What are the propagation methods for Cymbidium iridioides?
Division Division is generally carried out once every three years, and can be done in both spring and autumn. For division, choose Cymbidium iridioides plants that are robust and have densely clustered pseudobulbs. After division, each cluster must retain more than 5 pseudobulbs connected together. Before division, reduce the frequency of watering Cymbidium iridioides to let the potting soil dry out
Division
Division is generally carried out once every three years, and can be done in both spring and autumn. For division, choose Cymbidium iridioides plants that are robust and have densely clustered pseudobulbs. After division, each cluster must retain more than 5 pseudobulbs connected together.
Before division, reduce the frequency of watering Cymbidium iridioides to let the potting soil dry out. In the pot, place broken tile pieces, coarse gravel, coarse-grained soil and fine soil in layers, and finally plant in soil rich in humus.
The planting depth should be such that the pseudobulbs are just barely buried in the soil. For potted plants, leave a little space at the rim of the pot, spread fine gravel on top, and finally water thoroughly. Place in a shaded area for half a month, keeping the soil moist at all times. After half a month, gradually reduce watering and carry out normal care, and division propagation is complete.
Sowing
Cymbidium iridioides seeds have very low germination capacity, so conventional sowing methods do not work for it. Therefore, we need to use a culture medium to supply nutrients and promote germination.
Wipe the surface of unopened fruit with alcohol, then extract the seeds. Soak the seeds in sodium hypochlorite for 10 minutes, then remove the seeds and rinse them three times repeatedly with sterile water. The seeds can then be placed in culture bottles containing culture medium for cultivation.
Place the culture bottles in a dark culture room, maintaining a temperature of about 25°C, then move them into the light. Note that from sowing to transplanting, at least half a year is needed.
I never expected that propagating Cymbidium iridioides would be so difficult. Then could its watering techniques be even more difficult? With this question in mind, let us continue reading!
Cymbidium iridioides Cymbidium iridioides Illustrated Guide: How to grow Cymbidium iridioides / How to propagate Cymbidium iridioides
Cymbidium iridioides ProfileCymbidium iridioides Cymbidium iridioides
Cultivation methods and precautions for Cymbidium iridioides Introduction to Cymbidium iridioides
Cymbidium iridioides, an epiphytic plant. Pseudobulbs elliptic-ovate to narrowly ovate, mostly or entirely enclosed within the leaf bases. Leaves 4-8, ligulate. Raceme with 3-17 flowers, flowers relatively large, up to 10 cm in diameter, fragrant, flowering period August to December.
Morphological characteristics of Cymbidium iridioides Stem
Epiphytic plant; pseudobulbs elliptic-ovate to narrowly ovate, 4-11 cm long, 2-5 cm wide, mostly or entirely enclosed within the leaf bases.
Leaves
Leaves 4-8, ligulate, 45-70(-90) cm long, (1.6-)2-4 cm wide, apex acute, articulation located 6-15 cm from the base.
Flowers
Scape emerging from the base of the pseudobulb through the sheath, nearly erect or horizontally spreading, 40-70 cm long or longer; raceme with 3-17 flowers; floral bracts nearly triangular, 2-3 mm long; pedicel and ovary 4-4.5 cm long; flowers relatively large, up to 10 cm in diameter, fragrant; sepals and petals yellow-green, with 7-9 pale brown or reddish-brown thick veins, lip pale yellow with similar veins on the lateral lobes, mid-lobe with red spots and blotches, callus yellow with chestnut spots at the front;
Sepals narrowly obovate-oblong, 3.7-4.5 cm long, 1.2-1.5 cm wide, lateral sepals slightly twisted; petals narrowly ovate-oblong, 3.5-4.6 cm long, 7-9 mm wide, slightly falcate; lip nearly elliptic, slightly shorter than the petals, 3-lobed, base fused with the column for 4-5 mm; lateral lobes with short cilia on the margin, short hairs on the upper surface; mid-lobe strongly recurved, with 2-3 rows of long hairs in the center, connected to the apex of the callus and extending to the upper part of the mid-lobe, the rest sparsely covered with short hairs, margin erose and undulate;
Two longitudinal calli on the lip disc extending from the upper part to the middle, but rapidly becoming narrow toward the base, apex relatively thickened, with long hairs on the middle and upper parts; column 2.5-2.9 cm long, curved forward, with short hairs at the base of the ventral surface; pollinia 2, nearly triangular.
Fruit
Capsule nearly elliptic, 6-11 cm long, 3-4.5 cm wide.
Flowering period
Flowering period August to December.
Distribution area of Cymbidium iridioides
Produced in southwestern Sichuan, northwestern to southeastern Yunnan, and southeastern Tibet. Grows on trees or rocks in forests or shrublands, also seen on rock faces, at elevations of 900-2800 m. Also distributed in Nepal, Bhutan, India, and Myanmar. The type specimen was collected from Nepal.
Cymbidium iridioides images
Cymbidium faberi Cymbidium faberi Rolfe Illustrated Guide: How to grow Cymbidium faberi / How to propagate Cymbidium faberi
Cymbidium faberi ProfileCymbidium faberi Cymbidium faberi Rolfe
Cultivation methods and precautions for Cymbidium faberi Introduction to Cymbidium faberi
Cymbidium faberi (scientific name: Cymbidium faberi) is a terrestrial herbaceous plant of the genus Cymbidium in the family Orchidaceae. Roots relatively thick and short, base slightly thicker than the front part of the root, unbranched. Pseudobulbs inconspicuous, clustered into clumps, elliptic. Flowers usually pale yellow-green, with dark purplish-red veins and spots; flowers usually strongly fragrant. One stem with multiple flowers, usually 6-12 flowers, fragrant. Cymbidium faberi is native to China and is one of the orchids cultivated longest and most widely in our country. In ancient times it was often called "hui," and "hui" refers to the center of Chinese orchids, the "hui heart," often combined with the umbelliferae Angelica dahurica under the name "huizhi." Cymbidium faberi is a rare species in our country and a national second-class key protected wild species. Cymbidium faberi was originally distributed in the vast areas south of the Qinling Mountains, north of the Nanling Mountains, and in the southwest. It is one of the relatively cold-tolerant orchid varieties.
Morphological characteristics of Cymbidium faberi
Cymbidium faberi Rolfe in Kew Bull. 198. 1896; Iconographia Cormophytorum Sinicorum 5: 745. fig. 8320. 1976; Flora Qinlingensis 1: 432. fig. 421. 1976; Orchids of Taiwan 2: 109-110 (fig.). 1977: Flora of Taiwan 5: 942. 1978; Y. S. Wu et S. C. Chen in Acta Phytotax Sin. 18 (3): 299. fig. 2 (9). 1980; Du Puy et Cribb, Genus Cymbidium 177. Phot. 130. fig. 30 (2). 1988; Flora of Anhui 5: 544. fig. 308. 1992; Flora of Zhejiang 7: 524. fig. 7-700. 1993; Chinese Orchids (Second Edition) 42. 1993; Vascular Plants of the Hengduan Mountains 2: 2600. 1994; Flora of Fujian 6: 616. fig. 538. 1995; Complete Book of Chinese Orchids 93. fig. 5-20. 1998. -- Cymbidium scabroserrulatum Makino in Bot. Mag. Tokyo 16: 154. 1902. -- Cymbidium oiwakensis Hayata, Icon. Pl. Formos. 6: 80. fig. 14. 1916. -- Cymbidium crinum Schltr. in Fedde Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih. 12: 350. 1922. -- Cymbidium fukienense T. K. Yen, Icon. Cymbid. Amoyens. A. 1. figs. 1964. -- Cymbidium faberi Rolfe f. viridiflorum S. S. Ying in Mem. Coll. Agric. Nat. Taiwan Univ. 30 (1): 41. 1990. Terrestrial herb; pseudobulbs inconspicuous. Leaves 5-8, ligulate, strongly erect, 25-80 cm long, (4-)7-12 mm wide, base often conduplicate and V-shaped, veins translucent, margins often coarsely serrate. Covered by several long sheaths; raceme with 5-11 or more flowers; floral bracts linear-lanceolate, the lowest one longer than the ovary, capsule nearly narrowly elliptic, 5-5.5 cm long, about 2 cm wide. Flowering period March to May. Produced in southern Shaanxi, southern Gansu, Anhui, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Fujian, Taiwan, southern Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Guangdong, Guangxi, Sichuan, Guizhou, Yunnan, and eastern Tibet. Grows in moist but well-drained translucent places, at elevations of 700-3000 m. Also distributed in Nepal and northern India. The type specimen was collected from Zhejiang, China.StemTerrestrial herb; pseudobulbs inconspicuous.LeavesLeaves 5-8, ligulate, strongly erect, 25-80 cm long, (4-)7-12 mm wide, base often conduplicate and V-shaped, veins translucent, margins often coarsely serrate. [1]FlowersCovered by many The center of Chinese orchids, Cymbidium faberi
long sheaths; raceme with 5-11 or more flowers; floral bracts linear-lanceolate, the lowest one [2] longer than the ovary, the middle and upper ones 1-2 cm long, about 1/2 the length of the pedicel and ovary, at least more than 1/3; pedicel and ovary 2-2.6 cm long; flowers usually pale yellow-green, lip with purplish-red spots, fragrant; sepals nearly lanceolate-oblong or narrowly obovate, 2.5-3.5 cm long, 6-8 mm wide; petals similar to sepals, usually slightly shorter and wider; lip oblong-ovate, 2-2.5 cm long, 3-lobed; lateral lobes erect, with small papillae or fine hairs; mid-lobe longer, strongly recurved, with distinct, shiny papillae, margin often wrinkled and undulate; two longitudinal calli on the lip disc extending from above the base to the base of the mid-lobe, upper ends inclined inward and converging, more or less forming a short tube; column 1.2-1.6 cm long, slightly curved forward, with narrow wings on both sides; pollinia 4, in 2 pairs, broadly ovate. [1]FruitCapsule nearly narrowly elliptic, 5-5.5 cm long, about 2 cm wide. [1]Flowering periodFlowering period March to May. [3-4]
Cultivation technical characteristics of Cymbidium faberiLarge-flowered Cymbidium is native to southwestern China. It prefers warm winters and cool summers, and likes high humidity and strong light. The optimum growth temperature is 10°C to 25°C. The nighttime temperature is best around 10°C; especially during the flowering period, maintaining the temperature above 5°C and below 15°C can extend the flowering period to 4 to 5 months. The flowering period varies by variety and can last from October to April of the following year. Factory cultivation takes 3 years from tissue-cultured plantlets to flowering. Large-flowered Cymbidium has mother bulbs, daughter bulbs, and grandchild bulbs, among which the grandchild bulbs grow fastest. [6] Large-flowered Cymbidium likes strong light and can tolerate strong light of 50,000 to 70,000 lux. Large-flowered Cymbidium is native to the tropical and subtropical highlands of Asia. It prefers a cool and highly humid environment. The optimum growth temperature is 10-25°C. In winter it should be kept in a low-temperature greenhouse. When the nighttime temperature is around 10°C, it grows well and the flower stems elongate normally, mostly flowering in February to March. When the winter temperature is below 5°C, the leaves turn slightly yellow and the flowering period is delayed, and the flower stems are short. However, when the overwintering temperature is around 15°C, although the plant leaves remain green and glossy, the flower stems suddenly elongate, flowering advances to January to February, and the flower stems are soft and cannot stand upright, requiring stakes for support.Cultivation cycleCymbidium faberi usually takes 3 to 4 years from tissue-cultured plantlets out of the bottle to flowering. Its growth cycle standards are as follows: after tissue-cultured plantlets are removed from the bottle, place them in 50-cell or 66-cell plug trays with sphagnum moss as the substrate, and cultivate for 2 months. 8×8 black nutrient pots with bark as the substrate, cultivate for 5 months. 12×12 black nutrient pots with bark as the substrate and stones at the bottom, cultivate for 7 months. 15×18 black nutrient pots with bark as the substrate and stones at the bottom, cultivate for 5 to 7 months. 18×22 hard plastic pots with bark as the substrate and stones at the bottom, cultivate for 12 to 15 months. Wild-collected Cymbidium faberi
Distribution area of Cymbidium faberi
Produced in southern Shaanxi, southern Gansu, Anhui, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Fujian, Taiwan, southern Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Guangdong, Guangxi, Sichuan, Guizhou, Yunnan, and eastern Tibet. Grows in moist but well-drained translucent places, at elevations of 700-3000 m. Also distributed in Nepal and northern India. The type specimen was collected from Zhejiang, China. [1]
Propagation methods of Cymbidium faberi
Cultivation conditions for Cymbidium faberi
3. Air humidity: Very moisture-loving, but attention must be paid to ventilation, otherwise it is prone to anthracnose. Humidity for small plantlets should be 80% to 90%, and humidity for medium and large plantlets should be 60% to 85%.
