, leaf blade fan-shaped and round, vigorous growth, beautiful tree form{Maintenance measures for the southern plant Date Palm}.

Japanese Pagoda Tree Sophora japonica Leguminosae Umbrella-shaped Branches and leaves dense, crown broad, suitable as shade tree, street tree

Yellow Cassia Cassia glauca Lam. Leguminosae Round Deciduous tree, even-pinnate compound leaves, flowers yellow, fast growing, beautiful tree form

Box Elder (Ash-leaved Maple) Acer negundo Aceraceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous broadleaf tree, prefers fertile soil and cool, humid climates, tolerant of smoke and dust, tolerant of dry cold, tolerant of light saline-alkali, tolerant of pruning, autumn foliage yellow

Japanese Maple Acer palmatum Aceraceae Umbrella-shaped Leaves elegant in shape, autumn foliage red. Suitable for garden viewing and potted cultivation.

Golden Larch Pseudolarix amabilis Rehd. Pinaceae Ovate pagoda-shaped Evergreen tree, branches and leaves spreading, leaves linear, alternate on long shoots, leaflets radial, tree form sturdy and upright.

Bottle Palm Hyophorbe amaricaulis Mart. Palmae Umbrella-shaped Trunk about 3 m tall, base elliptically swollen, forming a wine bottle shape, posture very beautiful

Mandarin Orange Tree Citrus reticulata Rutaceae Round Flowers white, fruit yellow-green, fragrant. Suitable for group planting.

Chinaberry Tree Melia azedarch Linn. Meliaceae Round Deciduous tree, bark grayish-brown, twice odd-pinnate compound leaves, flowers purple, fast growing

Snowbush Serissa Serissa serissoides Rubiaceae Round Evergreen small shrub. Leaves dark green, flowers snow-white, slightly pale pink. Branches and leaves slender, fine texture, suitable for potted plants, low hedges, ground cover, flower beds, pruned shapes.

Dragon Juniper Juniperus chinensis var. Kaituka, Hort Cupressaceae Upright pagoda-shaped Evergreen medium-sized tree, branches densely grown, dark green, vigorous growth, very long-lived, very beautiful tree form

Dragon-claw Pagoda Tree S. j. cv. Pendula Leguminosae Umbrella-shaped Branches pendulous, suitable for garden viewing, opposite planting or row planting

Dragon-claw Willow S. m. cv. Tortuosa Salicaceae Round Branches twisted like a dragon roaming, suitable as shade tree, ornamental tree

Pygmy Date Palm Phehix Roebelenii Brien. Palmae Umbrella-shaped Trunk upright, 2m tall, petioles thin and small, leaflets alternate or opposite, an excellent variety with beautiful leaves

Buddhist Pine Podocaarpus macrophyllus D. Don Podocarpaceae Long conical Evergreen tree, elegant and simple in posture, can be pruned as high-grade bonsai material, or shaped into round, conical, layered forms for garden landscaping and beautification.

Masson Pine Pinus massoniana Lamb. Pinaceae Umbrella-shaped Evergreen tree, trunk bark reddish-brown, winter buds brown, large trees majestic in posture

Nandina Nandina domestica Berberidaceae Umbrella-shaped Branches and leaves elegant, red berries in autumn and winter; garden viewing, can be group planted or potted. Norfolk Island Pine Araucaria ecelsa Br. Araucariaceae Conical Evergreen coniferous tree, branches whorled, lower ones pendulous, leaves dark green, beautiful tree form, vigorous growth

Glossy Privet Ligustrum lucidum Oleaceae Oval Flowers white, blooms in June. Suitable as hedge or street tree.

Chinese Fan Palm Livistona chinensis R. Br. Palmae Umbrella-shaped Trunk upright, up to 6-12m tall, leaves round, petiole edges spiny, lush growth, elegant posture

Globe Arborvitae Junlperus chinensis cv. Globosa. Cupressaceae Broadly round Shrub, no main trunk, branches clustered.

Green Maple Acer serrulatum Aceraceae Umbrella-shaped conical Deciduous tree. Trunk upright. Tree form light and graceful, can be trained into noble bonsai, an elegant street tree, landscape tree, forest bathing tree.

