How to grow a potted Cestrum aurantiacum (yellow cestrum)? Daily care and management tips

Cestrum aurantiacum (yellow cestrum) is a landscaping tree species with extremely beautiful appearance. Its place of origin is the Americas, and it is now cultivated in the Guangdong region of China. Below, the editor of Huinong Network talks with everyone about the home care work for Cestrum aurantiacum.

The habits of Cestrum aurantiacum: it likes sun, tolerates partial shade, likes a warm and humid climate, is not tolerant of frost, likes fertile soil, and also tolerates poor soil. This species can overwinter in the open ground in the southern subtropical region; in regions north of the mid-subtropical zone it must be potted, and in winter it needs to overwinter indoors or in a greenhouse. All the care described refers to potted plants that need protection for overwintering.

I. Key points of spring care

In early spring, it is necessary to ensure a sufficiently high indoor temperature, keeping the minimum temperature above 5°C; during the day it can be placed in a well-lit spot on the balcony to ensure sufficient sunlight supply and raise the potted plant's temperature. In late spring, when the outdoor maximum daytime temperature reaches above 10°C, windows can be opened for ventilation to reduce the harm of powdery mildew, scale insects, and sooty mold. Keep the potting soil moist, but not waterlogged. When the air in a heated room is dry, you can lightly spray water on the plant surface to increase air humidity. When the outdoor minimum temperature stabilizes above 8°C, it can be placed in a full-sun outdoor spot or on a ventilated balcony for outdoor care, taking care to maintain leaf air humidity and soil moisture.

II. Key points of summer care

Keep the soil moist, and it can be placed under full-sun conditions for care, which can ensure many and vividly colored flowers; depending on rainfall, water 2 to 4 times a week. Apply a full-effect granular fertilizer twice a month. At the same time, ensure good ventilation to prevent scale insect damage. In late summer, do timely pruning work to maintain a graceful shape. At this time, the young current-year shoots cut off during pruning can be used for cutting propagation.

III. Key points of autumn care

Ensure the supply of soil moisture and air humidity, watering 3 to 4 times a week, and ensure sufficient sunlight. In late autumn, when the minimum temperature is below 8°C, it must be moved indoors in time to prevent frost damage and freezing damage.

That is all for today's content. Everyone is welcome to come to Huinong Network to learn more nursery stock knowledge!

Care measures for the southern plant Canary Island date palm

Part One: "Organization of Southern Plants"

Plumeria

Plumeria, its flowers really look like eggs, milky white on the outside and bright yellow in the center, just like the white and yolk of an egg, and it really grows in a very cute way. Its branches are thick and fleshy. The leaves are also large, and the flowers and leaves cluster at the tips of the branches. Plumeria blooms brilliantly in summer, giving people a feeling of purity and elegant temperament, and it is very suitable for people to admire carefully. After the leaves fall, the bare trunk curves naturally, and its shape is very beautiful. It is very suitable for planting in courtyards and lawns. Plumeria likes a high-temperature, high-humidity, sunny, and well-drained environment. It is naturally robust and can tolerate drought, but it fears cold and is averse to waterlogging. It likes to grow in acidic soil, but it is also resistant to alkalinity. For cultivation, deep, fertile, well-aerated, organic-rich acidic sandy loam is best. Propagation uses the cutting method. When planting Plumeria, attention must also be paid to pest and disease control. For example, if brown small spots appear on the leaves or the leaves even turn dark black, that is because of Plumeria leaf spot disease, and at this time you must pay attention and take measures. Of course, there may also be other diseases, so Plumeria needs your care and nursing. In fact, besides white, Plumeria also has red and yellow types, and all can extract essence for making high-grade cosmetics, soap, and food additives, with a rather high price and great commercial development potential; the fresh flowers can also be dried in the sun for brewing tea, commonly known as Plumeria tea, which has the effect of treating heat dysentery and moistening the lungs and detoxifying. The Plumeria tree has a beautiful form, with many branches on the stem, strange shapes, and a thousand postures; the leaves resemble loquat, and after they fall in winter, semicircular leaf scars remain on the branch tips, quite like deer antlers decorated with beautiful spots, so it can be called the top choice small tree for tropical landscaping, courtyard arrangement, and potted ornamental appreciation. The bark is thin and grayish green, rich in toxic white sap, which can be used for external application to treat scabies, redness and swelling, and other conditions. The wood is white, light and soft, and can be used to make musical instruments, tableware, or furniture. Plumeria flower meaning: nurturing hope, resurrection, rebirth, as simple and ordinary as life, so it can always be so close to people, without distance.

Yulan magnolia

Yulan magnolia is a tall deciduous tree, with dark gray bark that is rough and cracked; the twigs are slightly stout and grayish brown; the winter buds and pedicels are densely covered with light grayish-yellow long silky hairs. The leaves are papery, obovate, broadly obovate, or obovate-elliptic, and the vigorous shoots at the base have elliptic leaves. Yulan magnolia flowers are very like lotus flowers; when fully blooming, the petals spread out in all directions, making the courtyard appear in patches of greenish white, dazzling white, and with high ornamental value; together with waves of delicate fragrance that refresh the heart, it is truly an ideal flower form for beautifying courtyards. Yulan magnolia likes light by nature and is relatively cold-tolerant, and can overwinter in the open ground. It loves dryness and is averse to low humidity; waterlogging at the planting site easily causes root rot. It likes fertile, well-drained, slightly acidic sandy soil, and can also grow in weakly alkaline soil. In the warmer south, it can bloom from December to January of the following year. Yulan magnolia has strong resistance to harmful gases. For example, if this flower is planted in a factory polluted by sulfur dioxide and chlorine gas, it has a certain resistance and sulfur-absorbing capacity. When fumigated artificially with sulfur dioxide, 1 kg of dry leaves can absorb more than 1.6 grams of sulfur. Therefore, Yulan magnolia is a very good pollution-resistant landscaping tree species for areas with atmospheric pollution. Yulan magnolia likes light; young trees are relatively shade-tolerant, and are not tolerant of strong light or west-facing sun. Too strong light or west-facing sun can easily cause the tree to be scorched. Yulan magnolia likes fertilizer; besides applying base fertilizer at planting, it should be fertilized every year thereafter. Sufficient fertilizer can make the plant grow vigorously, with dark green, thick leaves, not only many flower buds, but also large flowers, a long flowering period, and rich fragrance. Yulan magnolia is a tree species with relatively strong disease resistance, and its main diseases include anthracnose, chlorosis, and leaf scorch. Besides ornamental value, Yulan magnolia also has medicinal value and edible value. Yulan magnolia flowers contain volatile oil, mainly citral, clove oil acid, and others, and also contain magnoflorine, alkaloids, yulan magnolia flower element, capric acid, rutin, oleic acid, vitamin A, and other components, and have a certain medicinal value. Yulan magnolia flowers are pungent and warm in nature and flavor, and have the effects of dispelling wind and dispersing cold, opening the orifices, and ventilating the lungs and clearing the nose. They can be used for headache, blood-stasis-type dysmenorrhea, nasal congestion, acute and chronic sinusitis, allergic rhinitis, and other conditions. Modern pharmacological studies show that Yulan magnolia flowers have an inhibitory effect on common skin fungi.

Yulan magnolia flowers are rich in vitamins, amino acids, and various trace elements, and have the effects of dispelling wind and dispersing cold, and regulating qi and the lungs. They can be processed into snacks, and can also be brewed as tea. The flower meaning of Yulan magnolia represents gratitude. Yulan magnolia often blooms large white flowers amid lush greenery, and with that fragrant scent it makes people feel an indescribable temperament, truly fresh and lovely. Because the plant is tall, the flowering position is relatively high, swaying in the wind, full of spirit, like a heavenly maiden scattering flowers, very lovely.

Maranta

Maranta is a herbaceous plant. Most varieties have underground rhizomes or tubers, and the leaves are solitary, relatively large, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, with pinnate veins arranged in two rows, and entire margins. Maranta is a relatively good groundcover plant with diverse colors, and is a very good foliage plant. Maranta is a tropical plant and likes a warm, humid, and brightly lit environment. It is not cold-tolerant and not drought-tolerant, and fears scorching sun exposure. If directly exposed to sunlight, it will scorch the leaves, causing local scorching at the leaf edges, stopping the growth of new leaves, and yellowing the leaf color, so shading should be noted in cultivation. Maranta is relatively sensitive to water, and during the growing period it should be watered fully to keep the potting soil moist, but the soil should not be waterlogged, otherwise it will cause root rot and even plant death. Maranta is somewhat "delicate." It needs enough meticulous care all 365 days; if the environment fluctuates greatly for a few days, it will leave "evidence of the crime" on the plant. This is the consensus of Maranta seedling traders and producers. Maranta family plants do not have many pests and diseases, mainly scale insects, whiteflies, and others. Of course, it also has other values, such as medicinal value and dietary value. Maranta powder is almost entirely starch, contains no vitamins, and has a protein content of only 0.2%. It can be used as a thickener for soups, sauces, puddings, and desserts. Add water and boil to form a transparent, odorless, and tasty paste. Maranta powder is fine in texture and, compared with other starches, can be cooked at lower temperatures and in shorter times, and is easy to digest. It is especially suitable for making custards and other egg products that cannot be overcooked, and is also suitable for making light-flavored, low-salt, and low-protein foods. Effects: clears the lungs and stops cough, clears heat and promotes urination. Indications: used to treat cough due to lung heat and painful urination due to damp-heat in the bladder.

Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum

Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum is an evergreen shrub or small tree. The bark is dark gray or light grayish brown, with many branches. The young branches are reddish brown and densely covered with stellate hairs. The leaves are leathery and alternate, ovate or elliptic, 2-5 cm long, with a short pointed apex, a rounded and oblique base, asymmetrical, with stellate hairs on both sides, entire margins, and dark red. Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum likes light and is slightly shade-tolerant, but in shade the leaf color easily turns green. It has strong adaptability and is drought-tolerant. It likes warmth and is cold-tolerant. It has strong sprouting and branching ability, and is tolerant of pruning. It tolerates poor soil, but is suitable for growing in fertile, moist, slightly acidic soil. Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum has luxuriant branches and leaves, a graceful posture, is tolerant of pruning and of training and tying, and can be used for hedges and also for making stump bonsai. When it blooms, the whole tree is full of red flowers, extremely spectacular. Loropetalum is an evergreen plant, and new leaves are bright red. Different strains differ in leaf color and flower color at maturity, and leaf size also differs. In garden applications, the main considerations are the two factors of leaf color and leaf size, bringing out leaf color contrast and forming color contrast, and the flowering periods can also be staggered. Main pests: aphids, geometrid moths, yellow noctuid moths, Daopan noctuid moths, large and small cutworms, and scarab beetles, among others. Common diseases of Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum: anthracnose, damping-off, and mosaic disease. Anthracnose: mainly harms old leaves and basal leaves. Because the leaves themselves are red, the lesions appear as

black round spots, or nearly round, causing early leaf fall, and the damage is severe in the rainy season from July to August. The pathogen is Actinonema. The pathogen overwinters as mycelium on diseased leaves and is the primary infection source for the disease the following year. When you find disease on the branches and leaves of Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum, you must treat it promptly.

Ornamental peach

Ornamental peach is a variety of peach, a tree, 3-8 m tall; the crown is broad and spreading; the bark is dark reddish brown, rough and scaly when old; the twigs are slender, hairless, glossy, green, turning red on the sunny side, with many small lenticels; the winter buds are conical, blunt at the apex, covered with short pubescence, often 2-3 clustered together, with a leaf bud in the middle and flower buds on both sides. The leaves are oblong-lanceolate, elliptic-lanceolate, or obovate-lanceolate. Ornamental peach likes sunlight by nature, is drought-tolerant, and is not tolerant of humid environments. It likes a warm climate and has good cold tolerance, and can safely overwinter in a natural environment of minus 25°C. It requires fertile, well-drained soil. It does not like waterlogging; if planted in waterlogged low-lying places, seedling death easily occurs. Garden value: ornamental peach has large and vividly colored flowers, is beautiful when blooming, and the ornamental period lasts as long as 15 days. In landscaping it is widely used around lakesides, streams, both sides of roads, and parks, and so on; in small-scale greening projects such as courtyard greening accents and private gardens, it is also used for potted ornamental appreciation, and is also often used for cut flowers and making bonsai. A common form is also the weeping ornamental peach. Ornamental peach has a wide range of landscaping uses and outstanding greening effects, and in the year of planting it already shows especially good effects. It can be planted in rows, in patches, or as a solitary plant, and in the year of planting it already shows especially good greening effects. Ornamental peach is one of the commonly used colorful nursery stock in landscaping, and is usually used together with nursery stock such as purple-leaf plum and purple-leaf dwarf cherry. When combined with flowering shrubs, it forms a scene of a hundred flowers blooming together. Besides ornamental value, it also has medicinal value. The gum secreted on the peach tree trunk, commonly known as peach gum, can be used as an adhesive and so on, and is a kind of polysaccharide substance; upon hydrolysis it can produce arabinose, galactose, xylose, rhamnose, glucuronic acid, and others, and it is edible and also used medicinally, with the effects of breaking blood stasis, harmonizing blood, and boosting qi. Diseases and pests often occur in summer and autumn. Its main diseases include white rust and brown rot, shot hole disease, anthracnose, gummosis, and leaf curl. The main pests include aphids, red spiders, scale insects, and red-necked longhorn beetles, among others.

Artificial plant communities

1. Satsuki azalea + Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum + Euonymus japonicus 'Aureo-marginatus' + thornless Chinese holly ball

These four plants have strong adaptability and are relatively widely planted in Fuzhou. The three foliage-color plants are planted linearly, with rich leaf colors, and together with large-sized thornless Chinese holly balls, they form a neat, full, and clearly layered road greening color-band effect.

2. Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum + Photinia × fraseri ball + Michelia figo + Acer palmatum

Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum itself is widely planted in Fujian and has good adaptability, and both its leaf color and flower color are very beautiful, while the Photinia × fraseri ball has old green leaves accented by red new leaves, setting each other off and extremely beautiful. The combination of the four plants is rich in layers and forms a landscape road with longitudinal rhythm, spatial layering, and a strong guiding sense.

3. Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum + Fatsia japonica + Phoenix canariensis + Plumeria

In this combination of several plants, green is mainly dominant, with leaves both small (Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum) and broad (Fatsia japonica, Plumeria), while Phoenix canariensis adds a bit of tropical flavor. The layers are rich, and it has the effect of narrowing the space, making people feel close.

4. Moso bamboo + iris

Moso bamboo is very suitable for planting in Fuzhou. It is a scattered bamboo, and the spacing between culms varies. Iris has a graceful posture and gorgeous, varied flower colors, and the two paired together are very charming.

5. Small-leaf gardenia + Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum + Aucuba japonica + Osmanthus fragrans

Small-leaf gardenia has leaves like a sparrow's tongue and a low plant form, and can be used as the lowest-layer plant. Aucuba japonica has yellow spots on its leaves and is a relatively good foliage plant, while the tree Osmanthus fragrans has a delicate fragrance that refreshes the heart. The combination has varying density, changes in leaf color, and added floral fragrance.

6. Azalea + Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum + Fagraea ceilanica + Canna

Azalea has gorgeous flowers, and with Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum and Fagraea ceilanica as a foil, it is even more moving. Canna has broad leaves, narrowing the space and making people feel intimate.

7. Groundcover lawn + marigold + Photinia × fraseri + Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum ball + Osmanthus fragrans 'Dangui'

With green groundcover as the base, marigold's bright yellow gorgeous flowers are extremely beautiful, and behind the marigold, Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum and red Photinia serve as a foil, while the Osmanthus fragrans 'Dangui' tree form spreads out. The several plants set each other off, with rich variation.

8. Ophiopogon japonicus + guava tree

Both Ophiopogon japonicus and guava tree adapt very well in Fuzhou and grow normally. The leaves are fine and soft, making it very suitable as groundcover. The guava tree bark is yellow and smooth, the posture is graceful, and the leaves are relatively large, with well-spaced density, making it very suitable as an open woodland path.

9. Lawn + Agave americana 'Marginata' + pruned and shaped banyan tree + Senna bicapsularis

With green lawn as the base, Agave americana 'Marginata' has broad leaves, and the leaf color alternates silver-yellow and green, and paired with the pruned and shaped banyan tree it is very harmonious, while Senna bicapsularis has a beautiful posture and gorgeous flower color. This combination of several plants is rich in layers, with color changes but harmonious.

10. Ophiopogon bodinieri + Rhapis excelsa + Areca lutescens + papaya tree

This plant arrangement is suitable for one side of a small building. Ophiopogon bodinieri has fine, soft leaf shapes, while Rhapis excelsa and Areca lutescens have broader leaves, and papaya has large palmate leaves, with its fruit borne on the main trunk, and its posture is very graceful.

11. Acalypha wilkesiana + Duranta erecta + Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum

As a plant combination for a carpet flower bed, Acalypha wilkesiana has bright leaf color and serves as the edge, Duranta erecta has yellow-green leaf color, and Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum has dark purple leaf color. The combination of the three plants as a carpet flower bed is extremely attractive.

Part Two: "Care Plan 4"

Landscaping care and management plan

Care and management are very important in landscaping. It is a long-term, repeated task with relatively comprehensive technical requirements, including damage by people and livestock, sanitation and cleaning, pruning of flowers, grasses, and trees, watering and fertilizing, pest and disease control, and planting of flower bed flowers, among other contents. The completion of green spaces does not mean the completion of the landscape. People often say "three parts planting, seven parts management"; only with high-quality, high-level care and management can the landscape gradually take shape and become perfect.

Current characteristics of the plants in the care park area:

1. The green area covers about 2,454,190,000 sq m, with a high greening coverage rate and a large number of trees of different specifications and varieties and pruned and shaped shrubs. The initial growth has gradually taken shape. After our careful investigation, the plant planting characteristics can be roughly divided into two areas according to the original master plan:

1) Plaza area: the plant planting style in this area is relatively open. The plaza is mainly planted in rows with ginkgo, Phoebe zhennan, and large trees,

with appropriate matching of low shrubs, and the overall space is relatively transparent.

2) Factory area: the plant varieties in this area are complexly matched, with large and small trees, shrubs, and groundcover plants interplanted

and planted. The entrance is mainly planted with relatively precious large plants (Canary Island date palm, Jacaranda mimosifolia, small-leaf banyan stump,

top-grade Osmanthus fragrans, etc.). Whether the office area courtyard can still maintain its elegant, refined, spacious, and grand

scenery, and whether the hotel villa area courtyard can still carry forward its delicate, gentle, leisurely, and relaxed atmosphere,

all depends on later care and management.

2. From the greening conditions in the vertical area, we can find the following problems: ① shaped shrubs are not growing well and their shapes are monotonous; ② flowering shrubs have poor tree vigor, and their flowering conditions (including number of flowers, flower size, color, and reblooming) are unsatisfactory; ③ lawns have many weeds, and in local areas the grass and gramineous weeds show a tendency to run rampant; ④ there are pest and disease problems.

I. We plan to take the following rectification measures:

1. Promote three-dimensional gardening and carry out multi-posture shaping of hedges and shrubs. For flowering shrubs planted as accents, take growth-promoting measures to promote their growth and then shape them according to their form; this depends on the specific plant's growth and plant shape. The hedges in local areas are highly regular, and the neat uniform strips undoubtedly make the courtyard, which should be free and leisurely, appear mechanical and rigid. We can likewise try pruning them into wave shapes to match the relaxed and casual landscaping of the residential area, enlivening the atmosphere of the whole courtyard and also creating a more fluid living environment.

2. Immediately begin pest and disease control. For plants showing pest and disease characteristics, immediately carry out large-scale chemical control.

