Efficient Cultivation and Management Techniques for Oyama Magnolia in the Shenyang Region

How is Oyama magnolia cultivated? Oyama magnolia is a deciduous small tree, reaching up to 10 m in height. Its flowers are as white as jade, accented with purplish-red stamens, beautiful and fragrant, with slender flower stalks that sway in the wind when in full bloom, like a heavenly maiden scattering flowers. Below, let us learn the cultivation techniques for Oyama magnolia in the Shenyang region.

1 Climate Overview of the Planting Site

1.1 Natural Conditions of the Shenyang Region

Shenyang is located at 41°11′51″~42°17′30″ N latitude and 122°25′09″~123°48′24″ E longitude, with an average elevation of 50 m. It has a continental climate in the north temperate zone influenced by monsoons, characterized by four distinct seasons: windy and dry springs, hot summers with abundant rain in July and August, cool autumns, and long winters. The average temperature is 7.0°C~7.8°C, the average January temperature is -12.5°C, the absolute minimum temperature is -32.2°C, the absolute maximum temperature is 39.3°C, and the temperature difference between the north and south of the city is about 2°C. The average annual rainfall is 574.4~684.8 mm, the annual evaporation is 1408~1765 mm, the average annual relative humidity is 65%, the average annual sunshine is 2630.6 h, and the frost-free period is 156 d. It is suitable for the growth of warm temperate zone plants.

1.2 Climate Overview of Dandong

Dandong is located in the mid-latitude zone on the east coast of the Eurasian continent, at 123°22′30″~125°42′00″ E longitude and 39°43′31″~41°09′21″ N latitude. It lies in the mid-latitude East Asian monsoon region and has a continental monsoon climate in the warm temperate humid zone. The climate is moderately cool, with harmonious sunshine and rainfall. Monsoons are distinct, with mostly northerly winds in winter. The Dandong region has relatively high rainfall and is the area with the highest rainfall in Northeast China, with annual rainfall of 800~1100 mm and an average annual relative humidity of 69%~72%. The average annual temperature is 8.9°C. Although winter is long, the severe cold period is relatively short; the average temperature in January, the coldest month, is -7.4°C, and the extreme minimum temperature is -38.3°C. Although summer is hot, the hot period is very short; the average temperature in July, the hottest month, is 23°C, and the extreme maximum temperature is 37.3°C. The annual frost-free period in the Dandong region is 165.9 d.

1.3 Comparison of Climate Conditions Between the Two Places

Table 1 Comparison of Climate Conditions in Various Places

In order to clearly compare the climate conditions of the two places, the main climate indicators are listed in Table 1. From the table, it can be seen that Shenyang is closest to Dandong in terms of temperature, with the minimum January temperature about 5°C lower than that of the Dandong region, so trees that perform well locally have a greater chance of successful planting in Shenyang.

2 Overwintering Observation

Due to the severe cold climate, low absolute minimum temperatures, and long duration in the Shenyang region, many flowering tree species often suffer frost damage, causing great losses. Based on the overwintering performance of trees in the Shenyang region, this experiment measured their cold resistance. To clearly understand the strength of the cold resistance of these varieties and to clearly distinguish the differences in cold resistance among the varieties (Tian Wei et al., 2003; Zhou Mingong, 1997), a grading standard for cold resistance was specially formulated (Table 2).

Table 2 Grading Standard for Cold Resistance of Tree Species

Through observations of Oyama magnolia in 2015 and 2016 respectively, it was found that some annual branches suffered slight frost damage, with a cold resistance grade of level two, and it can basically overwinter in the Shenyang region. For Oyama magnolia to be used in the landscaping market in the Shenyang region, it is best to introduce large seedlings and plant them in sheltered, sunny spots in courtyards.

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A Famous Flower of Zushan - Oyama Magnolia

Oyama magnolia, also known as mountain peony, belongs to the genus Magnolia in the family Magnoliaceae. It is a national second-class protected plant and a rare flower that survived the Quaternary glaciation of the Archean era, and is known as a living plant fossil. Through 3 million years of ice, frost, rain, and snow, its national beauty and heavenly fragrance have not been destroyed. In northern China, it is scattered on shady slopes above 800 m in elevation in the Changbai Mountains, the second main peak of the Yanshan Mountains - Dushan, and Zushan within the territory of Qinhuangdao City. In the Zushan tourist area (National AAAA level), to make it convenient for tourists to view, Magnolia Garden was established, densely planted with 1500 Oyama magnolias. From mid-June to early July each year, in the secluded valleys of Zushan, among green mountains and clear waters, the magnolias bloom, with jade-like trees and beautiful flowers, rich in fragrance, with an intoxicating aroma that makes people feel relaxed and happy and reluctant to leave. At that time, Qinhuangdao City holds the Oyama Magnolia Cultural Festival, carrying out a variety of cultural activities such as a flower protector competition and making friends through flowers, which are even more breathtaking and fascinating. In 2006, the 17th professional exhibition garden of the Shenyang International Horticultural Exposition was the Magnolia Garden, and Oyama magnolia became the protagonist of the garden, attracting tens of thousands of visitors.
Oyama magnolia is a special rare famous flower. Its leaves, flowers, and fruits are all beautiful, and its shape, color, and fragrance are all excellent, with extremely high ornamental value. Its leaves are bright in color, and its crown is spreading, full of vitality and energy. Its flowers are pure and noble, transcendent and refined, with white flowers and red stamens, even more beautiful than magnolia. In early autumn, red fruits and green leaves give it a distinctive charm. Planted in combination, it seems to have an antique natural charm; planted in groups, it is like snow waves and a sea of clouds; potted, it is upright and magnificent. The flower buds are used as medicine and mainly treat colds. The leaves contain aromatic oil and give off a fresh fragrance.
The elegant beauty of Oyama magnolia is described in the ci poem "A Cluster of Flowers, Oyama Magnolia" by Du Qingran, a talented woman from Qinglong: "Avoiding the contest for spring light, it welcomes summer, unrestrained, leaning against the clouds. In the clear sky and open field, its rich fragrance flourishes, inscribed in green grass, its beautiful shadow sparse and graceful. The favored child of Youyan, delicate posture and pure quality, magnificent in the world. Twin flowers move together as butterflies fan and clamor, yet the branch crane is leisurely. The wind sways the clustered plants, drifting with charm, cruel as flying snow, again carrying the mountain mist. Visitors from all directions, enchanted and infatuated, leave with their dreams and souls lingering." Oyama magnolia is a deciduous small tree with strong adaptability. It likes humid and shaded environments, while mature trees like light, and it is suitable for growing in soil rich in humus and well drained. It is especially cold tolerant and can withstand temperatures of minus 35 degrees during dormancy. Oyama magnolia is propagated by seeds and is suitable for cultivation in the three northeastern provinces and northern Hebei. Other regions can try planting it.

Manager Du Liandi of the First Batch of Science Popularization Demonstration Bases in Hebei Province (former deputy county head, member of the Provincial Forest Tree Seedling Association)
Base address: Xiangshuigou Village, Qinglong Manchu Autonomous County, Hebei Province
Mailing address: Guard Room of the Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Qinglong Manchu Autonomous County, Hebei Province, to be collected on behalf
Postal code: 066500 Tel: 0335-****962
Mobile: 139*****103 Fax: 0335-****971