Box-leaved Buxus B. bodinieri Buxaceae Oval Branches and leaves fine and dense, suitable for garden viewing. Can be group planted, used as hedge or potted. Japanese Cedar Cryptomeria japonica D. Don Taxodiaceae Conical, ovate, round Evergreen tree. Branches whorled, graceful

Chapter Eight: "Cultivation and Maintenance of Palm Family Plants"

The palm family is a very distinctive group of evergreen plants in the monocotyledon class, with stems single or clustered, upright or climbing; leaves gathered at the top of the stem, well-developed root system, tolerant of drought, tolerant of poor soil, strong resistance to pests and diseases, and outstanding for creating tropical-style garden landscapes. This section will introduce their introduction, transplanting and disease control.

Brief Introduction to the Introduction Process

There are 183 genera and about 2400 species of palm family plants worldwide, widely distributed in the tropical and subtropical humid regions of the world. High temperature and high humidity are important conditions for the normal growth and development of most palms, while a few palms have unique adaptability to adverse environments, for example the Silver Date Palm (Wild Date Palm) distributed in extremely arid areas at the edge of deserts, and quite a few palm species that can tolerate long-term waterlogging, such as the Swamp Palm. Most palm plants are rich in fiber, with tough stems and well-developed root systems, and have strong wind resistance, such as the Alexander Palm and the Chinese Fan Palm.

Since the 1940s, in the construction of numerous tropical and subtropical cities around the world, the landscape value of palms has been recognized, and they have been used as key species for urban greening and beautification, such as in Miami in the United States, Jakarta in India, Bangkok in Thailand, as well as Cape Town in South Africa and Singapore, etc.

Some landscaping companies in Guangdong began the work of introducing and applying palms in the early 1980s. Over the following twenty-plus years, southern provinces and regions such as Guangxi, Fujian and Yunnan, as well as later Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Shanghai, Chongqing and Yunnan and other areas, successively set off a wave of introducing, producing and applying palms.

Led by Guangdong Palm Landscape Company, several units, based on theories of plant geography and ecology, through observational research on the growth conditions and mortality rates of introduced and acclimatized palm family plants, found that plants native to the Northern Hemisphere generally have cold-tolerance potential because they experienced ancient glacial climates, while species native to high latitudes and high altitudes in the Southern Hemisphere also have relatively strong cold tolerance. Through research on the cold tolerance and cold-tolerance mechanisms of palms, researchers found that the main factors affecting introduction and acclimatization are: temperature, light, humidity, water and soil, etc. The most significant effect of the temperature factor is governing the growth and development of plants; winter low temperature is the leading factor affecting the success or failure of palm introduction and acclimatization; through research on the salt tolerance and shade tolerance of palms, researchers screened out a batch of varieties with relatively strong saline-alkali tolerance and shade tolerance; at the same time, through the control of pests and diseases such as palm Phytophthora disease, coconut leaf beetle, and red palm weevil, the incidence of palm pests and diseases was greatly reduced. In addition, researchers also studied the mechanisms of palm seed germination, summarized and invented techniques for accelerating palm seed germination, mastered the techniques for whole-crown transplanting of palm plants and cultivation of large-specification container seedlings, and did effective work on soil improvement, winter cold protection and preservation techniques.

At present, researchers have screened and promoted about 80 species of palm plants in South China, including Royal Palm, Chinese Fan Palm, Broadleaf Lady Palm, South Palm, Fishtail Palm, etc.; palm family plants successfully applied in Shanghai and surrounding areas mainly include Butia Palm, Mexican Washington Palm, Canary Island Date Palm, Washington Palm and more than ten other species, and the related research techniques have been appraised by experts as having reached the world's advanced level.

Taking the Washington Palm as an example

Discussing the Occurrence and Control of Phytophthora Disease

Damage and General Symptoms of Palm Phytophthora Disease

This disease often occurs and causes damage on Royal Palm, Large Fan Palm, Washington Palm, Mexican Fan Palm, Canary Island Date Palm and other palm plants; in affected plants the heart leaf cannot emerge normally, new leaves shrink and wither, and in severe cases the whole plant withers in patches. The pathogen of Phytophthora disease is caused by Phytophthora fungi and can be identified through incubator culture. The pathogen mainly overwinters in the soil or on diseased plant residues. The bacteria spread through watering, rain splashing, air flow, etc.