Cultivation techniques for Cymbidium faberi
1. Medium: Use sphagnum moss in 50-cell plug trays. It needs to be soaked in 800 to 1000 times diluted thiophanate-methyl, thiophanate-methyl plus sulfur, or carbendazim for 2 to 4 hours. Old sphagnum moss can also be used after being sun-dried for 1 to 2 noons and then soaked in the solution. Tissue-cultured rooted plantlets: exercise the bottles in the greenhouse for 1 to 3 days; in summer they must be placed in a cool place for hardening. Before wrapping the plantlets, remove the plantlets from the tissue culture bottles, remove the culture medium, wash clean with clear water, then rinse in 800 times diluted carbendazim solution, and divide the plantlets into three grades, large, medium, and small, for wrapping. Use 50-cell plug trays. Half a month after being placed in the plug trays, foliar fertilizer can be sprayed, with an EC value of 0.8 to 0.9. Within 15 days after being placed in the plug trays, frequent spraying is needed, and water should be replenished frequently. For foliar fertilizer, NPK 20:20:20 is sufficient. Tissue-cultured plantlets reach the medium plantlet standard after one year of growth. During this year, maintain a single shoot (also called the mother bulb). After 2 to 3 months of plug tray cultivation, they can be placed in 8×8 nutrient pots, at which point fine bark can be used as the substrate. Bark application standards: use 2 to 5 mm bark for seedlings, 5 to 10 mm bark for medium plantlets, and 8 to 18 mm bark for large plantlets. Be sure to purchase bark with low salt content. If the bark contains a lot of salt, it will cause many symptoms in large-flowered Cymbidium: yellowing gradually upward from the leaf tips, mainly a manifestation of sodium chloride, although excessive fertilizer concentration causes the same symptoms.
2. Bud thinning: In 8×8 and 12×12 nutrient pots, keep only spring buds and not autumn buds (September to December is the best time for bud thinning). Use pruning shears for bud thinning. Thin to 2 daughter bulbs per pot; symmetrical retention gives the best effect. Bud thinning is most appropriate when the buds grow to 5 cm. Lateral buds have no roots before they reach 15 cm in length, and begin to root after 15 cm. Different varieties use different bud retention methods.
3. Adult plants: In 15 cm × 18 cm and 18 cm × 22 cm nutrient pots, plants at this stage are given 15 g of organic fertilizer per pot per month. As the plants grow larger, apply 18 to 20 g per pot per month. After 12 months of repotting, apply only bone meal, and continuously thin buds before October. From November to January, the number of flowering bulbs must be determined. For large flowers: 1 middle stem and 2 flowering stems can be cultivated; for medium flowers: 2 middle stems and 3 flowering stems can be cultivated.
4. Flowering plant cultivation: (third year) From January to June, nighttime temperature is 15°C to 20°C, daytime temperature is 23°C to 25°C, with nitrogen as the main nutrient and potassium as a supplement. From June to October, nighttime temperature is 10°C to 15°C, daytime temperature is 20°C to 25°C; after November, nighttime temperature is 10°C to 15°C, daytime temperature is 20°C. From February to April, apply 10 g of organic fertilizer per pot per month (bean cake: bone meal 2:1). After April, apply 14 g of organic fertilizer per pot each time. From June to October, increase the temperature difference, mainly applying bone meal, about 15 g per pot. After flower buds appear, immediately stop organic fertilizer. After November, flower spikes form. After the flower stems are determined, remove all newly emerged buds. Most varieties can show flower buds from September to the end of October. If too much nitrogen fertilizer causes leaf buds to grow, they should be broken off. Use plastic-coated wire with a diameter of 5 mm as stakes for the flower stems, and set them upright when the flower buds grow to 15 cm. The lowest point for tying the flower stems is 10 cm, with intervals of 6 to 8 cm. Generally choose plastic-coated wire 80 cm and 100 cm long and 0.45 cm thick.
5. Flowering period regulation techniques:
(1) Temperature: From June to October, daytime 20°C to 25°C, nighttime 10°C to 15°C. High temperatures are unfavorable for flower bud differentiation, but brief high temperatures are acceptable; there must be a large day-night temperature difference.
(3) Water control: Appropriate water control during flower bud development can promote flower bud differentiation and inflorescence formation.
(4) C/N ratio: Remove buds throughout the year and increase the proportion of P and K.
(5) Selective fertilization: From January to June, balanced N, P, K fertilizer; from June to October, increase the proportion of P and K
(6) Flowers of Cymbidium faberi: During the flowering period, insufficient nutrients or high temperatures or a temperature difference greater than 10°C can easily cause flower and bud drop. Dark-colored flowers prefer strong light, and under weak light are prone to drooping leaves.