3、

4、

5. For lawn weeds, apply chemicals and increase the workload of manual pulling. For different plants, implement different care and management plans (mainly fertilizer supply: base fertilizer, topdressing, and foliar fertilizer; different plants in different seasons all have different fertilization methods and fertilizer choices). Plant labeling. We classify and count all the plants, then make green labels indicating their

family, genus, species, and living habits, and label all plants in the area. In this way, it can both

enrich employees' common knowledge of plants and also add to the cultural atmosphere of the park, and with eye-catching labels

it can make greening receive more attention.

6. Greening care is not a matter of a single day or night. While doing the rectification work well, we will likewise

adopt different care and management measures for different plants at different times. We arrange our daily work by month

(detailed rules attached later), striving to make our work bring the landscape effect in the blueprint to the extreme, and

likewise we ask Party A to offer more opinions, so that our work can gradually become more perfect and complete.

7. Care responsibilities

Within the contracted care period, our company, in accordance with landscaping care operating procedures and landscaping care quality standards, organizes reasonably, cares meticulously, and dispatches professional horticulturists to organize, guide, and arrange the management and protection work, and flexibly dispatches no fewer than ____ experienced workers according to the weather in each season and plant growth conditions, to complete the care and management tasks with guaranteed quality and quantity.

VI. Care content

1. Management procedures: including watering, opening basins and earthing up, pruning, fertilizing, weeding, pruning and bud removal, pest and disease control, righting, and replanting (nursery stock costs calculated separately), and other entire processes. {Care measures for the southern plant Canary Island date palm}.

2. Management tools:

A. Flower shears, long shears, high-altitude shears, grass shovels, lawn mowers

B. Sprayers, buckets, wheelbarrows, bamboo baskets

C. Shovels, hoes, saws, electric saws, ladders

D. Fuel, maintenance fees

3. Care content:

A. Trees: apply organic fertilizer once a year, 0.25 kg of cake fertilizer per plant; apply topdressing once, 0.1 kg of compound fertilizer mixed with urea per tree, using hole application and spraying, water-fertilizer, etc., then cover with soil and water thoroughly, with water penetration depth above 10 cm. Control pests and diseases promptly, maintain the trees' natural growth state, with no need for shaping pruning; promptly cut off yellow branches, diseased and pest branches, shaded vigorous shoots, and drooping branches that hinder vehicle passage, and promptly clean up the pruned material. Remove weeds around the tree roots once a week to ensure no weeds.

B. Shrubs, hedges, bagged seedlings: fertilize once a quarter, applying 10 kg of urea mixed with compound fertilizer per 667 sq m, using broadcast application and water-fertilizer, etc.; water once within three hours after application, and water once a day (except rainy days), with water penetration depth above 10 cm. Control pests and diseases promptly. For those pruned into round, square, or conical shapes, do minor pruning once a week and major pruning once a month, with smooth and beautiful cut surfaces; promptly remove the pruned material, promptly cut off dead branches and diseased and pest branches, promptly replant old, diseased, and dead plants, and remove weeds once a week.

C. Herbaceous types: fertilize once a quarter, applying 10 kg of urea mixed with compound fertilizer per 667 sq m, using broadcast application and water-fertilizer, etc.; water once within three hours after application, and water once a day (except rainy days), with water penetration depth above 10 cm. Control pests and diseases promptly; cut off spent flowers once a week and remove weeds once a week; promptly cut off dead branches and yellow branches.

D. Taiwan grass: fertilize once a quarter, applying 10 kg of urea mixed with compound fertilizer per 667 sq m, with even fertilization and thorough watering, with water penetration depth above 5 cm. Control pests and diseases promptly, promptly replant wilted and dead missing parts, with coverage rate above 98%, and prune 1-2 times a month.

(II) Specific arrangement of one year's landscaping care work:

January: the month with the lowest temperature in the whole year, when open-ground trees are in a dormant state.

1. Winter pruning: fully carry out shaping and pruning work on deciduous trees; prune dead branches, damaged branches, diseased and pest branches, and branches that obstruct overhead lines and buildings on large and small trees.

2. Street tree inspection: promptly inspect the tying and staking of street trees, and immediately rectify when loosened ties, wire embedded in bark, unstable stakes, and other situations are found.

3. Pest control: winter is a favorable season for eliminating garden pests. In the loose soil under the trees, you can dig out and collect the pupae and cocoons of nettle moths and burn them in a concentrated way. In mid-January, scale insects begin activity, but at this time they move slowly, and we can adopt the method of scraping off the larvae on the trunks. Controlling pests in winter often achieves twice the result with half the effort.

4. Green space care: in green spaces, flower beds, and other places, pay attention to removing large weeds; lawns should be weeded and edged promptly; in green spaces, pay attention to antifreeze watering.

February: the temperature rises somewhat compared with last month, and trees are still in a dormant state.

1. Care is basically the same as January.

2. Pruning: continue pruning dead branches and diseased branches of large and small trees. Before the end of the month, finish pruning all kinds of trees.

3. Pest control: continue to focus on preventing nettle moths and scale insects.

March: the temperature continues to rise, and after mid-month trees begin to sprout, while in late month some trees (such as camellia) bloom.

1. Tree planting: spring is a favorable time for planting trees. After the soil thaws, immediately seize the opportunity to plant trees. Before planting large and small trees, do planning and design well, and dig (hoe) the tree pits in advance, ensuring digging, transporting, planting, and watering are done promptly in sequence. When planting shrubs, likewise ensure digging, transporting, and planting are done promptly in sequence, and water fully to increase the seedling survival rate.

2. Spring irrigation: because spring is dry and windy with high evaporation, to prevent spring drought, water green spaces and other areas promptly

3. Fertilizing: after the soil thaws, apply base fertilizer to plants and irrigate. {Care measures for the southern plant Canary Island date palm}.

4. Pest and disease control: this month is a critical time for pest and disease control. Some nursery stock has developed sooty mold, and the boxwood leaf roller has also appeared (use pesticides such as fenitrothion spraying for control). For nettle moth control, the method of digging out pupae can continue to be used.

April: the temperature continues to rise, and trees all sprout, bloom, or unfold leaves and begin to enter a period of vigorous growth.

1. Continue planting trees: in early April, seize the time to plant trees that sprout late, promptly pull out and replant shrubs that died in winter (azalea, Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum, etc.), and water newly planted trees fully.

2. Irrigation: continue to water the cared-for green spaces promptly.

3. Fertilizing: for lawns and shrubs, combine with irrigation and apply quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer as topdressing, or carry out foliar spraying as needed.

4. Pruning: cut off branches that dried up in winter and spring, and evergreen hedges can be pruned.

5. Pest and disease control: (1) After the second molting, scale insects successively move into bark cracks, tree holes, trunk bases, wall corners, and other places, secreting white waxy thin cocoons and pupating. They can be swept away with a hard bamboo broom and then buried deeply or soaked in a concentrated way. Alternatively, use the method of spraying pesticides such as fenitrothion. (2) Longhorn beetles begin activity, and grafting knives or self-made steel wires can be used to pick out the larvae, but the wounds should be as small as possible. (3) Control work for other pests and diseases.

6. Care in green spaces: pay attention to removing weeds and climbing plants in large green spaces. Lawns should also be weeded and edged.

May: the temperature rises sharply, and trees grow rapidly.

1. Watering: during the peak leaf-unfolding period, trees need a lot of water, so water promptly.

2. Pruning: prune spent flowers. Carry out the first bud-thinning pruning for street trees.

3. Pest and disease control: continue to focus on catching longhorn beetles. The first generation of nettle moths hatches, but has not yet reached a harmful level; make corresponding measures according to the actual situation in the care area. Sooty mold caused by scale insects, aphids, and others has also entered its peak occurrence period (on crape myrtle, Pittosporum tobira, oleander, etc.). In mid- and late May, spray 10-20 times rosin mixture and 50% parathion emulsion at 1500-2000 times solution to control diseases and kill pests. (Other pesticides such as insecticidal essence and Huabao can be used)

June: high temperature

1. Watering: plants need a lot of water, so water promptly and do not "leave things to heaven."

2. Fertilizing: combine loosening the soil and weeding, fertilizing, and watering to achieve the best effect.

3. Pruning: continue bud thinning and tiller removal for street trees. Carry out pruning for hedges, ball-shaped plants, and some flowering shrubs. {Care measures for the southern plant Canary Island date palm}.

4. Drainage work: in heavy rain weather, pay attention to drainage work in low-lying areas.

5. Pest and disease control: in mid- and late June, nettle moths enter the peak hatching period, and measures should be taken promptly; at present, spraying 50% fenitrothion emulsion at 500-800 times solution is basically used. (Or spray compound BT emulsion) Continue manual capture of longhorn beetles.

6. Do the inspection work before flood and typhoon prevention for trees, and right, reinforce, and re-tie loose and tilted trees.

July: the highest temperature, and after mid-month there will be strong winds and heavy rain.

1. Transplanting evergreen trees: During the rainy season, with sufficient moisture, coniferous trees and bamboos can be transplanted, but pay attention to weather changes and water promptly once high temperatures hit.

2. Drainage: Drain promptly after heavy rain.

3. Topdressing: Apply quick-acting fertilizers such as nitrogen fertilizer dry before rain.

4. Street trees: Carry out typhoon-prevention bud-thinning and pruning; prune all branches that conflict with power lines, and check tree stakes one by one; if any are loose or unstable, straighten and tie them tight immediately. Prepare in advance in terms of labor organization, materials and tools and equipment, and send people to inspect at any time, dealing with dangerous situations promptly when found.

5. Pest and disease control: Continue controlling longhorn beetles and nettle caterpillars. For longhorn beetles, inject a 1:50 dilution of 50% fenitrothion, (or Guoshu Bao, or Yuanke No. 3) and then seal the hole, which can also achieve good results. For the camphor tree shoot borer, prune and destroy the pest nests promptly to prevent further damage.

August: Still the rainy season

1. Drainage: After heavy rain, drain low-lying waterlogged areas promptly.

2. Typhoon prevention for street trees: Continue doing a good job of typhoon prevention for street trees.

3. Pruning: In addition to the summer pruning of general trees, carry out shaping pruning of hedges.

4. Cultivation and weeding: Weeds also grow vigorously, so weed promptly, and fertilization can be combined with weeding.