Occurrence Pattern of Phytophthora Disease in Washington Palm

This disease occurs during the high-temperature and high-humidity period between summer and autumn. When there is drought followed by rain, or poor management after transplanting, such as heavy watering, soil water content

suddenly increasing, poor ventilation, or plants located in wind-gap positions, they are prone to infection. In low-lying, poorly drained, continuous-cropping plots, the disease is severe. In addition, this disease is often related to severe root injury during seedling digging and subsequent long-distance transport.

When it occurs, the base of the unexpanded young heart leaf rots, the leaves turn grayish-green and droop, and they can be pulled out with slight force. Dissecting the stem, one can see paste-like secretions at the growth point or even the entire heart of the plant, with a foul odor, and the infected tissue can grow white mold-like substances. In severely affected plants, root damage is also often seen, with the main symptoms being blackened, rotted roots with an abnormal

odor. This disease mainly occurs at the seedling stage and in nurseries, and is less common in adult trees planted in green spaces.

Symptoms

In recent years, the damage has been relatively severe in nursery fields. In the early stage of the disease, yellowish-brown water-soaked lesions first appear near the ground, the lesions rapidly expand and are slightly sunken, and when moist the surface is densely covered with white cottony mold, and the diseased part rots and smells foul. When it occurs on leaves, the diseased part is yellowish-brown, and white mold grows under moist conditions. When it occurs on the stem, it is initially dark green, then expands, becomes moist and soft, and in the later stage the upper part shows withering. This disease can harm the entire palm plant. Sometimes the root system and stem have purulent liquid exuding when cut open, and in severe cases the edges of the veins of young leaves carry a large amount of gray-black mycelium. Phytophthora disease is a vascular bundle disease; in severe cases the whole plant wilts, droops, dries up, and eventually dies, with a high mortality rate.

According to surveys, the peak period of this disease is mostly the high-temperature and high-humidity period, that is, the optimum temperature is 27°C to 35°C. For example, in 2006, the disease period in the coastal areas near the Pearl River Delta was July to October, in Xiamen August to November, in Shanghai June to September (also occurring in early spring), and in the mountainous areas of western Pearl River Delta August to November, but in all places the disease could be seen within 1 to 2 months after typhoons and heavy rain, sometimes occurring sporadically, sometimes appearing in patches.

Control Methods

I. Preventive Cultivation Measures

1. Pay attention to ventilation, dryness and drainage in the nursery. Leaves can be moderately pruned each autumn and winter, and pits can be dug and soil mounded in the planting area to keep the nursery land dry. Normally, potassium fertilizer can be added, and quicklime, superphosphate, etc. can also be applied separately, to enhance plant tissue density and resistance to infection, and improve the plant's disease resistance.

2. Choose a good plot; choose loam or sandy loam land with high terrain and good drainage for planting.

3. Implement crop rotation; land that has been planted with Washington Palm should be rotated for three to four years or more.

4. Strengthen field management, add more organic fertilizer, promote robust plant growth with deep roots and lush leaves, and improve resistance. Implement high-ridge (bed) cultivation. Appropriately control watering during the rainy season, drain water promptly after rain so that the ground dries after rain; water promptly in drought, and strictly prohibit flood irrigation when watering, carrying it out on sunny afternoons or evenings.

5. Achieve prevention first and integrated control. Observe normally, often prune dead branches and fallen leaves, and when diseased plants are found, clean them up promptly, bury them deeply or burn them, and disinfect the diseased holes with lime.

II. Chemical Control

One to two months before the onset of the disease in summer and during the disease period, use 64% Sandofan wettable powder (1:500 to 600), 80% Fosetyl-Al (1:400), or other hymexazol-type products such as Kamedol, i.e. hydroxyisoxazole (usual amount 600 to 700 times), lime-sulfur mixture (1:1:100), Dexon (500 times), etc. for control. Specific control method: when transplanting Washington Palm, first spray the planting site and the roots of the Washington Palm with 600 to 700 times hydroxyisoxazole solution, or first dig holes and expose them to the sun for sterilization on consecutive sunny days, or sprinkle lime powder for disinfection, or use 500 times Dexon solution for soil disinfection.