Open-air cultivation is sufficient, requiring only one layer of shade net. Under high temperatures, Cymbidium faberi has a high water requirement and needs an adequate water source. [1]Propagation methodsUsually propagated by division. Division is mostly carried out after the plant flowers and before the new buds grow large, during this brief dormant period. Before division, the plant should be properly dried, and the operation should be done when the roots are slightly whitish and soft. Robust plants are usually divided once every 2-3 years. After division, each cluster of orchid plantlets should carry 2-3 pseudobulbs, one of which must be newly formed in the previous year. To prevent wound infection, sulfur powder or charcoal powder may be applied. Leave in a dry place for 1-2 days, then pot separately to form new plants. After division, place in semi-shade and do not water immediately. If too dry, spray a small amount of water on the leaves and pot surface to prevent leaf drying, shedding, and severe shrinkage of pseudobulbs. Water only after new roots grow from the base of the new buds. [7] Large-flowered Cymbidium can use 2 parts fern root, 1 part charcoal moss, or bark pieces 1.5-2 cm in diameter as potting substrate, and may also add some granular materials such as crushed brick and charcoal. Choose tall pots with a diameter of 15-20 cm, with 2-4 plantlets per pot. Large-flowered Cymbidium likes relatively high air humidity. In spring, summer, and autumn, while giving sufficient water to the roots, water should often be sprayed on the leaves. However, after flowering in early spring, during the brief dormant period of large-flowered Cymbidium, watering must be reduced, and more watering can only be done after the new buds grow larger new roots. Large-flowered Cymbidium plants are large and grow luxuriantly, requiring significantly more fertilizer than ordinary Chinese orchids, so fertilization should be strengthened during the growing season. Generally, fermented bean cake fertilizer etc. can be mixed with 1/3 clay, then water added to make balls about 2 cm in diameter, dried in the sun for later use. Place on the pot surface in spring, at a certain distance from the new buds; the fertilizer can slowly release nutrients for orchid growth. It can be applied twice a year, several granules per pot. Fermented liquid farmyard manure can also be applied once every 1-2 weeks. A sprayer can also be used to spray 1:1:1 nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer on the leaves and pot surface, with a concentration of 3-5%, once or twice a week. Stop fertilizing in late autumn. Large-flowered Cymbidium has stronger resistance to pests and diseases than ordinary Chinese orchids, but during growth it is still invaded by various diseases to varying degrees. Therefore, strengthening prevention is an important measure for growing foreign orchids well. Generally, every 10 days alternately spray both sides of the orchid leaves with 1000 times diluted "chlorothalonil" or "carbendazim."Fertilizer and water management(1) Fertilization During the growing period, the ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium is 1:1:1; during the flowering promotion period, the ratio is 1:2:2 to 3; the pH of the fertilizer solution is 5.8 to 6.2. Generally speaking, the fertilization concentration for small plantlets is 3500 to 4000 times dilution, and for medium and large plantlets 2000 to 3500 times dilution. In summer, apply 1 to 2 times per day (alternating water and fertilizer); in other seasons, fertilize once every 3 days. Organic fertilizer: From tissue-cultured plantlets out of the bottle until before flowering, apply organic fertilizer once a month. During the growing period, the ratio of bean cake to bone meal is 2:1; during the flowering promotion period, apply pure bone meal. Organic fertilizer must not be applied on the roots, and must not be higher than the rim of the nutrient pot. If bone meal contains too much salt, it can be rinsed with water before application. In winter, it is best to stop applying organic fertilizer. The application amounts at different stages are as follows: 50-cell/66-cell: 0.5 g/cell 8 cm × 8 cm nutrient pot: 1 to 2 g/pot 12 cm × 12 cm nutrient pot: 7 to 9 g/pot 15 cm × 18 cm nutrient pot: 12 to 15 g/pot 18 cm × 22 cm pot: 15 to 20 g/pot Slow-release fertilizer: Slow-release fertilizer is also very widely used on large-flowered Cymbidium. Usually the N:P:K=13:11:13 type is used, with a duration of 3 months or 6 months. Slow-release fertilizer begins to release nutrients only 1 month after application, so during this 1 month a fertilizer supply must be guaranteed. The dosage of slow-release fertilizer is generally 2 to 3 g for small plantlets, 6 g for medium plantlets, and 18 g for large plantlets, varying accordingly. (2) Watering Water once a day in May and September, twice a day in July and August, and once every 2 to 3 days from October to April of the following year. Watering should be done at noon, and the frequency of watering should be adjusted at any time according to the size of the plantlets and weather conditions.Transport and maintenance1. Transport temperature for large-flowered Cymbidium: ensure it remains above 5°C. If the bracts and leaves turn yellow, freezing damage may have occurred. 2. Imported large-flowered Cymbidium standards: Large-flowered Cymbidium imported from Japan and South Korea generally requires a plant height of 60 to 80 cm, 15 to 20 flowers per stem, 3 to 5 flower stems per pot, 50% to 80% flowering per stem, and a height difference among flower stems in each pot not exceeding 5 cm. 3. Flowering period maintenance for large-flowered Cymbidium: The optimum temperature during the flowering period is 8°C to 15°C. It must not be placed next to high-temperature dry heating. During the flowering period, water once every 3 days. Prolonged low temperatures of 2°C to 3°C cause freezing damage to the flowers, the buds turn yellow and cannot open, and the ornamental period is 50 to 80 days. Special usesLarge-flowered Cymbidium has a full plant shape, emerald green leaves, and beautiful waxy flowers. It is a high-end daily flower for winter and spring.
Variety classification of Cymbidium faberi Historical varietiesTraditional Cymbidium faberi originated in forests as terrestrial plants and in mountain belts. Mountain villagers call them gaolan, dalan, niulan, shanglan, etc. The ancients called one stem with nine flowers "hui." "Hui heart" refers to the united, beautiful, and kind Chinese heart. Cymbidium faberi plants are generally relatively tall, with 5-13 leaves, leaf length about 35-80 cm, leaf width 0.5-1.5 cm, leaf veins thick, numerous, and obvious, leaf margin serrations obvious and relatively coarse, pseudobulbs inconspicuous. The pedicel is erect; thick pedicels are 1 cm in diameter, thin ones are like incense sticks, tall and level with the leaf canopy or emerging above it, generally about 35-80 cm high. It bears 5-30 flowers. The flower spread diameter is about 3.5-8 cm. Flower colors are mostly yellow-green or emerald green. The lip has green velvety moss, adorned with many purplish-red spots and patches. The flowering period in its place of origin is April to early May, occasionally blooming once more in autumn. Cymbidium faberi flowers are relatively widely distributed, and are also found north of the Qinling Mountains. Its native habitat is at a higher elevation than Cymbidium goeringii, and it is relatively cold-tolerant, drought-tolerant, and sun-loving.Regional varietiesCymbidium faberi flowers differ slightly in leaf shape and flower quality. By place of origin they are divided into: Beijing Cymbidium faberi flowers, Jiangsu-Zhejiang Cymbidium faberi flowers, western Anhui, Hubei Cymbidium faberi flowers, Yunnan Cymbidium faberi flowers, Guizhou-Sichuan inland Cymbidium faberi flowers, southern Shanghai, Guangzhou Cymbidium faberi flowers, etc. Cymbidium faberi is a terrestrial plant native to forests, with pseudobulbs very small or inconspicuous; leaves 25-80 cm long, 7-12 mm wide. The flower scape is nearly erect or slightly curved, 35-50 cm long, with 5-11 flowers; flower diameter 6 cm, fragrant. Flowering period March to May. Distributed in southern Shaanxi, southern Gansu, Anhui, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Fujian, Taiwan, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Guangdong, Guangxi, Sichuan, Guizhou, Yunnan, and Tibet, China; also in Nepal and India. Grows in moist, open, and well-drained places; at elevations of 700-3000 m. Cymbidium faberi is one of the oldest cultivated types among Chinese orchids, and many excellent varieties have been selected from wild plants. Cymbidium faberi is also the species in this genus with the northernmost distribution in China, and its cold tolerance is relatively strong. The main varieties include: Jipin, Jinaosu, Wenzhousu, Jiepeimei, Lao Shanghai Mei, Cuie, Dayipin, Jiangnan Xin Jipin, etc.New technological varietiesLarge-flowered Cymbidium
Large-flowered Cymbidium, an evergreen perennial epiphytic herb. It is the general term for the large-flowered epiphytic species in the genus Cymbidium of the family Orchidaceae. Pseudobulbs robust, long elliptic, slightly flattened; bearing 6-8 ligulate leaves, 70-110 cm long, 2-3 cm wide. Flower stems nearly erect or slightly curved, 60-90 cm long, with 6-12 or more flowers. Scapes range from 40 to 150 cm. Leaf color ranges from light green to dark green. Standard flower stems are 3 to 5 per pot, each bearing 6 to 20 flowers. Among them, green varieties are mostly fragrant. Flowers large, 6-10 cm in diameter. Flower colors include white, yellow, green, purplish-red, or with purplish-brown markings. It is one of the most widely cultivated Chinese orchids and is deeply loved by people around the world. Propagated by division. Prefers a warm, humid, and semi-shaded environment. Pot with fern root, moss, bark pieces, etc. It requires particularly good aeration and drainage at the root zone. After flower buds form in autumn, a cool period is needed before it can bloom in spring. Winter nighttime temperature around 10°C.Popular varietiesCommonly cultivated ones include: Duzhan, Cymbidium iridioides, Cymbidium lowianum, Cymbidium tracyanum, and excellent varieties of many hybrids. The main commercial cultivated varieties of large-flowered Cymbidium originally came from Japan and South Korea. Many companies in China have also begun research on variety selection and breeding, tissue culture techniques, cultivation techniques, etc. The main popular varieties include the following categories: Pink series: 'Guifei', 'Fen Menglu', 'Nanqian', 'Menghuan' Green series: 'Biyu', 'Huanying' (strong fragrance), 'Waltz' (light fragrance), 'Yuchan' Yellow series: 'Xiyang' (light fragrance), 'Mingyue', 'UFO' White series: 'Bingchuan' (pendant), 'Liming'Flower color varietiesCymbidium faberi is traditionally divided by the color of the flower stem and sheath into red shell, green shell, red-green shell, white-green shell, etc.; in flower shape it is also like Cymbidium goeringii, divided into lotus petal, plum petal, and narcissus petal, etc.; flowers with no other colors and uniform color are also called "suxin." Appreciation