Efficient Cultivation Techniques and Pest and Disease Control Methods for Potted Chrysanthemum 'Jinduo'
Today, the editor of Huinong.com introduces a potted cultivation technique for an autumn chrysanthemum variety called Jinduo. If you are interested in potted cultivation techniques, why not come and learn more.
1 Jinduo
1.1 Biological Characteristics
The average plant height of this variety is 35 cm, with a crown width of 45 cm; the root bark is white, and the old roots are brown. Cuttage seedlings have fibrous roots, with fibrous roots 15-30 cm long; the leaves are dark green, pinnately parted, with a lobe depth of 1.8 cm; leaf length is 6.6 cm and width is 4.6 cm, with a petiole length of 2.2 cm; the average number of flower buds per plant is 980, the flower diameter is 3.8 cm, with 24 bright yellow ligulate florets and 122 yellow tubular florets; the fruit is an achene, yellowish brown and nearly cylindrical, with longitudinal ridges.
Jinduo prefers a sunny, well-ventilated environment and can adapt to dry summers and cold winters. Jinduo is a typical autumn chrysanthemum variety. In the Liaoning region, the basal shoots sprout and emerge from the soil from late March to early April. The basal shoots can be used for cuttage propagation or tissue culture multiplication. Seedlings are planted in May. The bud stage is September 5, and the first flowering stage is October 15. It has continuous flowering characteristics, with an ornamental period of more than 3 months. Jinduo has a compact plant type and strong branching. The entire growth cycle does not require pinching, making it suitable for extensive management and able to save a large amount of labor cost. Jinduo's basal shoots are thick, deeply attached, numerous, and highly cold-resistant. In the Liaoning region, the perennial roots can safely overwinter in the open field; its disease resistance is extremely strong, and the entire growth cycle does not require spraying fungicides.
Jinduo is a strictly short-day flower, and flower bud differentiation is regulated by the photoperiod and nighttime temperature for flowering. Through experimental research, the daily critical point of Jinduo has been determined to be 12.5 h. According to the photoperiod pattern, a supporting cultivation technique for year-round flowering of Jinduo has been developed, which can regulate Jinduo to flower at any time within a year, achieving the goal of year-round production.
1.2 Suitable Planting Regions
Cultivation trials show that this variety is suitable for open-field cultivation in the Liaoning region. Under potted conditions, precise regulation of the flowering period can be achieved through the supporting cultivation technique for year-round flowering, and production cultivation can be carried out nationwide.
2 Key Points of Cultivation Techniques
2.1 Soil
Jinduo has no strict requirements for soil and can be planted in various soils except saline-alkali land. During potted production, peat, cow manure, or crushed straw can be appropriately added to the soil to increase organic matter content and soil fertility, and to reduce the weight of the potting soil, which is beneficial for the transportation of potted flower products.
2.2 Seedling Raising
In the Liaoning region, Jinduo generally overwinters naturally after flowering. In May of the following year, the emerging basal shoots are used for cuttage propagation. Potted or open-field cultivation is carried out from late May to early June. When potted, 1 seedling is planted per flower pot; when cultivated in the open field, the plant spacing is 50 cm × 70 cm. To prevent seedling degeneration, seedlings should be virus-free and rejuvenated once every 3 years.
3 Field Management
3.1 Watering
Flood irrigation is taboo. Throughout the entire growth period, the principle of frequent but small amounts should be followed. After planting, the first watering should be thorough, and thereafter water about once every 15 days. When watering, it is better to give less than too much, and loosen the soil promptly after watering. In mid-August, when flower bud differentiation begins, water should be appropriately controlled to promote the transition from vegetative growth to reproductive growth. After budding, the water supply should be appropriately increased to promote flower bud enlargement. During the full flowering stage, water supply must be guaranteed, because a large number of flowers open during this period and transpiration increases. Jinduo has strong drought resistance, and normal growth can be ensured as long as the deep soil is moist. However, it is not waterlogging-tolerant, and especially must not be subjected to long periods of flood irrigation, so as to avoid root rot caused by excessive soil moisture. Before winter begins (late November to early December), 1 antifreeze watering should be given. In early spring from March to April, because the Liaoning region is windy, one thorough watering is needed to promote the sprouting of basal shoots.