After a typhoon, promptly spray Sandofan (better) or Fosetyl-Al (prone to developing resistance), adding 0.4% washing powder, pouring into the heart or spraying to prevent and treat. 80% Mancozeb 700 times solution can also be sprayed, once every 7 to 10 days, spraying two or three times in succession, which can effectively prevent and control the occurrence of Phytophthora disease. After adopting this measure, the Washington Palm and Mexican Washington Palm at the Shanghai base of Guangdong Palm Landscape Company have dropped from a disease incidence of 20% in 2004 to below 10%.

Control Experience

The control effect of using carbendazim etc. is not obvious. In the early stage of the disease, if all leaves are cut off and the plant is transplanted elsewhere, about 30% can gradually revive after 2 to 3 years, but the growth is poor.

It is understood that this disease rarely occurs in high-temperature and dry areas such as Los Angeles, so this disease is related to high temperature and high humidity, and the infection route is through surface water, groundwater and rainwater, etc. When the plant's root system, trunk, leaves, etc. are damaged, the pathogen invades and multiplies in large numbers when water is sufficient, ultimately causing blockage of the vascular conducting tissue and the plant dying from water loss and wilting. The heart rot disease introduced in some literature is actually also Phytophthora disease, only occurring at the heart leaf site.

This disease is different from anthracnose; the latter occurs on leaves, with small water-soaked spots appearing at onset, then expanding into larger lesions, and is easily discovered, and can generally be controlled with agents such as carbendazim. As for leaf spot disease, it refers to diseases occurring on leaves, with common pathogens being Phyllosticta, Pestalotiopsis, etc., often causing leaf blight, but anthracnose and leaf spot disease rarely cause plant death. Transplanting Techniques for Large Single-trunk Seedlings

Preparation Before Transplanting

1. Root-prune the seedlings to be transplanted in advance; after root pruning, the soil ball size is twice the ground diameter, and the root pruning depth is 50 cm to 60 cm. Stones and broken roots should be removed from the root-pruned soil and promptly backfilled, and moisture retention should be ensured: the purpose is to exercise the seedling's adaptability and promote new root growth. After root pruning, it is best to keep them for more than 30 days, and transplant only when new roots begin to sprout. If using heeled-in seedlings, the effect is even better.

2. Dig holes and prepare the ground. Dig holes at the planting site 20 days before transplanting; the hole specification is generally 1.5 times the soil ball. The soil from digging the holes should be exposed to the sun for a period, and the backfill soil is best a pre-prepared mixed soil: pond mud + farmyard manure or mushroom soil + an appropriate amount of matured phosphate fertilizer + an appropriate amount of river sand, with sand:soil at 4:6.

Planting Time

In the Pearl River Delta region, transplanting can be done throughout the year, with spring and autumn being the best, and summer and winter should be avoided as much as possible, especially January and July. Most palm family plants prefer warmth and moisture; in summer the temperature is high, seedling moisture evaporates quickly, easily causing excessive water loss and affecting survival; in winter the temperature is low, some places even have frost, and strong north winds can easily cause seedling frostbite or even death.

Moving the Seedlings

Some large single-trunk palm seedlings have relatively thick stems, the workload of moving the seedlings is large, and the seedlings are very easily injured. Therefore, when moving the seedlings, the trunk should be wrapped with burlap sacks or straw, especially the green wrapped-trunk part at the boundary between the trunk and the petiole. First, it protects the trunk, and second, it retains moisture and blocks sunlight. In addition, when lifting the seedlings, combine with pruning leaves, remove old leaves and retain 40% to 45% of the leaves (specifically depending on the strength of the tree vigor). At the same time, cut off the leaves together with the petiole by 1/5, to minimize water evaporation as much as possible.

Planting

It is best to plant the seedlings on the same day they are dug; if the time is too long, the seedlings lose a lot of water, and water loss easily affects survival. If they cannot all be planted on the same day, cover them with shade netting and spray a small amount of water on the leaf surface every day, doing well in shading and moisture retention.

1. Backfilling soil. Once the seedling is positioned, backfill the soil. When the backfill reaches half the height of the soil ball, first compact the loose soil. After backfilling is complete, shape the soil mound into a "water storage basin" that is slightly higher around the edges and slightly lower in the middle, to facilitate watering and moisture retention.