of Cymbidium faberi has paid special attention to flower petal type since the petal-type theory appeared, valuing plum petals and narcissus petals. The lip is best when round, tight, and thick in texture, and the three outer petals (sepals) are best when broad, round, and glutinous in texture. Most of its famous varieties are of these petal types. Cymbidium faberi lotus petals are very few; those resembling lotus petals are also very welcome. Ordinary bamboo-leaf-petal Cymbidium faberi are as numerous as wormwood; apart from a few bright colored flowers, they are rarely appreciated. There are also Cymbidium faberi butterfly petals and exotic flower types that have appeared, brilliantly colorful and dazzling, especially those with many petals and lip and vivid colors, which are even more sought after and command very high prices. Suxin types are also much loved. Things are valued for being rare. Because Cymbidium faberi mostly has yellow-green flowers, if red, purple, black, or milky white Cymbidium faberi appear, they are also highly valued, and the more vivid the color the better. Those with thick, glutinous, jade-like petal and sepal texture are also often fine specimens. Cymbidium faberi flower branches are thick and large with many flowers, so when appreciating, attention should also be paid to whether the arrangement of the flowers in the entire branch is well-spaced and orderly, and whether the fragrance is mellow and beautiful. Those with elegant leaf variegation are also fine specimens. If leaf variegation, flower variegation, and petal type are all present, they are especially favored.Traditional famous varietiesThe traditional famous varieties of Cymbidium faberi include the Old Eight: Dayipin, Chengmei, Shanghai Mei, Guanding, Yuanzi, Ranzi, Panlu, Dangzi; the traditional New Eight include: Loumei, Cuie, Jipin, Qinghua Mei, Jiangnan Xin Jipin, Duanmei, Cuimei, Rongmei. New famous varieties include: Tianjiao Mudan, Sixi Mudan, Lvyun Mudan, Yuandong Qidie, Luyi Qidie, Loutai Die, Yingdie, Bubugao, Qunying Huicui, Xianhe Jipin, Jianhu Zhimei, Quanzhou Mei, Cuitao Xianshou, Shidie, Lingnan Baihe, Jinling, Cymbidium faberi crystal flower, Zijuan, Yuewang Mei, Juhuasu, Duoyun, Zheding, Duanhui Mei, Duanxiu Mei, Diecui, Chunhui Qian Shou Guanyin, etc.Introduction to famous varieties1. Dayipin: Petal type: Green shell large lotus-shaped narcissus petal History: According to "Lanyan Shulue," selected by Hu Shaomei of Jiashan, Zhejiang during the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty; according to "Lanhui Tongxin Lu," selected by Hu Shaomei in the early Jiaqing period. Characteristics: Five petals in separate compartments, emerald green color, upright and glutinous petals, large soft silkworm-moth lip, large ruyi tongue. It is praised as the crown of lotus-shaped narcissus petals among Cymbidium faberi and is listed first among the traditional Old Eight of Cymbidium faberi. 2. Jiepei Mei: Petal type: Red shell green flower plum petal History: Selected in the early Republic of China by a person surnamed Zhang in Shanghai. Characteristics: Three petals emerald green, tightly edged, short feet, round head, white jade lip center, large ruyi tongue, slender scape. When the flower bud first opens its petals the flower shape is slightly small, then gradually opens larger and larger. The flower posture is upright and vigorous, leaves slender and narrow, bow-shaped, propagates quickly, and blooms well. 3. Duanhui Mei: Petal type: Red shell green flower plum petal History: Selected by Zhu Changsheng of Shaoxing, Zhejiang. Characteristics: Outer three petals round-headed, tightly edged, long feet and contracted base, level shoulders, semi-hard lip, large ruyi tongue, neat flower shape, slender scape. Leaves semi-drooping. 4. Xianlü: Petal type: Green shell plum petal History: Selected in the early Republic of China by orchid growers in Yixing. Also called Yixing Mei. Because the flower shape closely resembles Lao Shanghai Mei, it is also called Hou Shanghai Mei. Characteristics: Three petals round-headed, narrowly long, in separate compartments, ram-horn hooded lip center, tongue long and not curled. Some people often sell this as a substitute for Lao Shanghai Mei. Bract leaves green. It often produces plum-shaped narcissus petals. 5. Lao Jipin: Petal type: Green shell green flower plum petal History: Selected in the Xinchou year of the Guangxu period of the Qing Dynasty by Feng Changjin of Gongcheng Garden in Hangzhou. Characteristics: Three petals round-headed, long feet and contracted base, in separate compartments, hard hooded lip center (sometimes occasionally with separate-head closed-back form), dragon-swallowing large tongue, level shoulders. Bract leaves green. Listed among the New Eight of Cymbidium faberi. 6. Guanding: Petal type: Red shell plum petal History: Selected during the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty by the owner of Wanhe Inn in Huguan, Jiangsu, hence also called Wanhe. Characteristics: Five petals short and round, bean-shell lip, in separate compartments, large round tongue, level shoulders. Broad leaves. One of the Old Eight red Cymbidium. 7. Yuanzi: Petal type: Red shell green flower plum petal History: Selected during the Daoguang period of the Qing Dynasty by orchid growers in Huguan. Characteristics: Three petals round-headed, long feet, tightly edged, green color, in separate compartments with semi-hard lip center, level shoulders, zhiguí tongue, thick and tall scape. One of the Old Eight red Cymbidium. 8. Lao Ranzi: Petal type: Red shell plum petal History: Selected during the Daoguang period of the Qing Dynasty by a person surnamed Ruan in Jiashan, Zhejiang. Also called Ruanzi. Characteristics: Three petals short, narrow, and deep, level shoulders, in separate compartments with large Guanyin hooded lip center, large round tongue, sometimes flowers open poorly; the tip of the lip is embedded, narrow and not extended, tilted upward or crooked, hence commonly called steelyard-hook-head Lao Ranzi. Scape slender. One of the Old Eight of Cymbidium faberi. 9. Cuimei: Petal type: Red-turning-green shell plum petal History: Before the War of Resistance, selected by Cui Yiting of Hangzhou. Characteristics: Outer three petals round-headed and large, finely contracted base, thick and glutinous petal flesh, semi-hard lip center, in separate compartments or separate-head closed-back, dragon-swallowing tongue. Green color, level shoulders. Listed among the New Eight, also a famous variety of Cymbidium faberi. 10. Chengmei: Petal type: Red shell plum petal History: Selected during the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty by a person surnamed Cheng in Changshu, Jiangsu. Characteristics: Three petals tightly edged, short and round, separate-head closed-back or compartmented lip, dragon tongue, thick and tall scape, broad bow-shaped leaves. The first among the Old Eight red Cymbidium. 11. Zhengxiaohe: Petal type: Green shell lotus petal History: Selected in Zhejiang before the War of Resistance. Characteristics: Outer three petals long feet, released corners and contracted base, clam-shell lip, Liuhai tongue, green color. 12. Qinghua Mei: Petal type: Green shell plum petal History: Selected in 1911 by Che Qing, an orchid farmer in Shaoxing, Zhejiang, and sold to Wu Enyuan of Hangzhou. After six years of cultivation it bloomed again. At the time the Manchu Qing dynasty was being overthrown, and to celebrate, considering that Che Qing discovered this flower at the Huaxing Hotel, the person and place were connected, so it was named Qinghua. Characteristics: Three petals short feet and round head, tightly edged, thick petals, compartmented silkworm-moth lip center, large ruyi tongue, straight shoulders. Listed among the New Eight of Cymbidium faberi. 13. Lao Shanghai Mei: Petal type: Green shell plum petal History: Selected in the early Jiaqing period of the Qing Dynasty by Li Liangbin. Also called Lao Shanghai Mei. Also called Qian Shanghai Mei. Characteristics: Three petals long feet and round head, semi-closed hard lip, small ruyi tongue passing through the cheek, emerald green flower color, straight shoulders. After full bloom, the secondary petals occasionally turn backward. Leaves semi-drooping. Scape slender. Bract leaves green. Listed among the Old Eight. 14. Jiangnan Xin Jipin: Petal type: Red shell plum petal History: In 1915 brought by Qian Alu of Shaoxing to the home of Yang Ganqing in Wuxi. At that time Yang asked Mr. Rong Wenqing to examine the flower buds and determined that a fine flower variety would surely emerge later, after which Yang Ganqing bought it. Characteristics: Flower shape similar to Lao Jipin. Three petals round-headed and contracted base, compartmented semi-hard hood slightly closed, dragon-swallowing large tongue, level shoulders, slender scape, excellent charm and color. Listed among the New Eight of Cymbidium faberi. 15. Su Shiba: Produced in the Wudang Mountains, purchased by Dai Xianqin, Shen Xinbao, etc. of Shanghai in 1996, and named by Wu Yingxiang upon request. 16. Mingzhou Mei: Also called "Tianwang Hui." Discovered and selected by Ningbo orchid enthusiast Shen Qingfa in the spring of 2000 when visiting friends in the Xianxiang mountainous area, found among mixed plants at a mountain farmer's home. The plant is about 45 cm tall, about 1.2-1.5 cm wide, leaves blunt-tipped and dew-bearing in shape, majestic in form. The pedicel is pink at the base with green, round and upright, about 4-5 mm thick, about 50 cm tall and well above the foliage. The floret stalk and inner bract are purplish-red without green color, centipede pincer head shape. The flower is large, up to 6 cm in diameter. The outer three petals are short and broad, contracted at the base, tightly edged, with rounded petal tips forming an embracing shape. The straight shoulders also slightly tend to fly outward. The soft-hard lip does not fall apart even after long opening; the lower side of the lip petals can hold the tongue (root). The tongue is shaped like Liuhai, protruding but not reflexed, its length not extending beyond the lip petals, and the back of the tongue has no red patches. The column is small like a matchstick; whether viewed from above or straight on, the column core is still not visible even when the flower fades. This variety generally does not bear many flowers; several rebloomings have all been 7-9 flowers, but the overall arrangement is highly orderly, with spacious and evenly divided spacing between flowers, and the flower orientation is viewable from all sides, fully suitable for painting, with an overall majestic yet dignified presence.Grading standardsDifferent varieties have different traits, and the grading standards also differ, but overall they all follow the following grading standards: Grade A: plant height 80 to 120 cm, 4 to 5 flower stems, 15 to 20 flowers per stem. Grade B: plant height 60 to 80 cm, 3 to 4 flower stems, 10 to 14 flowers per stem. Grade C: plant height 40 to 50 cm, 1 to 2 flower stems, 6 to 9 flowers per stem. They can also be divided by flower diameter into large-flower series (flower diameter 8 to 10 cm), medium-flower series (6 to 8 cm), and small-flower series (4 to 5 cm).