5. Pest and disease control: Focus on capturing longhorn beetles, and pay attention to capturing longhorn beetles at the roots. Aphid damage and the camphor tree shoot borer should be controlled promptly. In humid weather, watch out for powdery mildew and rot, and take measures promptly. September: Temperatures decline somewhat; do related work well in welcome of National Day.

1. Pruning: In preparation for city appearance work, thin buds below the third-level branching of street trees. Shaping pruning of hedges. Weeding in green spaces, edging of lawns, and timely removal of dead trees, so that trees have green branches and leaves and green spaces are clean and tidy.

2. Fertilization: For some trees that grow weakly and whose branches are not sufficiently full, apply additional phosphorus and potassium fertilizer.

3. Pest and disease control: Shot-hole disease (cherry blossom, peach, plum, etc.) is at its peak; use a 1000-fold dilution of 500% carbendazim to prevent infection. Longhorn beetles begin to shift to damaging the roots; pay attention to capturing longhorn beetles at the roots. Also promptly control wood moths on poplars and willows. Do a good job of controlling other pests and diseases.

4. Before the holiday, do a good job of inspecting all kinds of greening facilities.

October: Temperatures drop; in mid-to-late October early winter begins, trees start to shed leaves and gradually enter dormancy.

1. Prepare well for autumn tree planting; in late October, once cold-hardy trees shed their leaves, planting can begin.

2. Green space maintenance: Remove dead trees promptly and water promptly. Do a good job of weeding and edging in green spaces and lawns. Fertilize flowering plants that grow poorly.

3. Pest and disease control: Continue capturing longhorn beetles at the roots. Also pay attention to observing and controlling the camphor tree shoot borer. November: The soil begins to freeze at night and thaw by day, entering deep winter.

1. Tree planting: Continue planting cold-hardy plants, completing before the soil freezes.

2. Turning the soil: Turn the soil in green spaces to expose pests preparing to overwinter.

3. Watering: Water dry, compacted soil, completing before the freeze.

4. Pest and disease control: Various pests prepare to overwinter in late November, so control tasks are relatively light.

December: Low temperatures; winter maintenance work begins.

1. Winter pruning: Prune some evergreen trees and shrubs.

2. Eliminate overwintering pests and diseases.

3. Prepare well for next year's adjustment work: After deciduous plants shed their leaves, observe the maintenance area and map out the positions to be adjusted.

VII. Green space maintenance quality objectives

1 Greening maintenance technical measures are complete and management is proper, achieving no bare yellow soil.

2 Garden plants

2.1 Growth is normal. Various plants in newly built green spaces reach normal form within three years; if plants or grass are damaged or die due to poor management, the replacement seedlings must survive within one year.

2.2 Garden trees have basically intact crowns, with main and side branches evenly distributed, appropriate in number, and reasonably pruned; the interior is not tangled and there is ventilation and light penetration. Flowering shrubs bloom promptly and normally, and are pruned promptly after flowering. Hedges and color blocks have normal branches and leaves, neat and uniform. Street trees have no missing plants, and there are no dead trees in green spaces.

2.3 Deciduous trees have normal new shoot growth and normal leaf size and color; under general conditions, leaves that are yellow, scorched, curled, or bearing insect excrement or insect webs must not exceed 5%, and the retention rate of normal leaves is above 90%. Conifer-

Part Three: "Annual Greening Maintenance Plan"

Annual Greening Maintenance Plan

January

1. Carry out winter shaping and pruning of various deciduous trees, cutting off dead branches, overlapping branches, crossing branches, diseased and pest-infested branches, and lower side branches, to ensure that tree development tends toward the reasonable, that branch form is improved, and that pest and disease breeding is reduced.

2. Appropriately thin trees that are too densely grown, which can reduce pests and diseases and increase growth vigor.

3. Carry out winter plowing and soil turning to improve the soil, and apply winter fertilizer to all trees, ground cover and lawns to ensure the nutrient needs of seedlings and lawns.

4. Winter is a favorable season for eliminating garden pests. In the loose soil under trees, dig out nettle caterpillar pupae and cocoons and burn them in a concentrated way.

5. As conditions warrant, scarify certain types of lawn and prune 1-2 times. February

1. Carry out weeding, pruning and fertilization of lawns.

2. Do a good job of pest and disease control, especially paying attention to powdery mildew on narrow-leaf mahonia and the globular mealybug on coral and Japanese aralia.

3. In particular, strengthen cold-proof and heat-preservation measures for trees, and do a good job of loosening and banking soil around tree root systems.

4. Apply a topdressing (urea) to cool-season lawns once at the end of the month at 10g per mu.

March

1. To prevent spring drought, water trees promptly.

2. Promptly mow lawns and remove weeds, and clean up winter grass in tree beds and flower beds.

3. Pest and disease control: Strengthen observation and patrol, and do a good job of prediction, forecasting and control. In particular, pay special attention to sooty mold and the boxwood leaf roller. In mid-March, pear scale eggs hatch; from late March, pear rust occurs on crabapple and cold-season lawns; pay attention to prevention and reporting.

4. For partial depressions and low-lying spots that appear in lawns, carry out soil banking and sand covering, and mow winter ryegrass lawns low to ensure the sprouting and growth of the underlying grass.

April

1. Do a good job of loosening soil, weeding and pre-flowering fertilization for ground-planted flowering plants. In particular, apply light fertilizer to perennial flowers and spring-sown flowering plants, and for lawns and shrubs, combine irrigation with topdressing of quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer, or carry out foliar spraying as needed.

2. Cut off branches that dried up in winter and spring; pruning of evergreen hedges can begin.

3. Pest and disease control: Mainly control aphids, sooty mold and beetles. Keep relevant records.

May

1. This month is the peak period of leaf expansion for trees, with very high water demand, so water in a timely manner.

2. Prune spring flowering shrubs such as osmanthus and hall crabapple, and promptly carry out bud thinning on plane trees, red-leaf plum, crape myrtle and other trees.

3. Weed flower beds and shrub color blocks. At the same time, carry out weeding of lawns and prune lawn grass promptly to control its height.

4. Pest and disease control: Do a good job of prediction, forecasting and control.

June

1. Water plants promptly to ensure a sufficient water supply.

2. Loosen soil and weed tree beds and color-block shrubs, and carry out weeding of lawns.

3. Prune lawns promptly and control their growth height, and pay attention to controlling the occurrence of large-scale pests and diseases. Apply a compound fertilizer once to lawns that grow poorly or lack fertilizer, so they can pass the summer safely.

4. Pest and disease control: Do a good job of prediction, forecasting and control.

July

1. In high-temperature weather, especially ensure that watering of plants is carried out.

2. Carry out soil loosening and weeding of flower beds and color-block shrubs, and at the same time do a good job of weeding ground cover. This month the weather is hot, with high temperatures and relatively high humidity; weeds grow fast, so seize the opportunity to weed, preventing the formation of a weed wilderness, and continue cultivation and weeding and loosening the soil.

3. Earnestly do a good job of typhoon and flood prevention, reinforce and secure the trees in the garden to prevent lodging; promptly clear and drain places that are low-lying or seriously waterlogged.

4. Pest and disease control: Do a good job of prediction, forecasting and control.

August

1. Carry out summer pruning of evergreen trees, and carry out shaping pruning of hedges.

2. Lawn weeds grow vigorously, so weed and prune promptly to control lawn height, and fertilization can be combined with weeding. Promptly supplement and topdress fertilizer, mainly P and K fertilizer, together with N fertilizer; for small seedlings, shrubs and herbaceous flowers, apply light fertilizer frequently, and at the same time pay attention to choosing the right fertilization period and climate.

3. In high-temperature weather, be sure to ensure daily watering and drought relief work, and do not choose 10-15 o'clock to do it, so as to avoid burning the seedlings. (Including: tree bed maintenance, weed control, soil loosening, etc.)

4. Continue doing a good job of typhoon and flood prevention, further reinforce and secure large trees in residential areas to prevent lodging; and for low-lying and other water-prone places, promptly clear drainage channels to prevent water from standing too long.

5. Pest and disease control: Do a good job of prediction, forecasting and control.

September

1. Carry out shaping pruning of hedges. Weed green spaces and promptly remove dead trees, so that trees have green branches and leaves and green spaces are clean and tidy.

2. Thin trees that are too densely grown, and at the same time carry out bud thinning work.

3. Promptly prune lawns, edge them, and clear weeds, and pay attention to pest and disease control.

4. Carry out weeding of flower beds and color-block shrubs, and at the same time do a good job of weeding ground cover, and collect flower seeds.

5. Pest and disease control: Do a good job of prediction, forecasting and control.

October

1. Prune spherical shrubs; to ensure a beautiful appearance, neat and clearly layered. Prune the tree form of evergreen trees so that their growth and development tend toward the reasonable and their tree posture and appearance are improved.

2. Strengthen management of newly planted flowering plants, promptly fill gaps and water, and fertilize those that grow poorly.

3. Pest and disease control: Do a good job of prediction and forecasting, actively control, and keep relevant records. November

1. Carry out thinning and pruning of evergreen trees and evergreen shrubs, mainly for ventilation and light penetration, to reduce pests and diseases and enhance growth vigor.

2. Do a good job of weeding and edging in flower beds, color-block shrubs and green spaces, promptly pull out weeds, and promptly replant bare spots. As conditions warrant, adjust trees in the local layout, and some evergreen trees and a few deciduous tree species can be transplanted. Also begin cold-proof and warmth-preservation work, wrapping cold-sensitive

trees with rice straw and banking soil.

3. Strengthen maintenance and management of newly planted plants, pay attention to timely watering, and prune appropriately. As conditions warrant, scarify and aerate lawns, and prune 2-3 times.

4. Carry out fertilization work in late November, and combine with additional application of organic fertilizer to carry out soil turning in green spaces.