2. Watering. Immediately after backfilling, water thoroughly to settle the roots. Before watering, first use bamboo poles etc. to poke the loose soil around the soil ball firmly, until the loose soil no longer sinks.

3. Fixing. There are many kinds of supports; using three bamboo poles to form a triangular support is the most economical and practical one. The tying height is at 2/3 of the trunk.

Post-planting Management

1. Moisture retention. Spray the leaves and trunk wrapping twice a day, except on rainy days, to the extent that the leaves and trunk wrapping are moistened. Do not water at the roots, because excess water will flow down, and water accumulation will cause root rot. Cover the area around the tree base with straw for sun protection, to prevent excessive soil temperature differences from causing soil compaction, and to keep the soil around the soil ball loose, moist and aerated, which is conducive to new root sprouting.

2. Wind protection. Because transplanted large single-trunk palm plants are generally taller, and after transplanting are often affected by thunderstorms and strong winds, it is necessary to regularly check whether the supports are loose after planting, and especially after strong winds, if the trunk is found to be leaning, promptly straighten and re-tie it.

3. Topdressing. About one month after planting, urea water can be used as foliar topdressing, sprayed, with topdressing about once every half a month. After the first new leaf grows and matures, use fully decomposed peanut bran for hole fertilization. The hole digging position is an annular trench opened beyond the edge of the soil ball, with the trench width and depth each 30 cm, and the fertilizer and backfill soil must be mixed evenly.

4. Pest and disease control. Newly transplanted large single-trunk palm seedlings are relatively weak in tree vigor and are very susceptible to pests and diseases, especially young leaves and heart leaves. For insect control, 5% methamidophos plus 5% omethoate can be applied. At present, the invasive pest "coconut leaf beetle" is quite serious in its harm to palm family plants; adults and larvae concentrate in the overlapping spaces of the not-yet-unfolded heart leaves and gnaw the leaf flesh, causing part or all of the newly emerged leaves to wither and die, and affected plants grow slowly or even die. There are several control methods as follows: ① 81% malathion emulsion 1000 times solution; ② cypermethrin 500 times solution; ③ use "Yejiaqing", all of which can achieve good control effects. According to actual operation, the author believes that the simplest, most convenient and long-lasting method is to hang a packet of "Yejiaqing" on the heart leaf in combination with tying during planting for control.

For large single-trunk palm seedlings, about one month after planting, whether they have survived can be roughly determined based on whether their leaves remain green, but to truly determine survival, one generally has to wait until after one growing season, using whether new shoots and new roots have emerged as the standard. After the author adopted the above transplanting techniques in construction, the transplanting survival rate increased from the original 75% to above 90%, and the above techniques are highly operable and worth promoting and applying.

Transplanting Techniques for Seedlings, Large Trees and Clustered Seedlings

Key Techniques for Transplanting Seedlings

Palm plants are most suitable for transplanting during the period after they germinate and take root. At this time the seedlings are smaller, can be transplanted with seeds, and moreover have few fibrous roots, so the root system is not easily damaged when moving the seedlings. Use nutrition bags for seedling cultivation; the size depends on the cultivation time of the seedlings. Generally speaking, 1-year-old seedlings are suitable for 16 cm x 18 cm containers, and 2-year-old seedlings for 19 cm x 20 cm; nutrition bags that are too small are not conducive to rapid seedling growth. The nutrition soil is prepared with loose topsoil, burnt soil and wheat bran, mixed evenly in a 5:2:1 ratio with a small amount of phosphate fertilizer, then bagged. First fill half the bag with mixed soil, then place the seedling, then straighten the seedling and fill it full and compact it, so that the seedling root system and the mixed soil are pressed closely together, and water thoroughly. Palm plants cannot be planted too deep, otherwise it will affect seedling growth. If too deep, lift the seedling upward so that the seedling root system spreads out.

Key Techniques for Transplanting Large Trees

Palm family plants cultivated in nurseries for 5 to 10 years mostly need several bed-to-bed transplants, so choosing sparse-planted strong seedlings results in a higher survival rate.