Cultural background of Cymbidium faberi Hui quality and orchid heartWhat is now called Chinese orchid was called "hui" in ancient times. As Huang Tingjian of the Northern Song Dynasty (1045-1105) described orchids in "Youfang Pavilion": "One stem with one flower and surplus fragrance is lan; one stem with five or seven flowers and insufficient fragrance is hui." "Hui quality and orchid heart" means that the essence of Cymbidium faberi is the center of Chinese orchids. "Hui" is the center of Chinese orchids, namely: "hui heart," and hui heart is the "Chinese heart." Those who love orchids must love "hui." "Hui" refers to China; "hui" means: China's fragrant grass; "zhi" means the people's fragrant grass. "Huizhi" contending in glory and pressing down all fragrances is called "national fragrance." Chinese Cymbidium faberi is the representative of orchid and hui with one heart. Chinese orchids: Cymbidium goeringii, Cymbidium ensifolium, Cymbidium kanran, Cymbidium sinense, Phalaenopsis, Clivia, etc. are all collectively called lanhui. The great poet Lu You wrote: "Fragrant orchids moved and taken throughout the central forest, what harm is there in the remaining space to plant jade hairpins, moreover beg for two clumps of fragrant lilies, an old man of seventy still has a child's heart." Fragrant orchids, namely: huizhi, moved and taken symbolize the national image and emblem. Down to modern times, there has been no lack of people who love huizhi. Song Qingling even gave Huang Qixiang orchids sent from abroad. When Song Qingling learned that Huang Qixiang was about to leave the country to take up a post, she said with concern that defeated Germany lacked everything, so she gave Huang Qixiang many things, packed into a large wooden box, for Huang Qixiang to take to Germany. After the founding of New China, Huang Qixiang was elected a member of the Standing Committee of the First, Second, and Third National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference and Vice Chairman and Secretary-General of the Chinese Peasants' and Workers' Democratic Party, and had more opportunities to meet Song Qingling. Cymbidium faberi plants are valiant and graceful, with orchid leaves combining strength and softness, a slender and elegant posture, and a clear, distant, refreshing fragrance that penetrates the heart, thus attracting countless orchid lovers.One stem nine flowersSince ancient times, among the producing areas in our country full of one-flowered orchids and the multi-flowered ones among the Shinbiji orchids produced in the warm mountain areas of this province, those with multiple flowers have been called one stem nine flowers, abbreviated as nine flowers. Some people habitually write it as "jiuhua." In our country, one-flowered ones are called
Large-flowered Cymbidium (19 images) lan, and multi-flowered ones are called hui to show the distinction. The ancients called one stem nine flowers hui, and also called them hui flowers rather than Cymbidium faberi. For example, "hui" includes: China's traditional Cymbidium faberi is hui; Cymbidium ensifolium blooming in autumn is also called "autumn hui"; the large-flowered Cymbidium tracyanum etc. native to southwestern China are also called "large-flowered Cymbidium" and other hui flowers. Ideal petals such as plum blossom, lotus, and narcissus can be applied to nine flowers. But since ancient times orchid lovers have all chosen orchids produced in our country as selection objects, because our country's orchids are not only beautiful in flower color, excellent in fragrance, and good in luster, but also extremely diverse in species. The flowering period of nine flowers (including suxin and rare varieties) is later than one-flowered ones, so they are also called summer orchids, though not many people know this name. From the convention of appreciation, nine flowers are divided into green stems and red stems. Green stems, as the name implies, are green stems; red stems have red flower axes, that is, if the branch flower stem has no red but the ovary has slight red spots, it belongs to red stems. When appreciating nine flowers, if one looks at them in the way one appreciates one-flowered orchids, then one cannot see the value of nine flowers. Among red-stem nine flowers, Chengmei is the most outstanding for its grandeur, fearing no wind; if slender stems are used as the criterion for judgment, then one cannot observe its true moving qualities.Cymbidium faberi flower languageThere are many varieties of Cymbidium faberi flowers. According to incomplete statistics, there are more than 20,000 orchid varieties in the world, among which the more famous ones include Phalaenopsis, the orchid center Cymbidium faberi, etc. Hui flowers
Golden love flower language: May every shooting star in the sky shine across the horizon for you... Colorful Cloud Capital flower language: Happy every year, joyful all your life, safe all your life, full of energy every day Purple flower love flower language: Days pass in different spaces, longing arrives at different times, no matter how the world changes, you will always be my greatest love. Snow Orchid flower language: Like snow, like flowers, like a dream, like truth Butterfly Love Flower flower language: Happiness! Only exists when we are together... Colorful Butterfly Flying flower language: If a delicate bright flower can bloom only once, then it should choose to open at its most beautiful; if a person can be happy only once in a lifetime, then we should seek today's happiness!Cultural readingThe History and Culture of Chinese Cymbidium (Huilan) The character "hui" in huilan appears as early as in the Chu Ci (Songs of Chu) by Qu Yuan, the great poet of the State of Chu during the Warring States period. The verse reads: "I planted orchids in nine plots, and also planted huilan over a hundred mu. I made beds of liuyi and jieche, mixed with duheng and fragrant baizhi." "Huizhi" refers to what we today call huilan (Cymbidium faberi) and baizhi (Angelica dahurica). What can be confirmed as the "hui" of what we today call huilan is the hui mentioned in "Shu Youfang Ting" (Written at the Youfang Pavilion) by the Song dynasty poet and calligrapher Huang Tingjian: "One stem with one flower and abundant fragrance is lan; one stem with five to seven flowers and insufficient fragrance is hui." During the Song dynasty, cultivating chunlan (Cymbidium goeringii) and huilan as ornamental plants had already become very popular, and it became necessary to make some distinction between these fragrant herbs. Huang Tingjian's two sentences settled the matter definitively and became the basis for later generations to distinguish chunlan from huilan. Modern plant taxonomy also accordingly named this type of orchid, which blooms in late spring with one stem bearing multiple flowers, as huilan. If Huang Tingjian merely distinguished lan from hui by their characteristics, then Zhu Kerou's "Di Yi Xiang Bi Ji" (Notes on the First Fragrance) of the Qing dynasty had already noted the different cultivation methods for lan and hui. He said: "Hui by nature loves sunlight and needs three hours of morning sun... As for lan, one or two hours of morning sun is sufficient." During the Qianlong, Jiaqing, and Daoguang reigns of the Qing dynasty, huilan already had many famous varieties, such as Dayipin, Chengmei, Guanding, Shanghai Mei, Pan Lü Mei, Dangzi, and others. Some of these huilan variety names were already recorded in Xu Naihe's "Lan Hui Tong Xin Lu" (A Conspectus of Orchids and Huilan) from the Tongzhi period of the Qing dynasty. For example, Dayipin, the foremost of the famous eight old varieties of huilan, was called a superior variety in "Lan Hui Tong Xin Lu," and a poem praised it: "With the bearing of a scholar and the talent of an exiled immortal, guests vie to acclaim it as the leader; since entering Jiangnan its prestige has grown, a thousand gold cannot exchange this flower's crown." And Bao Weisheng in the early Qing dynasty, in "Yi Lan Za Ji" (Miscellaneous Notes on Cultivating Orchids), opened the door to the aesthetic appreciation of the formal beauty of huilan flowers through his distinction and exposition of the petal shapes of lan and hui. Until the emergence of large numbers of huilan butterfly-type flowers and strange flowers in the era of reform and opening up, for nearly one or two hundred years, the aesthetic appreciation of huilan flowers placed special emphasis on petal type, and its influence was widespread, becoming a traditional concept in huilan aesthetics. In 1923, Wu Enyuan of Yuhang compiled "Lan Hui Xiao Shi" (A Brief History of Orchids and Huilan), further collecting and summarizing the traditional varieties and new species of huilan at that time, and classified them into three major categories: red-sheath huilan, green-sheath huilan, and red-green huilan. In 1959, the Hangzhou orchid cultivator Yao wrote the book "Lan Hua" (Orchids), which further supplemented, on these foundations, the butterfly-flower category and the plain-heart flower category. After the 1980s, large numbers of new huilan species were developed, and orchid growers everywhere, based on new discoveries, added the strange-flower category and colored-flower category of huilan. By this point, huilan had become a vast and distinctive branch of Chinese orchids. Huilan was already transmitted to Japan and Korea during the Qing dynasty and the Republic of China period, especially in the 1930s and 1940s, when Japanese people collected large quantities of Chinese huilan and shipped them to Japan for cultivation. In China, due to years of war and, after the founding of the People's Republic, two or three more instances of man-made destruction over several decades, by the end of the last century, when the country prospered and orchids flourished, and a wave of orchid enthusiasm emerged domestically, some traditional huilan varieties could no longer be found in their own country and had to be re-imported from Japan. The development history of huilan also reflects, from one side, the rise and fall of the nation.Huilan in Poetry: Qu Yuan, "Chu Ci: Li Sao"Descendant of Emperor Gaoyang am I, my late father was named Boyong. When the Sheti star shone in the first month of spring, on the day of gengyin, I descended. My father, observing my initial bearing, bestowed on me a fine name: he named me Zhengze, and gave me the courtesy name Lingjun. Since I already possessed this inner beauty, I further cultivated my abilities. I wore jiangli and bizhi, and strung autumn orchids as my girdle. I rushed as if I could not catch up, fearing the years would not wait for me. In the morning I gathered magnolia on the slopes, in the evening I plucked the su mang on the island. The sun and moon hurried on without pause, spring and autumn succeeded one another. I thought of the withering of grass and trees, and feared the beauty's declining years. Why not take advantage of one's prime and cast off the foul, why not change this conduct? Ride the fine steed and gallop, and I shall lead the way ahead! The three ancient kings were pure and unadulterated, and all fragrant plants were gathered where they were. Mixed with shenjiao and junGui, how could it be only stringinghuizhi！(chai: baizhi), (huizhi: huilan and baizhi)How bright and upright were Yao and Shun, who followed the way and found the path. How reckless and arrogant were Jie and Zhou, who only took shortcuts and stumbled. The partisans indulge in pleasure, their path dark and perilous. How could I fear disaster for myself? I feared the royal chariot would be overthrown! I hurried back and forth, following the footsteps of the former kings. The sweet flag does not examine my inner feelings, but instead believes slander and is angered. I know well that outspokenness brings trouble, but I endure and cannot abandon it. I point to the nine heavens as witness, all for the sake of the divine one. We agreed to meet at dusk, but midway he changed the path! He first made a pact with me, then regretted it and fled, having other intentions. I do not find parting difficult, but I grieve that the divine one is so fickle. I have already planted orchids in nine plots, and also plantedhuiover a hundred mu.