5. Pest and disease control: Do a good job of prediction and forecasting, actively control, and keep relevant records. December

1. Do a good job of weeding and edging in color-block shrubs and green spaces and promptly pull out weeds.

2. Carry out thinning and pruning of evergreen and deciduous trees and shrubs, mainly removing stubs and dead branches, so that next year's trees grow better (flowering shrubs that have already formed flower buds must not be pruned), and at the same time pay attention to cleaning pest cocoons on trunks and branches.

3. Wrap southern plants such as sago palm and date palm with straw rope to ensure they overwinter safely.

4. Pest and disease control: Do a good job of prediction and forecasting, actively control, and keep relevant records.

Part Four: "Latest Common Plants for Southern Landscapes"

Common Garden Plants for Southern Landscapes

Evergreen trees:

Norfolk Island pine, slash pine, Chinese fir, Caribbean pine, Chinese weeping cypress, mahogany, big-leaf mahogany, false sterculia, Chinese saraca, sugar apple, longan, human-face fruit, firepower magnolia, golden shower tree, Chinese arborvitae, sabina, dragon juniper, Fujian cypress, Buddhist pine, Japanese cedar, Chinese podocarpus, long-leaf podocarpus, white champaca, southern magnolia, houpo magnolia, Chinese cinnamon, camphor tree, cinnamon, bitter catalpa, Hainan ormosia, Taiwan acacia, siamese senna, red camel's foot tree, camel's foot tree, butterfly tree, almond, mango, flowered ormosia, water banyan, water stone banyan, avocado, blackboard tree, false betel palm, Chinese fan palm, fishtail palm, queen palm, rose apple, Hainan rose apple, sapodilla, lemon eucalyptus, luegner eucalyptus, big-leaf eucalyptus, blue gum, cajeput, butterfly fruit, Chinese torreya, Chinese plum yew, Indian rubber fig, banyan, small-leaf banyan, large-fruit fig, weeping fig, yellow fruit fig, sacred fig, horsetail tree, jackfruit, maple-leaf oak, bitter oak, oriental white oak, candlenut, silver oak, pointed-leaf elaeocarpus, big-leaf elaeocarpus, mahoe, iron wintergreen, glossy privet, osmanthus, loquat, albizia, royal palm, fish-tail palm, Mexican fan palm, sugar palm, long-leaf date palm, autumn maple, red sandalwood, large-flowered dillenia, jackfruit, yellow cassia, tree jackfruit, big-leaf privet, Lechang michelia, schefflera, heteropanax

Deciduous trees:

Indian almond, Chinese swamp cypress, winter melon, Chinese tallow, raisin tree, sand pear, soapberry, entire-leaf goldenrain tree, frangipani, bald cypress, pond cypress, Chinese tulip tree, white magnolia, Chinese parasol tree, sawtooth oak, cork oak, Chinese hackberry, Chinese elm, white oak, happy tree, big-leaf crape myrtle, beautiful silk cotton tree, flame tree, yellow poinciana, jacaranda, yellow cassia, chinaberry, toon, coral tree, cockscomb coral tree, chestnut, silk tree, golden acacia, kalopanax, sweetgum, weeping willow, saucer magnolia, purple-leaf plum, ornamental peach, plum, papaya, India

red sandalwood, red-leaf plum

Evergreen shrubs:

sago palm, Chinese plum yew, orchid tree, big-leaf boxwood, dense-flower elaeagnus, camellia sasanqua, Hainan coral tree, gold-dust dracaena, hypericum, three-stamen areca, areca palm, qiong palm, four-season orchid tree, soft-branch golden trumpet, small-leaf justicia, red bottlebrush, Fujian tea, gardenia, crown of thorns, poinsettia, Yunnan jasmine, aucuba, Chinese holly, Western azalea, shiny-leaf cordyline, croton, red mulberry, golden-edge mulberry, golden-leaf fig, glossy senna, red-stem azalea, ardisia, orange jasmine, red-back excoecaria, ylang-ylang vine, camellia, oil tea, big-leaf tea, oleander, yellow oleander, small-flower golden trumpet, snow-in-summer, banana shrub, pittosporum, mahonia, heavenly bamboo, Japanese aralia, night-blooming magnolia, hibiscus, hanging-lantern flower, azalea, Adam's needle, yucca, South China boxwood, rhapis palm, soft-leaf date palm, short-spike fishtail palm, dwarf lady palm, bamboo palm,

golden banyan, fiddle-leaf fig, willow-leaf fig, golden-vein justicia, schefflera, variegated duranta, yellow-leaf duranta, justicia, golden-leaf privet, taro, philodendron, monstera, cast-iron plant, snake plant, thick-leaf rhaphiolepis, variegated hibiscus, purple brocade, small-leaf boxwood, African jasmine, yesterday-today-and-tomorrow, orange jasmine, crinum lily, spider lily, powderpuff, red loropetalum, angel's trumpet, white mussaenda, red mussaenda, hairy azalea, Western azalea, twin-pod senna, hard-stem tecoma, myrtle, ixora, Yunnan jasmine, jasmine, fiddle-leaf coral, blue snowflake, blue star flower, butterfly pea, heavenly bamboo, pepper tree, red-back excoecaria,

Deciduous shrubs:

cotton rose, needle-leaf spiraea, rhombic-leaf spiraea, modern rose, abelia, pomegranate, beautyberry, purple magnolia, lespedeza, honeysuckle, Chinese snowball, rose of Sharon, redbud, dwarf flowering plum, bridal wreath spiraea, pearl bush, butterfly tree, elderberry, fig, Sichuan pepper, trifoliate orange, butterfly bush, small wax

Vines:

monstera, bougainvillea, millettia, orange trumpet vine, rangoon creeper, three-leaf akebia, honeysuckle, climbing euonymus, climbing fig, kiwi, creeping euonymus, Hong Kong rhaphidophora, Mucuna birdwoodiana, wax flower, dragon's-tail, pothos, star jasmine, Chinese ivy, English ivy, southern magnolia vine, Boston ivy, trumpet creeper, passionflower, multi-flower crape myrtle, evergreen mucuna, large-flower thunbergia

ylang-ylang vine, large-flower thunbergia, rangoon creeper, coral vine, Boston ivy, orange trumpet vine, white-flower mucuna, beautiful clerodendrum, wisteria, climbing fig, cypress vine, morning glory, maple-leaf morning glory, snake vine, jasmine, large-flower dutchman's pipe, garlic vine, wood rose, lianli vine, passionflower

Bamboos:

green-skin bamboo, pink single bamboo, moso bamboo, fernleaf bamboo, light bamboo, golden-stripe jade bamboo, sinocalamus, hedge bamboo, bitter bamboo, indocalamus, Buddha belly bamboo, ma bamboo, green-skin bamboo, Thailand bamboo, pole bamboo, square bamboo, green bamboo, Guanyin bamboo, small qinsi bamboo, red bamboo

Lawns and ground cover plants:

bermuda grass, Chinese zoysia, fine-leaf zoysia, carpet grass, centipede grass, knotgrass, Manila grass, zoysia, Guangdong evergreen, spiderwort, oyster plant, dwarf lilyturf, large-leaf curculigo, mountain lilyturf, lucky plant, cast-iron plant black-eye flower, acorus, autumn zephyr lily, Chinese chive lily, golden spider lily, white butterfly, butterfly iris, red-flower oxalis, inch plant,

purple-back arrowroot, syngonium, white-butterfly syngonium, pothos, inch plant, sword fern, clearweed, small oyster plant, peace lily, silver-edge lilyturf, red-flower lantana, yellow-flower lantana, purple-flower lantana,

dusty miller, bleeding glorybower, shrimp plant, fireworks plant, asparagus fern, beach evening primrose, beach morning glory, ivy, star jasmine, ginger lily, umbrella plant, papyrus, iris, loosestrife, narcissus, lotus, water lily, trilobed wedelia, red-flower oxalis, Brazilian peanut vine, dichondra, purple amaranth, round-leaf amaranth, coleus, fine-leaf verbena, red-green herb, autumn zephyr lily, Chinese chive lily, amaryllis, lily, calla lily, periwinkle, centipede grass, Manila grass, Korean zoysia, Bermuda grass, big-leaf carpet grass, variegated obtuse grass, bahia grass, short-leaf lilyturf

Palms:

royal palm, Washington palm, triangle palm, king palm, foxtail palm, Butia palm, bottle palm, club palm, Middle East date palm, Canary Island date palm, Bismarck palm, oil palm, sugar palm, windmill palm, dragon-scale palm, Chinese fan palm, queen palm, fishtail palm, queen palm, Mexican fan palm, beautiful phoenix palm, short-spike fishtail palm, long-spike fishtail palm, areca palm, three-stamen areca, traveler's palm, lady palm,

Seasonal flowers

star flower, African impatiens, four-season begonia, scarlet sage, petunia, hybrid dianthus, ornamental kale, French marigold, marigold, nasturtium, pansy, wishbone flower, cockscomb, pot marigold, globe amaranth, zinnia, moss rose, purslane, cosmos, cineraria, spider flower, daylily, lavender, loosestrife

Part Five: "Examples of Southern Plant Configurations"

Southern Plant Configurations

Split-leaf philodendron + umbrella plant + variegated shell ginger

Dracaena arborea + Dracaena marginata 'Colorama' + heavenly bamboo + sword fern + placed rocks

Royal palm + fishtail palm + pygmy date palm + canna lily + coleus + croton

Royal palm + Canary Island date palm head + red dracaena + copperleaf + Chinese ixora

Royal palm + Alexandra palm + areca palm + large-leaf rhapis palm + golden duranta

Part Six: "Commonly Used Southern Landscape Plants"

Commonly Used Plants for Southern Courtyards

I. Palm Category:

1. Royal palm 2. Alexandra palm 3. Washington palm 4. Silver date palm 5. Canary Island date palm 6. Three-stamen areca

7. Chinese fan palm 8. Mexican blue palm 9. Areca palm 10. Rhapis palm (slender-leaf rhapis palm) 11. Golden mountain rhapis 12. Soft-leaf date palm