Reducing damage to the root mass. Palm plant root tissue is tender, with many lateral roots and capillary roots, so when digging, carry as large a soil ball as possible and prevent it from loosening and cracking. Minimize damage to the root mass to the greatest extent, so as to maintain normal respiration and water absorption capacity and improve the transplanting survival rate. During construction, lines should be accurately laid out and holes set, to avoid rework and prevent the soil ball from loosening.

Leaf pruning. The amount of leaves retained during transplanting should be comprehensively determined according to different species, the climate at transplanting, and transplanting and maintenance conditions.

Generally, about 40% of the original number of leaves should be retained. Too many leaves retained will cause leaves to yellow due to large water evaporation; too few leaves retained will make plant recovery difficult with a long cycle, and the initial landscape effect will also be poor.

Protect the plant's stem and its pseudostem. During digging, carrying, loading and unloading of the plant, the stem should be protected from damage, and the pseudostem part should not be squeezed or bent; this is the guarantee of plant health and rapid recovery.

Soil at the new planting site. Palm family plants will damage root tips during transplanting, and it is difficult for new root tips to sprout within one month after transplanting, so water absorption capacity is weak. At this time, if the soil has good water permeability and air permeability, it is conducive to seedling survival, so when planting, dig large holes and pay attention to the quality of the brought-in soil, adding peat soil and compound fertilizer, to facilitate palm recovery after planting.

Maintenance. Within one month after planting, the plant's adaptability is poor, and the seedlings should be carefully maintained; be sure to replenish water promptly and shade appropriately, and strive to have new leaves sprout within three months. If after transplanting there is continuous rainy weather for several days, the palm seedlings will recover better, because rainy days can avoid the effects of adverse factors such as scorching sun exposure.

Key Techniques for Transplanting Large Clustered Seedlings

Clustered species of palm family plants have multiple growth points, and after growing into a multi-trunk clustered state, they can grow new roots relatively quickly after transplanting. But clustered palms also have disadvantages such as heavy trunks, large leaf area causing large water evaporation, and poor ventilation making them susceptible to strong wind damage. Therefore, in addition to handling according to single-trunk palm transplanting, the following technical measures should be added:

1. Implement "hair root method" transplanting, that is, after digging a relatively large soil ball, use a small shovel to remove part of the soil along the outer edge of the soil ball, retain more fibrous roots and a moderate soil ball, and immediately wrap it with lightweight moisture-retaining material, to reduce the weight of the soil ball while ensuring survival. For example, this method can be used for transplanting clustered palms that recover relatively slowly, such as the Fishtail Palm and the Three-stamen Areca.

2. Implement bare-root heeling-in or potting for centralized maintenance until new roots sprout and the plant stabilizes, then formally plant. This method is suitable for fast-growing clustered palms such as Areca Palm, Ptychosperma elegans and Hawaiian Palm, and can reduce transport costs and facilitate construction.

In summary, for the transplanting of large seedlings and large trees of palm family plants, in short, do well in five aspects, namely: choose strong seedlings; dig good soil balls and transport carefully; moderately prune leaves; ensure ventilation and drainage at the planting site; and do well in post-planting maintenance of sun protection and moisture retention. The sign of successful transplanting of large seedlings and large trees is being able to retain most of the leaves and sprout new leaves within half a year after planting, among which sprouting three healthy new leaves is complete transplanting success