3.2 Fertilization
Jinduo is relatively sensitive to fertilizer and water. If nitrogen fertilizer is insufficient, the plant grows slowly, the plant is short, the leaves are few and poor in quality, the flower stems are shortened, the flowers are small, and the number of flowers per plant decreases. The combined use of phosphorus and potassium fertilizers can greatly promote the development of flower stems. After the basal shoots emerge in early spring, the first topdressing, mainly nitrogen fertilizer, should be applied promptly along with the first irrigation, at a rate of 30-45 kg/667 sq m. The second application is at the bud stage; in addition to nitrogen fertilizer, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers should also be added, and 0.2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate can be sprayed on the leaves. Stop fertilizing 7 d before flowering.
3.3 Loosening Soil and Weeding
Weed promptly during the growth period, and destroy the hoed weeds to eliminate fungi, insect eggs, and insect bodies. Loosening the soil can improve soil aeration and strengthen water storage and retention capacity.
4 Pest and Disease Control
Generally, chrysanthemums are prone to rust, powdery mildew, anthracnose, and phytophthora blight, but Jinduo has extremely strong disease resistance. Generally, no fungicide spraying is needed throughout the growing season, or spraying a broad-spectrum fungicide once every 2 weeks is sufficient. If diseased plants are found, they should be promptly removed to reduce sources of disease. The main pests are aphids and cabbage caterpillars. Aphids can transmit viruses, and the ornamental value of affected plants is severely reduced. For aphid control, spray 10% imidacloprid wettable powder at 1,000 times dilution once every two weeks; cabbage caterpillars gnaw leaves and the stem tips of chrysanthemums, and in severe cases the entire plant loses commercial value. Spraying 10% cypermethrin emulsifiable concentrate at 1,500 times dilution can be used for control.
5 Conclusion
This is a dual-purpose variety for both potted and field cultivation. It has strong growth vigor, brilliant flower color, beautiful flower shape, drought resistance, cold resistance, and a wide range of adaptability. It does not require manual pinching throughout the growing season and can naturally take shape. Cultivation and management are simple, and its comprehensive traits reach the international advanced level, with broad prospects for promotion and application.
Efficient Cultivation Techniques and Pest and Disease Control for Potted Aster
How is potted aster cultivated? Aster is a very beautiful flower that many people love very much. Below, the editor of Huinong.com has compiled an article for everyone on the characteristics and key cultivation techniques of the potted small chrysanthemum variety Aster.
1 Biological Characteristics
The plant height of this variety is 30.5 cm, with a crown width of 35 cm. Aster prefers a sunny, well-ventilated environment and can adapt to dry summers and cold winters. Aster is a typical autumn chrysanthemum variety. In the Liaoning region, the basal shoots sprout and emerge from the soil from late March to early April. The basal shoots can be used for cuttage propagation or tissue culture multiplication. Seedlings are planted in May. The bud stage is September 1, and the full flowering stage is October 15. It has continuous flowering characteristics, with an ornamental period of more than 3 months. Aster has a compact plant type and strong branching. The entire growth cycle does not require pinching, making it suitable for extensive management and able to save a large amount of labor cost. Aster has strong cold resistance, and in the Liaoning region the perennial roots can safely overwinter in the open field; its disease resistance is extremely strong, and the entire growth cycle does not require spraying fungicides.
Aster is a strictly short-day flower, and flower bud differentiation and flowering are regulated by photoperiod and nighttime temperature. Through experimental research, the daily critical point of Aster has been determined to be 13 h. According to the photoperiod pattern, a supporting cultivation technique for year-round flowering of Aster has been developed, which can regulate Aster to flower at any time within a year, achieving the goal of year-round production.
