How to standardize field management when growing jasmine?
Jasmine, also called moli, can be used for ornamental purposes, for brewing tea, or as an important raw material for fragrances. The main flowering period is from May to August. Now the editor will talk about some tips on standardized field management for growing jasmine.
I. Intertillage and weeding
The soil should be loosened in a timely manner and nearby weeds removed. The number of intertillage and weeding operations in a year should be 6 to 8 times. This is because when the jasmine root system grows, it needs a loose and well-aerated soil environment to prevent nutrients from dispersing, which is beneficial to the growth and development of the jasmine root system.
II. Rational water management
Jasmine has relatively lush branches and leaves, and its water transpiration is also high, so the soil should be kept moist. During the flower-picking period, the field water content should be maintained within the range of 60% to 80%. In summer, water once in the morning and once in the evening; in autumn, watering only in the morning is sufficient; in winter, it is best to water once every four or five days, at noon, because the temperature at noon is a little higher than at other times, which can effectively prevent root freezing. If watering on a hot morning, water can be sprayed with a sprayer to moisten the jasmine leaves, which is beneficial to the lush growth of jasmine.
III. Scientific fertilization
When new jasmine shoots sprout, apply once per mu 1,500 kg of thin human and animal manure at a concentration of 50%, plus 4 kg of urea. During summer pruning, this should be done together with intertillage and weeding. Apply per mu 500 to 1,000 kg of farmyard manure, 15 to 20 kg of urea, 35 to 50 kg of superphosphate, and 25 kg of compound fertilizer. During the jasmine bud stage, apply per mu 50 g of monopotassium phosphate and 150 g of urea mixed with 40 kg of water, and spray this on the leaves as foliar fertilizer. At the end of the autumn flower period, fertilizing once every 10 days to half a month is sufficient. After White Dew, most of the flowering period has already ended, so fertilization can be stopped. In ordinary fertilization, deep fertilization by opening furrows is required; fertilizer cannot be spread directly on the surface. If a small amount of bone meal is applied as appropriate, the fragrance can be made stronger.
IV. Pruning and topping
After jasmine seedlings are transplanted, pruning and leaf trimming should be carried out, which is beneficial to forming a high-yielding tree shape. However, pruning and leaf trimming work should be completed before jasmine sprouts. For jasmine plants older than six years, during the period from after the Beginning of Summer to before Lesser Fullness, the first flower buds will appear. These flower buds are not only small in number, but the flowers are also small and the quality is not very good. Therefore, in order to make full use of nutrients and promote more shoot sprouting, the flower buds and branch terminal buds of old jasmine plants should be cut off. This is also a key measure to ensure that jasmine blooms and blooms well. During the flower-picking period, after picking each inflorescence, a short cut should be made. After each flower picking in June, July, and August, pruning should be done leaving two pairs of leaves.
V. Pest and disease control
The main diseases are southern blight and branch blight caused by fungi. When diseased jasmine plants appear, control should be carried out promptly. Pull out the diseased plants or broadcast pentachloronitrobenzene for control. Alternatively, 40% dimethachlon, 25% prochloraz, or 40% quintozene and other 500- to 800-fold solutions can be used for root drenching or spraying for control. The main insect pests are scale insects, red spiders, and thrips flower borers. They can be killed by spraying 1,500- to 2,000-fold solution of 40% dimethoate emulsifiable concentrate. After seven or eight days, it can be sprayed once more. The best time for spraying is after flower picking in the afternoon. Of course, when pests occur, smoke can also be used in the plantation in the evening, which can drive away adults and reduce egg laying.
High-yield cultivation techniques for pollution-free jasmine
Jasmine is a natural fragrance crop used for scenting jasmine tea. Qianwei County is a major jasmine-growing county in Sichuan Province and a key flower demonstration production county in the province. How to further increase unit yield and quality and develop high-quality, high-yield, efficient, pollution-free jasmine production is a problem that needs to be seriously addressed in current production. The relevant results from many years of production practice and experimental research are now summarized below for reference and application in the development of pollution-free jasmine production. I. Timely transplanting and rational close planting to configure a reasonable population for high yieldThe plot for cultivating jasmine requires flat terrain, convenient irrigation and drainage, deep soil layers, loose and fertile soil, and slightly acidic to neutral loam soil. New planting land should be deeply plowed and left to weather, to promote maturation and the release of harmful substances. Open the three field ditches and the surrounding border ditch well to drain waterlogged water from the field. After weathering, before transplanting, open the bed ditches well and apply sufficient base fertilizer, mainly decomposed farmyard manure, with nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium applied in combination. Prepare the land finely, level the bed surface, and set aside for use. The transplanting time is generally chosen from mid-to-late March to early April (spring planting) or from late September to early-to-mid October (autumn planting), which helps increase the survival rate and reduce production costs.