II. Tree Category (street trees, shade trees):

1. Flamboyant tree 2. Kapok 3. Ceiba speciosa 4. Coral tree 5. Elaeocarpus apiculatus 6. Blackboard tree

7. Weeping fig 8. Elaeocarpus hainanensis 9. Mango 10. Chinaberry 11. Cinnamomum burmannii 12. Big-leaf trumpet tree

13. Rosewood 14. Frangipani 15. Tropical almond 16. Traveler's palm 17. Pandanus tectorius 18. Autumn maple

19. Star fruit 20. Osmanthus fragrans var. aurantiacus 21. Golden shower tree 22. Albizia falcataria 23. Cajun tree

24. Eucalyptus 25. Syzygium hainanense 26. Aphanamixis grandifolia 27. Bauhinia 28. Mahogany

29. Ficus altissima 30. Spathodea campanulata 31. Yellow trumpet tree 32. Goldenrain tree

III. Flowering Shrub Category:

1. Four-season osmanthus 2. Slender-leaf bamboo 3. Tree fern 4. Yellow ficus 5. Bougainvillea

6. Yellow cassia 7. Callistemon 8. Variegated agave 9. Hibiscus 10. Fagraea ceilanica 11. Variegated ficus

12. Hibiscus 13. Michelia figo 14. Trumpet creeper 15. Calliandra 16. Tabernaemontana divaricata 17. Dracula orchid

18. Furcraea 19. Yucca 20. Firecracker vine 21. Yellow oleander 22. Polyscias

IV. Ground Cover or Color Block:

1. Pittosporum 2. Monstera 3. Pothos 4. Bird's nest fern 5. Red gem 6. Large-leaf polygonum 7. Schefflera

8. Caladium 9. Golden duranta 10. Cuphea 11. Slender-leaf frog orchid 12. Calathea 13. Azalea

14. Dwarf fan palm 15. Split-leaf philodendron 16. Variegated duranta 17. Spider lily 18. Tradescantia zebrina 19. Allamanda

20. Variegated shell ginger 21. Asparagus fern 22. Golden peanut 23. Dwarf ixora 24. Sword fern 25. Pachystachys lutea

26. White butterfly 27. Pilea 28. Dieffenbachia 29. Rainbow cordyline 30. Croton 31. Liriope

32. Silver-edge grass 33. Jasmine 34. Velvet calathea 35. Taiwan grass 36. Large-leaf carpet grass

37. Manila grass 38. Bermuda grass 39. Ryegrass 40. Tall fescue

Some other commonly used plants:

1. Ficus religiosa 2. Ficus altissima 3. Elaeocarpus hainanensis 4. Campanula 5. National Day flower 6. Golden shower tree

7. Senna siamea 8. Sausage tree 9. Thailand yellow giant flower ball 10. Golden melaleuca

11. Senna alata 12. Senna bicapsularis 13. Jatropha 14. Syzygium nervosum 15. Manglietia glauca

16. Hainan golden-spotted tree 17. Variegated money tree 18. Ormosia hainanensis 19. Mahogany

20. Albizia falcataria 21. Sandalwood osmanthus 22. Autumn osmanthus 23. Bay laurel 24. Mexican blue palm 25. Slender-leaf bamboo

26. Indian yellow (purple) sandalwood 27. Rosewood 28. Dianella 29. Leizhou ficus 30. Markhamia

Commonly Used Southern Landscape Plants

1. Evergreen Trees

Norfolk Island pine, Cunningham's araucaria, Keteleeria, large-leaf araucaria, Agathis, Masson pine, slash pine, camphor tree, Cinnamomum japonicum, Eucalyptus grandis, cajun tree, rose apple, Syzygium hainanense, autumn maple, Taiwan acacia, Acacia mangium, Acacia auriculiformis, rosewood, small-leaf ficus, large-leaf ficus, Ficus altissima, Ficus superba, Ficus elastica, variegated Ficus elastica, Ficus religiosa, candlenut, mahogany, Dillenia, blackboard tree, tropical almond, small-leaf tropical almond, jackfruit, wax apple, Dracontomelon, sapodilla, chinaberry, casuarina, white magnolia, night-blooming magnolia, Michelia macclurei, small-leaf elaeocarpus, southern magnolia, sea hibiscus, mango, longan, lychee, olive, loquat, bayberry, pomelo, Elaeocarpus hainanensis, Buddhist pine, Chinese juniper, podocarpus, osmanthus, four-season osmanthus, Michelia figo, Aglaia, camellia, weeping ficus, butterfly fruit, Ficus tinctoria

2. Deciduous Trees

Dawn redwood, pond cypress, bald cypress, Chinese swamp cypress, tulip tree, Chinese parasol tree, Bischofia polycarpa, Albizia falcataria, Albizia julibrissin, Leucaena leucocephala, sweetgum, weeping willow, sausage tree, Anthocephalus chinensis, silver birch, hackberry, soapberry, Pistacia chinensis, chinaberry, Chinese tallow, wood oil tree, ginkgo, Sterculia nobilis, persimmon, fig, mulberry, papaya, guava, red maple, Acacia farnesiana

3. Palm Category

Alexandra palm, royal palm, king palm, bottle palm, club palm, triangle palm, foxtail palm, queen palm, oil palm, sugar palm, large sabal palm, Washington palm, Canary Island date palm, Middle East date palm, Iranian honey date, Chinese fan palm, fishtail palm, sugar palm, scaly date palm, soft-leaf date palm, three-stamen areca, green palm, fragrant palm, long-spike fishtail palm, short-spike fishtail palm, areca palm, windmill palm, banana, traveler's palm, cordyline, rhapis palm, slender-leaf rhapis palm, Nicola bird of paradise, red-stem philodendron, false calla lily

4. Foliage Shrubs

Golden-leaf weeping ficus, golden ficus, fiddle-leaf fig, willow-leaf fig, Garcinia subelliptica, variegated reed grass, Polyalthia longifolia, Pandanus tectorius, pittosporum, variegated hibiscus, sago palm, callistemon, night-blooming cestrum, Cotinus coggygria, golden-vein justicia, Fatsia japonica, creeping juniper, variegated cassava, heavenly bamboo, schefflera, variegated schefflera, pepper tree, red-back excoecaria, copperleaf, Japanese lilac, duranta, variegated duranta, golden duranta, orange jasmine, croton, Enonymous, Hainan croton, gold-dusted croton, Justicia gendarussa, Fukien tea, small-leaf boxwood, golden privet, crown of thorns, yellow-striped furcraea, agave, silver-edge agave, yucca, bottle palm, cast-iron plant, snake plant, cactus, calla lily, split-leaf philodendron, monstera, variegated shell ginger, Scaevola, Rhaphiolepis, Breynia, Phyllanthus, Chinese rose

5. Flowering Shrubs

African jasmine, Brunfelsia, Murraya, hibiscus, Chinese hibiscus, Chinese lantern flower, hanging bell flower, poinsettia, Calliandra, bougainvillea, large-flower gardenia, hydrangea, red bract flower, melastoma, red-flower loropetalum, angel's trumpet, white paper flower, red paper flower, yellow oleander, western azalea, Senna bicapsularis, hard-stem trumpet creeper, myrtle, Chinese ixora, pearl fern, Yunnan jasmine, jasmine, crinum lily,

spider lily, crab claw flower, dwarf canna, stone flax, firecracker flower, blue snowflower, blue star flower, butterfly pea

6. Ground Cover

Calathea, arrowhead vine, white butterfly arrowhead vine, pothos, Tradescantia zebrina, sword fern, Pilea, small oyster plant, peace lily, Liriope, silver-edge Liriope, red-flower lantana, yellow-flower lantana, purple-flower lantana, dusty miller, clerodendrum, shrimp plant, firecracker flower, asparagus fern, beach evening primrose, beach morning glory, ivy, star jasmine, ginger lily, umbrella plant, papyrus, iris, purple loosestrife, narcissus, lotus, water lily, Wedelia trilobata, red-flower oxalis, Brazilian peanut vine, dichondra, purple amaranth, round-leaf alternanthera, coleus, slender-leaf verbena, red-green grass, autumn zephyr lily, pink zephyr lily, amaryllis, lily, calla lily, periwinkle, centipede grass, Manila grass, Korean velvet grass, Bermuda grass, large-leaf carpet grass, variegated centipede grass, bahia grass, dwarf mondo grass

7. Vines

Large-flower monkey's comb, Rangoon creeper, coral vine, Boston ivy, firecracker vine, white-flower mucuna, beautiful clerodendrum, wisteria, climbing fig, cypress vine, morning glory, maple-leaf morning glory, snake vine, Jasminum officinale, large-flower Dutchman's pipe, garlic vine, wood rose, lianli vine, passionflower

Part Seven: "Common Southern Plant Configuration Document"

Practical Plant Configuration Table — Concise Table of Common Plant Configurations

Aquatic Plants:

Wetland plants: Hankow willow, weeping willow, cotton willow, sand willow, Artemisia selengensis willow, soap willow, small-leaf poplar, Liaoning poplar, sand cypress, Chinese juniper, Oriental arborvitae, dawn redwood, chinaberry, Chinese wingnut, white ash, forsythia, elm, split-leaf elm, Chinese elm, Chinese tallow, cherry blossom, eucommia, goldenrain tree, cotton rose, hibiscus, oleander, Boston ivy, grape, wisteria, amorpha, tamarisk, buttercup, water hyacinth grass, long-leaf alkali grass, marsh willow-leaf, willow-leaf herb, marsh woundwort, swamp woundwort, mint, Mazus, speedwell, watercress, Scirpus, water wool flower, flat-stem Scirpus, water nutgrass, spike water nutgrass, globe nutgrass, red phosphorus nutgrass, jointed rush, small-flower rush, small rush, slender rush, knotgrass, common knotweed, red knotweed, clustered knotweed, dock-leaf knotweed, willow-leaf smartweed, small arrow-leaf smartweed, mile-a-minute vine, prickly smartweed, halberd-leaf smartweed, large halberd-leaf smartweed, Japanese knotweed, thatch grass, Calamagrostis, large-leaf grass, Beckmannia, long-awn clubhead, wild ancient grass, silvergrass, Job's tears, Hemarthria, wet flat-bud,