Drainage: first understand the hydrological conditions of the planting site, try to place the bottommost part of the soil ball at a position 100-150CM above the perennial groundwater level of the planting site and with thick fertile soil, and at the same time do well in the subsurface soil ball root drainage layer and surface runoff drainage network, to prevent water accumulation in the soil ball after planting; if the hydrological conditions do not meet the requirements, the method of planting with a raised soil ball can be used, that is, first pile up the planting site high with loose medium mixed with fertile soil or coarse sand, try to meet the above requirements, then place the plant on the soil pile, and fill and bury the soil ball with mixed loose soil or planting soil mixed with humus soil; remove debris from the soil around the planting site, or appropriately improve the soil with loose medium, to achieve the condition of making the plant roots loose and breathable; strengthen inspections during the rainy season, promptly clear drainage facilities and appropriately loosen the soil at the roots, to facilitate waterlogging prevention and drainage. Moisture retention: after planting, water thoroughly once immediately to settle the roots, ensuring the soil ball roots are moist and closely combined with the surrounding soil, promoting root development, then water thoroughly three more times and promptly cover the soil ball well to prevent the surface soil from cracking. In hot summer, also spray water on the ground and tree crown more, to increase the environmental humidity and reduce transpiration; leaf moisture retention treatments include a. newly planted seedlings should have leaves appropriately pruned, to reduce the transpiration area of the leaves; b. appropriately spray antitranspirants on the leaves, to inhibit the plant's physiological metabolism and reduce the plant's physiological water loss; c. under sunny weather conditions, spray atomized water on the leaves as much as possible, to strengthen the leaves' absorption of water and weaken transpiration; check the moisture status of the soil ball and roots at any time and replenish water promptly, to ensure the soil ball is moist and the roots' breathing permeability is maintained. Fertilization: in addition to maintaining moisture for the plant after planting, foliar fertilizer can be appropriately sprayed at low concentration, to strengthen post-planting nutritional supplementation; frequently check the root sprouting status of the plant, and if the plant is found to have grown new roots, consider increasing root fertilization, generally choosing the season when the monthly average temperature is above 20°C, mainly applying organic fertilizer as much as possible, with an appropriate addition of compound fertilizer with high P and K content, to promote the plant's nutritional balance and ensure its rapid recovery and healthy growth. Pest and disease control: spray pesticide to control pests and diseases before the seedlings leave the nursery, and after arriving at the site, the plants also need to be sprayed with pesticide before unloading, and ensure continuous pesticide application three times at intervals of one week to ten days within one month after planting, and then a pest and disease control plan also needs to be reasonably formulated. Special

Chapter Nine: "Maintenance Plan"

Shidalien (Nanjing) Optoelectronics Co., Ltd. Greening

Care

Maintenance

Plan

Proposal

Nanjing Gensen Flowers and Trees Co., Ltd.

October 8, 2010

Project Overview

"Shidali'en (Nanjing) Optoelectronics Co., Ltd." is located at No. 31 Hengfei Road, Nanjing Economic and Technological Development Zone, with a factory green space area of 28,186 sq m. The plant configuration of the factory's landscaping is relatively reasonable, rich in color, with obvious seasonal changes, forming a distinct layered, natural ecological plant community that basically presents the natural landscape of plants. The arrangement of flowering shrubs and hedges between the factory buildings gives each factory area a different landscape style. Dozens of plant varieties such as camphor trees, southern magnolias, zelkova trees, osmanthus, and crape myrtles are planted in the factory area, including a tree-lined avenue composed of large-specification camphor trees, and a gatehouse scenic spot composed of varieties such as old red maples, fruiting pomegranates, Malus spectabilis, ginkgoes, and Canary Island date palms.

In view of the current situation of the factory's landscaping, we believe that the initial construction of the landscaping was relatively extensive, with insufficient understanding of plant habits, especially the inadequate replacement of planting soil in the green areas, where in some areas the garbage soil was not replaced, resulting in poor plant growth.

Landscaping Maintenance Plan Schedule

January (Minor Cold, Major Cold)

1. Shaping and pruning of fruit trees.

2. Frequently check cold protection equipment, facilities, and cold protection wrapping materials on seedlings.

3. Turn the soil for winter plowing, apply sufficient winter fertilizer.

4. Prune dead, damaged, diseased and pest-infested branches and leaves, thoroughly remove overwintering bagworm cases, slug moth cocoons, and latent overwintering pests.

February (Start of Spring, Rain Water)

1. Continue winter pruning of deciduous trees and fruit trees.

2. Continue pruning diseased and pest-infested branches, and observe the occurrence of pests and diseases (such as cottony cushion scale, giant mealybug, etc.).

3. Continue accumulating fertilizer and making compost, prepare culture soil, and continue applying winter fertilizer to various deciduous trees. March (Awakening of Insects, Spring Equinox)

As the weather gradually warms, many pests and diseases are about to occur. Maintain and repair various pest and disease control equipment and prepare medicines. Pay attention to the occurrence of aphids and giant mealybugs, and achieve timely prevention and control. April (Pure Brightness, Grain Rain)

1. Do a good job in the prevention and control of scale insects, mites, cutworms, white grubs, mole crickets and other parasitic insects, as well as powdery mildew and rust.