For seedling selection, choose strong seedlings 25-30 cm tall, with more than 2 branches at the stem base, well-developed root systems, and no pests or diseases for cultivation, which is beneficial to robust growth and earlier production. Field cultivation generally adopts double-row staggered planting or single-row single-hole planting, promoting standardized cultivation. For double-row staggered planting, use a row spacing of 50-60 cm, hole spacing of 20-25 cm, with two plants per hole, and 3,000-4,000 holes per mu. For single-row single-hole cultivation, use a row spacing of 50 cm, hole spacing of 30-40 cm, and 2,500-3,000 holes per mu. It is appropriate to plant 5,000-6,000 plants or 6,000-10,000 plants per 667 sq m. Too sparse or too dense transplanting is unfavorable for early formation of economic yield and improvement of quality, and is not conducive to extending the flower production period. In high-yield cultivation, the third year enters the formal production period, achieving a yield of 400-500 kg per 667 sq m, with first- and second-grade flowers accounting for more than 85%. When transplanting, a bed width of 1.5-2.0 m, a bed ditch depth of 25-30 cm, and a hole depth of 10-15 cm are best. After transplanting, immediately water sufficiently with manure water to promote early survival. At the same time, straw can be used to cover the bed surface to keep the soil moist and prevent and control field weeds. In the early stage after transplanting, pay attention to light fertilizer and frequent management, and prevent drought and waterlogging. After survival, it can enter the flower production period, and its management should follow the requirements of field production.
II. Rational pruning, leaf thinning, and branch cutting to lay the foundation for high yield
Pruning, leaf thinning, and branch cutting are special management measures for high-yield jasmine cultivation. Pruning can be divided into growth-period pruning and dormant-period pruning. Growth-period pruning is from after spring sprouting to before growth stops for overwintering, and dormant-period pruning is before spring sprouting. Pruning should prevent being too heavy or too light. Too heavy pruning causes delayed flowering, fewer flowers, and affects yield. Too light pruning leads to a closed canopy, with few and small flowers, also affecting yield. The purpose of pruning is to cut off old branches and diseased branches, reduce plant nutrient consumption, promote early and uniform sprouting, early budding, early production, and high yield. The method of dormant-period pruning is to cut flat 20-30 cm above the ground according to tree vigor, or cut off 2/3 of the upper branches, so that the whole field is neat and uniform. For aged plantations, stooling renewal can also be used, with a stooling height of 3-5 cm above the ground. Dormant-period pruning is generally best from late March to early-to-mid April. After pruning, select branches that meet seedling requirements for propagation. Research suggests that under reasonable pruning conditions, leaving a high stump makes spring flowers come earlier, but it is difficult to increase unit yield; leaving a low stump delays the flowering period, which is beneficial to increasing unit yield, especially beneficial to increasing the yield of "summer flowers." The main reason is that newly grown branches have low and numerous "node positions," so they bear more flower buds and produce more flowers. Growth-period pruning is mainly for pruning plants in plots where growth is excessive and ventilation and light transmission are poor.
Leaf thinning, also called leaf picking or leaf removal. Leaf thinning is the removal of old leaves and excessively dense leaves with vigorous growth, to reduce nutrient consumption, enhance ventilation and light transmission, stimulate new bud sprouting, and reduce the occurrence and damage of pests and diseases. Leaf thinning is also divided into thinning overwintering leaves, that is, removing vigorous overwintering leaves and diseased leaves from top to bottom while keeping the upper ones. Thinning excessively dense leaves is generally carried out in July. After each flower flush, leaves can be thinned, removing in stages the overly dense old leaves and diseased leaves in the middle and lower parts of the canopy. For plants with vigorous growth and many leaves, thinning should be heavier, generally removing 1/3. Stop leaf thinning at the end of August. Leaf thinning should be combined with shallow intertillage, weeding, and fertilization to achieve the application effect of increasing unit yield. Branch cutting is the cutting off, during the growth period, of vigorously growing leggy branches and pest- and disease-damaged branches, to reduce nutrient loss and the occurrence and damage of pests and diseases.
