Transport, Cultivation, Maintenance and Pruning Methods for Catalpa and Goldenrain Tree Seedlings

  Transport, cultivation, maintenance and pruning of catalpa and goldenrain tree all require certain technical knowledge; in particular, transplanting requires understanding the local soil conditions, climate conditions and so on. Below we discuss how to transport, cultivate, maintain and prune catalpa and goldenrain tree seedlings.

  Improving the planting survival rate of landscaping seedlings such as the goldenrain tree is the key to the success or failure of landscape greening. For tree species used according to design requirements and when construction is carried out under unfavorable climate conditions, the climate, soil and other living environments favorable to tree growth must be provided to the greatest extent possible, so as to meet the growth requirements of the trees.

  1. Technical measures for selecting goldenrain tree seedlings

  In order to improve the survival rate of catalpa and goldenrain tree seedlings, the following should be achieved in the selection of goldenrain tree seedling materials:

  (1) Select goldenrain tree seedlings that are vigorous in growth and robust in plant body;

  (2) The goldenrain tree seedlings to be planted should have a well-developed root system, grow vigorously, be free of pests and diseases, and be free of withered branches and dead branches;

  (3) The specifications and tree form of the goldenrain tree seedlings should meet the design requirements;

  (4) For large goldenrain tree seedlings, root-cutting treatment before transplanting and complete professional transplanting measures should be carried out;

  (5) The soil layer thickness of grass blocks should preferably be 3-5cm, and the soil layer thickness of turf rolls should preferably be 2-3cm;

  (6) For annual and biennial flowers, the plant height should be 10-40cm, and the crown diameter should be 15-35cm. There should be no fewer than 3-4 branches, and the leaf clusters should be robust with bright color.

  (7) The root system of perennial flowers must be intact and free of rot or deterioration.

  (8) The rhizomes of bulbous flowers should be robust, free of damage, and have plump young buds.

  (9) The leaf color of foliage plants should be bright, and the leaf clusters should be full.

  2. Technical measures for soil treatment before planting catalpa and goldenrain tree seedlings

  Soil is the foundation of the survival of goldenrain tree seedlings, and soil treatment before planting is the key to improving the survival rate of goldenrain tree seedlings. First, it should be ensured that the planting soil layer for catalpa and goldenrain tree seedlings has sufficient thickness, ensuring that the soil is fertile and loose with good air permeability and drainage. Second, before planting or sowing, the soil properties of the area should be tested and analyzed, and corresponding measures such as disinfection, fertilization and soil replacement should be taken. The minimum planting soil layer thickness necessary for the growth of garden plants should comply with the following: 30cm for herbaceous flowers, 30cm for lawn ground cover, 45cm for small shrubs, 60cm for large shrubs, 90cm for shallow-rooted trees, and 150cm for deep-rooted trees.

  3. Transport measures for goldenrain tree seedlings

  When loading, transporting, unloading and heeling in trees, the tree root system and soil ball must be kept intact; the main leader and branches of the trees must not be broken, and the bark must not be scraped. After unloading, planting should be carried out immediately. If catalpa and goldenrain tree seedlings cannot be planted immediately, they should be heeled in with soil to protect the root system. The precautions during loading and transport of goldenrain tree seedlings are as follows:

  (1) When loading and transporting bare-root catalpa and goldenrain tree seedlings, they should be stacked neatly in order with roots forward and tips backward. Straw bags should be placed at the rear compartment to avoid abrasion of the trunk. Take care that the tree tips do not drag on the ground. After loading, tie the trunks firmly with rope; when tying the rope, also place straw bags underneath so as not to bruise the bark.

  (2) When loading and transporting shrubs, they may also be loaded upright. For bare-root catalpa and goldenrain tree seedlings transported over longer distances, tarpaulins or wet straw bags should be used to cover them so as to prevent wind from affecting survival.

  (3) When loading and transporting goldenrain tree seedlings with soil balls, those with a height below 2m may be placed upright, and those above 2m should be placed at an angle. When loading, the soil ball should face forward and the trunk should face backward. The soil balls should be placed steadily, supported firmly and packed tightly. The soil balls should not be stacked in too many layers. Soil balls above 40cm should not exceed three layers at most; soil balls above 40cm should not exceed two layers at most. If the soil ball is relatively large and exceeds 80cm-100cm, the use of a crane should be considered when loading. Also take care not to damage the branches.

  (4) After the goldenrain tree seedlings arrive at the site, unload the seedlings at the designated positions. When unloading bare-root seedlings, unload from top to bottom in order; do not pull them out randomly from below. When unloading, handle them gently and place them gently; do not push the whole load down, so as to avoid breaking the root system and branches. When unloading soil-ball seedlings, they may be moved down directly, but the soil ball should be moved, not just the trunk lifted; if the soil ball is relatively large and exceeds 80cm-100cm, the use of a crane should be considered when unloading.

  (5) If planting cannot be carried out immediately after unloading, bare-root goldenrain tree seedlings should temporarily have their roots covered with soil or be tightly covered with tarpaulins or straw bags. A heeling-in trench 5-2m wide and 40cm deep may also be dug in advance, and the seedlings placed neatly in it with the roots fully covered with soil. If the heeling-in period exceeds seven days, an appropriate amount of water should be applied to keep the soil moist. For temporary heeling-in of soil-ball seedlings, they should be concentrated as much as possible and the upright soil balls supported steadily. If the heeling-in period is relatively long, water should be sprayed frequently on the soil balls and branches and leaves to increase air humidity and keep the soil ball soil moist, but the amount of water should not be too large, so as to avoid softening the soil ball and deforming it during later handling, which would affect survival.

  4. Pruning technical measures for goldenrain tree seedlings

  Before planting goldenrain tree seedlings, they should be pruned to different degrees (taking trees as an example) to reduce water evaporation from the trees and maintain a balanced supply and demand of water in the tree body from top to bottom. The amount of pruning varies according to different tree species and landscape requirements.

  (1) For relatively large deciduous trees, especially branches with strong growth vigor that easily send out new shoots, heavy pruning may be carried out, and the crown may be reduced to more than half.

  (2) For tall deciduous trees with an obvious trunk, the original tree form should be maintained, with appropriate thinning of branches. The retained main and lateral branches should be cut back to healthy buds, and 1/5 to 1/3 of the branches may be cut off.

  (3) For deciduous trees without an obvious trunk and with dense branches, with a trunk diameter of 5cm to 10cm, several lateral branches on the trunk may be selected and retained, and cutting back should be carried out while maintaining the original tree form.

  (4) For evergreen trees with dense branches, an appropriate amount of branch thinning may be carried out. For goldenrain tree seedlings whose branches and leaves are concentrated at the top of the trunk, the branches may not be pruned, and only the leaves may be singed.

  (5) For evergreen conifers, heavy pruning is not suitable; only pest-damaged branches, dead branches, weakly growing branches, overly dense whorled branches and drooping branches should be cut off.

  (6) For the crowns of precious tree species, as much as possible should be retained and little should be cut.

  (7) Wounds caused by tree pruning should be coated with tree wound dressing, petroleum jelly, etc.

  Cultivation and Maintenance Techniques

  1. When planting goldenrain tree seedlings, different technical measures should be adopted according to different situations.

  (1) Goldenrain tree seedlings should be heavily pruned (taking trees as an example), part of the lateral branches should be cut off, and the retained lateral branches should also be thinned or cut back, and one third of the original crown should be retained, with a corresponding increase in soil ball volume.

  (2) In summer, set up shading, spray the crown, keep the trunk moist, and maintain air humidity; in winter, wind protection and cold protection should be provided. After making the basin, water thoroughly in time; after the water seeps away, cover with soil; on the second day, make the basin again, water, and seal with soil. After watering thoroughly three times, replenish water in time depending on whether the soil is dry. Different regions may follow the principle of (1, 3, 5 or 1, 3, 7). For planting holes with poor drainage, l0-15cm of gravel may be laid at the bottom of the hole, or seepage pipes and blind ditches may be laid to facilitate drainage.

  (3) After planting, the trees should be watered and supported and fixed, etc. After planting, a watering soil basin 10-15cm high should be built around an area slightly larger than the diameter of the planting hole. The basin should be built solidly and trampled firmly so that it does not leak. On slopes, fish-scale pit planting may be adopted. Spraying the crown of newly sprouted and leafed-out trees should be carried out before l0 a.m. and after 16 p.m.

  (4) For the support of large trees, shoulder-pole stakes, cross frames and triangular supports should preferably be used. Low trees may use shoulder-pole stakes, and tall trees may use triangular stake supports. The stake positions of shoulder-pole stakes should be outside the range of the root system and soil ball. The horizontal stakes should be more than lm above the ground. The cross-over position of the two horizontal stakes should be on the windward side of the trunk, and soft material should be placed at the binding points. Triangular supports should preferably be tied at 2/3 of the trunk height and fixed with moso bamboo or steel wire rope. One support pole (rope) of the triangular support must be in the main wind direction, and the other two may be evenly distributed.

  2. Technical measures and maintenance standards for later-stage maintenance management of goldenrain tree seedlings

  Standards for tree management and maintenance: vigorous growth, robust branches and leaves, beautiful tree form, neat lower edge line of street trees, moderate pruning, straight trunk and beautiful crown, no dead trees or missing plants, no dead branches or residual leaves, and excellent landscape effect. The specific contents are as follows:

  (1) Strong growth vigor, with growth amount exceeding the average annual growth amount of that tree species at that specification; robust branches and leaves, thick branches, deep green leaf color, and no dead branches or residual leaves.

  (2) Pruning: Tree pruning mainly removes water sprouts, pest-damaged branches, crossing branches, drooping branches and dead branches.

  (3) Irrigation and fertilization: apply organic fertilizer twice each quarter, using hole application as well as spraying and water-soluble fertilizer, etc., then cover with soil and water thoroughly, with water penetration depth of more than 10cm. For trees that do not need shaping and pruning, promptly cut off yellow branches, pest-damaged branches, shaded water sprouts and drooping branches that hinder vehicle passage, and promptly clean up the pruned material. It is also required to carry out key fertilization 4-5 times per quarter in spring and autumn each year. In November and December, water the overwintering antifreeze water in time and do a good job of supporting windbreaks.

  (4) Do a good job of pest and disease prevention and control in time, with prevention as the main approach, careful management and maintenance, so that plants enhance their resistance to pests and diseases, with frequent inspection and early detection and early treatment.

  (5) In winter, promptly remove snow from branches; there should be no phenomenon of branches being bent, injured or broken by snow accumulation.

  Maintenance of shrubs, hedges and lawns

  Maintenance standards for shrubs, hedges and lawns: vigorous growth, robust branches and leaves, normal color, moderate and neat pruning, straight trunk and beautiful crown, no dead seedlings or missing plants, no dead branches or residual leaves, and excellent landscape effect. No weeds in the lawn. The specific contents are as follows:

  (1) Loosen the soil, hoe weeds, and carry out comprehensive leveling after the beginning of spring the following year. For all kinds of weeds with strong reproductive capacity, once discovered, eradicate them immediately.

  (2) Pruning and shaping: The main purpose of pruning and shaping catalpa and goldenrain tree seedlings is to ensure the normal growth of catalpa and goldenrain tree seedlings and improve ornamental value. Shrub pruning is mainly based on retaining the natural tree form; hedges and spherical plants are mainly shaped by pruning. Pruning is generally carried out in autumn when catalpa and goldenrain tree seedlings enter the dormant period, while shaping is mainly carried out in spring before catalpa and goldenrain tree seedlings sprout. The stubble height of the lawn is generally controlled at about 10 to 15cm.

  (3) Fertilization and watering: foliar fertilizer may also be applied as a top dressing to shrubs. Fertilize twice each quarter, applying 20kg of urea mixed with compound fertilizer per mu, using broadcast application and water-soluble fertilizer, etc., with water penetration depth of more than 10cm. In November and December, water the overwintering antifreeze water in time and do a good job of supporting windbreaks.

  (4) Pest and disease control: once pest and disease symptoms appear, apply the appropriate treatment immediately, and strictly prevent the spread of pests and diseases.

  The above are the transport, cultivation, maintenance and pruning techniques for catalpa and goldenrain tree seedlings. We hope they are helpful to you. To learn more about seedling planting and management knowledge, please follow Huinong XueTang!

Maintenance Measures for the Southern Plant Date Palm

Part One: "Compilation of Southern Plants"

Frangipani

Frangipani, its flowers really resemble eggs, with a milky white outside and bright yellow center, just like the egg white and yolk of an egg, and they look really cute. Its branches are thick and fleshy. The leaves are also large, and the flowers and leaves gather at the top of the branches. Frangipani blooms brilliantly in summer, giving people a feeling of purity and elegant temperament, and it is very suitable for people to admire carefully. After the leaves fall, the bare trunk curves naturally, and its form is very beautiful. It is very suitable for planting in courtyards and lawns. Frangipani likes a high-temperature, high-humidity environment with ample sunlight and good drainage. It is naturally robust and can tolerate drought, but it fears cold and is averse to waterlogging. It likes to grow in acidic soil, but it is also resistant to alkalinity. Cultivation is best with deep, fertile, well-aerated acidic sandy loam rich in organic matter. Propagation uses the cutting method. When planting frangipani, attention should also be paid to pest and disease control. For example, if brown small spots appear on the leaves or the leaves even become dark black, that is because of frangipani angular leaf spot, and at this time you should pay attention to taking measures. Of course, there may also be other diseases, so frangipani needs your care and nursing. In fact, besides white, frangipani also has red and yellow types, all of which can be used to extract essence for making high-grade cosmetics, soap and food additives, with a rather high price and great potential for commercial development; the fresh flowers can also be dried in the sun for making tea, commonly known as frangipani tea, which has the effect of treating heat dysentery and moistening the lungs and detoxifying. The frangipani tree has a beautiful tree form, with many branches on the stem, strange shapes and a thousand postures; the leaves resemble loquat leaves, and after they fall in winter, semicircular leaf scars remain on the branch tips, rather like deer antlers adorned with beautiful spots, making it the preferred small tree masterpiece for tropical landscaping, courtyard arrangement and potted ornamental use. The bark is thin and grayish green, rich in toxic white sap, which can be used for external application to treat scabies, redness and swelling, etc. The wood is white, light and soft, and can be used to make musical instruments, tableware or furniture. Frangipani flower language: breeding hope, resurrection, new life, as simple and ordinary as life, so it can always be so close to people, losing distance.

Yulan Magnolia

Yulan magnolia is a tall deciduous tree, with dark gray bark, rough and cracked; the branchlets are slightly stout, grayish brown; the winter buds and pedicels are densely covered with pale grayish yellow long silky hairs. The leaves are papery, obovate, broadly obovate or obovate-elliptic, and the vigorous shoots at the base have elliptic leaves. Yulan magnolia flowers are very much like lotus flowers. When in full bloom, the petals spread in all directions, making the courtyard appear in patches of green and white, with dazzling white light, and they have high ornamental value; combined with bursts of delicate fragrance that refresh the heart, they are truly an ideal flower form for beautifying courtyards. Yulan magnolia likes light by nature and is relatively cold-tolerant, and can overwinter in the open. It loves dryness and avoids low humidity; waterlogging at the planting site easily causes root rot. It likes fertile, well-drained, slightly acidic sandy soil, and can also grow in weakly alkaline soil. In the warmer south, it can bloom from December to January of the following year. Yulan magnolia has relatively strong resistance to harmful gases. For example, if this flower is planted in a factory polluted by sulfur dioxide and chlorine gas, it has a certain resistance and sulfur-absorbing capacity. When artificially fumigated with sulfur dioxide, 1 kg of dry leaves can absorb more than 1.6 grams of sulfur. Therefore, Yulan magnolia is a very good pollution-resistant landscaping tree species for areas with air pollution. Yulan magnolia likes light; young trees are relatively shade-tolerant and are not tolerant of strong light or west-facing exposure. Too strong light or west-facing exposure can easily cause sunburn to the trees. Yulan magnolia likes fertilizer. In addition to applying base fertilizer at planting, it should be fertilized every year thereafter. Sufficient fertilizer can make the plant grow vigorously, with green and thick leaves, not only producing many flower buds, but also large flowers, a long flowering period and rich fragrance. Yulan magnolia is a tree species with relatively strong disease resistance. Its main diseases include anthracnose, chlorosis and leaf sunburn. Besides ornamental value, Yulan magnolia also has medicinal value and edible value. Yulan magnolia flowers contain volatile oil, mainly citral, clove oil acid, etc., and also contain magnoflorine, alkaloids, yulan magnolia lactone, capric acid, rutin, oleic acid, vitamin A and other components, and have certain medicinal value. Yulan magnolia flowers are pungent and warm in nature and flavor, and have the effects of dispelling wind and dispersing cold, opening the orifices, and ventilating the lungs and nose. They can be used for headache, blood stasis type dysmenorrhea, nasal congestion, acute and chronic sinusitis, allergic rhinitis and other conditions. Modern pharmacological research shows that Yulan magnolia flowers have an inhibitory effect on common skin fungi.

Yulan magnolia flowers are rich in vitamins, amino acids and various trace elements, and have the effects of dispelling wind and dispersing cold, and regulating qi and the lungs. They can be processed into snacks, and can also be brewed as tea. The flower language of Yulan magnolia represents gratitude. Yulan magnolia often blooms large white flowers amid lush greenery, and with its fragrant scent it gives people an indescribable temperament, truly fresh and lovely. Because the plant is tall and the flowering position is relatively high, it sways in the wind, full of spirit, like a heavenly maiden scattering flowers, very lovely.