Emergent plants: water onion, reed, lotus root, arrowhead, broad-leaf bog grass, water plantain, lotus, purple loosestrife, cattail, duck-tongue grass, water hyacinth, calamus, pickerelweed, rice, water pencil, narcissus, water celery, wild rice stem, taro, Marsilea, reed, water chestnut, Scirpus, needle rush, water candle, umbrella sedge, broad-leaf cattail

Floating plants: duckweed, water hyacinth, water lily, fox nut, Victoria water lily, spatterdock, water hyacinth, water shield, water shield, yellow bladderwort, floating fern, dragonbone water shield,

Submerged plants: hornwort, water plantain

Colorful-leaf Plants:

Red or purple: sweetgum, lacquer tree, Japanese maple, Amur maple, Oriental bittersweet, red oak, Tang maple, Chinese tallow, staghorn sumac, sumac, mountain ash, heavenly bamboo, spindle tree, hawthorn, Pistacia chinensis, Chinese wingnut, barberry, Hubei hornbeam, Boston ivy

Golden yellow or yellow-brown: ginkgo, persimmon, goldenrain tree, tulip tree, Chinese parasol tree, elm, walnut, catalpa, dawn redwood, crape myrtle, Chinese elm, nanmu, wild jujube, kiwi, horse chestnut, water elm mountain ash, wintersweet, pomegranate, yellow cassia, witch hazel, soapberry, Acacia farnesiana

Aromatic Plants:

Aromatic plants that can be planted in residential areas include: mint, basil, lemon balm, German chamomile, lemongrass, sage, dandelion, pot marigold, thyme, borage, scented geranium, mallow and other herbaceous plants; lavender, rosemary, gardenia, rose, lemon verbena and other shrubs.

Woody plants with fragrance in rotation through the four seasons, such as: plum blossom and orange blossom in spring; gardenia and white magnolia in summer; osmanthus in autumn and wintersweet in winter.

Pollution-resistant and exhaust-resistant plants: black locust, Paulownia, lacebark pine, Sabina chinensis, coral tree, photinia, pittosporum, Fatsia japonica, etc.

Nitrogen-fixing plants: Robinia, Lonicera, Albizia, Amorpha, Caragana, Glycine, Lespedeza, Melilotus, Pisum, Phaseolus, Myrica, Elaeagnus, Cycas

Nectar-source, bird-attracting and butterfly-attracting plants: dwarf yew, Buddhist pine, Torreya, Japanese holly, camphor tree, bayberry, privet, Ternstroemia, Viburnum, aucuba, Mahonia, firethorn, boxwood, pittosporum, Fatsia japonica, etc.; butterfly bush, Pistacia chinensis, and other fragrant-flower plants (such as Citrus plants of the Rutaceae family)

Perennial (herbaceous) flowers: torch lily (red-hot poker), lupine, blue fescue, astilbe, coreopsis, Lysimachia, oregano, large-flower okra, red-flower mint, variegated star jasmine, Thymophylla, hellebore, lycoris, daylily, iris, spiderwort, hosta, variegated canna, red-leaf canna, Dutch aster, Farfugium, bletilla, perennial verbena

Four-season Flowering Trees:

Spring: various cherry blossoms (early cherry, late cherry, weeping cherry, etc.), various crabapples (Mulus spectabilis, Mulus halliana, Chaenomeles speciosa, etc.), Magnoliaceae (southern magnolia, white magnolia, Magnolia soulangeana, purple magnolia, red magnolia, Michelia figo, Michelia maudiae, etc.), redbud, red-leaf

plum, peach blossom, camellia, winter jasmine, lilac, etc.

Summer: crape myrtle, hibiscus, hydrangea, Michelia figo, summer azalea, pomegranate (flower), gardenia, trumpet creeper, Albizia julibrissin, Acacia farnesiana Autumn: osmanthus, crape myrtle, hibiscus, flowering pomegranate, cotton rose, trumpet creeper, etc.

Winter: honeysuckle, heavenly bamboo, plum blossom, Michelia figo, camellia, sasanqua, etc.

Classification Diagram of Common Landscape Tree Species:

(I) Evergreen Conifers

1. Tree category: deodar cedar, Korean pine, Japanese black pine, Chinese juniper, Masson pine, Sabina chinensis, sago palm, Norfolk Island pine, Japanese cedar, Torreya

2. Shrub category: (Buddhist pine), Platycladus orientalis, Chinese cypress, creeping juniper, Japanese cedar, five-needle pine

(II) Deciduous Conifers (no shrubs):

Tree category: dawn redwood, golden larch, pond cypress, bald cypress

(III) Evergreen Broadleaf Trees:

1. Tree category: camphor tree, southern magnolia, privet, windmill palm

2. Shrub category: coral tree, large-leaf boxwood, boxwood, small-leaf boxwood, holly, citrus tree, photinia, pittosporum, osmanthus, oleander, yellow jasmine, winter jasmine, gold-dusted coral, heavenly bamboo, snow-in-summer, small-leaf privet, Fatsia japonica, gardenia, camellia, Hypericum, azalea, yucca (pineapple flower, arrow hemp), sago palm (iron tree), Mahonia

(IV) Deciduous Broadleaf Trees:

1. Tree category: weeping willow, upright willow, Chinese wingnut, dragon-claw willow, Chinese tallow, pagoda tree, Chinese parasol

tree (Chinese parasol tree), plane tree (French plane), pagoda tree (Chinese scholar tree), Albizia julibrissin, ginkgo, chinaberry (bitter chinaberry), catalpa

2. Shrub category: cherry blossom, white magnolia, peach blossom, wintersweet, crape myrtle, redbud, green maple, red-leaf plum, Chaenomeles speciosa, hanging bell crabapple, hydrangea, oak-leaf hydrangea, forsythia (golden), cotton rose, hibiscus (hibiscus tree), pomegranate

(V) Bamboo Category:, bamboo, moso bamboo, purple bamboo, phyllostachys, Buddha-belly bamboo, golden bamboo with jade

(VI) Vines: wisteria, star jasmine, Boston ivy (climbing ivy, wall-climbing ivy), ivy, grapevine, Euonymus fortunei

(VII) Flowers: moss rose, chrysanthemum, scarlet sage, canna, Joseph's coat, kale (ball cabbage flower), chrysanthemum, orchid

(VIII) Lawn: velvet grass, zoysia grass, mondo grass, four-season green grass, tall fescue, Manila grass, clover, dichondra

Detailed Table of Common Plant Configurations

Table of Generally Common Street Trees

Name Scientific Name Family Tree Shape Characteristics

Camphor tree Cinnamomun camphcra Camphor family Spherical Evergreen large tree, alternate leaves, three-veined, aromatic, spherical berries.

Plane tree Platanus x acerifolia Plane tree family Oval-shaped Tolerant of warmth, pollution-resistant, pruning-tolerant. Large crown, dense shade, suitable as street tree and shade tree.

Maple Liquidamdar formosana Hance. Witch hazel family Conical Deciduous tree, gray smooth bark, triangular leaves, slow-growing, beautiful tree form

Flamboyant tree Delonix regia Raffin Caesalpinia family Umbrella-shaped Sun-loving, prefers warm hot climates, not cold-tolerant, fast-growing, pollution-resistant, wind-resistant; beautiful red flowers, flowering May to August

Albizia Albizia julibrissin Mimosa family Umbrella-shaped Pink flowers, June to July, suitable as shade ornamental tree and street tree

Acacia farnesiana Albizia farnesiana Wild. Mimosa family Umbrella-shaped Deciduous sub-tree, fast-growing, dense branches and leaves, golden yellow flowers, excellent tree vigor

Weeping willow Salix babylonica Linn. Willow family Umbrella-shaped Deciduous sub-tree, suitable for low-temperature areas, grows luxuriantly and rapidly, beautiful tree form

Ficus Ficus retusa Linn. Mulberry family Spherical Deciduous tree, broad crown, fast-growing, strong canopy density, suitable for various pruning styles

Camphor tree Cinnamomum camphora Ness. Laurel family Spherical Evergreen tree, broad crown, large and round, strong growth, beautiful tree form

Chinese fan palm Livitonia chinensis R.Br. Palm family Umbrella-shaped Single upright trunk, dark green leaf surface, strong growth, very beautiful posture

Longan tree Euphoria longana Lanark. Soapberry family Round Evergreen tree with round crown, strong canopy density, slower growth, very beautiful posture

Chinaberry (chinaberry tree) Melia azedarach Linn. Meliaceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous tree, fast-growing, irregular crown, slightly umbrella-shaped, light purple flowers

Chinese parasol tree Sterculia platanifolia L. Sterculiaceae Umbrella-shaped Evergreen tree, broad leaves, fast-growing, upright when young, crown spreading when old

Paper mulberry Broussonetia papyrifera Vent. Moraceae Umbrella-shaped Evergreen tree, huge soft thin leaves, branches spreading in all directions, umbrella-shaped crown, beautiful posture

Alder Alnus formosana Makino. Fagaceae Umbrella-shaped Evergreen tree, tolerant of moisture and heat, unsuitable for dry land and hard soil, tall and beautiful tree form

Ash tree Faxinus insularis Hemsl. Oleaceae Umbrella-shaped Evergreen tree, strong vigor, fast-growing, beautiful tree form and leaf shape Norfolk Island pine Araucaria cuninghamii Araucariaceae Conical Evergreen conifer, sun-loving, prefers warm hot climates, not cold-tolerant, fertilizer-loving, fast-growing, narrow conical crown, beautiful posture

Qinghai spruce Picea carassifolia Pinaceae Tower-shaped Evergreen conifer, neutral, shallow-rooted, suitable for northwest regions

Korean pine Pinus koraiensis Pinaceae Tower-shaped Evergreen conifer, weakly sun-loving, prefers cool moist climates and acidic soil, blue-green needles