Rational pruning, leaf picking, and branch cutting can not only cultivate a good canopy, but also remove pests and diseases harbored on leaves and branches. After pruning, leaf picking, and branch cutting, the plantation should be cleaned up in a timely manner, and dead branches, fallen leaves, and the like should be removed and taken away from the plantation for centralized burning, to reduce pests and diseases.
III. Scientific and rational fertilization to promote high yield and quality
Fertilization of jasmine is a key measure for achieving high yield and quality. It should be applied rationally according to time, place, tree, and fertilizer type. Fertilization should mainly use decomposed organic fertilizer, with chemical fertilizer as a supplement. When applying topdressing, attention should be paid to light fertilizer and frequent application; young trees should receive less, and strong trees more. After the beginning of spring, in early-to-mid April, combined with intertillage and land preparation, the first heavy fertilization should be applied, namely the "bud-promoting fertilizer"; before spring flower buds form in late May to early June, apply the second fertilization well, namely the "flower-promoting fertilizer"; during the flowering period, fertilizer should be applied 5-7 times, and each fertilization should be applied promptly after a flower flush; stop fertilization in early September to reduce nutrient consumption in the plant due to autumn shoot sprouting. Fertilizer should be applied to the soil between the flower clumps, not on the plants. Spraying a mixed solution of 0.2% urea and monopotassium phosphate on the leaves at the early bud stage has a good effect on promoting flower bud development and improving yield and quality.
According to research by Sichuan Agricultural University and the Qianwei County Agriculture Bureau at the jasmine base in Qingxi Town, on alluvial loam soil of medium fertility, the contribution of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilizers to jasmine yield is in the order: potassium > phosphorus > nitrogen, indicating that in jasmine production, attention should be paid to the application of potassium fertilizer. Based on the research results, the optimal fertilization amounts were proposed. That is: apply per 667 sq m N 8.2-13.2 kg, P2O5 11.1-13.2 kg, K2O 8.5-10.4 kg. A yield of 450-480 kg per 667 sq m can be obtained.
In current production, "controlling nitrogen and increasing potassium" should be advocated to improve yield and quality. Especially in plots where jasmine has been planted as a single crop for a long time, more attention should be paid to formula fertilization and increasing potassium fertilizer. According to local planting habits and the requirements for developing pollution-free jasmine production, generally apply per mu 3,000-4,000 kg of high-quality farmyard manure that has undergone harmless treatment, 100-150 kg of cake fertilizer, 40-50 kg of superphosphate or 20-30 kg of ammonium phosphate, and 20-40 kg of potassium sulfate as base fertilizer. Thereafter, apply topdressing well according to the trees.
Foliar application of micronutrient fertilizers can not only correct physiological nutrient deficiencies, but also effectively increase unit yield. According to research at the jasmine base in Qingxi Town, in May, June, and July of jasmine growth, spraying 0.2% chelated iron solution once each month gave a yield of 442 kg per 667 sq m, an increase of 41.3 kg over the control, or 10.3%; spraying 0.2% boron fertilizer solution gave a yield of 450.7 kg per 667 sq m, an increase of 49.6 kg over the control, or 12.4%. In production, according to conditions of sandy soil and jasmine leaves that have already become chlorotic and yellow, targeted foliar spraying of chelated iron fertilizer and boron fertilizer can be carried out. In jasmine production, agricultural inputs with excessive heavy metal content are not allowed, including urban and town domestic waste, sludge, and organic fertilizer that has not undergone harmless treatment. Industrial "three wastes" are strictly prohibited from entering jasmine production plots, and fertilizers, hormones, and the like that have not been registered and permitted by the national agricultural competent department are not to be used.
IV. Integrated pest and disease control to provide protection for high yield
(1) Agricultural control measures: promptly remove damaged flower buds to control and reduce jasmine leaf borers, bud borers, thrips, and the like harbored in flower buds. Carry out rational pruning during the growth period, cultivate the canopy, and cut off pests dwelling in tender leaves and flower buds to reduce the damage of scale insects, whiteflies, and the like. Clean the plantation in late autumn, combine with land preparation, and reduce the base number of overwintering pests in the soil. Manual capture and killing: for pests with light occurrence, concentrated damage, and death-feigning behavior, use manual capture and killing to reduce damage. Advocate manual weeding, do not apply chemical herbicides, and protect natural enemies.