Maranta

Maranta is an herbaceous plant. Most varieties have underground rhizomes or tubers, with solitary, relatively large leaves, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, with pinnate veins arranged in two rows, and entire margins. Maranta is a relatively good ground cover plant with diverse colors, and is a very good foliage plant. Maranta is a tropical plant that likes a warm, humid and brightly lit environment. It is not cold-tolerant, nor drought-tolerant, and fears scorching sun exposure. If exposed to direct sunlight, it will burn the leaves, causing local scorching at the leaf edges, stopping the growth of new leaves, and turning the leaf color yellow. Therefore, shading should be noted in cultivation. Maranta is relatively sensitive to water. During the growing period, it should be watered sufficiently to keep the potting soil moist, but the soil should not be waterlogged, otherwise it will cause root rot and even plant death. Maranta is somewhat "delicate". It requires sufficient care all 365 days. If the environment fluctuates greatly for a few days, it will leave "evidence of the crime" on the plant. This is the consensus of maranta seedling traders and producers. Marantaceae plants do not have many pests and diseases, mainly scale insects, whiteflies, etc. Of course, it also has other values, such as medicinal value and dietary value. Maranta starch is almost entirely starch, contains no vitamins, and has a protein content of only 0.2%. It can be used as a thickener for soups, sauces, puddings and desserts. Add water and boil to form a transparent, odorless and tasty paste. Maranta starch is fine in texture. Compared with other starches, it can be cooked at lower temperatures and in shorter times, and is easy to digest. It is especially suitable for custards and other egg products that cannot be overcooked, and is also suitable for making light-flavored, low-salt and low-protein foods. Effects: clears the lungs and stops cough, clears heat and promotes diuresis. Indications: used to treat cough due to lung heat and painful urination due to damp-heat in the bladder.

Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum

Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum is an evergreen shrub or small tree. The bark is dark gray or light grayish brown, with many branches. The young branches are reddish brown and densely covered with stellate hairs. The leaves are leathery and alternate, ovate or elliptic, 2-5cm long, with a short pointed apex, rounded and oblique base, asymmetrical, with stellate hairs on both sides, entire margins, and dark red. Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum likes light and is slightly shade-tolerant, but in shade the leaf color easily turns green. It has strong adaptability and is drought-tolerant. It likes warmth and is cold-tolerant. It has strong sprouting ability and branching ability, and is tolerant of pruning. It is tolerant of barren soil, but is suitable for growing in fertile, moist, slightly acidic soil. Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum has luxuriant branches and leaves, a graceful posture, is tolerant of pruning and tolerant of wiring, and can be used for hedges and also for making stump bonsai. When it blooms, the whole tree is full of red flowers, extremely spectacular. Loropetalum is an evergreen plant, and its new leaves are bright red. Different strains differ in leaf color and flower color at maturity, and leaf size also differs. In garden applications, the main consideration is the contrast in color formed by the two factors of leaf color and leaf size, and the flowering periods can also be staggered. Main pests: aphids, geometrid moths, yellow noctuid moths, black cutworm, large and small cutworms and scarab beetles, etc.: Common diseases of Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum: anthracnose, damping-off, mosaic disease. Anthracnose: mainly harms old leaves and basal leaves. Because the leaves themselves are red, the lesions appear

as black round spots, or nearly round, causing early defoliation. Damage is severe in the rainy season from July to August. The pathogen is Actinomyces. The fungus overwinters as mycelium on diseased leaves and is the primary infection source for the disease the following year. When you find disease on the branches and leaves of Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum, you must treat it in time.

Ornamental Peach

Ornamental peach is a variety of peach, a tree, 3-8m tall; the crown is broad and flat-spreading; the bark is dark reddish brown, rough and scaly when old; the branchlets are slender, hairless, glossy, green, turning red on the sunny side, with numerous small lenticels; the winter buds are conical, blunt at the apex, covered with short pubescence, often 2-3 clustered together, with a leaf bud in the middle and flower buds on both sides. The leaves are oblong-lanceolate, elliptic-lanceolate or obovate-lanceolate. Ornamental peach likes sunlight by nature, is drought-tolerant, and is not tolerant of humid environments. It likes a warm climate environment and has good cold tolerance, and can overwinter safely in a natural environment at minus 25 degrees Celsius. It requires fertile, well-drained soil. It does not like waterlogging; if planted in waterlogged low-lying places, seedling death easily occurs. Garden value: ornamental peach flowers are large and brightly colored, beautiful when blooming, with an ornamental period as long as 15 days. In landscaping, it is widely used by lakesides, streams, both sides of roads and parks, etc. In small-scale greening projects such as courtyard greening accents and private gardens, it is also used for potted ornamental viewing, and is also often used for cut flowers and making bonsai. A common type is also the weeping ornamental peach. Ornamental peach has a wide range of landscaping uses and outstanding greening effects, and can show particularly good effects in the same year of planting. It can be planted in rows, in groups, or as a solitary plant, and can show particularly good greening effects in the same year. Ornamental peach is one of the commonly used colored seedlings in landscaping, and is usually used together with seedlings such as purple-leaf plum and purple-leaf dwarf cherry. When combined with flowering shrubs, it forms a scene of a hundred flowers blooming together. Besides ornamental value, it also has medicinal value. The gum secreted from the peach trunk, commonly known as peach gum, can be used as an adhesive, etc. It is a polysaccharide substance, and hydrolysis can produce arabinose, galactose, xylose, rhamnose, glucuronic acid, etc. It is edible and also used medicinally, with the effects of breaking blood, harmonizing blood and benefiting qi. Diseases and pests often occur in summer and autumn. Its main diseases include white rust and brown rot, shot hole disease, anthracnose, gummosis and leaf curl. The main pests include aphids, red spiders, scale insects and red-necked longhorn beetles, etc.

Artificial Plant Communities

1. Satsuki azalea + Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum + Euonymus japonicus 'Aureo-marginatus' + thornless holly ball

These four plants have relatively strong adaptability and are widely planted in Fuzhou. Three leaf-colored plants are planted linearly, with rich leaf colors. Together with large-specification thornless holly balls, they form a neat, full and clearly layered road greening color band effect.

2. Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum + Photinia × fraseri ball + Michelia figo + Acer palmatum

Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum itself is widely planted in Fujian and has good adaptability. Its leaf color and flower color are both very beautiful. The old leaves of the Photinia × fraseri ball are green, accented by the red of the new leaves. Setting each other off, they are extremely beautiful. The combination of the four plants is rich in layers and forms a landscape road with vertical rhythm and spatial layering, and a strong sense of guidance.

3. Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum + Fatsia japonica + Canary Island date palm + Frangipani

In this combination of several plants, green is mainly dominant. The leaves include small and fine ones (Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum) and also thick and large ones (Fatsia japonica, frangipani), while the Canary Island date palm adds a touch of tropical flavor. The layers are rich, with the effect of narrowing the space, making people feel close to it.

4. Moso bamboo + Iris

Moso bamboo is very suitable for planting in Fuzhou. It is a scattered bamboo, and the bamboo culms are spaced with intervals. Iris has a graceful posture and gorgeous and varied flower colors. The two paired together are very charming.

5. Small-leaf gardenia + Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum + Aucuba japonica + Osmanthus

Small-leaf gardenia has leaves like bird tongues, and the plant is low, so it can serve as the lowest layer plant. Aucuba japonica has yellow spots on its leaf color and is a relatively good foliage plant, while the tree Osmanthus has a delicate fragrance that refreshes the heart. The combination has spacing and density, changes in leaf color, and added floral fragrance.

6. Rhododendron pulchrum + Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum + Fagraea ceilanica + Canna

Rhododendron pulchrum has gorgeous flowers, and with Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum and Fagraea ceilanica as a backdrop, it is even more moving. Canna has thick and large leaves, narrowing the space and making people feel intimate.

7. Ground cover lawn + Marigold + Photinia × fraseri + Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum ball + Osmanthus fragrans 'Dangui'

With green ground cover as the base, the yellow and gorgeous flowers of marigold are extremely beautiful. Behind the marigold, Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum and red Photinia serve as a backdrop, and the Osmanthus fragrans 'Dangui' tree form spreads out. Several plants set each other off, with rich variation.

8. Ophiopogon japonicus + Guava tree

Both Ophiopogon japonicus and guava tree have very good adaptability in Fuzhou and grow normally. The leaves are fine and soft, making them very suitable as ground cover. The bark of the guava tree is yellow and smooth, with a graceful posture, and the leaves are relatively large and well spaced, making it very suitable for open woodland paths.

9. Lawn + Agave americana var. marginata + pruned and shaped banyan tree + Senna bicapsularis

With green lawn as the base, agave leaves are thick and large, with a leaf color of silver-yellow alternating with green, and paired with pruned and shaped banyan trees it is very harmonious, while Senna bicapsularis has a beautiful posture and gorgeous flower color. This combination of several plants is rich in layers, with color changes but harmonious.

10. Liriope + Rhapis excelsa + Areca palm + Papaya tree

This plant configuration is suitable for one side of a small building. Liriope has a fine and soft leaf shape, while Rhapis excelsa and areca palm have thicker and larger leaves, and papaya leaves are large and palmate, with the fruit bearing on the main trunk, and its posture is very graceful.

11. Acalypha wilkesiana + Duranta erecta + Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum

As a plant combination for a pattern flower bed, Acalypha wilkesiana has bright leaf color and serves as the edge, Duranta erecta has yellow-green leaf color, and Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum has dark purple leaf color. The combination of the three plants as a magic pattern flower bed is extremely attractive.

Part Two: "Maintenance Plan 4"

Landscaping Maintenance Management Plan

Maintenance management is very important in landscaping. It is a long-term, repetitive task with relatively comprehensive technical requirements, including damage by people and livestock, sanitation and cleaning, pruning of flowers, grass and trees, watering and fertilization, pest and disease control, and flower bed planting, etc. The completion of garden green space does not mean the completion of the garden landscape. People often say "three parts planting, seven parts management". Only with high-quality, high-level maintenance management can the garden landscape gradually take shape and become perfect.

Current characteristics of plants in the maintenance park:

1. The green area covers about 245419 ten-thousand square meters, with a high greening coverage rate. There are large numbers of trees of different specifications and varieties, and pruned and shaped shrubs. In the initial stage, the growth has gradually taken shape. After our careful investigation, the plant planting characteristics can be roughly divided into two areas according to the original master plan:

1) Square area: The plant planting style in this area is relatively open. The square is mainly planted in rows with ginkgo, Zhennan and large trees,

with appropriate matching of low shrubs, and the overall space is relatively transparent.

2) Factory area: The plant varieties in this area are complexly matched, with large and small trees, shrubs and ground cover plants interplanted.

The entrance is mainly planted with relatively precious large plants (Canary Island date palm, Jacaranda mimosifolia, small-leaf banyan stump,

premium osmanthus, etc.). Whether the office area courtyard can still maintain its elegant and refined, spacious and grand

scenery, and whether the hotel villa area courtyard can still carry forward its delicate, gentle and leisurely atmosphere,

all depends on later-stage maintenance and management.

2. From the greening conditions in the vertical area, we can find the following problems: ① shaped shrubs are not growing well and their shapes are monotonous; ② flowering shrubs have poor tree vigor, and their flowering conditions (including number of flowers, flower size, color, and secondary flowering) are unsatisfactory; ③ there are many weeds in the lawn, and in local areas the grass family weeds in the turf show a tendency to spread unchecked; ④ there are pest and disease problems.

I. We plan to take the following rectification measures:

1. Promote three-dimensional gardening and carry out varied and graceful shaping of hedges and shrubs. For flowering shrubs planted as accents, take growth-promoting measures to promote their growth and then shape them according to their form. This depends on the specific plant growth vigor and plant shape. In local areas, the hedges are highly regular. The neat uniform strips undoubtedly make the courtyard, which should be free and leisurely, appear mechanical and rigid. We can likewise try to prune them into wave shapes, matching the relaxed and casual landscaping of the residential area, enlivening the atmosphere of the entire courtyard and also creating a more smooth living environment.

2. Immediately begin pest and disease control. For plants showing pest and disease characteristics, immediately carry out large-area chemical control.

3、

4、

5. For lawn weeds, apply chemicals and increase the workload of manual pulling. For different plants, implement different maintenance and management plans (mainly fertilizer supply: base fertilizer, top dressing, foliar fertilizer; different plants and different seasons all have different fertilization methods and fertilizer choices). Plant labeling. We classify and count all the plants, then make green labels indicating their

family and genus, species and living habits, and label all plants in the area. In this way, it can both

enrich employees' common knowledge of plants and also add cultural atmosphere to the park, and with eye-catching labels

make greening receive more attention.

6. Greening maintenance is not a matter of a single day or a single morning. While doing the rectification work well, we will likewise

adopt different maintenance and management measures for different plants at different times. We arrange our daily work by month

(detailed rules attached later), striving to make our work bring the landscape effect in the blueprint to the extreme, and

likewise please have Party A offer more opinions, so that our work can gradually become more perfect and complete.

7. Maintenance responsibilities

Within the contracted maintenance period, our company, in accordance with landscaping maintenance operating procedures and landscaping maintenance quality standards, organizes reasonably and maintains carefully, and dispatches professional horticulturists to organize, guide and arrange management and protection work, and flexibly dispatches no fewer than experienced workers according to the weather in each season and plant growth conditions, to complete the maintenance management task with guaranteed quality and quantity.

VI. Maintenance content

1. Management procedures: including the entire process of watering, opening basins and earthing up, pruning, fertilization, weeding, pruning and bud rubbing, pest and disease control, straightening, and replanting missing seedlings (seedling costs are calculated separately), etc. {Maintenance Measures for the Southern Plant Date Palm}.

2. Management tools:

A. Flower shears, long shears, high-altitude shears, weed mowers, lawn mowers

B. Sprayers, buckets, wheelbarrows, bamboo baskets

C. Shovels, hoes, saws, electric saws, ladders

D. Fuel, maintenance costs

3. Maintenance content:

A. Trees: Apply organic fertilizer once a year, 0.25 kg of cake fertilizer per tree; apply a top dressing once, 0.1 kg of compound fertilizer mixed with urea per tree, applied by hole application, spraying, or water-soluble fertilizer, then cover with soil and water thoroughly, with water penetration depth of more than 10 cm; promptly prevent and control pests and diseases, maintain the trees' natural growth form without shaping or pruning, promptly cut off yellow branches, diseased and pest-infested branches, shaded leggy branches and drooping branches that obstruct vehicle passage, and promptly clean up all pruned material. Remove weeds around the tree roots once a week to ensure no weeds remain.

B. Shrubs, hedges, bagged seedlings: Apply fertilizer once a quarter, 10 kg of urea mixed with compound fertilizer per 667 sq m, applied by broadcasting and water-soluble fertilizer, etc.; water once within three hours after application, water once a day (except on rainy days), with water penetration depth of more than 10 cm; promptly prevent and control pests and diseases; for those trimmed into round, square or conical shapes, carry out light pruning once a week and heavy pruning once a month, with smooth and attractive cut surfaces; promptly remove pruned material, promptly cut off dead branches and diseased and pest-infested branches, promptly replant old, diseased and dead plants, and remove weeds once a week.

C. Herbaceous plants: Apply fertilizer once a quarter, 10 kg of urea mixed with compound fertilizer per 667 sq m, applied by broadcasting and water-soluble fertilizer, etc.; water once within three hours after application, water once a day (except on rainy days), with water penetration depth of more than 10 cm; promptly prevent and control pests and diseases; cut off spent flowers once a week and remove weeds once a week; promptly cut off dead branches and yellow branches.

D. Taiwan grass: Apply fertilizer once a quarter, 10 kg of urea mixed with compound fertilizer per 667 sq m, with even application and thorough watering, water penetration depth of more than 5 cm; promptly prevent and control pests and diseases; promptly replant wilted and dead missing sections, with coverage rate above 98%, and mow 1-2 times a month.

(2) Specific annual landscape maintenance work schedule:

January: The month with the lowest temperatures of the year, when open-ground trees are in a dormant state.

1. Winter pruning: Fully carry out shaping and pruning of deciduous trees; prune dead branches, damaged branches, diseased and pest-infested branches on large and small trees, as well as branches that obstruct overhead lines and buildings.

2. Street tree inspection: Promptly inspect the tying and staking of street trees; when loosened ties, wire embedded in bark, unstable stakes and other problems are found, rectify them immediately.

3. Pest control: Winter is a favorable season for eliminating landscape pests. You can dig out the pupae and cocoons of slug moths in the loose soil under trees and burn them in a concentrated manner. In mid-January, scale insects begin to become active, but at this time they move slowly, so we can scrape off the larvae on the tree trunks. Controlling pests in winter often achieves twice the result with half the effort.

4. Green space maintenance: In green spaces, flower beds and other areas, pay attention to removing large weeds; for lawns, promptly remove weeds and edge them; in green spaces, pay attention to frost protection and watering.

February: Temperatures rise somewhat compared with last month, and trees are still in a dormant state.

1. Maintenance is basically the same as in January.

2. Pruning: Continue pruning dead and diseased branches of large and small trees. Complete the pruning of all kinds of trees before the end of the month.

3. Pest control: Continue to focus on controlling slug moths and scale insects.

March: Temperatures continue to rise; after mid-month, trees begin to bud, and in late March some trees (such as camellias) bloom.

1. Tree planting: Spring is a favorable time for planting trees. After the soil thaws, immediately seize the opportunity to plant trees. Before planting large and small trees, complete planning and design, dig (excavate) the tree pits in advance, and ensure planting is done as the pits are dug, transported, planted and watered. When planting shrubs, also ensure planting is done as they are dug and transported, and water thoroughly to increase the survival rate of seedlings.

2. Spring irrigation: Because spring is dry and windy with high evaporation, to prevent spring drought, water green spaces and other areas promptly.

3. Fertilizing: After the soil thaws, apply base fertilizer to plants and irrigate. {Maintenance measures for the southern plant date palm}.

4. Pest and disease control: This month is a critical time for pest and disease control. Some seedlings have developed sooty mold, and the boxwood leaf roller (Cnaphalocrocis medinalis) has also appeared (control by spraying pesticides such as fenitrothion). To control slug moths, you can continue to use the method of digging out pupae.

April: Temperatures continue to rise, and trees all bud, bloom or unfold leaves and begin to enter a period of vigorous growth.

1. Continue planting trees: In early April, seize the time to plant trees that bud late; promptly pull out and replant shrubs that died in winter (azaleas, red-leaf loropetalum, etc.), and water newly planted trees thoroughly.

2. Irrigation: Continue to water the maintained green spaces promptly.

3. Fertilizing: For lawns and shrubs, combine with irrigation and apply quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer as a top dressing, or carry out foliar spraying as needed.