2. Suitable Planting Regions
Cultivation trials show that this variety is suitable for open-field cultivation in the Liaoning region. Under potted conditions, flowering period regulation can be achieved through the supporting cultivation technique for year-round flowering, and production cultivation can be carried out nationwide.
2.3 Key Points of Cultivation Techniques
3.1 Soil
There are no strict requirements for soil, and various soils except saline-alkali land can be used for planting. During potted production, peat, cow manure, or crushed straw can be appropriately added to the soil to increase organic matter content and soil fertility, and to reduce the weight of the potting soil, which is beneficial for the transportation of potted flower products.
3.2 Seedling Raising
In the Liaoning region, plants generally overwinter naturally after flowering. In May of the following year, the emerging basal shoots are used for cuttage propagation. Potted or open-field cultivation is carried out from late May to early June. When potted, 1 seedling is planted per flower pot; when cultivated in the open field, the plant spacing is 40 cm × 60 cm.
4 Field Management
4.1 Watering
Flood irrigation is taboo. Throughout the entire growth period, the principle of frequent but small amounts should be followed. After planting, the first watering should be thorough, and thereafter water about once every 15 days. When watering, it is better to give less than too much, and loosen the soil promptly after watering. In mid-August, when flower bud differentiation begins, water should be appropriately controlled to promote the transition from reproductive growth to vegetative growth. After budding, the water supply should be appropriately increased to promote flower bud enlargement. During the full flowering stage, water supply must be guaranteed, because a large number of flowers open during this period and transpiration increases. Aster has strong drought resistance, and normal growth can be ensured as long as the deep soil is moist. However, it is not waterlogging-tolerant, and especially must not be subjected to long periods of flood irrigation, so as to avoid root rot caused by excessive soil moisture. Before winter begins (late November to early December), 1 antifreeze watering should be given. In early spring from March to April, because the Liaoning region is windy, one thorough watering is needed to promote the sprouting of basal shoots.
4.2 Fertilization
Aster is relatively sensitive to fertilizer and water. If nitrogen fertilizer is insufficient, the plant grows slowly, the plant is short, the leaves are few and poor in quality, the flower stems are shortened, the flowers are small, and the number of flowers per plant decreases. The combined use of phosphorus and potassium fertilizers can greatly promote the development of flower stems. After the basal shoots emerge in early spring, the first topdressing, mainly nitrogen fertilizer, should be applied promptly along with the first irrigation, at a rate of 30-45 kg/km2. The second application is at the bud stage; in addition to nitrogen fertilizer, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers should also be added, and 0.2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate can be sprayed on the leaves. Stop fertilizing 7 d before flowering.
4.3 Loosening Soil and Weeding
Weed promptly during the growth period, and destroy the hoed weeds to eliminate fungi, insect eggs, and insect bodies. Loosening the soil can improve soil aeration and strengthen water storage and retention capacity.
5 Pest and Disease Control
Generally, chrysanthemums are prone to rust, powdery mildew, anthracnose, and phytophthora blight, but Aster has extremely strong disease resistance. Generally, no fungicide spraying is needed throughout the growing season, or spraying a broad-spectrum fungicide once every 2 weeks is sufficient. If diseased plants are found, they should be promptly removed to reduce sources of disease. The main pests are aphids and cabbage caterpillars. Aphids can transmit viruses, and the ornamental value of affected plants is severely reduced. For aphid control, spray 10% imidacloprid wettable powder at 1,000 times dilution once every two weeks; cabbage caterpillars gnaw leaves and the stem tips of chrysanthemums, and in severe cases the entire plant loses commercial value. Spraying 10% cypermethrin emulsifiable concentrate at 1,500 times dilution can be used for control.
6 Conclusion
Aster is a dual-purpose variety for both potted and field cultivation. It has brilliant flower color, beautiful flower shape, cold resistance, and a wide range of adaptability. It does not require manual pinching throughout the growing season and can naturally take shape. Cultivation and management are simple, and its comprehensive traits reach the international advanced level, with broad prospects for promotion and application.