(2) Physical control measures: use the phototaxis of pests and adopt light trapping and killing. For example, frequency-vibration insect-killing lamps, solar insect-killing lamps, and the like are effective. Especially during the adult occurrence period, lighting lamps in the field to trap and kill reduces pest occurrence in the field and plantation. Color boards, sex pheromones, and manual capture and killing can also be used.
(3) Biological control measures: protect and utilize natural enemies in the jasmine plantation. Such as predatory beneficial insects like predatory stink bugs, spiders, ants, and related birds, as well as beneficial organisms like parasitic wasps, flies, and birds, and reduce human-caused harm to natural enemies. Choose to apply microbial fertilizers.
(4) Chemical control measures: adhere to the policy of "prevention first, integrated control" and the requirements for developing pollution-free agricultural products, seize timely control, control when thresholds are reached, and select high-efficiency, low-toxicity, low-residue pesticides for control. The main pest and disease control methods are introduced as follows: 1. Jasmine southern blight. Use 50% wettable tebuconazole? No. Use 50% wettable thiram? No. The source says, so use 50% wettable Tuzet soil and broadcast it on the bed surface and around the clumps for control. It can also be controlled with 75% chlorothalonil wettable powder 800-**** fold solution, or sprayed with 65% zineb wettable powder 800-fold solution. 2. Jasmine leaf spot. In the early stage of disease, use 75% propiconazole? No. The source says, so use 75% Lek 600-800-fold solution, spray once every 7-10 days, for 2-3 consecutive sprays. In the middle stage of disease, spray with 65% zineb wettable powder 600-800-fold solution for control. 3. Jasmine anthracnose: in the early stage of disease, use 70% Lek 600-800-fold solution, spray once every 7-10 days, for 2-3 consecutive sprays. In the middle stage of disease, spray with 50% thiophanate-methyl wettable powder 800-**** fold solution or 75% chlorothalonil wettable powder 800-**** fold solution or 50% carbendazim 1000-fold solution for control. 4. Jasmine bud borer: spray with 20% fenvalerate 1000-fold solution or 10% cypermethrin 1000-fold solution, or 1% dimehypo emulsifiable concentrate 2000-3000-fold solution. Apply once every 7-10 days, for 2-3 consecutive sprays. 5. Jasmine leaf noctuid: during the flowering period, spray with 90% trichlorfon 600-800-fold solution, or spray with 10%-20% pyrethroid pesticides 1000-2000-fold solution. Bacillus thuringiensis can also be used for spraying and killing. Generally, apply pesticide after flower picking on the same day or at the end of a flower flush. If applying pesticide during the flowering period, flowers should be picked 5 days later. 6. Jasmine whitefly: control with 25% buprofezin wettable powder 2500-fold solution or 10% buprofezin emulsifiable concentrate 1000-fold solution, or 20% fenvalerate emulsifiable concentrate 2000-3000-fold solution. 7. Jasmine chaff scale. During the nymph hatching period, spray with 50% fenitrothion emulsifiable concentrate 1000-fold solution or 5% imidacloprid emulsifiable concentrate 1500-2000-fold solution. Be careful to spray evenly and fully on upper and lower leaves and branches. If insect density is high, spray once every 10-15 days, for 2-3 consecutive sprays. At the same time, it can also control the green leafhopper. In jasmine pest and disease control, fresh flowers can only be picked after the interval period following pesticide application. In pesticide use, strictly follow the pesticide concentration, time, and frequency, and alternate the use of similar pesticides, and it is strictly prohibited to use highly toxic and high-residue pesticides.
In developing high-quality pollution-free jasmine production, it is forbidden to use DDT, BHC, parathion (1605), methyl parathion (methyl 1605), methamidophos, acephate, omethoate, sodium pentachlorophenate, chlordimeform, carbofuran, dicofol, isocarbophos, cyfluthrin and their mixed formulations, and other highly toxic, high-residue pesticides and other pesticides explicitly prohibited by the state.