2. Do a good job in loosening soil, weeding, and fertilizing before flowering. Apply light fertilizer to perennial flowers and spring-sown herbaceous flowers every week.

3. Do a good job in bud removal and pruning of trees. Remove excess young buds and improperly positioned branches at any time.

4. Dredge and repair the drainage system.

May (Start of Summer, Grain Full)

1. Carry out post-flowering pruning and hedge trimming on spring-flowering shrubs. According to technical operation requirements, carry out bud removal and pruning on trees, and prune and remove root sprouts from the roots of small seedlings at any time.

2. Continue to strengthen tree maintenance and management, do a good job in replanting, thinning, and final spacing of seedlings, apply additional fertilizer, and apply light fertilizer frequently.

3. This month the temperature gradually rises, and pests and diseases cause great harm to trees and flowers. Attention should be paid to pest forecasting and prediction, and pest and disease prevention work should be done well.

4. Carry out lawn mowing and continue to remove weeds from the lawn.

June (Grain in Ear, Summer Solstice)

1. This month enters the plum rain season, with high temperature and high humidity. Replanting should be carried out promptly.

2. Carry out post-flowering pruning and fertilizing on flowering shrubs, and pinch and prune some spring-sown herbaceous flowers.

3. Continue to remove weeds and continue mowing.

4. Do a good job in pest and disease control. This month focus on the prevention and control of bagworms, slug moths, tussock moths, inchworms, tortoise wax scales and other pests, as well as leaf spot disease, anthracnose, and sooty mold.

July (Minor Heat, Major Heat)

1. This month the weather is hot, and weeds grow quickly. Continue intertillage and weeding, and loosen the soil.

2. Bagworms, slug moths, longhorn beetles, tortoise wax scales, armored scales, second-generation cottony cushion scales, mites and other pests occur in large numbers. Attention should be paid to prevention and control, while continuing to prevent and control anthracnose, powdery mildew, leaf spot disease, etc.

3. During the dog days with high temperatures and little rain, irrigation is needed to combat drought. This month is also a month with more rainstorms, so attention should be paid to waterlogging prevention.

4. This month enters the typhoon and tidal flood season. Do a good job in typhoon and flood prevention, check frequently, and timely right wind-toppled trees.

August (Start of Autumn, End of Heat)

1. Continue intertillage and weeding, and loosen the soil.

2. Continue to do a good job in drought prevention and drainage, ensuring the normal growth of seedlings.

3. This month seedlings grow vigorously. Apply additional fertilizer in a timely manner. For small seedlings, apply light fertilizer frequently.

4. Continue to do a good job in typhoon and flood prevention, and timely right wind-toppled trees when found.

5. Continue to do a good job in pest and disease control. Earnestly prevent and control the main pests harmful to trees (bagworms, second-generation slug moths, longhorn beetles, mites, etc.) and main diseases (powdery mildew, anthracnose, leaf spot disease, etc.).

September (White Dew, Autumn Equinox)

1. Continue to do a good job in pest elimination and disease control; in particular, frequently check the occurrence of aphids, wood borers, etc., and once found, control them immediately.

2. Continue intertillage and weeding, continue to remove weeds from the lawn, carry out lawn mowing, and carry out shaping and pruning of ball-shaped plants and hedges.

3. Continue to do a good job in pest and disease control. In particular, check the pest and disease situations such as aphids, bagworms, slug moths, brown spot disease, and sooty mold on flowering shrubs, which occur more frequently, and control them in a timely manner.

October (Cold Dew, Frost Descent)

1. Do a good job in pest and disease control, and eliminate various adult insects and eggs.

2. Continue intertillage and weeding.

3. After seedlings stop growing, check the survival rate, ascertain the actual situation, and ensure the smooth progress of winter and spring landscaping work.

November (Start of Winter, Minor Snow)

1. Do a good job in cold protection. Whitewash some trees, or wrap them with straw rope.

2. Carry out winter pruning of trees, cutting off diseased branches and dead branches; branches with insect eggs, competing branches, and excess

Future Hotspot Expert Interpretations for Nursery Stock Regions