4. Pruning: Cut off branches that dried out in winter and spring; evergreen hedges can be pruned.

5. Pest and disease control: (1) After the second molting, scale insects successively move into bark crevices, tree holes, the base of trunks, wall corners and other places, where they secrete white waxy thin cocoons and pupate. They can be swept away with a hard bamboo broom, then buried deeply in a concentrated manner or soaked. Alternatively, pesticides such as fenitrothion can be sprayed. (2) Longhorn beetles begin to become active; a grafting knife or self-made steel wire can be used to pick out the larvae, but the wounds should be as small as possible. (3) Prevention and control of other pests and diseases.

6. Maintenance within green spaces: Pay attention to removing weeds and climbing plants in large green spaces. Lawns should also be weeded and edged.

May: Temperatures rise sharply, and trees grow rapidly.

1. Watering: During the peak leaf-unfolding period, trees have a very high water demand and should be watered in a timely manner.

2. Pruning: Prune spent flowers. Carry out the first bud-thinning pruning of street trees.

3. Pest and disease control: Continue to focus on catching longhorn beetles. The first generation of slug moths hatches, but has not yet reached a harmful level; take corresponding measures according to the actual situation in the maintenance area. Sooty mold caused by scale insects, aphids and others has also entered its peak period (on crape myrtle, pittosporum, oleander, etc.). In mid-to-late May, spray 10-20 times diluted rosin mixture and 50% parathion emulsion at 1500-2000 times dilution to prevent and control diseases and kill pests. (Other pesticides such as insecticidal antibiotics and Huabao can also be used.)

June: High temperatures

1. Watering: Plants have a high water demand and must be watered promptly; do not "leave it to fate."

2. Fertilizing: Combine loosening the soil and weeding with fertilizing and watering to achieve the best results.

3. Pruning: Continue bud thinning and sucker removal on street trees. Carry out pruning on hedges, ball-shaped plants and some flowering shrubs. {Maintenance measures for the southern plant date palm}.

4. Drainage work: During heavy rain, pay attention to drainage in low-lying areas.

5. Pest and disease control: In mid-to-late June, slug moths enter the peak hatching period, and measures should be taken promptly; currently, spraying 50% fenitrothion emulsion at 500-800 times dilution is basically used. (Or spray compound BT emulsion.) Continue manual capture of longhorn beetles.

6. Do a good job of pre-flood and pre-typhoon inspections of trees; straighten, reinforce and re-tie loose or leaning trees.

July: The highest temperatures, with strong winds and heavy rain after mid-month.

1. Transplanting evergreen trees: During the rainy season, with sufficient moisture, conifers and bamboos can be transplanted, but pay attention to weather changes and water promptly once high temperatures occur.

2. Drainage: Drain promptly after heavy rain.

3. Top dressing: Apply quick-acting fertilizers such as nitrogen fertilizer dry before rain.

4. Street trees: Carry out typhoon-prevention bud-thinning pruning; all branches that conflict with power lines must be pruned, and tree stakes must be checked one by one; if looseness or instability is found, straighten and tie them tightly immediately. In advance, make preparations in terms of labor organization, materials, tools and equipment, and send people to inspect at any time, handling dangerous situations promptly when found.

5. Pest and disease control: Continue to control longhorn beetles and slug moths. To control longhorn beetles, 50% fenitrothion at 1:50 dilution can be injected (or Guoshu Bao, or Yuanke No. 3), then the opening sealed, which can also achieve very good results. Camphor tree nest borers should be cut off promptly, and the pest nests destroyed to prevent renewed damage.

August: Still the rainy season

1. Drainage: After heavy rain, drain low-lying waterlogged areas promptly.

2. Typhoon prevention for street trees: Continue doing a good job of typhoon prevention for street trees.

3. Pruning: In addition to general summer pruning of trees, carry out shaping pruning of hedges.

4. Cultivation and weeding: Weeds also grow vigorously, so weed promptly, and fertilizing can be combined with weeding.

5. Pest and disease control: Focus on catching longhorn beetles, and pay attention to catching longhorn beetles at the roots. Aphid damage and camphor tree nest borers should be controlled promptly. In humid weather, pay attention to powdery mildew and rot diseases, and take measures promptly. September: Temperatures decline somewhat; do related work well for National Day.

1. Pruning: In preparation for city appearance work, thin buds below the third fork of street trees. Shape hedges. Weed within green spaces, edge lawns, promptly remove dead trees, and ensure trees have green branches and leaves and green spaces are clean and tidy.

2. Fertilizing: For some trees with weak growth and insufficiently plump branches, apply additional phosphorus and potassium fertilizer.

3. Pest and disease control: Shot hole disease (on cherry blossoms, peaches, plums, etc.) is at its peak; use 500% carbendazim at 1000 times dilution to prevent infection. Longhorn beetles begin to shift to damaging the roots; pay attention to catching longhorn beetles at the roots. Also promptly control wood borers on poplars and willows. Do a good job of controlling other pests and diseases.

4. Before the holiday, do a good job of inspecting all kinds of landscaping facilities.

October: Temperatures decline; in late October, early winter begins, trees begin to shed leaves and successively enter dormancy.

1. Prepare well for autumn tree planting; in late October, once cold-tolerant trees shed their leaves, planting can begin.

2. Green space maintenance: Promptly remove dead trees and water promptly. Do a good job of weeding and edging green spaces and lawns. Fertilize flowering plants that are growing poorly.

3. Pest and disease control: Continue catching longhorn beetles at the roots. Also pay attention to observing and controlling camphor tree nest borers. November: The soil begins to freeze at night and thaw during the day, entering deep winter.

1. Tree planting: Continue planting cold-tolerant plants, completing before the soil freezes.

2. Soil turning: Turn the soil in green spaces to expose pests preparing to overwinter.

3. Watering: Water dry, hardened soil, completing before freezing.

4. Pest and disease control: Various pests prepare to overwinter in late November, so control tasks are relatively light.

December: Low temperatures; begin winter maintenance work.

1. Winter pruning: Prune some evergreen trees and shrubs.

2. Eliminate overwintering pests and diseases.

3. Prepare for next year's adjustment work: After deciduous plants shed their leaves, observe the maintenance area and draw up the locations to be adjusted.

7. Green space maintenance quality objectives

1 Landscape maintenance technical measures are complete and management is proper, achieving no exposed loess.

2 Garden plants

2.1 Growth is normal. All kinds of plants in newly built green spaces reach normal form within three years; if plants or grass are damaged or die due to poor management, the replanted seedlings must survive within one year.

2.2 Garden trees have basically complete crowns, with main and lateral branches evenly distributed, appropriate in number, reasonably pruned, with an untangled inner canopy and good ventilation and light transmission. Flowering shrubs bloom promptly and normally, and are pruned promptly after flowering. hedges and color blocks have normal branches and leaves and are neat and uniform. Street trees have no missing plants, and there are no dead trees in green spaces.

2.3 Deciduous trees have normal new shoot growth, and leaf size and color are normal. Under general conditions, yellow leaves, scorched leaves, curled leaves and leaves with insect excrement or webs must not exceed 5%, and the retention rate of normal leaves is above 90%. Coni

Part Three: "Annual Landscape Maintenance Plan"

Annual Landscape Maintenance Plan

January

1. Carry out winter shaping and pruning of various deciduous trees, cutting off dead branches, overlapping branches, crossing branches, diseased and pest-infested branches, and lower lateral branches, to ensure that tree development trends toward the reasonable, tree branch form is improved, and the breeding of pests and diseases is reduced.

2. Appropriately thin trees that are too densely growing, which can reduce pests and diseases and increase growth vigor.

3. Carry out winter plowing and soil turning to improve the soil, and apply winter fertilizer to all trees, ground cover and lawns to ensure the nutrient needs of seedlings and lawns.

4. Winter is a favorable season for eliminating landscape pests. You can dig out the pupae and cocoons of slug moths in the loose soil under trees and burn them in a concentrated manner.

5. As conditions permit, scarify individual lawn types and mow 1-2 times. February

1. Carry out weeding, mowing and fertilizing of lawns.

2. Do a good job of pest and disease control, especially paying attention to powdery mildew on narrow-leaf mahonia and the globular mealybug on coral and Japanese fatsia.

3. In particular, strengthen frost protection and insulation measures for trees, and do a good job of loosening and banking soil around tree roots.

4. Apply a top dressing (urea) to cool-season lawns once at the end of the month, 10 g per mu.

March

1. To prevent spring drought, water trees promptly.

2. Promptly mow lawns and remove weeds, and clean up winter grass in tree beds and flower beds.

3. Pest and disease control: Strengthen observation and inspection, and do a good job of forecasting, reporting and control. In particular, pay special attention to sooty mold and the boxwood leaf roller. In mid-March, crape myrtle scale eggs hatch; from late March, pear rust occurs on Malus species and cold-season lawns, so pay attention to prevention reports.

4. For local sunken and low-lying spots in lawns, carry out soil banking and sand covering, and mow winter ryegrass lawns low to ensure the sprouting and growth of the base grass.

April

1. Do a good job of loosening soil, weeding and pre-flowering fertilizing for field-planted flowers and trees. In particular, apply light fertilizer to perennial flowers and spring-sown flowering plants; for lawns and shrubs, combine with irrigation and apply quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer as a top dressing, or carry out foliar spraying as needed.

2. Cut off branches that dried out in winter and spring; you can begin pruning evergreen hedges.

3. Pest and disease control: Mainly control aphids, sooty mold and beetles. And keep relevant records.

May

1. This month is the peak leaf-unfolding period for trees, with a very high water demand, so water promptly.

2. Prune spring flowering shrubs such as osmanthus and hall crabapple, and promptly carry out bud thinning on plane trees, red-leaf plum, crape myrtle and other trees.

3. Weed flower beds and shrub color blocks. At the same time, carry out weeding of lawns, and promptly mow lawn grass to control its height.

4. Pest and disease control: Do a good job of forecasting, reporting and control.

June

1. Water plants promptly to ensure sufficient water supply.

2. Loosen soil and weed tree beds and color-block shrubs, and carry out weeding of lawns.

3. Mow lawns promptly and control their growth height, and pay attention to controlling the occurrence of large-scale pests and diseases. Apply compound fertilizer once more to lawns that are growing poorly or lack fertilizer, so they can pass the summer safely.

4. Pest and disease control: Do a good job of forecasting, reporting and control.

July

1. In high-temperature weather, especially ensure that plant watering work is carried out.

2. Loosen soil and weed flower bed color-block shrubs, and at the same time do a good job of weeding ground cover. This month the weather is hot, with high temperatures and relatively high humidity; weeds grow quickly, so seize the opportunity to weed and remove grass to prevent grass from running wild, and continue intertillage weeding and loosening the soil.

3. Earnestly do a good job of typhoon and flood prevention; reinforce and secure trees in the park to prevent lodging; and promptly clear and drain low-lying or severely waterlogged areas.

4. Pest and disease control: Do a good job of forecasting, reporting and control.

August

1. Carry out summer pruning of evergreen trees, and carry out shaping pruning of hedges.

2. Lawn weeds grow vigorously, so weed and mow promptly, control lawn height, and fertilizing can be combined with weeding. Promptly apply supplementary and top-dressing fertilizer, mainly P and K fertilizer, combined with N fertilizer; for small seedlings, shrubs and herbaceous flowers, apply light fertilizer frequently; at the same time, pay attention to mastering the fertilization period and climate.

3. In high-temperature weather, be sure to ensure daily watering and drought relief work; it must not be chosen between 10 and 15 o'clock, to avoid burning the seedlings. (Including: tree bed maintenance, weed control, soil loosening, etc.)

4. Continue doing a good job of typhoon and flood prevention, further reinforce and secure large trees in residential areas to prevent lodging; and promptly clear and drain drainage ditches in low-lying and easily waterlogged places to prevent water from standing for too long.

5. Pest and disease control: Do a good job of forecasting, reporting and control.

September

1. Carry out shaping pruning of hedges. Weed within green spaces and promptly remove dead trees, so that trees have green branches and leaves and green spaces are clean and tidy.

2. Thin trees that are too densely growing, and at the same time carry out bud thinning.

3. Lawns must be mowed, edged, and cleared of weeds in a timely manner, and attention must be paid to the prevention and control of pests and diseases.

4. Carry out weeding work on flower beds and massed shrubs, while also doing the hand-weeding of ground cover, and collect flower seeds.

5. Pest and disease control: do a good job of forecasting, reporting, and control work.

October

1. Prune spherical shrubs to ensure an attractive appearance, neatness, and distinct layering. Prune the tree form of evergreen trees so that their growth and development tend toward the reasonable, and their tree posture and appearance are improved.

2. Strengthen the management of newly planted flowering plants, promptly fill in bare gaps and water, and apply fertilizer to those with poor growth.

3. Pest and disease control: do a good job of forecasting and reporting, actively carry out control, and keep relevant records. November

1. Carry out thinning and pruning of evergreen trees and evergreen shrubs, mainly for ventilation and light penetration, to reduce pests and diseases and enhance growth vigor.

2. In flower beds, massed shrubs, and green spaces, do a good job of hand-weeding and edging, promptly pull out weeds, and promptly replant bare gaps. Adjust trees in the local layout as appropriate, and some evergreen trees and a small number of deciduous tree species may be transplanted. Also begin cold-protection and warmth-preservation work, and for trees with

poor cold resistance, carry out straw wrapping and mounding.

3. Strengthen the maintenance and management of newly planted plants, pay attention to timely watering, and prune appropriately. For lawns, carry out scarifying and aerating as appropriate, and at the same time mow 2-3 times.

4. Carry out fertilization work in late this month, and combine it with increased application of organic fertilizer to carry out soil turning in green spaces.

5. Pest and disease control: do a good job of forecasting and reporting, actively carry out control, and keep relevant records. December

1. In massed shrubs and green spaces, do a good job of hand-weeding and edging, and promptly pull out weeds.

2. Carry out thinning and pruning of evergreen and deciduous trees and shrubs, mainly to remove stubs and dead branches, so that the trees grow better the following year (flowering shrubs that have already formed flower buds must not be pruned), and at the same time pay attention to clearing insect cocoons on trunks and branches.

3. Wrap sago palms (Cycas revoluta), date palms (Phoenix) and other southern plants with straw rope to ensure they safely overwinter.

4. Pest and disease control: do a good job of forecasting and reporting, actively carry out control, and keep relevant records.

Part Four: "Latest Commonly Used Plants in Southern Landscaping"

Commonly used landscape plants in the South

Evergreen trees:

Norfolk Island pine (Araucaria heterophylla), slash pine (Pinus elliottii), Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata), Caribbean pine (Pinus caribaea), Chinese weeping cypress (Cupressus funebris), mahogany (Swietenia mahagoni), large-leaved mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla), Sterculia lanceolata, Chinese saraca (Saraca dives), sugar apple (Annona squamosa), longan (Dimocarpus longan), Dracontomelon duperreanum, Michelia macclurei, golden shower tree (Cassia fistula), Chinese arborvitae (Platycladus orientalis), Chinese juniper (Juniperus chinensis), dragon juniper (Juniperus chinensis 'Kaizuca'), Fujian cypress (Fokienia hodginsii), Buddhist pine (Podocarpus macrophyllus), Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica), Buddhist pine (Nageia nagi), long-leaved nageia (Nageia fleuryi), white magnolia (Michelia alba), southern magnolia (Magnolia grandiflora), houpo magnolia (Magnolia officinalis), camphor tree (Cinnamomum burmannii), camphor (Cinnamomum camphora), cinnamon (Cinnamomum cassia), Gmelina hainanensis, Hainan ormosia (Ormosia pinnata), Taiwan acacia (Acacia confusa), Siamese cassia (Senna siamea), red camel's foot (Bauhinia blakeana), camel's foot tree (Bauhinia purpurea), Hong Kong orchid tree (Bauhinia variegata), almond (Prunus dulcis), mango (Mangifera indica), Ormosia henryi, water banyan (Syzygium nervosum), water stone banyan (Elaeocarpus hainanensis), avocado (Persea americana), blackboard tree (Alstonia scholaris), Alexander palm (Archontophoenix alexandrae), Chinese fan palm (Livistona chinensis), fishtail palm (Caryota ochlandra), queen palm (Syagrus romanzoffiana), rose apple (Syzygium jambos), Hainan rose apple (Syzygium hainanense), sapodilla (Manilkara zapota), lemon-scented gum (Corymbia citriodora), Timor mountain gum (Eucalyptus urophylla), large-leaved eucalyptus (Eucalyptus grandis), blue gum (Eucalyptus globulus), cajeput tree (Melaleuca leucadendra), butterfly fruit (Cleidiocarpon cavaleriei), Chinese torreya (Torreya grandis), Chinese plum yew (Cephalotaxus fortunei), Indian rubber fig (Ficus elastica), banyan (Ficus altissima), small-leaved banyan (Ficus microcarpa), large-fruited fig (Ficus auriculata), weeping fig (Ficus benjamina), yellow banyan (Ficus virens), sacred fig (Ficus religiosa), horsetail tree (Casuarina equisetifolia), jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus), camphor-leaf maple (Acer cinnamomifolium), tanbark oak (Lithocarpus glaber), ring-cupped oak (Quercus glauca), candlenut tree (Aleurites moluccanus), silver oak (Grevillea robusta), pointed-leaved elaeocarpus (Elaeocarpus apiculatus), large-leaved elaeocarpus (Elaeocarpus sphaericus), sea hibiscus (Hibiscus tiliaceus), Chinese holly (Ilex rotunda), glossy privet (Ligustrum lucidum), osmanthus (Osmanthus fragrans), loquat (Eriobotrya japonica), albizia (Albizia falcataria), royal palm (Roystonea regia), fishtail palm (Caryota obtusa), Mexican fan palm (Washingtonia robusta), sugar palm (Arenga pinnata), date palm (Phoenix loureiroi), autumn maple (Bischofia javanica), red sandalwood (Pterocarpus santalinus), Dilenia indica, jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus), yellow cassia (Senna surattensis), jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus), large-leaved privet (Ligustrum lucidum), Michelia chapensis, Schefflera octophylla, Heteropanax fragrans

Deciduous trees:

Small-leaved terminalia (Terminalia mantaly), Chinese swamp cypress (Glyptostrobus pensilis), water wintermelon (Alnus nepalensis), Chinese tallow tree (Triadica sebifera), Japanese raisin tree (Hovenia dulcis), sand pear (Pyrus pyrifolia), soapberry (Sapindus mukorossi), goldenrain tree (Koelreuteria bipinnata), frangipani (Plumeria rubra), bald cypress (Taxodium distichum), pond cypress (Taxodium ascendens), Chinese tulip tree (Liriodendron chinense), white magnolia (Magnolia denudata), Chinese parasol tree (Firmiana simplex), sawtooth oak (Quercus acutissima), cork oak (Quercus variabilis), Chinese hackberry (Celtis sinensis), Chinese elm (Ulmus parvifolia), white oak (Quercus fabri), camptotheca (Camptotheca acuminata), large-leaved crape myrtle (Lagerstroemia speciosa), silk floss tree (Ceiba speciosa), flamboyant tree (Delonix regia), peacock flower (Caesalpinia pulcherrima), jacaranda (Jacaranda mimosifolia), yellow cassia (Senna surattensis), chinaberry (Melia azedarach), Chinese mahogany (Toona sinensis), coral tree (Erythrina variegata), cockspur coral tree (Erythrina crista-galli), chestnut (Castanea mollissima), silk tree (Albizia julibrissin), sweet acacia (Acacia farnesiana), Kalopanax septemlobus, sweetgum (Liquidambar formosana), weeping willow (Salix babylonica), Magnolia soulangeana, purple-leaf plum (Prunus cerasifera), ornamental peach (Prunus persica), plum (Prunus mume), papaya (Carica papaya), Indian

rosewood (Pterocarpus indicus), red-leaf plum (Prunus cerasifera)

Evergreen shrubs:

Sago palm (Cycas revoluta), Chinese plum yew (Cephalotaxus sinensis), orange jasmine (Aglaia odorata), large-leaved box (Euonymus japonicus), thorny elaeagnus (Elaeagnus pungens), camellia sasanqua (Camellia sasanqua), Chinese coral tree (Viburnum odoratissimum), gold-dust aucuba (Aucuba japonica), Hypericum, Areca triandra, areca palm (Dypsis lutescens), Chinese fan palm (Chuniophoenix hainanensis), four-season orange jasmine (Aglaia odorata), golden trumpet (Allamanda cathartica), Gendarussa vulgaris, red bottlebrush (Callistemon rigidus), Fukien tea (Carmona retusa), gardenia (Gardenia jasminoides), crown of thorns (Euphorbia milii), poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima), Yunnan jasmine (Jasminum mesnyi), Japanese aucuba (Aucuba japonica), Chinese holly (Ilex cornuta), azalea (Rhododendron), ti plant (Cordyline fruticosa), croton (Codiaeum variegatum), red mulberry (Acalypha wilkesiana), golden-edged mulberry (Acalypha wilkesiana 'Marginata'), golden-leaf fig (Ficus microcarpa 'Golden Leaves'), senna (Senna tora), red-stemmed rhododendron (Rhododendron ovatum), Ardisia japonica, orange jasmine (Murraya paniculata), red-backed excoecaria (Excoecaria cochinchinensis), ylang-ylang vine (Artabotrys hexapetalus), camellia (Camellia japonica), oil tea (Camellia oleifera), large-leaved tea (Camellia sinensis), oleander (Nerium oleander), yellow oleander (Cascabela thevetia), small-flowered golden trumpet (Allamanda cathartica), serissa (Serissa japonica), Michelia figo, pittosporum (Pittosporum tobira), mahonia (Mahonia fortunei), heavenly bamboo (Nandina domestica), Japanese fatsia (Fatsia japonica), magnolia coco (Magnolia coco), hibiscus (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis), Chinese lantern (Ceropegia), azalea (Rhododendron simsii), Spanish dagger (Yucca gloriosa), yucca (Yucca smalliana), South China box (Buxus harlandii), fan palm (Trachycarpus), soft-leaved date palm (Phoenix roebelenii), short-spiked fishtail palm (Caryota mitis), dwarf lady palm (Rhapis humilis), bamboo palm (Rhapis excelsa),

golden banyan (Ficus microcarpa 'Golden'), fiddle-leaf fig (Ficus lyrata), willow-leaf fig (Ficus salicifolia), golden-veined shrimp plant (Pachystachys lutea), Schefflera octophylla, variegated golden dewdrop (Duranta erecta 'Variegata'), golden dewdrop (Duranta erecta), Gendarussa vulgaris, golden-leaf privet (Ligustrum sinense 'Variegatum'), giant taro (Alocasia macrorrhizos), Philodendron bipinnatifidum, Monstera deliciosa, Aspidistra elatior, snake plant (Sansevieria trifasciata), Rhaphiolepis indica, variegated hibiscus (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis 'Variegata'), Euphorbia cotinifolia, small-leaved box (Buxus sinica), African jasmine (Fagraea ceilanica), Brunfelsia pauciflora, Hebe, crinum lily (Crinum asiaticum), spider lily (Hymenocallis littoralis), Calliandra, Chinese fringeflower (Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum), angel's trumpet (Datura suaveolens), white mussaenda (Mussaenda pubescens), red mussaenda (Mussaenda erythrophylla), hairy azalea (Rhododendron pulchrum), Western azalea (Rhododendron), twin-pod senna (Senna bicapsularis), Cape honeysuckle (Tecomaria capensis), myrtle (Rhodomyrtus tomentosa), Chinese ixora (Ixora chinensis), Yunnan jasmine (Jasminum mesnyi), jasmine (Jasminum sambac), fiddle-leaf coral (Jatropha pandurifolia), blue snowflake (Plumbago auriculata), blue star flower (Oxypetalum coeruleum), butterfly pea (Clitoria ternatea), heavenly bamboo (Nandina domestica), pepperwood (Zanthoxylum), red-backed excoecaria (Excoecaria cochinchinensis),

Deciduous shrubs:

Cotton rose (Hibiscus mutabilis), Bridalwreath spirea (Spiraea prunifolia), Germander meadowsweet (Spiraea thunbergii), modern rose (Rosa hybrida), Chinese abelia (Abelia chinensis), pomegranate (Punica granatum), beautyberry (Callicarpa), purple magnolia (Magnolia liliiflora), bush clover (Lespedeza), Amur honeysuckle (Lonicera maackii), Chinese snowball (Viburnum macrocephalum), rose of Sharon (Hibiscus syriacus), redbud (Cercis chinensis), dwarf flowering cherry (Prunus japonica), Spiraea thunbergii, pearl flower (Spiraea), butterfly tree (Buddleja), elderberry (Sambucus), fig (Ficus carica), Sichuan pepper (Zanthoxylum bungeanum), trifoliate orange (Poncirus trifoliata), butterfly bush (Buddleja), Chinese privet (Ligustrum sinense)

Vines:

Monstera deliciosa, bougainvillea (Bougainvillea spectabilis), Millettia reticulata, flame vine (Pyrostegia venusta), Rangoon creeper (Combretum indicum), three-leaf akebia (Akebia trifoliata), honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica), Euonymus fortunei, creeping fig (Ficus pumila), kiwi (Actinidia), creeping euonymus (Euonymus fortunei), Hong Kong rhaphidophora (Rhaphidophora hongkongensis), Mucuna birdwoodiana, wax flower (Hoya carnosa), Epipremnum pinnatum, pothos (Epipremnum aureum), star jasmine (Trachelospermum jasminoides), Chinese ivy (Hedera nepalensis), English ivy (Hedera helix), Chinese magnolia vine (Schisandra chinensis), Boston ivy (Parthenocissus tricuspidata), Chinese trumpet creeper (Campsis grandiflora), passionflower (Passiflora caerulea), Lagerstroemia indica, Mucuna sempervirens, large-flowered thunbergia (Thunbergia grandiflora)

Ylang-ylang vine (Artabotrys hexapetalus), large-flowered thunbergia (Thunbergia grandiflora), Rangoon creeper (Combretum indicum), coral vine (Antigonon leptopus), Boston ivy (Parthenocissus tricuspidata), flame vine (Pyrostegia venusta), white-flowered mucuna (Mucuna birdwoodiana), beautiful clerodendrum (Clerodendrum speciosissimum), wisteria (Wisteria sinensis), creeping fig (Ficus pumila), cypress vine (Ipomoea quamoclit), morning glory (Ipomoea), maple-leaf morning glory (Ipomoea batatas), snake vine (Strophanthus), Jasminum officinale, large-flowered Dutchman's pipe (Aristolochia gigantea), garlic vine (Mansoa alliacea), wood rose (Merremia tuberosa), Bignonia, passionflower (Passiflora caerulea)

Bamboo:

Bambusa textilis, Bambusa chungii, moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis), fernleaf bamboo (Bambusa multiplex), bamboo (Phyllostachys glauca), golden-striped bamboo (Bambusa vulgaris 'Vittata'), Bambusa emeiensis, hedge bamboo (Bambusa multiplex), bitter bamboo (Pleioblastus amarus), indocalamus (Indocalamus tessellatus), Buddha belly bamboo (Bambusa ventricosa), Dendrocalamus latiflorus, Bambusa textilis, Thailand bamboo (Bambusa), Bambusa pervariabilis, square bamboo (Chimonobambusa quadrangularis), green bamboo (Dendrocalamopsis oldhami), Guanyin bamboo (Bambusa multiplex), Bambusa multiplex 'Stripestem', red bamboo (Bambusa)

Lawns and ground cover plants:

Bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon), Chinese lawngrass (Zoysia sinica), fine-leaved lawngrass (Zoysia tenuifolia), carpet grass (Axonopus compressus), centipede grass (Eremochloa ophiuroides), joint paspalum (Paspalum distichum), Manila grass (Zoysia matrella), lawngrass (Zoysia japonica), Guangdong evergreen (Aglaonema), spiderwort (Tradescantia), oyster plant (Rhoeo spathacea), lilyturf (Ophiopogon japonicus), large-leaved curculigo (Curculigo capitulata), dwarf lilyturf (Liriope spicata), lucky plant (Reineckea carnea), Aspidistra elatior, black-eyed Susan vine (Thunbergia alata), Acorus gramineus, autumn zephyr lily (Zephyranthes candida), pink zephyr lily (Zephyranthes grandiflora), golden spider lily (Lycoris aurea), white butterfly (Oxalis), butterfly iris (Iris japonica), red wood sorrel (Oxalis corymbosa), inch plant (Tradescantia zebrina),

Calathea roseopicta, arrowhead vine (Syngonium podophyllum), white butterfly arrowhead vine (Syngonium podophyllum 'Albovirens'), pothos (Epipremnum aureum), inch plant (Tradescantia zebrina), sword fern (Nephrolepis cordifolia), aluminum plant (Pilea cadierei), small oyster plant (Rhoeo spathacea var.), peace lily (Spathiphyllum), silver-edged lilyturf (Ophiopogon japonicus 'Argenteovariegatus'), red-flowered lantana (Lantana camara), yellow-flowered lantana (Lantana camara), purple-flowered lantana

(Lantana camara), dusty miller (Senecio cineraria), bleeding glorybower (Clerodendrum thomsoniae), shrimp plant (Justicia brandegeeana), firecracker plant (Russelia equisetiformis), asparagus fern (Asparagus densiflorus), beach evening primrose (Oenothera drummondii), beach morning glory (Ipomoea pes-caprae), ivy (Hedera helix), star jasmine (Trachelospermum jasminoides), ginger lily (Hedychium coronarium), umbrella plant (Cyperus alternifolius), papyrus (Cyperus papyrus), iris (Iris), purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria), narcissus (Narcissus), lotus (Nelumbo nucifera), water lily (Nymphaea), three-lobed wedelia (Sphagneticola trilobata), red wood sorrel (Oxalis corymbosa), Brazilian peanut vine (Arachis pintoi), dichondra (Dichondra repens), purple amaranth (Amaranthus), round-leaved amaranth (Iresine), coleus (Coleus scutellarioides), fine-leaved verbena (Verbena tenera), red-green herb (Alternanthera), autumn zephyr lily (Zephyranthes candida), pink zephyr lily (Zephyranthes grandiflora), amaryllis (Hippeastrum), lily (Lilium), calla lily (Zantedeschia aethiopica), periwinkle (Catharanthus roseus), centipede grass (Eremochloa ophiuroides), Manila grass (Zoysia matrella), Korean velvetgrass (Zoysia tenuifolia), Bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon), large-leaved carpet grass (Axonopus compressus), variegated St. Augustine grass (Stenotaphrum secundatum), bahia grass (Paspalum notatum), dwarf lilyturf (Ophiopogon japonicus)

Palms:

Royal palm (Roystonea regia), Washington palm (Washingtonia), triangle palm (Dypsis decaryi), king palm (Archontophoenix cunninghamiana), foxtail palm (Wodyetia bifurcata), Butia palm (Butia capitata), bottle palm (Hyophorbe lagenicaulis), club palm (Hyophorbe verschaffeltii), Middle Eastern date palm (Phoenix dactylifera), Canary Island date palm (Phoenix canariensis), Bismarck palm (Bismarckia nobilis), oil palm (Elaeis guineensis), fishtail palm (Caryota obtusa), windmill palm (Trachycarpus fortunei), dragon-scale palm (Raphia), Chinese fan palm (Livistona chinensis), queen palm (Syagrus romanzoffiana), fishtail palm (Caryota ochlandra), queen palm (Syagrus romanzoffiana), Mexican fan palm (Washingtonia robusta), beautiful date palm (Phoenix sylvestris), short-spiked fishtail palm (Caryota mitis), long-spiked fishtail palm (Caryota), areca palm (Dypsis lutescens), Areca triandra, traveler's palm (Ravenala madagascariensis), lady palm (Rhapis excelsa),

Seasonal flowers

Star flower (Pentas lanceolata), African impatiens (Impatiens walleriana), four-season begonia (Begonia semperflorens), scarlet sage (Salvia splendens), petunia (Petunia hybrida), hybrid dianthus (Dianthus hybridus), ornamental kale (Brassica oleracea), French marigold (Tagetes patula), African marigold (Tagetes erecta), nasturtium (Tropaeolum majus), pansy (Viola tricolor), wishbone flower (Torenia fournieri), cockscomb (Celosia cristata), pot marigold (Calendula officinalis), globe amaranth (Gomphrena globosa), zinnia (Zinnia elegans), moss rose (Portulaca grandiflora), purslane (Portulaca), cosmos (Cosmos bipinnatus), cineraria (Pericallis hybrida), spider flower (Cleome spinosa), daylily (Hemerocallis), lavender (Lavandula), purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria)

Part Five: "Examples of Southern Plant Combinations"

Southern plant combinations

Philodendron bipinnatifidum + umbrella plant (Cyperus alternifolius) + variegated galangal (Alpinia zerumbet variegata)

Large Madagascar dragon tree (Dracaena marginata) + rainbow Madagascar dragon tree (Dracaena marginata 'Tricolor') + heavenly bamboo (Nandina domestica) + sword fern (Nephrolepis cordifolia) + placed stones

Royal palm (Roystonea regia) + fishtail palm (Caryota obtusa) + beautiful date palm (Phoenix sylvestris) + canna (Canna indica) + coleus (Coleus scutellarioides) + croton (Codiaeum variegatum)

Royal palm (Roystonea regia) + Canary Island date palm head (Phoenix canariensis) + red ti (Cordyline fruticosa) + red mulberry (Acalypha wilkesiana) + Chinese ixora (Ixora chinensis)

Royal palm (Roystonea regia) + Alexander palm (Archontophoenix alexandrae) + areca palm (Dypsis lutescens) + large-leaved lady palm (Rhapis excelsa) + golden leaf (Duranta erecta 'Golden Leaves')

Part Six: "Commonly Used Landscape Plants in the South"

Commonly used plants in southern courtyards

I. Palms:

1. Royal palm (Roystonea regia) 2. Alexander palm (Archontophoenix alexandrae) 3. Washington palm (Washingtonia) 4. Silver date palm (Phoenix sylvestris) 5. Canary Island date palm (Phoenix canariensis) 6. Areca triandra

7. Chinese fan palm (Livistona chinensis) 8. Mexican fan palm (Washingtonia robusta) 9. Areca palm (Dypsis lutescens) 10. Lady palm (Rhapis excelsa) (fine-leaved lady palm) 11. Guadaloupe palm (Chamaedorea) 12. Soft-leaved date palm (Phoenix roebelenii)

II. Trees (street trees, shade trees):

1. Flamboyant tree (Delonix regia) 2. Kapok (Bombax ceiba) 3. Silk floss tree (Ceiba speciosa) 4. Coral tree (Erythrina variegata) 5. Pointed-leaved elaeocarpus (Elaeocarpus apiculatus) 6. Blackboard tree (Alstonia scholaris)

7. Small-leaved banyan (Ficus microcarpa) 8. Water stone banyan (Elaeocarpus hainanensis) 9. Mango (Mangifera indica) 10. Chinese mahogany (Toona sinensis) 11. Camphor tree (Cinnamomum burmannii) 12. Large-leaved crape myrtle (Lagerstroemia speciosa)

13. Red sandalwood (Pterocarpus santalinus) 14. Frangipani (Plumeria rubra) 15. Terminalia (Terminalia catappa) 16. Traveler's palm (Ravenala madagascariensis) 17. Pandanus (Pandanus tectorius) 18. Autumn maple (Bischofia javanica)

19. Star fruit (Averrhoa carambola) 20. Olea europaea 21. Golden shower tree (Cassia fistula) 22. Albizia (Albizia falcataria) 23. Cajeput tree (Melaleuca leucadendra)

24. Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus) 25. Hainan rose apple (Syzygium hainanense) 26. Aphanamixis grandifolia 27. Camel's foot tree (Bauhinia purpurea) 28. Mahogany (Swietenia mahagoni)

29. Banyan (Ficus altissima) 30. Flame tree (Spathodea campanulata) 31. Yellow trumpet tree (Tabebuia chrysantha) 32. Goldenrain tree (Koelreuteria bipinnata)