(hui: Chinese Cymbidium faberi)I made beds of liuyi and jieche, mixed with duheng andfragrant baizhi. I hoped their branches and leaves would grow tall and luxuriant, and I wished to wait for the time to harvest them. Though they wither and perish, what harm is there? I grieve that the fragrant plants have become overgrown with weeds. The crowd all race forward in greed, insatiable in their demands. They excuse themselves while measuring others, each harboring envy in their hearts. They rush about in pursuit, which is not what my heart urgently seeks. Old age slowly approaches, and I fear my fair name will not be established. In the morning I drink the falling dew of magnolia, in the evening I eat the fallen petals of autumn chrysanthemums. If my inner feelings are truly beautiful and refined, what harm is there in growing long and gaunt? I take the roots of trees to bind chai, and thread the fallen stamens of bili. I bend junGui to stringhui, and twist the hu rope in long strands. I sincerely model myself on the former sages, which is not what the vulgar world wears. Though I do not accord with people today, I wish to follow the example left by Peng Xian. Long I sigh and wipe away tears, grieving the many hardships of the people's lives. Though I love beauty and restrain myself, I am slandered in the morning and dismissed in the evening. Since they dismissed me for wearinghuias a sash, and again accused me of gathering(chai: baizhi). Yet this is what my heart holds dear, and though I die nine times I would not regret it. I resent the divine one's vast indifference, who never examines the people's hearts. The many women envy my fine eyebrows, and spread rumors that I am promiscuous. The vulgar world is indeed skilled in cleverness, turning their backs on rules and changing measures. They abandon the plumb line to pursue crookedness, competing in flattery as their standard. I am deeply depressed and disappointed, alone in poverty at this time. I would rather die suddenly and be swept away, for I cannot bear to adopt such postures. The fierce bird does not flock with others, and this has been so since ancient times. How can square and round fit together? How can those of different paths be at peace? I bend my heart and suppress my will, enduring blame and bearing insults. I hold to purity and die for uprightness, which the former sages indeed valued. I regret that I did not examine my path clearly, and I linger, intending to turn back. I turn my chariot and retrace my road, before I have gone far astray. I walk my horse on the orchid bank, gallop to the pepper hill and rest there. If advancing I am not accepted and incur blame, I will retreat and cultivate my original attire. I make lotus leaves into my upper garment, and gather lotus flowers for my lower garment. If no one knows me, then so be it, as long as my inner feelings are truly fragrant. I raise my cap so high, and lengthen my girdle so long and dangling. Fragrance and luster are intermingled, and only my bright quality remains undiminished. Suddenly I turn back and let my eyes wander, intending to go and view the four wilds. My girdle is richly adorned and colorful, its fragrance rising ever more distinct. People each have what they enjoy, but I alone love cultivation as my constant. Though my body be dismembered, I would not change, how could my heart be chastened? My sister, the maiden, was full of tender concern, and repeatedly scolded me, saying: "Gun was stubborn and upright and lost his life, and in the end died in the wilds of Yu. Why are you so outspoken and fond of cultivation, alone possessing such fine integrity? Weeds fill the house, yet you alone stand apart and will not wear them." The crowd cannot be persuaded household by household, who can say they understand my inner feelings? The world all promotes and loves cliques, why am I so alone and they do not listen to me? I follow the former sages to regulate my inner self, and sigh, leaning on my heart as I experience this. I cross the Yuan and Xiang rivers and journey south, and approach Chonghua to present my words: Qi made the "Nine Arguments" and "Nine Songs," yet Xia Kang amused himself and indulged. He did not consider difficulties or plan for the future, and his five sons thereby lost their family and state. Yi indulged in hunting and pleasure, and loved to shoot the great fox. Indeed, disorderly conduct rarely ends well, and Zhuo again coveted his household. Ao, bearing his strength, indulged his desires without restraint. Daily he amused himself and forgot himself, and his head was thereby cast down. Xia Jie constantly violated the way, and so met with disaster. Hou Xin made mincemeat of people, and the Yin dynasty therefore did not last long. Tang and Yu were solemn and reverent, and Zhou discussed the way without error. They raised worthy talents and employed the capable, and followed the plumb line without deviation. August Heaven is without partiality, and observes the people's virtue and thereby grants aid. Only the sage with abundant conduct can be entrusted with this land below. Looking before and behind, observing the people's ultimate concerns. Who is not righteous and yet can be employed? Who is not good and yet can be served? Though my body is near peril and death, reviewing my beginning, I still do not regret it. Not measuring the hole before fitting the tenon, the former sages indeed were made into mincemeat. Sighing and sobbing in my depression, I grieve that my time was not fitting. I gather the soft hui to wipe my tears, and they soak my lapels in streams. Kneeling and spreading my robes to present my words, I am clear and have obtained this central uprightness. I harness jade dragons and yin birds, and suddenly amid the dusty wind I rise upward. In the morning I set out from Cangwu, in the evening I arrive at Xianpu. I wish to linger briefly at this spirit gate, but the sun hurries on and it will soon be dusk. I command Xihe to rein in his pace, and gaze toward Yanzi and not press on. The road is long and far, and I will search high and low. I water my horse in the Xianchi, and tie my reins to the Fusang. I break a ruo branch to shade the sun, and wander freely and linger. I send Wangshu ahead as my vanguard, and Feilian behind to follow. The luan and phoenix warn me in advance, and the thunder master tells me preparations are not complete. I command the phoenix bird to fly and soar, continuing day and night. The whirlwind gathers and scatters, leading clouds and rainbows to welcome me. In confusion they gather and part, mottled and dazzling above and below. I command the heavenly gatekeeper to open the gate, leaning on the gate of heaven and gazing at me. The time is dim and it will soon end, I tie the hidden orchid and linger. The world is muddy and undivided, loving to obscure beauty and be envious. In the morning I will cross the White Water, climb Langfeng and tether my horse. Suddenly I turn back and shed tears, grieving that the high mound has no woman. Suddenly I wander in this spring palace, breaking jade branches to add to my girdle. Before the splendor fades, I look for a maiden below to whom I might send them. I command Fenglong to ride the clouds, to seek where Mi Fei is. I untie my girdle to make a pledge, and command Jianxiu to act as my envoy. In confusion they gather and part, suddenly contrary and difficult to move. In the evening she rests at Qiongshi, in the morning she washes her hair at Weipan. She preserves her beauty and is proud, daily amusing herself in excess. Though truly beautiful, she is without propriety, so I leave her and seek elsewhere. I survey and observe the four extremes, and after wandering the heavens I descend. I gaze at the towering jade terrace, and see the beautiful maiden of Yousong. I command the wild goose as my matchmaker, but the wild goose tells me she is not good. The male dove calls and flies away, and I still dislike its frivolity. My heart hesitates and doubts, I wish to go myself but cannot. The phoenix has already received the gift, but I fear Gaoxin has preceded me. I wish to gather far away but have no place to rest, and wander and drift freely. Before Shaokang has married, there remain the two Yao maidens of Youyu. The matchmaker is weak and the envoy clumsy, and I fear the words conveyed are not firm. The world is muddy and envious of the worthy, loving to obscure beauty and praise evil. The women's quarters are already deeply secluded, and the wise king does not awaken. I cherish my feelings and do not express them, how can I endure this forever? I seek the divine grass and bamboo slips for divination, and command Lingfen to divine for me. He said: "Two beauties must unite, who is truly cultivated and admired? Think of the vastness of the nine provinces, how could it be only here that there are women?" He said: "Strive to go far away without doubt, who seeks beauty and would release you? Where is there no fragrant grass, why do you cherish your old home?" The world is dark and blinded, who can say they understand my good and evil? People's likes and dislikes differ, only these partisans are uniquely different! Every household wears mugwort filling their waists, and says the hidden orchid cannot be worn. They examine grass and trees and still cannot get it right, how can they judge fine jade? They gather dung and soil to fill their fragrant pouches, and say shenjiao is not fragrant. I wish to follow Lingfen's auspicious divination, but my heart hesitates and doubts. Wu Xian will descend in the evening, and I will prepare pepper and sacrificial rice to welcome him. A hundred spirits obscure and all descend, the nine doubts in confusion all welcome. The august one shines and displays his spirit, and tells me the auspicious reason. He said: "Strive to rise and descend, up and down, seeking where the measures are the same. Tang and Yu were solemn and sought harmony, and Zhi and Gao Yao were able to harmonize. If one's inner feelings truly love cultivation, why need one use a matchmaker? Yue wielded the builder's rammer at Fu Yan, and Wu Ding employed him without doubt. Lü Wang wielded the butcher's knife, and met King Wen of Zhou and was raised. Ning Qi sang, and Duke Huan of Qi heard and employed him as assistant. Before the years are late, the time is still not yet at its end. I fear the cuckoo will call first, making all the hundred grasses lose their fragrance." How the fine jade pendant towers, but the crowd obscures and hides it. Only these partisans are untrustworthy, and I fear they will envy and break it. The times are chaotic and ever-changing, how can I remain long?lan and zhihave changed and lost their fragrance, the sweet flag andhuihave transformed into thatch. Why have the fragrant plants of former days now become merely these mugworts? Is there any other reason? It is the harm of no one loving cultivation! I thought the orchid could be relied upon, but it is without substance and merely fair in appearance. It abandoned its beauty to follow the vulgar, and thereby managed to be listed among the fragrant plants. The pepper is wholly sycophantic and arrogant, and the shu even wants to fill the girdle pouch. Since they strive to advance and seek entry, what fragrance