If you are also interested in growing Aster, you can come to Huinong.com to learn more technical knowledge.
How is potted multi-stem chrysanthemum cultivated? Propagation and pest and disease control cultivation techniques for potted multi-stem chrysanthemum!
Chrysanthemum is China's national flower and is very popular in daily life, often used for courtyard potting. So how is potted multi-stem chrysanthemum cultivated? Is it difficult to grow? Below, the editor of Huinong.com introduces the propagation techniques for potted multi-stem chrysanthemum!
Grafting Propagation and Cultivation of Artemisia Seedlings
The yellow artemisia used for grafting can be obtained through seed propagation or digging from the wild. The sowing time for yellow artemisia is generally late November. When sowing, first water the seedbed thoroughly, mix the seeds with fine sand and evenly scatter them on the seedbed without covering with soil, then cover with plastic film. After emergence, when 3-4 leaves have grown, transplant them into small pots with a diameter of 12 cm. Spraying nutrient solution helps growth. In mid-March of the following year, plant the artemisia seedlings into the field, and reasonably control the soil fertilizer.
Planting Artemisia Seedlings
The field for planting artemisia seedlings can be divided into shaded beds and sunny beds according to different terrain heights. In shaded beds, the planting bed and the working path are level in height, making it easy to retain water. In sunny beds, the planting bed is higher than the working path to facilitate drainage. The length of the planting bed should preferably be about 40 m. The hanging triangle style is the general form for planting yellow artemisia, and the plant spacing varies with the number of planting rows. When growing sixteen-stem chrysanthemums, the planting bed width is 90 cm, the working path width is 70 cm, and the plant spacing is 60-70 cm. When growing nine-stem chrysanthemums, the planting bed width is 80 cm, the working path width is 60 cm, and the spacing is 55-60 cm.
Grafting
Large-flowered varieties can all be used for grafting multi-stem chrysanthemums. Better varieties include 'Quanxiang Chongtian', 'Xiaguang Sisi', 'Guohua Huangzhuan', 'Fenghuang Zhenyu', and others. Grafting begins when the artemisia seedlings grow to about 30 cm, have grown 2 layers of side branches, and the stem thickness is 2-3 cm. When grafting, the top of the rootstock must be tender, otherwise the survival rate will be reduced. Generally, grafting is carried out in 1-2 sessions starting in May. Cleft grafting is generally used: when the main branch or side branch of the artemisia seedling grows to a stem thickness similar to that of the chrysanthemum scion, cut it off, leaving 12-15 cm. The selected chrysanthemum variety scion should be 5 cm long, with 3-4 leaves retained at the top. Make a slanted cut on each side to form a wedge shape, then split the cut rootstock from the middle by about 1.5 cm, slightly longer than the slanted cut surface of the chrysanthemum scion. Insert the scion so that the two cut surfaces fit closely together. Seal the joint with plastic film of appropriate thickness, with appropriate tightness. If grafting is carried out before mid-May, the survival rate of chrysanthemum seedlings is relatively high. If carried out after mid-May, after grafting the joint needs to be covered with a small plastic bag or plastic film, and shading should also be provided appropriately. After 1 week, the plastic bag and binding material can be removed.
1 Split the rootstock 2 Cut the scion 3 Join the rootstock and inserted scion 4 Bind 5 Completed grafted seedling
Potting
In mid-June, place the grafted seedlings into flower pots. For nine-stem chrysanthemums, choose flower pots with an inner diameter of about 30 cm; for sixteen-stem chrysanthemums, choose flower pots with an inner diameter of 35 cm. When potting, enlarge the drainage hole at the bottom of the pot to 6 cm, wrap the chrysanthemum seedlings with plastic film, and place them into the pot to prevent damage to the leaves.