III. Flowering shrubs:

1. Four-season osmanthus (Osmanthus fragrans) 2. Fine-leaved bamboo (Bambusa multiplex) 3. Tree fern (Alsophila spinulosa) 4. Yellow banyan (Ficus microcarpa) 5. Bougainvillea (Bougainvillea spectabilis)

6. Yellow cassia (Senna surattensis) 7. Red bottlebrush (Callistemon rigidus) 8. Golden-edged sisal (Agave americana 'Marginata') 9. Hibiscus (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis) 10. Fagraea (Fagraea ceilanica) 11. Variegated banyan (Ficus)

12. Hibiscus (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis) 13. Michelia figo 14. Crape myrtle (Lagerstroemia indica) 15. Calliandra 16. Tabernaemontana divaricata 17. Dragon boat flower (Ixora chinensis)

18. Agave (Furcraea) 19. Yucca (Yucca smalliana) 20. Flame vine (Pyrostegia venusta) 21. Yellow oleander (Cascabela thevetia) 22. Polyscias (Polyscias fruticosa)

IV. Ground cover or massed color blocks:

1. Pittosporum (Pittosporum tobira) 2. Monstera deliciosa 3. Pothos (Epipremnum aureum) 4. Bird's nest fern (Asplenium nidus) 5. Red ruby (Alternanthera) 6. Large-leaved red grass (Pennisetum) 7. Schefflera octophylla

8. Little angel (Aglaonema) 9. Golden leaf (Duranta erecta 'Golden Leaves') 10. Cuphea 11. Fine-leaved frog orchid (Spiranthes) 12. Three-star arrowroot (Calathea) 13. Hairy azalea (Rhododendron pulchrum)

14. Dwarf Chinese fan palm (Livistona chinensis) 15. Philodendron bipinnatifidum 16. Variegated golden dewdrop (Duranta erecta 'Variegata') 17. Spider lily (Hymenocallis littoralis) 18. Inch plant (Tradescantia zebrina) 19. Golden trumpet (Allamanda cathartica)

20. Variegated galangal (Alpinia zerumbet variegata) 21. Asparagus fern (Asparagus densiflorus) 22. Golden peanut (Arachis pintoi) 23. Fine-leaved ixora (Ixora) 24. Sword fern (Nephrolepis cordifolia) 25. Yellow shrimp plant (Pachystachys lutea)

26. White butterfly (Oxalis) 27. Aluminum plant (Pilea cadierei) 28. Variegated dieffenbachia (Dieffenbachia) 29. Rainbow ti (Cordyline fruticosa) 30. Croton (Codiaeum variegatum) 31. Lilyturf (Ophiopogon japonicus)

32. Silver-edged grass (Ophiopogon japonicus 'Argenteovariegatus') 33. Jasmine (Jasminum sambac) 34. Velvet calathea (Calathea) 35. Taiwan grass (Zoysia matrella) 36. Large-leaved carpet grass (Axonopus compressus)

37. Manila grass (Zoysia matrella) 38. Bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon) 39. Ryegrass (Lolium) 40. Tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea)

There are also some commonly used plants:

1. Sacred fig (Ficus religiosa) 2. Banyan (Ficus altissima) 3. Water stone banyan (Elaeocarpus hainanensis) 4. Campanula 5. National Day flower (Koelreuteria) 6. Golden shower tree (Cassia fistula)

7. Siamese cassia (Senna siamea) 8. Sausage tree (Kigelia africana) 9. Thai yellow flowering ball 10. Golden willow (Salix)

11. Winged senna (Senna alata) 12. Twin-pod senna (Senna bicapsularis) 13. Daily cherry (Eugenia) 14. Water banyan (Syzygium nervosum) 15. Manglietia glauca

16. Hainan golden (Ficus) 17. Variegated money tree (Pachira aquatica) 18. Hainan ormosia (Ormosia pinnata) 19. Mahogany (Swietenia mahagoni)

20. Albizia (Albizia falcataria) 21. Sandalwood cinnamon (Cinnamomum) 22. Autumn osmanthus (Osmanthus) 23. Laurel (Laurus nobilis) 24. Mexican fan palm (Washingtonia robusta) 25. Fine-leaved bamboo (Bambusa multiplex)

26. Indian yellow (purple) sandalwood (Pterocarpus santalinus) 27. Red sandalwood (Pterocarpus santalinus) 28. Dianella ensifolia 29. Leizhou banyan (Ficus) 30. Cat-tail tree (Dolichandrone cauda-felina)

Commonly used landscape plants in the South

1. Evergreen trees

Norfolk Island pine (Araucaria heterophylla), Cunningham's araucaria (Araucaria cunninghamii), Keteleeria (Keteleeria fortunei), large-leaved araucaria (Araucaria bidwillii), kauri (Agathis dammara), masson pine (Pinus massoniana), slash pine (Pinus elliottii), camphor (Cinnamomum camphora), Cinnamomum japonicum, Eucalyptus grandis x urophylla, cajeput tree (Melaleuca leucadendra), rose apple (Syzygium jambos), Hainan rose apple (Syzygium hainanense), autumn maple (Bischofia javanica), Taiwan acacia (Acacia confusa), Acacia mangium, Acacia auriculiformis, red sandalwood (Pterocarpus santalinus), small-leaved banyan (Ficus microcarpa), large-leaved banyan (Ficus virens), banyan (Ficus altissima), bird-catching fig (Ficus), Indian rubber fig (Ficus elastica), variegated Indian rubber fig (Ficus elastica 'Variegata'), sacred fig (Ficus religiosa), candlenut tree (Aleurites moluccanus), mahogany (Swietenia mahagoni), Dilenia indica, blackboard tree (Alstonia scholaris), terminalia (Terminalia catappa), small-leaved terminalia (Terminalia mantaly), jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus), Java apple (Syzygium samarangense), Dracontomelon duperreanum, sapodilla (Manilkara zapota), Chinese mahogany (Toona sinensis), horsetail tree (Casuarina equisetifolia), white magnolia (Michelia alba), magnolia coco (Magnolia coco), Michelia macclurei, small-leaved elaeocarpus (Elaeocarpus), southern magnolia (Magnolia grandiflora), sea hibiscus (Hibiscus tiliaceus), mango (Mangifera indica), longan (Dimocarpus longan), lychee (Litchi chinensis), Chinese olive (Canarium album), loquat (Eriobotrya japonica), bayberry (Myrica rubra), pomelo (Citrus maxima), water stone banyan (Elaeocarpus hainanensis), Buddhist pine (Podocarpus macrophyllus), dragon juniper (Juniperus chinensis 'Kaizuca'), Buddhist pine (Nageia nagi), osmanthus (Osmanthus fragrans), four-season osmanthus (Osmanthus fragrans), Michelia figo, orange jasmine (Aglaia odorata), camellia (Camellia japonica), weeping fig (Ficus benjamina), butterfly fruit (Cleidiocarpon cavaleriei), Ficus tinctoria

2. Deciduous trees

Dawn redwood (Metasequoia glyptostroboides), pond cypress (Taxodium ascendens), bald cypress (Taxodium distichum), Chinese swamp cypress (Glyptostrobus pensilis), Chinese tulip tree (Liriodendron chinense), Chinese parasol tree (Firmiana simplex), Chinese bishopwood (Bischofia polycarpa), albizia (Albizia falcataria), large-leaved albizia (Albizia lebbeck), white leadtree (Leucaena leucocephala), sweetgum (Liquidambar formosana), weeping willow (Salix babylonica), sausage tree (Kigelia africana), Anthocephalus chinensis, silver oak (Grevillea robusta), Chinese hackberry (Celtis sinensis), soapberry (Sapindus mukorossi), Chinese pistache (Pistacia chinensis), chinaberry (Melia azedarach), Chinese tallow tree (Triadica sebifera), tung tree (Vernicia fordii), ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba), Chinese sterculia (Sterculia monosperma), persimmon (Diospyros kaki), fig (Ficus carica), mulberry (Morus alba), papaya (Carica papaya), guava (Psidium guajava), red maple (Acer palmatum), sweet acacia (Acacia farnesiana)

3. Palms

Alexander palm (Archontophoenix alexandrae), royal palm (Roystonea regia), king palm (Archontophoenix cunninghamiana), bottle palm (Hyophorbe lagenicaulis), club palm (Hyophorbe verschaffeltii), triangle palm (Dypsis decaryi), foxtail palm (Wodyetia bifurcata), queen palm (Syagrus romanzoffiana), oil palm (Elaeis guineensis), sugar palm (Borassus flabellifer), large silky palm (Washingtonia), Washington palm (Washingtonia), Canary Island date palm (Phoenix canariensis), Middle Eastern date palm (Phoenix dactylifera), Iranian date palm (Phoenix dactylifera), Chinese fan palm (Livistona chinensis), fishtail palm (Caryota obtusa), sugar palm (Arenga pinnata), scale date palm (Phoenix), soft-leaved date palm (Phoenix roebelenii), Areca triandra, green palm (Chamaedorea), fragrant palm (Arenga), long-spiked fishtail palm (Caryota), short-spiked fishtail palm (Caryota mitis), areca palm (Dypsis lutescens), windmill palm (Trachycarpus fortunei), banana (Musa), traveler's palm (Ravenala madagascariensis), ti plant (Cordyline fruticosa), lady palm (Rhapis excelsa), fine-leaved lady palm (Rhapis humilis), white bird of paradise (Strelitzia nicolai), red-stemmed philodendron (Philodendron), false taro (Alocasia)

4. Foliage shrubs

Golden-leaf weeping fig (Ficus benjamina 'Golden Leaves'), golden banyan (Ficus microcarpa 'Golden'), fiddle-leaf fig (Ficus lyrata), willow-leaf fig (Ficus salicifolia), Garcinia (Garcinia), variegated reed bamboo (Arundo donax var. versicolor), Polyalthia longifolia, Pandanus tectorius, pittosporum (Pittosporum tobira), variegated hibiscus (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis 'Variegata'), sago palm (Cycas revoluta), red bottlebrush (Callistemon rigidus), night jasmine (Cestrum nocturnum), Cotinus coggygria, golden-veined shrimp plant (Pachystachys lutea), Japanese fatsia (Fatsia japonica), creeping juniper (Juniperus procumbens), variegated cassava (Manihot esculenta), heavenly bamboo (Nandina domestica), Schefflera octophylla, variegated Schefflera octophylla, pepperwood (Zanthoxylum), red-backed excoecaria (Excoecaria cochinchinensis), red mulberry (Acalypha wilkesiana), Japanese lilac (Syringa), golden dewdrop (Duranta erecta), variegated golden dewdrop (Duranta erecta 'Variegata'), golden dewdrop (Duranta erecta), orange jasmine (Murraya paniculata), croton (Codiaeum variegatum), halberd-leaved croton (Codiaeum variegatum), Hainan croton (Codiaeum variegatum), gold-dusted croton (Codiaeum variegatum), Gendarussa vulgaris, Fukien tea (Carmona retusa), small-leaved box (Buxus sinica), golden-leaf privet (Ligustrum sinense 'Variegatum'), crown of thorns (Euphorbia milii), yellow-striped agave (Furcraea), agave (Agave americana), silver-edged agave (Agave americana 'Marginata'), yucca (Yucca smalliana), bottle palm (Beaucarnea recurvata), Aspidistra elatior, snake plant (Sansevieria trifasciata), cactus (Cactaceae), giant taro (Alocasia macrorrhizos), Philodendron bipinnatifidum, Monstera deliciosa, variegated shell ginger (Alpinia zerumbet), beach naupaka (Scaevola taccada), Rhaphiolepis indica, Breynia disticha, Phyllanthus, rose (Rosa)

5. Flowering shrubs

African jasmine (Fagraea ceilanica), Brunfelsia pauciflora, Murraya paniculata, rose of Sharon (Hibiscus syriacus), hibiscus (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis), Chinese lantern (Ceropegia), Chinese lantern (Malvaviscus), poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima), Calliandra, bougainvillea (Bougainvillea spectabilis), large-flowered gardenia (Gardenia jasminoides), hydrangea (Hydrangea macrophylla), red bract flower (Pachystachys), melastoma (Melastoma), Chinese fringeflower (Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum), angel's trumpet (Datura suaveolens), white mussaenda (Mussaenda pubescens), red mussaenda (Mussaenda erythrophylla), golden trumpet (Allamanda cathartica), Western azalea (Rhododendron), twin-pod senna (Senna bicapsularis), Cape honeysuckle (Tecomaria capensis), myrtle (Rhodomyrtus tomentosa), Chinese ixora (Ixora chinensis), Spiraea, Yunnan jasmine (Jasminum mesnyi), jasmine (Jasminum sambac), crinum lily (Crinum asiaticum),

spider lily (Hymenocallis littoralis), crab claw flower (Heliconia), dwarf canna (Canna indica), Reinwardtia indica, fiddle-leaf coral (Jatropha pandurifolia), blue snowflake (Plumbago auriculata), blue star flower (Oxypetalum coeruleum), butterfly pea (Clitoria ternatea)

6. Ground cover

Calathea roseopicta, arrowhead vine (Syngonium podophyllum), white butterfly arrowhead vine (Syngonium podophyllum 'Albovirens'), pothos (Epipremnum aureum), inch plant (Tradescantia zebrina), sword fern (Nephrolepis cordifolia), aluminum plant (Pilea cadierei), small oyster plant (Rhoeo spathacea var.), peace lily (Spathiphyllum), lilyturf (Ophiopogon japonicus), silver-edged lilyturf (Ophiopogon japonicus 'Argenteovariegatus'), red-flowered lantana (Lantana camara), yellow-flowered lantana (Lantana camara), purple-flowered lantana (Lantana camara), dusty miller (Senecio cineraria), bleeding glorybower (Clerodendrum thomsoniae), shrimp plant (Justicia brandegeeana), firecracker plant (Russelia equisetiformis), asparagus fern (Asparagus densiflorus), beach evening primrose (Oenothera drummondii), beach morning glory (Ipomoea pes-caprae), ivy (Hedera helix), star jasmine (Trachelospermum jasminoides), ginger lily (Hedychium coronarium), umbrella plant (Cyperus alternifolius), papyrus (Cyperus papyrus), iris (Iris), purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria), narcissus (Narcissus), lotus (Nelumbo nucifera), water lily (Nymphaea), three-lobed wedelia (Sphagneticola trilobata), red wood sorrel (Oxalis corymbosa), Brazilian peanut vine (Arachis pintoi), dichondra (Dichondra repens), purple amaranth (Amaranthus), round-leaved amaranth (Iresine), coleus (Coleus scutellarioides), fine-leaved verbena (Verbena tenera), red-green herb (Alternanthera), autumn zephyr lily (Zephyranthes candida), pink zephyr lily (Zephyranthes grandiflora), amaryllis (Hippeastrum), lily (Lilium), calla lily (Zantedeschia aethiopica), periwinkle (Catharanthus roseus), centipede grass (Eremochloa ophiuroides), Manila grass (Zoysia matrella), Korean velvetgrass (Zoysia tenuifolia), Bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon), large-leaved carpet grass (Axonopus compressus), variegated St. Augustine grass (Stenotaphrum secundatum), bahia grass (Paspalum notatum), dwarf lilyturf (Ophiopogon japonicus)

7. Vines

Large-flowered thunbergia (Thunbergia grandiflora), Rangoon creeper (Combretum indicum), coral vine (Antigonon leptopus), Boston ivy (Parthenocissus tricuspidata), flame vine (Pyrostegia venusta), white-flowered mucuna (Mucuna birdwoodiana), beautiful clerodendrum (Clerodendrum speciosissimum), wisteria (Wisteria sinensis), creeping fig (Ficus pumila), cypress vine (Ipomoea quamoclit), morning glory (Ipomoea), maple-leaf morning glory (Ipomoea batatas), snake vine (Strophanthus), Jasminum officinale, large-flowered Dutchman's pipe (Aristolochia gigantea), garlic vine (Mansoa alliacea), wood rose (Merremia tuberosa), Bignonia, passionflower (Passiflora caerulea)

Part Seven: "Document on Commonly Used Plants in the South"

Practical Plant Combination Table ——— Brief Table of Common Plant Combinations

Aquatic plants:

Wetland plants: Hankow willow (Salix matsudana), weeping willow (Salix babylonica), cotton willow (Salix), sand willow (Salix psammophila), Artemisia willow (Salix), soap willow (Salix), small-leaved poplar (Populus simonii), Liaoning poplar (Populus), sand cypress (Sabina vulgaris), Chinese juniper (Juniperus chinensis), Chinese arborvitae (Platycladus orientalis), dawn redwood (Metasequoia glyptostroboides), chinaberry (Melia azedarach), Chinese wingnut (Pterocarya stenoptera), Chinese ash (Fraxinus chinensis), forsythia (Forsythia suspensa), elm (Ulmus), laciniate elm (Ulmus), Chinese elm (Ulmus parvifolia), Chinese tallow tree (Triadica sebifera), cherry blossom (Prunus serrulata), eucommia (Eucommia ulmoides), goldenrain tree (Koelreuteria), cotton rose (Hibiscus mutabilis), rose of Sharon (Hibiscus syriacus), oleander (Nerium oleander), Boston ivy (Parthenocissus tricuspidata), grape (Vitis vinifera), wisteria (Wisteria sinensis), false indigo (Amorpha fruticosa), tamarisk (Tamarix chinensis), buttercup (Ranunculus), water hyacinth seedling (Butomus), long-leaved alkali grass (Puccinellia), marsh willow-leaf (Salix), willow-leaf vegetable (Persicaria), marsh woundwort (Stachys palustris), Chinese woundwort (Stachys), mint (Mentha), Mazus, speedwell (Veronica), watercress (Nasturtium officinale), Scirpus, water wool flower (Scirpus), flat-stemmed Scirpus (Scirpus planiculmis), water nutgrass (Cyperus serotinus), flower-spiked water nutgrass (Cyperus), round-spiked flat sedge (Cyperus), red-scaled flat sedge (Cyperus), jointed rush (Juncus articulatus), small-flowered rush (Juncus), small rush (Juncus), fine rush (Juncus), knotgrass (Polygonum aviculare), common knotweed (Polygonum), red knotweed (Polygonum orientale), clustered knotweed (Polygonum), dock-leaved knotweed (Polygonum lapathifolium), willow-leaf prickly knotweed (Polygonum), small arrow-leaf knotweed (Polygonum), mile-a-minute (Persicaria perfoliata), prickly knotweed (Polygonum), halberd-leaved knotweed (Polygonum), large halberd-leaved knotweed (Polygonum), Japanese knotweed (Reynoutria japonica), thatch grass (Imperata cylindrica), Calamagrostis, large-leaved reed grass (Calamagrostis), Beckmannia, long-awned club grass (Polypogon), wild arundinella (Arundinella), silvergrass (Miscanthus sacchariflorus), Job's tears (Coix lacryma-jobi), hemarthria (Hemarthria), wetland reed (Phragmites),