can they respect? Indeed, the vulgar world follows the current, and who can be without change? Observingpepper and orchidhave come to this, how much more so jieche and jiangli? Only this girdle is precious, having abandoned its beauty and endured this. Its fragrance rises and is hard to diminish, its scent to this day is not yet faded. I harmonize my measures to amuse myself, and wander to seek a woman. While my adornments are still at their prime, I will travel around and view above and below. Since Lingfen has told me the auspicious divination, I select an auspicious day and will set out. I break jade branches as delicacies, and refine jade powder as provisions. I harness flying dragons for myself, and mix jade and ivory for my chariot. How can hearts that are apart be united? I will go far away and distance myself. I turn my path toward Kunlun, the road long and far, circling around. I raise clouds and rainbows in veiled brightness, and sound the jade phoenix bells in chirping notes. In the morning I set out from the Heavenly Ford, in the evening I arrive at the Western Extreme. The phoenix spreads its wings and bears the banner, soaring high on balanced wings. Suddenly I travel through this flowing sand, following the Red Water and lingering. I command the flood dragon to bridge the ford, and order the Western August One to ferry me across. The road is long and full of hardships, I make the many chariots wait in the path. I turn left at Mount Buzhou, and point to the Western Sea as my destination. I marshal my chariots, a thousand of them, and align the jade axle caps and drive abreast. I harness eight dragons in graceful curves, and carry cloud banners trailing and winding. I suppress my will and rein in my pace, my spirit soaring high and far. I play the "Nine Songs" and dance the "Shao," and take the occasion to enjoy myself. I ascend to the bright splendor of the august on high, and suddenly look down and see my old home. My servants grieve and my horses long for it, curling up and looking back, refusing to go on. The coda says: Alas! The state has no one and none knows me, why should I cherish my old capital! Since there is no one with whom to practice good governance, I will follow where Peng Xian dwells!Selected Passage from Qu Yuan, "Chu Ci: Seven Remonstrances: Sinking into the River"Not considering the land but coveting fame, my heart is troubled and inwardly wounded. I join huizhi to make a girdle, but passing through the dried-fish shop I lose the fragrance.Confucius, "Kongzi Jiayu: In Adversity": Zhi and lan grow in the deep forest, and do not cease to be fragrant because no one is there; the gentleman cultivates the way and establishes virtue, and does not change his integrity because of poverty and hardship. Confucius on huizhi: Orchids should be the fragrance of kings, yet now they bloom alone in profusion, mingling with common grasses, just like a worthy who does not meet the right time and is ranked with vulgar men.Confucius, "Kongzi Jiayu: Six Foundations"Entering a room of zhi and lan, after a long time one no longer smells their fragrance. To dwell with the good is like entering a room of zhi and lan: after a long time one no longer smells their fragrance, for one has transformed with them. To dwell with the not-good is like entering a shop of dried fish: after a long time one no longer smells their stench, for one has also transformed with them. What stores cinnabar becomes red, what stores lacquer becomes black. Therefore the gentleman must be cautious about where he places himself.Xunzi, "Xunzi: You Zuo": Moreover, zhi andlangrow in the deep forest, and do not cease to be fragrant because no one is there. (Zhi and lan: huilan and baizhi form a pair.) The gentleman's learning is not for the sake of advancement, but so that in poverty he is not distressed, and in sorrow his will does not decline. Zhu Xi, "Orchid Stream": Bright wind floats over the blue-green stream, the orchids, though withered, daily flourish. All year no one gathers them, bearing their fragrance, known only to themselves. Tao Yuanming, "Drinking Wine": The hidden orchid grows in the front courtyard, bearing its fragrance awaiting the clear breeze. When the clear breeze suddenly arrives, it is seen to stand apart among mugworts. Zheng Sixiao, "Inscribing Zheng Suonan's Orchid": The autumn wind turns lan and hui into thatch, the southern land is desolate and its spirit has faded. Only Suonan's heart does not change, with tears and ink he writes "Li Sao." Kangxi, "Ode to the Hidden Orchid": Graceful flower posture and long green leaves, when the wind comes, who hides the fragrance in the valley? Not because it can be strung as a girdle, even with no one around it is fragrant of itself. Pan Tianshou, "Inscribing the Orchid and Rock Painting": Leisurely like the spring temple locks of Wenjun, pure as ice and snow like the Guye immortal. One should judge the king by its style, how could its hidden fragrance alone be enough to transmit it?Bada ShanrenZhu Da, "Inscribing Orchid and Rock": The prince's painting and calligraphy display heavenly grace, grieving in memory of peace, his temples turning to silk. Long he borrows ink flowers to lodge his hidden feelings, and to this day every leaf blows toward the south.China, "Record of Leftover Subjects"He was skilled in ink orchids, and after the change of dynasty, when he painted he did not paint the soil, so the roots had nothing to rely on. When someone asked the reason, he said: The land has been taken from us, do you not know? Chen Zhifan, "The Orchid Without Roots": The flowers were moved to America, and we look at them with displeasure; people moved to America, and are likewise uneasy. The mountains and rivers of the motherland are not only flowers and trees, but also stories that move one to song and tears, poems that can be chanted and recited; it is the clamor and laughter of children and the quiet tombs of ancestors that adorn it with beauty. When the homeland is lost, where shall the roots take hold? The nation is the root; a person without a nation is grass without roots, and before wind and rain can torment it, it has already withered.Chen ZhifanIt is how many how many years of history that produce a little tradition; it is how many how many years of tradition that produce a little style.China, "Zhou Yi": Words of one heart have a fragrance like orchids. (Meaning: With one heart and united will, the many form a fortress, and their spirit is fragrant like orchids.) General Zhang Xueliang on huizhi: Its fragrance is renowned throughout the four seas, it has settled in ten thousand homes; its leaves stand upright bearing upright spirit, its flowers beautiful without ostentation; ever green it defies severe cold, smiling through high summer; truly a gentleman among flowers, its bearing placed in elegance. Chairman Zhu De, touring the flower and tree groves of Yuexiu Park in Guangzhou: A hundred flowers all bloom, each vying in spring, only the orchid's fragrance is just right; for a time it was famed and precious in the Five Rams City. (The fragrance of huizhi flowers is a symbol of social stability and harmonious governance.)Literary master Shen Congwen, "Taoyuan and Yuanzhou"In the small stream valley grow zhi grasses, still seen everywhere today. (Zhi grass: zhi is baizhi, grass is huilan.) Fan Zhongyan, "Record of Yueyang Tower": huizhi and lan on the shore, lush and green. Yan Shigu, "Ode to the Hidden Orchid": Singing of its fine quality in the Chu fu, spreading its fragrant name in Han verses.Emperor Xuan of Liang, "Orchid Poem"It blooms without competing in season, bearing its excellence and yielding to light frost.Huizhi, Song dynastyXiang Ziyin, "Huan Xi Sha": Among green jade clusters, purple jade stalks, hidden flowers sparse and pale yet more richly fragrant, it does not let red powder sully its high standard.In memory ofChairman Mao in the autumn of 1961 reading "Li Sao": How reckless and arrogant were Jie and Zhou, only taking shortcuts and stumbling; only the partisans indulge in pleasure, their path dark and perilous. (Translation: Why must Xia Jie and King Zhou of Shang abandon themselves so recklessly, a pair of huizhi with only shortcuts to trap and halt their steps; only the members of selfish factions are happy, the road dim and benighted, hard to win;)Chairman Mao wielded his brush with careful strokes to write the "Seven-Character Quatrain: Qu Yuan," a glorious poem.Qu Zi in those years composed the Chu Sao, in his hand he held a killing knife. Mugwort and artemisia too abundant, pepper and orchid few, all the way rushing toward the ten-thousand-li waves. (Pepper and orchid: shenjiao, huizhi)
Huilan Disease Prevention and Treatment: Disease ManagementBoth Sides of the Taiwan Strait, One China: Chinese Cymbidium (Huilan)
Yellow leaves and scorched edges in large-flowered Cymbidium generally occur in the following situations: 1. Improper watering. Although large-flowered Cymbidium likes moisture, because its potting medium has strong moisture retention and it has fleshy roots, it is relatively tolerant of mild drought, so it is recommended not to water too much or too frequently. Watering with clean water close to room temperature is sufficient. Do not water with fertilizer solution during the flowering period; apply fertilizer only after the flowering period ends, otherwise the flowering period will be shortened, and improper fertilization can also cause fertilizer damage. The interval between waterings can be controlled according to room temperature. When watering, pour slowly and gently, do not dump hastily. 2. The potting medium contains organic matter that easily decomposes. Large-flowered Cymbidium and other New Year flowers sold on the market are all repotted into relatively beautiful and noble porcelain pots, but during the repotting process, because the pot is somewhat larger, some merchants add some flower soil to the pot, but some flower soil is not fully decomposed. After being repotted and sold, when the organic matter ferments and releases heat, it causes damage to the flowers. The root system is scorched, root rot occurs, causing yellow leaves or death of the plant. It is recommended to carefully check the flower's potting soil to ensure healthy growth of the flower. 