Pruning and Earthing Up
For the grafted chrysanthemum seedlings, the first pinching is carried out from late May to early June, leaving 2-3 leaves at the base during pinching to encourage side branch sprouting. After the side branches sprout, carry out 3-4 more pinchings, with the last pinching completed in early July. Cut off overly thick or weak branches so that branches of consistent height and thickness are evenly distributed in the pot, and on the basis of the required flower heads, reserve 5-6 extra flower heads for backup. Around July 25, the first earthing up is needed so that the potting soil reaches about 30% of the pot capacity. Around the Beginning of Autumn, the uneven branches need to be coiled and pressed. About every 20 days, branches that have been coiled and pressed unsatisfactorily can be adjusted, and a second earthing up is carried out at the same time, when the potting soil reaches about 90% of the pot capacity.
Potting Grafted Multi-Head Chrysanthemum
Bud Removal and Thinning Chrysanthemum is a short-day plant, so under the condition of gradually shortening daylight in September, nutrients must be controlled, and the side buds sprouting at this time should be cut off so that nutrients are concentrated on bud formation to help flowering. Moreover, to prevent damage to the main bud of the chrysanthemum, during growth, when the flower buds are the size of mung beans, the flower stalks have extended somewhat, and the main and side buds can be distinguished, thinning should be carried out promptly, leaving 1-2 side buds for backup. When the flower buds grow to a uniform size, remove the side buds, leaving only the main bud for flowering. Tying When the chrysanthemum blooms, it should be tied. When tying, first insert small sticks of thickness comparable to the chrysanthemum stems into the potting soil according to the desired shape. When inserting the sticks, be careful to insert them in place in one go; reinserting makes them difficult to secure and causes unnecessary damage to the plant. Then cut the small sticks level with the lowest flower receptacle, tie the chrysanthemum to them at this height, and the chrysanthemum heads should be tied upright. When tying, do not damage the leaves and petals, otherwise the ideal ornamental effect cannot be achieved.
Cultivation Management
In the early stage of grafting multi-stem chrysanthemums, nutrients are supplied by the underground artemisia roots, so generally little or no water is given. After the Beginning of Autumn, as the chrysanthemum grows more vigorously, apply fully decomposed dilute fertilizer around the artemisia roots, and combine with foliar topdressing by spraying a mixed solution of 0.1% urea and 0.2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate on the leaves 2-3 times. The concentration of the fertilized water should be gradually increased, and the frequency should also gradually increase. At first, apply once every half month, and later topdress 2-3 times per week. Watering in the pot should follow the principle of watering when dry and stopping when wet, with each watering until thoroughly soaked. After the flower buds show color, continue topdressing until the flower heads open. The difficulty of grafting multi-head chrysanthemums mainly lies in the need for the cultivated multi-head chrysanthemums to have a tall plant shape and flowering period. In fact, as long as the chrysanthemums are coiled and pressed to make their height uniform and the flowers evenly distributed, and as long as management and fertilization are reasonable, they will achieve a beautiful effect!
Pest and Disease Control
The main diseases of chrysanthemum include chrysanthemum brown spot, chrysanthemum mosaic virus disease, chrysanthemum sclerotinia rot, and others. They can be controlled with 500-1,000 times dilution of mancozeb, chlorothalonil, carbendazim, triadimefon, or thiophanate-methyl. The main pests of chrysanthemum include red spider mites, aphids, fruit borers, cabbage caterpillars, cotton bollworms, whiteflies, and white grubs. They can be controlled with 600-1,500 times dilution of imidacloprid, beta-cypermethrin, dicofol, emamectin benzoate, and others, used alternately. For agents such as trichlorfon, phoxim, and carbofuran, root application, root irrigation, and mixing with wheat bran for broadcasting are generally adopted to prevent underground pests.
Although chrysanthemum is the national flower, it requires careful cultivation when planted. The above propagation and pest and disease control cultivation techniques for potted multi-stem chrysanthemum compiled by the editor should be saved quickly, everyone!