Emergent plants: softstem bulrush (Scirpus validus), reed (Phragmites australis), lotus root (Nelumbo nucifera), arrowhead (Sagittaria sagittifolia), broad-leaved cottongrass (Eriophorum), water plantain (Alisma plantago-aquatica), lotus (Nelumbo nucifera), purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria), cattail (Typha), duck-tongue grass (Monochoria vaginalis), Monochoria korsakowii, sweet flag (Acorus calamus), pickerelweed (Pontederia cordata), rice (Oryza sativa), mangrove (Rhizophora), narcissus (Narcissus), water dropwort (Oenanthe javanica), wild rice stem (Zizania latifolia), taro (Colocasia esculenta), water clover (Marsilea quadrifolia), reed (Phragmites australis), water chestnut (Eleocharis dulcis), Scirpus triqueter, needle rush (Eleocharis), cattail (Typha angustifolia), umbrella sedge (Cyperus alternifolius), broad-leaved cattail (Typha latifolia)

Floating plants: duckweed (Lemna minor), water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes), water lily (Nymphaea), gorgon nut (Euryale ferox), Victoria water lily (Victoria amazonica), spatterdock (Nuphar pumilum), water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes), water shield (Brasenia schreberi), water shield (Brasenia schreberi), yellow-flowered bladderwort (Utricularia), floating fern (Ceratopteris), keel-petaled water shield (Brasenia),

Submerged plants: hornwort (Ceratophyllum demersum), water plantain (Ottelia alismoides)

Colorful-leaf plants:

Red or purple: sweetgum (Liquidambar formosana), lacquer tree (Toxicodendron vernicifluum), Japanese maple (Acer palmatum), Amur maple (Acer ginnala), Oriental bittersweet (Celastrus orbiculatus), red oak (Quercus rubra), maple (Acer), Chinese tallow tree (Triadica sebifera), staghorn sumac (Rhus typhina), Chinese sumac (Rhus chinensis), mountain ash (Sorbus), heavenly bamboo (Nandina domestica), euonymus (Euonymus), hawthorn (Crataegus), Chinese pistache (Pistacia chinensis), Chinese wingnut (Pterocarya stenoptera), barberry (Berberis), Hubei hornbeam (Carpinus hupeana), Boston ivy (Parthenocissus tricuspidata)

Golden yellow or yellow-brown: ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba), persimmon (Diospyros kaki), goldenrain tree (Koelreuteria), Chinese tulip tree (Liriodendron chinense), Chinese parasol tree (Firmiana simplex), elm (Ulmus), walnut (Juglans regia), catalpa (Catalpa bungei), dawn redwood (Metasequoia glyptostroboides), crape myrtle (Lagerstroemia indica), Chinese elm (Ulmus parvifolia), nanmu (Phoebe zhennan), wild jujube (Ziziphus jujuba), kiwi (Actinidia), horse chestnut (Aesculus), Sorbus alnifolia, wintersweet (Chimonanthus praecox), pomegranate (Punica granatum), yellow cassia (Senna surattensis), witch hazel (Hamamelis mollis), soapberry (Sapindus mukorossi), sweet acacia (Acacia farnesiana)

Fragrant plants:

Fragrant plants that can be planted in residential areas include: mint (Mentha), basil (Ocimum basilicum), lemon balm (Melissa officinalis), Roman chamomile (Chamaemelum nobile), lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus), sage (Salvia officinalis), dandelion (Taraxacum), pot marigold (Calendula officinalis), thyme (Thymus), borage (Borago officinalis), scented geranium (Pelargonium graveolens), mallow (Malva) and other herbaceous plants, and lavender (Lavandula), rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis), gardenia (Gardenia jasminoides), rose (Rosa), lemon verbena (Aloysia citrodora) and other shrubs.

Examples of woody plant combinations with fragrance in turn through the four seasons: plum blossom (Prunus mume) and orange blossom (Citrus) in spring; gardenia (Gardenia jasminoides) and white magnolia (Michelia alba) in summer; osmanthus (Osmanthus fragrans) in autumn and wintersweet (Chimonanthus praecox) in winter.

Pollution-resistant and exhaust-resistant plants: black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia), paulownia (Paulownia), lacebark pine (Pinus bungeana), Chinese juniper (Juniperus chinensis), Chinese coral tree (Viburnum odoratissimum), photinia (Photinia), pittosporum (Pittosporum tobira), Japanese fatsia (Fatsia japonica), etc.

Nitrogen-fixing plants: Robinia, Lonicera, Albizia, Amorpha fruticosa, Caragana, Glycine, Lespedeza, Melilotus, Pisum, Phaseolus, Myrica, Elaeagnus, Cycas

Nectar-source, bird-attracting, and butterfly-attracting plants: dwarf yew (Taxus cuspidata), Buddhist pine (Podocarpus macrophyllus), Chinese torreya (Torreya grandis), Japanese holly (Ilex crenata), camphor (Cinnamomum camphora), bayberry (Myrica rubra), glossy privet (Ligustrum lucidum), ternstroemia (Ternstroemia gymnanthera), viburnum (Viburnum), Japanese aucuba (Aucuba japonica), mahonia (Mahonia fortunei), firethorn (Pyracantha), box (Buxus), pittosporum (Pittosporum tobira), Japanese fatsia (Fatsia japonica), etc., butterfly bush (Buddleja davidii), Chinese pistache (Pistacia chinensis), and other fragrant flowering plants (such as plants of the genus Citrus in the family Rutaceae)

Perennial (herbaceous perennial) flowers: torch lily (Kniphofia uvaria), lupine (Lupinus), blue fescue (Festuca glauca), astilbe (Astilbe), coreopsis (Coreopsis), Lysimachia nummularia, oregano (Origanum vulgare), large-flowered hibiscus (Hibiscus moscheutos), red-flowered mint (Mentha), five-color star jasmine (Trachelospermum jasminoides), creeping mesembryanthemum (Delosperma), hellebore (Helleborus), spider lily (Lycoris radiata), daylily (Hemerocallis), iris (Iris), spiderwort (Tradescantia), hosta (Hosta), variegated canna (Canna indica 'Variegata'), red-leaf canna (Canna indica 'Red'), New York aster (Aster novi-belgii), large Wu Feng grass (Clerodendrum), bletilla (Bletilla striata), perennial verbena (Verbena)

Flowering plants for the four seasons:

Spring: various cherry blossoms (early cherry, late cherry, weeping cherry, etc.), various crabapples (Malus micromalus, Malus halliana, Chaenomeles speciosa, etc.), Magnoliaceae (Magnolia grandiflora, Magnolia denudata, Magnolia soulangeana, Magnolia liliiflora, Magnolia 'Hongyulan', Michelia figo, Michelia maudiae, etc.), redbud (Cercis chinensis), red-leaf

plum (Prunus cerasifera), peach blossom (Prunus persica), camellia (Camellia japonica), winter jasmine (Jasminum nudiflorum), lilac (Syringa), etc.

Summer: crape myrtle (Lagerstroemia indica), rose of Sharon (Hibiscus syriacus), hydrangea (Hydrangea macrophylla), Michelia figo, summer azalea (Rhododendron), pomegranate (flower) (Punica granatum), gardenia (Gardenia jasminoides), Chinese trumpet creeper (Campsis grandiflora), silk tree (Albizia julibrissin), sweet acacia (Acacia farnesiana) Autumn: osmanthus (Osmanthus fragrans), crape myrtle (Lagerstroemia indica), rose of Sharon (Hibiscus syriacus), flowering pomegranate (Punica granatum), cotton rose (Hibiscus mutabilis), Chinese trumpet creeper (Campsis grandiflora), etc.

Winter: honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica), heavenly bamboo (Nandina domestica), plum blossom (Prunus mume), Michelia figo, camellia (Camellia japonica), camellia sasanqua (Camellia sasanqua), etc.

Classification diagram of common greening tree species:

(1) Evergreen conifers

1. Tree types: deodar cedar, Korean pine, Japanese black pine, dragon juniper, Masson pine, Chinese juniper, sago palm, Norfolk Island pine, Japanese cedar, Chinese torreya

2. Shrub types: (yew podocarp), oriental arborvitae 'Globosa', Calocedrus macrolepis, creeping juniper, Japanese cedar, Japanese white pine

(2) Deciduous conifers (no shrubs):

Tree types: dawn redwood, golden larch, pond cypress, bald cypress

(3) Evergreen broadleaf trees:

1. Tree types: camphor tree, southern magnolia, glossy privet, windmill palm

2. Shrub types: coral tree, Japanese euonymus, Chinese box, boxwood, Chinese holly, mandarin orange tree, Chinese photinia, Japanese pittosporum, sweet osmanthus, oleander, winter jasmine, winter jasmine, gold-splashed coral, heavenly bamboo, serissa, small-leaf privet, Japanese fatsia, gardenia, witch hazel, camellia, St. John's wort, azalea, yucca (yucca, Adam's needle), sago palm (sago cycad), mahonia

(4) Deciduous broadleaf trees:

1. Tree types: weeping willow, upright willow, Chinese wingnut, dragon-claw willow, Chinese tallow tree, pagoda tree, Chinese parasol tree (Chinese

parasol tree), London plane (London plane), pagoda tree (Chinese scholar tree), curly pagoda tree, silk tree, ginkgo, chinaberry (chinaberry), catalpa

2. Shrub types: cherry blossom, white magnolia, peach blossom, wintersweet, crape myrtle, redbud, sumac, green maple, purple-leaf plum, Japanese quince, hanging bell begonia, hydrangea, Chinese snowball, golden bell flower (golden rod), cotton rose, rose of Sharon (hibiscus), Chinese chastetree (guijuan tree), pomegranate

(5) Bamboo types: Ci-Xiao bamboo, giant timber bamboo, moso bamboo, black bamboo, Guanyin bamboo, phoenix-tail bamboo, Buddha-belly bamboo, golden bamboo with jade-green stripes

(6) Vines: wisteria, Chinese fleeceflower vine, Boston ivy (Japanese ivy, climbing ivy), English ivy, grape vine, wintercreeper

(7) Flowers: moss rose, pot marigold, scarlet sage, canna, Joseph's coat, cabbage (ornamental kale), chrysanthemum, orchid

(8) Lawns: velvet grass, Japanese lawngrass, dwarf lilyturf, evergreen grass, tall fescue, Manila grass, clover, dichondra

Detailed table of commonly used plant arrangements

Table of commonly used street trees

Name Scientific name Family Tree form Characteristics

Camphor tree Cinnamomun camphcra Lauraceae Spherical Evergreen large tree, alternate leaves, three-veined, aromatic, spherical berries.

London plane Platanus x acerifolia Platanaceae Ovate Tolerates warmth, resistant to pollution, tolerant of pruning. Large crown with dense shade, suitable as a street tree and shade tree.

Maple Liquidamdar formosana Hance. Hamamelidaceae Conical Deciduous tree, gray smooth bark, triangular leaves, slow-growing, beautiful form

Flamboyant tree Delonix regia Raffin Fabaceae Umbrella-shaped Sun-loving, prefers warm hot climates, not cold-tolerant, fast-growing, pollution-resistant, wind-resistant; flowers red and beautiful, blooming from May to August

Silk tree Albizia julibrissin Mimosaceae Umbrella-shaped Flowers pink, June to July, suitable as a shade ornamental tree and street tree

Sweet acacia Albizia farnesiana Wild. Mimosaceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous sub-tree, fast-growing, dense branches and leaves, golden-yellow flowers, excellent vigor

Weeping willow Salix babylonica Linn. Salicaceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous sub-tree, suitable for low-temperature areas, grows luxuriantly and rapidly, beautiful form

Banyan tree Ficus retusa Linn.. Moraceae Spherical Deciduous tree, broad crown, fast-growing, strong canopy density, suitable for various pruning styles

Camphor tree Cinnamomum camphora Ness. Lauraceae Spherical Evergreen tree, broad crown, large and rounded, strong-growing, beautiful form

Chinese fan palm Livitonia chinensis R.Br. Arecaceae Umbrella-shaped Single upright trunk, dark green leaves, strong-growing, very beautiful form

Longan tree Euphoria longana Lanark. Sapindaceae Round Evergreen tree with round crown, strong canopy density, slow-growing, very beautiful form

Chinaberry (chinaberry tree) Melia azedarach Linn. Meliaceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous tree, fast-growing, irregular crown, slightly umbrella-shaped, pale purple flowers

Chinese parasol tree Sterculia platanifolia L. Sterculiaceae Umbrella-shaped Evergreen tree, broad leaves, fast-growing, upright when young, crown spreading when old

Paper mulberry Broussonetia papyrifera Vent. Moraceae Umbrella-shaped Evergreen tree, huge soft thin leaves, spreading branches, umbrella-shaped crown, beautiful form

Formosan alder Alnus formosana Makino. Fagaceae Umbrella-shaped Evergreen tree, tolerant of moisture and heat, unsuitable for dry land and hard soil, tall and beautiful form

Ash tree Faxinus insularis Hemsl. Oleaceae Umbrella-shaped Evergreen tree, strong-growing, fast-growing, beautiful form and leaf shape Norfolk Island pine Araucaria cuninghamii Araucariaceae Conical Evergreen conifer, sun-loving, prefers warm hot climates, not cold-tolerant, fertilizer-loving, fast-growing, narrow conical crown, graceful form

Qinghai spruce Picea carassifolia Pinaceae Tower-shaped Evergreen conifer, neutral, shallow-rooted, suitable for the northwest region

Korean pine Pinus koraiensis Pinaceae Tower-shaped Evergreen conifer, slightly sun-loving, prefers cool moist climates and acidic soil, needles blue-green

Chinese juniper (Chinese juniper) Sabina chinensis Cupressaceae Conical Evergreen conifer, sun-loving, young trees slightly shade-tolerant, tolerant of drought and poor soil, cold-tolerant, slightly moisture-tolerant, tolerant of pruning, good dust-blocking and soundproofing effect

Southern magnolia Magnolia grandiflora L. Magnoliaceae Ovate Evergreen tree, large white fragrant flowers, beautiful form,

Formosan acacia Acacia confusa Merr. Fabaceae Umbrella-shaped Evergreen tree, bark smooth when young, rough when old, trunk often curved, strong-growing

Date palm Phoenix dactylifera L. Arecaceae Pinnate Evergreen broadleaf tree, branching trunk, highly heat-resistant, strong-growing, beautiful form

Canary Island date palm (Canary Island date palm) Phoenix dactylifera Arecaceae Pinnate Evergreen broadleaf tree, thick trunk, tall and majestic, dense spreading pinnate leaves,

Royal palm (royal palm) Oreodoxa regia H.B.K. Arecaceae Umbrella-shaped Single upright trunk, up to 18 m tall, slightly swollen in the middle, pinnate compound leaves, very strong vitality, high ornamental value

Ginkgo Ginkgo biloba Ginkgoaceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous broadleaf tree, yellow autumn leaves, cold-tolerant, deep-rooted, not tolerant of waterlogging, resistant to various toxic gases

Chinese tulip tree (Chinese tulip tree) Liriodendron chinense Magnoliaceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous broadleaf tree, prefers warm moist climates, fairly strong resistance, fertile acidic soil, fast-growing, long-lived, leaves shaped like a mandarin jacket, flowers yellow-green, large and beautiful.

Chinese white poplar Populus tomentosa Salicaceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous broadleaf tree, prefers cool temperate climates, pollution-resistant, deep-rooted, fast-growing, fairly long-lived; form upright, trunk straight, bark gray-white

Lombardy poplar Populus nigra var. italica Salicaceae Narrow cylindrical Deciduous broadleaf tree, cold-tolerant and drought-tolerant, slightly tolerant of saline-alkali and waterlogging, fast-growing

Chinese elm Ulmus parvifolia Ulmaceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous broadleaf tree, prefers warm moist climates, tolerant of drought and poor soil, deep-rooted, fast-growing, long-lived, resistant to smoke dust and toxic gases, strong dust-retention capacity

Box elder (ash-leaved maple) Acer negundo Aceraceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous broadleaf tree, prefers fertile soil and cool moist climates, tolerant of smoke dust, tolerant of dry cold, tolerant of light saline-alkali, tolerant of pruning, yellow autumn leaves{Maintenance measures for the southern plant date palm}.

Table of characteristics of commonly used landscape trees

Name Scientific name Family Tree form Characteristics

Camphor tree Cinnamomun camphcra Lauraceae Spherical Evergreen large tree, alternate leaves, three-veined, aromatic, spherical berries.

London plane Platanus x acerifolia Platanaceae Ovate Tolerates warmth, resistant to pollution, tolerant of pruning. Large crown with dense shade, suitable as a street tree and shade tree.

Southern magnolia Magnolia grandiflora L. Magnoliaceae Ovate Evergreen tree, large white fragrant flowers, beautiful form,

White magnolia Magnolia denudata Magnoliaceae Umbrella-shaped Fairly cold-tolerant, afraid of waterlogging. Flowers large pure white, blooming from March to April. Suitable for garden viewing.

Chinese tulip tree (Chinese tulip tree) Liriodendron chinense Magnoliaceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous broadleaf tree, prefers warm moist climates, fairly strong resistance, fertile acidic soil, fast-growing, long-lived, leaves shaped like a mandarin jacket, flowers yellow-green, large and beautiful.