3. Cold air damage. Although large-flowered Cymbidium is relatively cold-tolerant, under lower temperature conditions it cannot withstand it. On the way home after purchase, it may be exposed to cold air, causing damage to leaves or flowers. At the time it does not show, but after a few days the symptoms slowly appear. For this type, the affected flower can only have the yellowed leaves cut off and be slowly conditioned, but generally it will not die. 4. Unsuitable microenvironment. Large-flowered Cymbidium is a flower that likes relatively high air humidity. If indoor air humidity is low and the temperature is also high, yellow leaves and scorched edges are very likely to occur. You can spray water several more times a day to increase the microenvironment humidity. Furthermore, it may be directly blown by an air conditioner or placed near heating, in an easily drying microenvironment, which also very easily causes scorched edges and yellow leaves. When this phenomenon occurs, just adjust it. But leaves that have already yellowed can only be cut off. 5. Insufficient light. Large-flowered Cymbidium likes light but fears strong direct light; generally scattered light is best. Too weak light will also cause poor growth and some symptoms. Generally, indoor appreciation determines the flower's placement by the indoor position, but at this time one should also note whether the flower adapts to the microenvironment of this position.Main Pests and Diseases(1) Southern blight: mostly occurs during the plum rain season. Attention should be paid to ventilation and light transmission, and good drainage of the potting soil for prevention. After onset, the infected potting soil can be removed and quintozene powder or lime sprinkled on. (2) Anthracnose: present year-round, more rampant in hot and rainy seasons. In addition to improving environmental conditions, during onset, spray with 50% thiophanate-methyl wettable powder at 800-1500 times dilution, once every 7-10 days, then supplement with 1% Bordeaux mixture of equal proportions, once every half month. (3) Scale insects: reproduce fastest under high temperature, high humidity, and poor air circulation. Use conventional control methods. (4) Root rot, also called nematode disease. Nematodes parasitize orchid roots, causing root rot, poor growth of above-ground leaves, leaf yellowing and greening, and even plant wilting. Nematode damage causes many wounds and also causes infection by other soil-borne pathogens, leading to plant disease and accelerated plant death. The cultivation medium should be disinfected; 100-degree steam sterilization can be used to kill eggs. For severe cases, repot immediately, soak the diseased plant in the medicinal solution for 20-30 minutes, remove and dry, and replant with new medium. In summary, to grow orchids well, one must master their natural growing environment conditions, take reasonable measures, and strengthen cultivation management. According to "Orchid Cultivation Formulas": "Do not take them out in spring, do not sun them in summer, do not let them dry in autumn, do not keep them wet in winter." This is a summary of China's orchid-growing experience.Pollution-Free ControlBelow are some folk remedies for pollution-free control of orchid pests and diseases. "Small" remedies can often solve "big" problems, and orchid friends might as well try them. 1. Tea seed cake. Tea seed cake, also called tea bran or tea seed cake, is the residue left after tea seeds are pressed for oil, often used by farmers to wash clothes. Tea seed cake contains saponin and glycosides, and its water extract is alkaline, with good stomach-poison and contact-killing effects on pests. Control methods: 1. Soak crushed powdered tea seed cake and boiling water at a 1:5 ratio for a day and night, use it to drench the orchid pot, and also drench the place where the orchid pot is placed and other orchid pots; it has good control effect on snails. 2. Spraying orchid plants with tea seed cake water has a very good control effect on aphids and red spiders, reaching over 90%. 3. Tea seed cake water can also kill earthworms. Drench the potting soil thoroughly with tea seed cake water, and after a moment the earthworms will drill out of the soil surface; pick them out and remove them. Opinions differ in the orchid community on whether earthworms are beneficial or harmful to orchids. One view holds that earthworms in the pot, when active, destroy some orchid fungus hyphae and damage the root tips of orchid roots, and are pests that must be removed. Another view holds that earthworms in the orchid pot can eat many decaying substances in the pot and rotten orchid roots, their activity can loosen the soil, and their droppings can serve as fertilizer for orchids; their merits outweigh their faults, and they need not be killed. Which is right and which is wrong awaits orchid friends to weigh the pros and cons based on their own practical observation and make a judgment. 2. Strong-flavored vegetables (scallions, garlic, chives, ginger, onions, etc.) Strong-flavored vegetables each have their own distinctive odor, and their smell can play a role in killing insects and sterilizing. Control methods: 1. Take 25g of garlic, crush and squeeze the juice, dilute in 10L of water, immediately spray orchid plants; it can treat aphids, red spiders, scale insects, and gray mold. Press peeled garlic into small pieces, place them at equal distances on the surface soil of the orchid pot, and after a few days earthworms and ants will be gone. 2. Soak chopped scallions and water at a 1:30 ratio for a day and night, then filter, spray orchid plants with it, spraying several times a day for several consecutive days; it has good effect on controlling aphids, soft-bodied pests, and preventing and treating powdery mildew, etc. 3. Use 1 jin of ginger, add half a jin of water, mash and extract the juice, add 6 jin of water per jin of juice, spray orchid plants; it can control aphids. 4. Mix chive juice and clean water at a 1:60 ratio, spray orchid plants with it, spray twice a day, repeat for several days; it can cure black spot disease. 5. Take 15g of chopped onion bulbs, place in 2 jin of water, seal and soak for 7 hours, then filter, spray orchid plants with the filtrate; it can treat red spiders and aphids. 3. Cigarette butts. Tobacco leaves contain about 3% nicotine. Nicotine has strong contact-killing and stomach-poison effects on pests. Take about 20 smoked cigarette butts and one portion of quicklime, add water, stir, soak, and filter, then add 30 portions of water, spray orchid plants, potting soil, and pot bottoms with it; it can eliminate ants and other pests without waxy coating. 4. Washing powder and detergent. Washing powder can dissolve the waxy coating of scale insects and at the same time form a layer of foam wrapping the insect body, suffocating the scale insects to death. Washing powder solution can prevent and treat some pests and diseases. Control methods: 1. Dissolve a small amount of washing powder in warm water, then dilute with water to 1000 times, spray orchid plants; it can kill aphids, whiteflies, and red spiders. Dilute to 600 times, spray once every three days, continue spraying three times, and all scale insects will die. 2. Mix pig bile and clean water at a 1:100 ratio, add a small amount of washing powder, spray orchid plants with it; it can prevent and treat anthracnose and soft rot. After spraying orchid plants with washing powder solution, once the pests are dead, the leaves must be rinsed several times with clean water so that the orchid plants grow normally. 5. White liquor. Mix white liquor and water at a 1:2 ratio, spray orchid plants, once a week, continue spraying three times; it can kill scale insects. 6. Orange peel. Place orange peel at the bottom of the pot to prevent ants and other pests from entering the potting soil to harm orchids. Orange peel can also be cut into small pieces and scattered on the surface of the potting soil; without watering for a few days, it can treat aphids, scale insects, etc. 7. Brown sugar. Mix powdered brown sugar and boiling water at a 1:100 ratio, and after cooling spray orchid plants with the brown sugar liquid, once every 3 days, three times in succession; it has a relatively good effect on preventing and treating downy mildew, powdery mildew, black spot disease, and leaf blight. 8. Diesel oil. Mix diesel oil and water at a 1:60 ratio into an emulsion, then dilute with 100 times water and spray orchid plants; it can treat scale insects, etc. 9. Plant ash. Soak plant ash and water at a 1:50 ratio for two days and nights, then filter, spray orchid plants with the filtrate; it can both treat aphids and increase potassium fertilizer. 10. Vinegar. Mix vinegar and clean water at a 1:8 ratio, spray evenly on the front and back of orchid leaves; it can treat scale insects. If the scale insects have already become adults, the acidity of the mixed liquid can be slightly increased, spraying once every three days, three times in succession, and the adult scale insects can be killed. Spraying vinegar liquid on the leaf surface can also eliminate black spot disease, powdery mildew, leaf spot disease, yellowing disease, etc. Do not use industrial vinegar. [6]Disease Prevention and Treatment(1) Fungal anthracnose: mostly occurs at the leaf tip, with dark brown lesion margins and grayish-white centers, mostly caused by high temperature, high humidity, and poor ventilation. Lesions should be cut off promptly and combined with spraying. Common agents include 1000 times mancozeb and 1000 times Kocide. Other fungal diseases are commonly controlled with the following agents: 1000 times chlorothalonil, 800 times ridomil, 800 times metalaxyl. (2) Bacterial diseases: common agents include 6000 times agricultural streptomycin sulfate, 300ppm agricultural streptomycin, 800 times jinggangmycin. When replanting continuously or cultivating long-term, soft rot will be severe. At the seedling stage, this disease does not occur; generally by the third year, when flower buds reach a height of 20 to 30 cm, the corms are found to suddenly all rot, and it also occurs on the mountain. At this time they can only all be destroyed, otherwise it easily leads to the disease being transmitted to healthy plants. If the surrounding environmental sanitation is handled promptly and chemical control is carried out, it will have an inhibitory effect on the disease. (3) Pests: the main pests are slugs and spider mites. Common agents: Slug Killer (trap bait), trichlorfon acaricide. When ventilation is poor from June to September, slugs occur severely, mostly hiding on the backs of leaves and also harming the root system. For control, lime can be sprinkled in the cracks between bricks, then water sprayed, which can kill large numbers of adults; kalanchoe leaves and granular Slug Killer can also be used for trap baiting. Spider mites occur on the backs of leaves, so when spraying, start from the backs of the leaves. Common agents for controlling other pests include: 2000 times propargite, 6000 times Fuxing, 2000 times dimethoate, 3000 times avermectin. Note: To save manpower and resources and achieve the best control effect, pesticides that do not undergo chemical reactions can usually be combined; for specific mixing, refer to the following combinations: 1200 times copper triazole + 1300 times Xiaolizeng + 6000 agricultural streptomycin sulfate (for fungal and bacterial disease control) 500 times carbendazim + 800 times jinggangmycin + 2000 times propargite (for seedlings, against fungi, bacteria, and mites) 1000 times Kocide (against bacterial diseases, also effective against fungi) 300ppm agricultural streptomycin + 8000 times Fuxing (against bacteria and pests) 800 times chlorothalonil + 2000 times hydrated mycin (against fungi and bacteria) 4000 times Wanxing + 800 times jinggangmycin (against slugs and bacteria) 1200 times hydrated mycin + 800 times thiophanate-methyl (against bacteria and fungi) 800 times thiophanate-methyl + 300ppm agricultural streptomycin (against fungi and bacteria) 800 times Yibao (against fungi, bacteria) 1000 times chlorothalonil + 1000 times Kocide (against fungal diseases) 500 times carbendazim + 800 times metalaxyl (for seedlings, against fungal diseases) 800 times metalaxyl + 1600 times benomyl + 1300 times decis (against fungi and slugs) 6000 times Fuxing (for insect killing) 8000 times Fuxing + 800 times chlorothalonil (against pests and fungal diseases) 800 times ridomil + 800 times thiophanate-methyl + 2000 times imidacloprid (against viruses, fungi, and mites) 300 times polyoxin + 1875 times Banqianjing (for seedlings, against bacterial diseases and leafminers) 2000 times decis + 800 times metalaxyl (against slugs and fungal diseases) 100ppm gibberellin (to promote growth) 800 times metalaxyl + 800 times manganese Kocide (for blade disinfection) 1500 times decis + 2000 times dichlorvos + 2000 times dimethoate (against slugs) 3000 times avermectin (against small brown planthoppers and mites, active ingredient abamectin) trisodium phosphate (effective against viruses)
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