Oriental arborvitae Thuja orientalis Linn Cupressaceae Conical Evergreen tree, form neat when young, often curved when old, strong-growing, long-lived, beautiful form

Ash tree Faxinus insularis Hemsl. Oleaceae Round Evergreen tree, strong-growing, fast-growing, beautiful form and leaf shape Java bishopwood Bischoffia javanica Blanco Euphorbiaceae Round Evergreen tree, very beautiful when young leaves sprout, strong-growing, beautiful form

Weeping willow Salix babylonica Linn. Salicaceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous sub-tree, suitable for low-temperature areas, grows luxuriantly and rapidly, beautiful form

Calocedrus macrolepis Calocedrus macrolepis Kurz Cupressaceae Umbrella-shaped Evergreen tree, bark gray-brown, with irregular vertical fissures; branchlets alternate, green when young, flattened.

Royal palm Roystonea regia Arecaceae Umbrella-shaped Single upright trunk, up to 18 m tall, slightly swollen in the middle, pinnate compound leaves, very strong vitality, high ornamental value

Japanese euonymus Euonymus japonica Celastraceae Ovate Prefers warm moist climates, resistant to toxic gases. Grown for foliage. Suitable for hedges and foundation planting.

Maple Liquidamdar formosana Hance. Hamamelidaceae Conical Deciduous tree, gray smooth bark, triangular leaves, slow-growing, beautiful form

Chinese wingnut Pterocarya stenoptera Juglandaceae Umbrella-shaped Highly adaptable, tolerant of waterlogging, fast-growing. Suitable as a shade tree, street tree, bank-protection tree

Creeping juniper Sabina procumbens Cupressaceae Evergreen creeping low shrub, branches and trunk spreading and crawling on the ground, leaves needle-like. Slow-growing, uniquely styled form, verdant flowing foliage. Suitable for ground cover and beautification around courtyard stones, ponds, sand pits, slopes, etc.{Maintenance measures for the southern plant date palm}.

Golden dewdrop Duranta repens Verbenaceae Round Evergreen shrub. Suitable for large potted plants, flower troughs, hedges. Golden dewdrop with yellow leaves is grown mainly for foliage, widely used, can serve as ground cover, pruned shapes, forming patterns or emphasizing color combinations, dazzling and eye-catching. Chinese holly Ilex cornuta Aquifoliaceae Round Resistant to toxic gases, slow-growing. Green leaves and red berries, very beautiful. Suitable for foundation planting. Paper mulberry Broussonetia papyrifera Vent. Moraceae Umbrella-shaped Evergreen tree, huge soft thin leaves, spreading branches, beautiful form

Chinese elm Ulmus parvifolia Ulmaceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous broadleaf tree, prefers warm moist climates, tolerant of drought and poor soil, deep-rooted, fast-growing, long-lived, resistant to smoke dust and toxic gases, strong dust-retention capacity

Chinese juniper Juniperus Chinensis Linn Cupressaceae Conical Evergreen medium tree, densely branched, dark green, strong-growing, suitable for pruning, beautiful form

Japanese pittosporum Pittosporum tobira Pittosporaceae Round White fragrant flowers, blooming in May. Suitable for foundation planting, as hedges or potted plants. Date palm Phoenix dactylifera Linn Arecaceae Umbrella-shaped Trunk tillering, up to 20-25 m tall, leaves gray-white with arched curvature, strong-growing, beautiful form

Hankow willow Salix matsudana Salicaceae Umbrella-shaped Suitable as a shade tree, street tree, bank-protection tree

Silk tree Albizia julibrissin Mimosaceae Umbrella-shaped Flowers pink, June to July, suitable as a shade ornamental tree and street tree

Japanese black pine Pinus Thumbergii Porl. Pinaceae Conical Evergreen tree, bark gray-brown, branchlets orange-yellow, needles hard in pairs, long-lived

Purple-leaf plum Prunus cerasifera. F.arropurpurea Rosaceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous small tree, branchlets smooth, red-brown, leaves ovate, entirely purple-red, pale pink small flowers in April, drupe purple. Suitable for both specimen and group planting, as a contrasting background.

Washington palm Washingtonia filifera Wend. Arecaceae Umbrella-shaped Single cylindrical trunk, swollen at the base, up to 4-8 m tall, leaves fan-shaped and round, strong-growing, beautiful form{Maintenance measures for the southern plant date palm}.

Pagoda tree Sophora japonica Fabaceae Umbrella-shaped Dense branches and leaves, broad crown, suitable as a shade tree, street tree

Scrambled egg tree Cassia glauca Lam. Fabaceae Round Deciduous tree, even-pinnate compound leaves, yellow flowers, fast-growing, beautiful form

Box elder (ash-leaved maple) Acer negundo Aceraceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous broadleaf tree, prefers fertile soil and cool moist climates, tolerant of smoke dust, tolerant of dry cold, tolerant of light saline-alkali, tolerant of pruning, yellow autumn leaves

Japanese maple Acer palmatum Aceraceae Umbrella-shaped Elegant leaf shape, red autumn leaves. Suitable for garden viewing and potted plants.

Golden larch Pseudolarix amabilis Rehd. Pinaceae Ovate tower-shaped Evergreen tree, branches and leaves well-spaced, leaves linear, alternate on long shoots, leaflets radial, form upright and vigorous.

Bottle palm Hyophorbe amaricaulis Mart. Arecaceae Umbrella-shaped Trunk about 3 m tall, base oval and swollen, forming a wine bottle shape, very beautiful form

Mandarin orange tree Citrus reticulata Rutaceae Round Flowers white, fruit yellow-green, fragrant. Suitable for group planting.

Chinaberry tree Melia azedarch Linn. Meliaceae Round Deciduous tree, bark gray-brown, bipinnate odd-pinnate compound leaves, purple flowers, fast-growing

Serissa Serissa serissoides Rubiaceae Round Evergreen small shrub. Leaves dark green, flowers snow-white, slightly pale pink. Branches and leaves slender, good texture, suitable for potted plants, low hedges, ground cover, flower beds, pruned shapes.

Dragon juniper Juniperus chinensis var. Kaituka, Hort Cupressaceae Upright tower-shaped Evergreen medium tree, densely branched, dark green, strong-growing, very long-lived, very beautiful form

Dragon-claw pagoda tree S. j. cv. Pendula Fabaceae Umbrella-shaped Branches drooping, suitable for garden viewing, opposite or row planting

Dragon-claw willow S. m. cv. Tortuosa Salicaceae Round Branches twisted like a dragon roaming, suitable as a shade tree, ornamental tree

Pygmy date palm Phehix Roebelenii Brien. Arecaceae Umbrella-shaped Upright trunk, 2 m tall, petioles thin and small, leaflets alternate or opposite, an excellent variety with beautiful foliage

Yew podocarp Podocaarpus macrophyllus D. Don Podocarpaceae Long conical Evergreen tree, elegant and simple form, can be pruned as high-grade bonsai material, or shaped into round, conical, layered forms for garden landscaping beautification.

Masson pine Pinus massoniana Lamb. Pinaceae Umbrella-shaped Evergreen tree, trunk bark red-brown, winter buds brown, large trees majestic

Heavenly bamboo Nandina domestica Berberidaceae Umbrella-shaped Elegant branches and leaves, red berries in autumn and winter; for garden viewing, can be group-planted or potted. Norfolk Island pine Araucaria ecelsa Br. Araucariaceae Conical Evergreen coniferous tree, branches whorled, lower ones drooping, leaves dark green, beautiful form, strong-growing

Glossy privet Ligustrum lucidum Oleaceae Ovate Flowers white, blooming in June. Suitable as hedges or street trees.

Chinese fan palm Livistona chinensis R. Br. Arecaceae Umbrella-shaped Upright trunk up to 6-12 m tall, leaves round, petiole edges spiny, grows luxuriantly, elegant form

Oriental arborvitae Junlperus chinensis cv. Globosa. Cupressaceae Broadly round Shrub, no main trunk, branches clustered.

Green maple Acer serrulatum Aceraceae Umbrella-shaped conical Deciduous tree. Trunk upright. Form light and graceful, can be grown into noble-shaped bonsai, an elegant street tree, landscape tree, forest-bathing tree.

Boxwood B. bodinieri Buxaceae Ovate Branches and leaves fine and dense, suitable for garden viewing. Can be group-planted, used as hedges or potted. Japanese cedar Cryptomeria japonica D. Don Taxodiaceae Conical, ovate, round Evergreen tree. Branches whorled, graceful

Chapter Eight: "Cultivation and Maintenance of Palm Family Plants"

The palm family is a very distinctive group of evergreen plants in the monocotyledon class, with stems single or clustered, upright or climbing; leaves gathered at the top of the stem, well-developed root systems, tolerant of drought and poor soil, strong resistance to pests and diseases, and outstanding for creating tropical-style garden landscapes. This section will introduce their introduction, transplanting and disease control.

Brief introduction to the introduction process

There are 183 genera and about 2,400 species of palm family plants worldwide, widely distributed in tropical and subtropical humid regions of the world. High temperature and high humidity are important conditions for the normal growth and development of most palm plants, while a few palm plants have unique adaptability to adverse environments, such as the silver date palm (wild date palm) distributed in extremely arid areas at the edge of deserts, and quite a few palm species that can tolerate long-term waterlogging, such as the swamp palm. Most palm plants are rich in fiber, with tough stems and well-developed root systems, possessing strong wind resistance, such as the false betel nut palm and Chinese fan palm.

Since the 1940s, in the construction of numerous tropical and subtropical cities around the world, the landscape value of palm plants has been recognized, and they have been used as key species for urban greening and beautification, such as in Miami in the United States, Jakarta in India, Bangkok in Thailand, as well as Cape Town in South Africa and Singapore.

Some landscaping companies in Guangdong began the work of introducing and applying palm plants in the early 1980s. Over the following more than twenty years, southern provinces and regions such as Guangxi, Fujian and Yunnan, and later Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Shanghai, Chongqing and Yunnan and other areas, all successively set off a boom in introducing, producing and applying palms.

Led by Guangdong Palm Landscape Company and several other units, based on plant geography and ecology theory, through observational research on the growth conditions and mortality rates of introduced and acclimatized palm family plants, it was found that plants native to the Northern Hemisphere generally have cold-tolerance potential because they experienced ancient glacial climates, while species native to high latitudes and high altitudes in the Southern Hemisphere also have relatively strong cold tolerance. Through research on the cold tolerance and cold-tolerance mechanisms of palm plants, researchers found that the main factors affecting introduction and acclimatization are: temperature, light, humidity, water and soil, etc. The most significant effect of the temperature factor is governing the growth and development of plants; winter low temperature is the leading factor affecting the success or failure of palm plant introduction and acclimatization; through research on the salt tolerance and shade tolerance of palms, researchers screened out a batch of varieties with relatively strong saline-alkali tolerance and shade tolerance; at the same time, through the control of pests and diseases such as palm Phytophthora disease, coconut leaf beetle and red palm weevil, the incidence of palm pests and diseases was greatly reduced. In addition, researchers also studied the mechanism of palm seed germination, summarized and invented palm seed germination-promotion technology, mastered the whole-crown transplanting of palm plants and large-specification container seedling cultivation technology, and did effective work on soil improvement, winter cold protection and maintenance and other technologies.

At present, researchers have screened and promoted about 80 species of palm plants in South China, including royal palm, Chinese fan palm, broadleaf lady palm, southern palm, fishtail palm, etc.; palm family plants successfully applied in Shanghai and surrounding areas mainly include Butia palm, Washington palm, Canary Island date palm, Washington palm and more than ten other species, and the related research technology has been appraised by experts as reaching the world's advanced level.

Taking the Washington palm as an example

Discussion of the occurrence and control of Phytophthora disease

Damage and general symptoms of palm Phytophthora disease

This disease often occurs and causes damage on palm plants such as royal palm, large Chinese fan palm, Washington palm, Mexican fan palm and Canary Island date palm; in affected plants the central leaf cannot emerge normally, new leaves shrink and dry up, and in severe cases the entire plant and whole patches wither. The pathogen of Phytophthora disease is caused by Phytophthora, which can be detected by incubation in an incubator. The pathogen mainly overwinters in the soil or on diseased plant residues. The bacteria spread through watering, rain splashing, air flow, etc.

Occurrence pattern of Phytophthora disease in Washington palm

The disease occurs during periods of high temperature and high humidity between summer and autumn. Drought followed by rain or poor management after transplanting, such as heavy watering, soil water content

suddenly increasing, poor ventilation, or plants located in wind gaps, are prone to infection. The disease is severe in low-lying, poorly drained, continuous-cropping plots. In addition, the disease is often related to severe root injury caused during seedling digging and then long-distance transport.

When it occurs, the base of the unexpanded young central leaf rots, the leaf turns gray-green and droops, and it can be pulled out with slight force. Dissecting the stem, the growing point and even the entire central part of the plant shows paste-like secretions and a foul odor, and white mold-like matter can grow on the infected tissue. In severely affected plants, root damage is also often seen, with the main symptoms being blackened, rotted roots and an abnormal

smell. This disease mainly occurs at the seedling stage and in nurseries, and is less common in adult trees planted in green spaces.

Symptoms

In recent years, the damage in nursery land has been relatively severe. In the early stage of the disease, yellow-brown water-soaked lesions first appear near the ground, the lesions rapidly expand, are slightly sunken, and when moist the surface is densely covered with white cottony mold, and the diseased part rots and smells foul. When the disease occurs on leaves, the diseased part is yellow-brown, and white mold grows under moist conditions. When it occurs on the stem, it is initially dark green, then expands, becomes moist and soft, and later the upper part shows withering. This disease can harm the entire palm plant. Sometimes the root system and stem, when cut open, exude pus-like liquid, and in severe cases the edges of the veins of young leaves carry large amounts of gray-black mycelium. Phytophthora disease is a vascular bundle disease; in severe cases the entire plant wilts and droops, dries up, until death, with a high fatality rate.

According to surveys, the peak period of this disease is mostly the high-temperature and high-humidity period, that is, the optimum temperature is 27°C to 35°C. For example, in 2006, the disease period in the coastal areas near the Pearl River Delta was July to October, in Xiamen August to November, in Shanghai June to September (also occurring in early spring), and in the mountainous areas of western Pearl River Delta August to November, but in all places the disease can be seen within 1 to 2 months after typhoons and rainstorms, sometimes occurring sporadically, sometimes appearing in patches.

Control methods

1. Prevention through cultivation measures

1. Pay attention to ventilation, dryness and drainage in the nursery. In autumn and winter each year, the leaves can be moderately pruned, and pits can be opened in the planting site and soil hilled up, etc., to keep the seedling site dry. Normally, potassium fertilizer can be applied additionally, and quicklime, superphosphate, etc. can also be applied separately, to enhance the density of plant tissues and resistance to infection, and improve the disease resistance of plants.

2. Choose a good plot: choose loam or sandy loam plots with high terrain and good drainage for planting.

3. Implement crop rotation: for land where Washington palms have been grown, crop rotation of three to four years or more is required.

4. Strengthen field management, apply more organic fertilizer, promote robust plant growth with deep roots and lush leaves, and improve resistance. Adopt high-ridge (bed) cultivation. Appropriately control watering during the rainy season, drain water promptly after rain so that the ground dries once the rain passes; water promptly during drought, and strictly prohibit flood irrigation when watering; carry out watering on sunny afternoons or in the evening.

5. Achieve prevention first with integrated control. Observe routinely, regularly prune dead branches and fallen leaves, remove diseased plants promptly when found, bury them deeply or burn them, and disinfect the diseased planting holes with lime.

II. Chemical control

One to two months before the onset of the disease in summer and during the disease period, use 64% Duofusan wettable powder (1:500 to 600), 80% fosetyl-aluminum (1:400), or other hymexazol-type products such as Kameitong, also known as TUJIXIAO (usual rate 600 to 700 times), lime-sulfur mixture (1:1:100), dexon (500 times), etc. for control. Specific control methods: when transplanting Washington palms (Washingtonia), first spray the planting site and the roots of the Washington palm with TUJIXIAO at 600 to 700 times dilution, or on consecutive sunny days first dig the hole and expose it to the sun for sterilization, or spread lime powder for disinfection; dexon at 500 times dilution can also be used for soil disinfection.

After a typhoon, promptly spray Duofusan (better) or fosetyl-aluminum (prone to resistance), adding 0.4% laundry detergent, into the heart or as a spray for both prevention and treatment. 80% mancozeb at 700 times dilution can also be sprayed, once every 7 to 10 days, for two or three consecutive sprays, which can effectively prevent and control the occurrence of Phytophthora disease. After adopting this measure, the Washington palms and Mexican fan palms (Washingtonia robusta) at the Shanghai base of Guangdong Palm Landscape Co. have dropped from a disease incidence of 20% in 2004 to below 10%.

Control experience

The control effect of using carbendazim and similar products is not obvious. If all leaves are cut off in the early stage of disease and the plant is transplanted elsewhere, about 30% can gradually revive after 2 to 3 years, but the growth is poor.

It is understood that this disease rarely occurs in high-temperature, dry areas such as Los Angeles, so this disease is related to high temperature and high humidity, and the infection route is through surface water, groundwater and rainwater, etc. When the plant's root system, trunk, leaves, etc. are damaged, the pathogen invades and multiplies in large numbers when water is sufficient, ultimately causing blockage of the vascular conducting tissue, and the plant dies from water loss and wilting. The heart rot disease described in some literature is actually also Phytophthora disease, only occurring in the heart leaf area.

This disease is different from anthracnose, which occurs on leaves; when it occurs, water-soaked small spots appear, then expand into larger lesions, and it is easily found; it can generally be controlled with agents such as carbendazim. As for leaf spot disease, it refers to diseases occurring on leaves, with common pathogens including Phyllosticta, Pestalotiopsis, etc., often causing leaf blight, but anthracnose and leaf spot disease rarely cause plant death. Transplanting techniques for large single-trunk seedlings

Preparation before transplanting

1. Root-prune the seedlings to be transplanted in advance; after root pruning, the soil ball size is twice the ground diameter, and the root-pruning depth is 50 cm to 60 cm. Stones and broken roots should be removed from the root-pruning soil and it should be backfilled promptly, with good moisture retention: the purpose is to toughen the seedling's adaptability and induce new roots. After root pruning, it is best to keep them for more than 30 days, and transplant only when the new roots begin to sprout. If heeled-in seedlings are used, the effect is even better.

2. Dig holes and prepare the ground. Dig holes 20 days before transplanting at the planting site; the hole specification is generally 1.5 times the soil ball. Let the soil from the holes be exposed to the sun in the open for a period; the backfill soil is best a pre-prepared mixed soil: pond mud + farmyard manure, or mushroom soil + an appropriate amount of matured phosphate fertilizer + an appropriate amount of river sand, with sand:soil at 4:6.

Planting time

In the Pearl River Delta region, transplanting can be done year-round, with spring and autumn being best; try to avoid summer and winter, especially January and July. Most palm family plants like warmth and humidity; in summer, temperatures are high, seedlings evaporate water quickly, easily causing excessive water loss that affects survival; in winter, temperatures are low, some places even have frost, and strong north winds easily cause frost damage or even death of seedlings.

Lifting the seedlings

Some large single-trunk palm seedlings have relatively thick stems, and lifting the seedlings is labor-intensive and the seedlings are very easily injured. Therefore, when lifting the seedlings, wrap the trunk with burlap sacks or rice straw, especially the green wrapped part of the trunk at the boundary between trunk and petiole. This protects the trunk, and also retains moisture and prevents sunburn. In addition, when lifting the seedlings, prune the leaves at the same time, removing old leaves and retaining 40% to 45% of the leaves (specifically depending on tree vigor). At the same time, cut off 1/5 of the leaves together with the petioles, to minimize water evaporation as much as possible.

Planting

It is best to plant seedlings the same day they are dug; if the time is too long, the seedlings evaporate a lot of water and are prone to water loss affecting survival. If they cannot all be planted the same day, cover them with shade netting and spray a small amount of water on the leaf surfaces every day, doing well in shading and moisture retention.

1. Backfilling soil Once the seedling is positioned, backfill soil. When the backfill reaches half the height of the soil ball, first compact the loose soil. After backfilling is complete, shape the soil mound into a "water storage basin" slightly higher around the edges and slightly lower in the middle, to facilitate watering and moisture retention.

2. Watering Immediately after backfilling, water thoroughly to set the roots; before watering, first use bamboo poles, etc. to poke and firm the loose soil around the soil ball until the loose soil no longer sinks.

3. Fixing There are many kinds of supports; a tripod support made of three bamboo poles is the most economical and practical. Tie at a height of 2/3 of the trunk.

Post-planting management

1. Moisture retention Spray the leaves and trunk wrapping twice a day, except on rainy days, until the leaves and trunk wrapping are wet. Do not water at the roots, because excess water will flow downward, and accumulated water causes root rot. Cover the area around the tree base with rice straw to block sun, prevent soil compaction caused by excessive soil temperature differences, and keep the soil around the soil ball loose, moist and aerated, which helps new roots sprout.

2. Wind protection Because transplanted large single-trunk palm plants are generally tall and are often affected by thunderstorms and strong winds after transplanting, check regularly after planting whether the supports have come loose; especially after strong winds, if the trunk is found to be leaning, straighten and tie it promptly.

3. Topdressing About one month after planting, urea water can be used as a foliar topdressing by spraying, with topdressing about once every half month. After the first new leaf grows out and matures, use fully decomposed peanut bran for hole fertilization. Dig the holes by opening a ring-shaped trench outside the edge of the soil ball, with trench width and depth each 30 cm, and mix the fertilizer evenly with the backfill soil.

4. Pest and disease control Newly transplanted large single-trunk palm seedlings are relatively weak in vigor and highly susceptible to pests and diseases, especially tender leaves and heart leaves. For insect control, 5% methamidophos plus 5% omethoate can be applied. At present, the invasive pest "coconut leaf beetle" (Brontispa longissima) is causing quite serious harm to palm plants; adults and larvae gather in the overlapping spaces of the not-yet-unfolded heart leaves and gnaw the leaf flesh, causing some or all of the newly emerged leaves to die, and affected plants grow slowly or even die. Control methods include the following: ① 81% malathion emulsifiable concentrate at 1000 times dilution; ② cypermethrin at 500 times dilution; ③ use "Yejiaqing", all of which can achieve good control effects. Based on practical operation, the author believes that the simplest, most convenient and long-lasting method is to hang a packet of "Yejiaqing" on the heart leaf together with the tying at planting for control.

For large single-trunk palm seedlings, about one month after planting, whether they have survived can be roughly determined based on whether the leaves remain green, but to truly confirm survival, generally one must wait until after one growing season and use whether new shoots and new roots have emerged as the standard. After the author adopted the above transplanting techniques in construction, the transplanting survival rate increased from the original 75% to above 90%, and the above techniques are highly practical and necessary to promote and apply.

Transplanting techniques for seedlings, large trees and clumping seedlings

Key techniques for transplanting seedlings

Palm plants are most suitable for transplanting during the period after germination and rooting. At this time the seedlings are smaller, can be transplanted with the seed, and have few fibrous roots, so the root system is not easily damaged when lifting the seedlings. Use nutrient bags for seedling cultivation; the size depends on the time of cultivation. Generally speaking, for 1-year-old seedlings a 16 cm x 18 cm container is suitable, and for 2-year-old seedlings 19 cm x 20 cm; nutrient bags that are too small are not conducive to rapid seedling growth. Prepare the nutrient soil by mixing loose topsoil, burnt soil and wheat bran in a ratio of 5:2:1, adding a small amount of phosphate fertilizer, mixing evenly, then bagging. First fill half the bag with the mixed soil, then place the seedling, straighten the seedling, fill the bag full and compact it so that the seedling root system is in close contact with the mixed soil, then water thoroughly. Palm plants must not be planted too deep, otherwise it will affect seedling growth. If too deep, lift the seedling upward to spread out the seedling root system.

Key techniques for transplanting large trees

Palm family plants are cultivated in nurseries for 5 to 10 years, and most require several rounds of bed-to-bed transplanting; therefore, selecting sparse-planted strong seedlings gives a relatively high survival rate.

Reduce damage to the root mass Palm plant root tissues are tender, with many lateral roots and capillary roots; when digging, carry as large a soil ball as possible and prevent it from loosening and cracking. Minimize the degree of root mass damage so as to maintain normal respiration and water absorption capacity and improve transplanting survival rate. During construction, accurately set out lines and position the holes to avoid rework and prevent the soil ball from loosening.

Leaf pruning The amount of leaves retained at transplanting should be comprehensively determined according to different species, the climate at transplanting, and transplanting and maintenance conditions, etc.

Generally, about 40% of the original leaf count should be retained. Retaining too many leaves will cause the leaves to turn yellow due to heavy water evaporation; retaining too few leaves makes plant recovery difficult and the cycle long, and the initial landscape effect is also poor.

Protect the plant's stem and its pseudostem During digging, transport, loading and unloading of the plant, the stem should be protected from damage and the pseudostem part should not be squeezed or bent; this is the guarantee of plant health and rapid rejuvenation.

Soil at the new planting site Palm family plants damage their root tips during transplanting and can hardly sprout new root tips within one month after transplanting, so their water absorption capacity is weak. At this time, if the soil has good permeability and aeration, it is beneficial to seedling survival; therefore, when planting, dig large holes and pay attention to the quality of imported soil, adding peat soil and compound fertilizer to facilitate post-planting recovery of palms.

Maintenance Within one month after planting, the plant has poor adaptability, so the seedlings should be carefully maintained; be sure to replenish water promptly and provide appropriate shading, striving to have new leaves emerge within three months. If continuous rainy weather occurs after transplanting, palm seedlings recover better, because rainy days can avoid the effects of adverse factors such as scorching sun exposure.

Key techniques for transplanting large clumping seedlings

Clumping species of palm family plants have multiple growth points; after growing into a multi-trunk clumping state, they can grow new roots relatively quickly after transplanting. However, clumping palms also have disadvantages such as heavy trunks, large leaf area causing high water evaporation, and poor wind permeability making them vulnerable to strong winds. Therefore, in addition to handling them as for single-trunk palm transplanting, the following technical measures should be added:

1. Implement "hairy root method" transplanting, that is, after digging a relatively large soil ball, use a small shovel to remove part of the soil along the outer edge of the soil ball, retaining more fibrous roots and a moderate soil ball, and then immediately wrap it with lightweight moisture-retaining material, to reduce the weight of the soil ball while ensuring survival. For example, this method can be used for transplanting slower-recovering clumping palms such as fishtail palm (Caryota) and three-stamen areca (Areca triandra).

2. Implement bare-root heel-in or pot planting, concentrating maintenance until new roots sprout and the plant stabilizes, and only then formally planting. This method is suitable for robust clumping palms such as areca palm (Dypsis lutescens), Ptychosperma elegans and Chamaedorea seifrizii; it can reduce freight and facilitate construction.

In short, for transplanting large seedlings and large trees of palm family plants, to put it briefly, do well in five aspects: select strong seedlings; dig good soil balls and transport them carefully; prune leaves moderately; ensure good aeration and drainage at the planting site; and do well in post-planting maintenance of sun protection and moisture retention. The sign of successful transplanting of large seedlings and large trees is being able to retain most leaves within half a year after planting and to sprout new leaves, among which sprouting three healthy new leaves is complete transplanting success.

Drainage: first understand the hydrological conditions of the planting site, try to place the very bottom of the soil ball at a position 100-150CM above the year-round groundwater level of the planting site and with deep, fertile soil, and at the same time do well in the subsurface soil ball root drainage layer and the surface runoff drainage network to prevent water accumulation in the soil ball after planting; if the hydrological conditions cannot meet the requirements, the method of planting with a raised soil ball can be used, that is, use loose medium mixed with fertile soil or use coarse sand to first pile up the planting site as high as possible to meet the above requirements, then place the plant on the soil pile, and bury the soil ball with mixed loose soil or planting soil mixed with humus soil; remove debris from the soil around the planting site, or appropriately improve the soil with loose medium, so as to achieve loose and breathable conditions at the plant roots; strengthen inspections during the rainy season, promptly clear drainage facilities and appropriately loosen the soil at the roots, to facilitate waterlogging prevention and drainage. Moisture retention: immediately after planting, water once to set the roots, ensuring the soil ball roots are moist and closely combined with the surrounding soil, promoting root development; then water thoroughly three more times and cover the soil ball promptly to prevent the surface soil from cracking. In hot summer, also spray more water on the ground and canopy to increase environmental humidity and reduce transpiration; leaf moisture retention treatments include a. newly planted seedlings should have their leaves appropriately pruned to reduce the leaf transpiration area; b. appropriately spray antitranspirants on the leaves to inhibit plant physiological metabolism and reduce physiological water loss; c. under clear weather conditions, spray atomized water on the leaves as much as possible to strengthen the leaves' water absorption and weaken transpiration; check the water status of the soil ball and roots at any time and replenish water promptly, ensuring the soil ball is moist and the roots can breathe freely. Fertilization: after planting, in addition to maintaining moisture for the plant, appropriately spray low-concentration foliar fertilizer to strengthen post-planting nutritional supplementation; frequently check the root sprouting status of the plant; if new roots are found growing, consider increasing root fertilization, generally choosing a season when the monthly average temperature is above 2O℃, mainly applying organic fertilizer, with an appropriate additional application of compound fertilizer high in P and K, to promote balanced nutrition of the plant and ensure its rapid recovery and healthy growth. Pest and disease control: spray pesticides to control pests and diseases before the seedlings leave the nursery, and after arriving at the site, also spray the plants for pest and disease control before unloading, and ensure three consecutive pesticide applications at intervals of one week to ten days within one month after planting, and thereafter reasonably formulate a pest and disease control plan. Special

Chapter Nine: "Maintenance Plan"

Landscaping of Shidalien (Nanjing) Optoelectronics Co., Ltd.

Main

ten

ance

Plan

Nanjing Gensen Flowers and Trees Co., Ltd.

October 8, 2010

Project overview

"Shidalien (Nanjing) Optoelectronics Co., Ltd." is located at No. 31 Hengfei Road, Nanjing Economic and Technological Development Zone, with a plant green space area of 28,186 sq m. The landscaping plant arrangement in the plant area is relatively reasonable, with rich colors and obvious seasonal changes, forming a plant community with distinct layers and natural ecology, basically displaying the natural landscape of the plants. The arrangement of flowering shrubs and hedges among the factory buildings gives each plant area a different landscape style. Dozens of plant varieties such as camphor (Cinnamomum camphora), southern magnolia (Magnolia grandiflora), zelkova (Zelkova serrata), osmanthus (Osmanthus fragrans) and crape myrtle (Lagerstroemia indica) are planted in the plant area, among which there is a tree-lined avenue composed of large-specification camphor, and a gatehouse scenic spot composed of varieties such as ancient red maple, fruiting pomegranate, Malus spectabilis, ginkgo and Canary Island date palm (Phoenix canariensis).

In view of the existing conditions of the plant area's landscaping landscape, we believe that the initial landscaping construction was relatively extensive, with insufficient understanding of plant habits, especially the replacement of planting soil in the landscaping land was not in place, and in some areas the garbage soil was not replaced, resulting in poor plant growth.

Landscaping maintenance plan schedule

January (Minor Cold, Major Cold)

1. Shaping and pruning of fruit trees.

2. Often pay attention to checking cold protection equipment, facilities and seedling cold protection wrapping.

3. Turn the soil for winter plowing and apply sufficient winter fertilizer.

4. Cut off dead, residual, diseased and pest-damaged branches and leaves, thoroughly remove overwintering bagworm cases, slug moth cocoons and latent overwintering pests.

February (Beginning of Spring, Rain Water)

1. Continue winter pruning of deciduous trees and fruit trees.

2. Continue cutting off diseased and pest-damaged branches, and pay attention to observing the occurrence of pests and diseases (such as cottony cushion scale, globular scale, etc.).

3. Continue accumulating fertilizer and making compost, preparing culture soil, and continue applying winter fertilizer to various deciduous trees. March (Awakening of Insects, Spring Equinox)

As the weather gradually warms, many pests and diseases are about to occur; maintain and repair various insecticide and disease prevention equipment and prepare medicines. Pay attention to the occurrence of aphids and globular scale, and achieve timely control. April (Pure Brightness, Grain Rain)

1. Do well in the control of pests such as scale insects, mites, cutworms, white grubs and mole crickets, and diseases such as powdery mildew and rust.

2. Do well in loosening soil, weeding and pre-flowering fertilization. Apply light fertilizer weekly to perennial flowers and spring-sown herbaceous flowers.

3. Do well in bud thinning and pruning of trees. Remove excess tender buds and improperly positioned branches at any time.

4. Clear and repair the drainage system.

May (Beginning of Summer, Grain Full)

1. Carry out post-flowering pruning of spring-flowering shrubs and hedge pruning; according to technical operation requirements, carry out bud thinning and pruning of trees, and prune and remove suckers at the roots of small seedlings at any time.

2. Continue strengthening tree maintenance and management, do well in replanting, thinning and final singling of seedlings, and apply more topdressing and frequent light fertilizer.

3. This month the temperature gradually rises, and pests and diseases heavily harm trees and flowers; pay attention to pest forecasting and do well in pest and disease prevention.

4. Carry out lawn mowing and continue removing weeds from the lawn.

June (Grain in Ear, Summer Solstice)

1. This month enters the plum rain season, with high temperature and high humidity; promptly carry out replanting.

2. Carry out post-flowering pruning and fertilization of flowering shrubs, and pinch and prune some spring-sown herbaceous flowers.

3. Continue removing weeds and continue mowing.

4. Do well in pest and disease control; this month focus on controlling pests such as bagworm moths, slug moths, tussock moths, inchworms and tortoise wax scale, and diseases such as leaf spot, anthracnose and sooty mold.

July (Minor Heat, Major Heat)

1. This month the weather is hot and weeds grow quickly; continue intertillage and weeding and loosening the soil.

2. Pests such as bagworm moths, slug moths, longhorn beetles, tortoise wax scale, armored scale, second-generation cottony cushion scale and mites occur in large numbers; pay attention to control, and at the same time continue controlling anthracnose, powdery mildew, leaf spot, etc.

3. During the dog days the temperature is high; when there is little rain, irrigate to resist drought. This month is also a month with more heavy rain, so pay attention to waterlogging prevention.

4. This month enters the typhoon and tidal flood season; do well in typhoon and flood prevention work, inspect frequently, and promptly straighten wind-thrown trees.

August (Beginning of Autumn, End of Heat)

1. Continue intertillage and weeding and loosening the soil.

2. Continue doing well in drought prevention and drainage to ensure normal seedling growth.

3. This month seedlings grow vigorously; apply topdressing promptly, and for small seedlings apply light fertilizer frequently.

4. Continue doing well in typhoon and flood prevention work, and promptly straighten wind-thrown trees when found.

5. Continue doing well in pest and disease control, and conscientiously control the main pests harming trees (bagworm moths, second-generation slug moths, longhorn beetles, mites, etc.) and main diseases (powdery mildew, anthracnose, leaf spot, etc.).

September (White Dew, Autumn Equinox)

1. Continue doing well in pest elimination and disease control; in particular, often check the occurrence of aphids, wood borers and moths, etc., and once found, control immediately.

2. Continue intertillage and weeding, continue removing lawn weeds, carry out lawn mowing, and carry out shaping and pruning of ball-shaped plants and hedges, etc.

3. Continue doing well in pest and disease control. In particular, check the pest and disease conditions of more frequently occurring aphids, bagworm moths, slug moths, brown spot disease and sooty mold of flowering shrubs, etc., and control promptly.

October (Cold Dew, Frost Descent)

1. Do well in pest and disease control, eliminating various adults and eggs.

2. Continue intertillage and weeding.

3. After seedlings stop growing, check the survival rate and clarify the inventory, ensuring the smooth progress of winter and spring landscaping work.

November (Beginning of Winter, Minor Snow)

1. Do well in cold protection work; whitewash some trees, or wrap them with straw rope.

2. Carry out winter tree pruning, cutting off diseased branches and dead branches; branches with eggs and competing branches, excessive