Chinese juniper (Sabina chinensis) Sabina chinensis Cupressaceae Conical Evergreen conifer, sun-loving, young trees slightly shade-tolerant, drought and barren-tolerant, cold-tolerant, slightly moisture-tolerant, pruning-tolerant, good dust-proof and sound-insulating effect

Southern magnolia Magnolia grandiflora L. Magnoliaceae Oval-shaped Evergreen tree, large white fragrant flowers, beautiful tree form,

Taiwan acacia Acacia confusa Merr. Legume family Umbrella-shaped Evergreen tree, bark smooth when young, rough when old, trunk mostly curved, strong growth

Date palm Phoenix dactylifera L. Palm family Pinnate Evergreen broadleaf tree, branching trunk, strong heat resistance, strong growth, beautiful posture

Long-leaf date palm (Canary Island date palm) Phoenix dactylifera Palm family Pinnate Evergreen broadleaf tree, thick trunk, tall and majestic, dense and spreading pinnate leaves,

Royal palm (Roystonea regia) Oreodoxa regia H.B.K. Arecaceae Umbrella-shaped Single trunk, upright, up to 18m tall, slightly swollen in the middle, pinnate compound leaves, very vigorous, highly ornamental

Ginkgo Ginkgo biloba Ginkgoaceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous broadleaf tree, yellow autumn leaves, cold-resistant, deep-rooted, intolerant of waterlogging, resistant to various toxic gases

Chinese tulip tree (horse jacket tree) Liriodendron chinense Magnoliaceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous broadleaf tree, prefers warm and humid climate, fairly strong resistance, fertile acidic soil, fast-growing, long-lived, leaves shaped like a horse jacket, flowers yellow-green, large and beautiful.

Chinese white poplar Populus tomentosa Salicaceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous broadleaf tree, prefers cool temperate climate, pollution-resistant, deep-rooted, fast-growing, fairly long-lived; well-formed tree shape, straight trunk, grayish-white bark

Lombardy poplar Populus nigra var. italica Salicaceae Narrow cylindrical Deciduous broadleaf tree, cold- and drought-resistant, slightly tolerant of saline-alkali and waterlogging, fast-growing

Chinese elm Ulmus parvifolia Ulmaceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous broadleaf tree, prefers warm and humid climate, tolerant of drought and poor soil, deep-rooted, fast-growing, long-lived, resistant to smoke, dust and toxic gases, strong dust-retention capacity

Box elder (ash-leaved maple) Acer negundo Aceraceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous broadleaf tree, prefers fertile soil and a cool, humid climate, tolerant of smoke and dust, dry cold, and light saline-alkali, tolerant of pruning, yellow autumn leaves{Maintenance measures for the southern plant date palm}.

Table of Characteristics of Commonly Used Landscape Trees

Name Scientific name Family Tree shape Characteristics

Camphor tree Cinnamomun camphcra Lauraceae Spherical Evergreen large tree, alternate leaves, trinerved, aroma, spherical berries.

London plane Platanus x acerifolia Platanaceae Oval Prefers warmth, pollution-resistant, tolerant of pruning. Large crown with dense shade, suitable as a street tree and courtyard shade tree.

Southern magnolia Magnolia grandiflora L. Magnoliaceae Oval Evergreen tree, large white fragrant flowers, graceful tree shape,

Yulan magnolia Magnolia denudata Magnoliaceae Umbrella-shaped Fairly cold-resistant, fears waterlogging. Flowers large and pure white, blooms in March to April. Suitable for courtyard viewing.

Chinese tulip tree (horse jacket tree) Liriodendron chinense Magnoliaceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous broadleaf tree, prefers warm and humid climate, fairly strong resistance, fertile acidic soil, fast-growing, long-lived, leaves shaped like a horse jacket, flowers yellow-green, large and beautiful.

Chinese arborvitae Thuja orientalis Linn Cupressaceae Conical Evergreen tree, neat tree shape when young, mostly curved when old, vigorous growth, long-lived, beautiful tree form

Ash tree Faxinus insularis Hemsl. Oleaceae Round Evergreen tree, vigorous, fast-growing, beautiful tree form and leaf shape Bischofia Bischoffia javanica Blanco Euphorbiaceae Round Evergreen tree, very beautiful when young leaves sprout, vigorous growth, beautiful tree form

Weeping willow Salix babylonica Linn. Salicaceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous small tree, suitable for low-temperature areas, lush and fast-growing, beautiful tree form

Chinese incense cedar Calocedrus macrolepis Kurz Cupressaceae Umbrella-shaped Evergreen tree, bark grayish-brown, with irregular longitudinal fissures; branchlets alternate, green and flattened when young.

Royal palm Roystonea regia Arecaceae Umbrella-shaped Single trunk, upright, up to 18m tall, slightly swollen in the middle, pinnate compound leaves, very vigorous, highly ornamental

Japanese euonymus Euonymus japonica Celastraceae Oval Prefers warm and humid climate, resistant to toxic gases. Grown for foliage. Suitable for hedges and foundation planting.

Maple Liquidamdar formosana Hance. Hamamelidaceae Conical Deciduous tree, bark gray and smooth, leaves triangular, slow-growing, beautiful tree form

Chinese wingnut Pterocarya stenoptera Juglandaceae Umbrella-shaped Highly adaptable, tolerant of waterlogging, fast-growing. Suitable as a courtyard shade tree, street tree, and bank-protection tree

Creeping juniper Sabina procumbens Cupressaceae Evergreen creeping low shrub, branches spreading and creeping on the ground, leaves needle-like. Slow-growing, uniquely styled, with lush, flowing green foliage. Suitable for ground cover and beautification around courtyard stones, ponds, sand pits, slopes, etc.{Maintenance measures for the southern plant date palm}.

Golden dewdrop Duranta repens Verbenaceae Round Evergreen shrub. Suitable for large potted plants, flower troughs, hedges. Golden dewdrop with yellow leaves is mainly grown for foliage, widely used, can serve as ground cover, trimmed into shapes, formed into patterns, or used to emphasize color combinations, dazzling and eye-catching. Chinese holly Ilex cornuta Aquifoliaceae Round Resistant to toxic gases, slow-growing. Green leaves and red berries, very beautiful. Suitable for foundation planting. Paper mulberry Broussonetia papyrifera Vent. Moraceae Umbrella-shaped Evergreen tree, leaves huge and soft-thin, branches spreading in all directions, graceful posture

Chinese elm Ulmus parvifolia Ulmaceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous broadleaf tree, prefers warm and humid climate, tolerant of drought and poor soil, deep-rooted, fast-growing, long-lived, resistant to smoke, dust and toxic gases, strong dust-retention capacity

Chinese juniper Juniperus Chinensis Linn Cupressaceae Conical Evergreen medium tree, densely branched, dark green, vigorous growth, suitable for pruning, beautiful tree form

Pittosporum Pittosporum tobira Pittosporaceae Round White fragrant flowers, blooms in May. Suitable for foundation planting, as hedges or potted plants. Date palm Phoenix dactylifera Linn Arecaceae Umbrella-shaped Trunk suckering, up to 20-25m tall, leaves grayish-white with arching curves, vigorous growth, beautiful tree form

Hankow willow Salix matsudana Salicaceae Umbrella-shaped Suitable as a courtyard shade tree, street tree, and bank-protection tree

Silk tree Albizia julibrissin Mimosaceae Umbrella-shaped Flowers pink, June to July, suitable as a courtyard shade ornamental tree and street tree

Japanese black pine Pinus Thumbergii Porl. Pinaceae Conical Evergreen tree, bark grayish-brown, branchlets orange-yellow, needles hard and in clusters of two, long-lived

Purple-leaf plum Prunus cerasifera. F.arropurpurea Rosaceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous small tree, branchlets smooth, reddish-brown, leaves ovate, entirely purple-red, blooms small pale pink flowers in April, drupe purple. Suitable for both specimen and group planting, as a contrasting background.

Washington palm Washingtonia filifera Wend. Arecaceae Umbrella-shaped Single cylindrical trunk, swollen at the base, up to 4-8m tall, leaf blade fan-shaped and round, vigorous growth, beautiful tree form{Maintenance measures for the southern plant date palm}.

Japanese pagoda tree Sophora japonica Fabaceae Umbrella-shaped Dense branches and leaves, broad crown, suitable as a courtyard shade tree and street tree

Glaucous cassia Cassia glauca Lam. Fabaceae Round Deciduous tree, even-pinnate compound leaves, yellow flowers, fast-growing, beautiful tree form

Box elder (ash-leaved maple) Acer negundo Aceraceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous broadleaf tree, prefers fertile soil and a cool, humid climate, tolerant of smoke and dust, dry cold, and light saline-alkali, tolerant of pruning, yellow autumn leaves

Japanese maple Acer palmatum Aceraceae Umbrella-shaped Elegant leaf shape, red autumn leaves. Suitable for courtyard viewing and potted plants.

Golden larch Pseudolarix amabilis Rehd. Pinaceae Ovate tower-shaped Evergreen tree, branches and leaves spreading, leaves linear, alternate on long shoots, small leaves radial, sturdy and upright tree form.

Bottle palm Hyophorbe amaricaulis Mart. Arecaceae Umbrella-shaped Trunk about 3 m tall, base elliptical and swollen, forming a wine bottle shape, very beautiful posture

Mandarin orange tree Citrus reticulata Rutaceae Round Flowers white, fruit yellow-green, fragrant. Suitable for group planting.

Chinaberry Melia azedarch Linn. Meliaceae Round Deciduous tree, bark grayish-brown, bipinnately odd, pinnate compound leaves, purple flowers, fast-growing

Snowbush Serissa Serissa serissoides Rubiaceae Round Evergreen small shrub. Leaves dark green, flowers snow-white, slightly pale pink. Branches and leaves delicate, fine texture, suitable for potted plants, low hedges, ground cover, flower beds, and trimmed shapes.

Dragon juniper Juniperus chinensis var. Kaituka, Hort Cupressaceae Upright tower-shaped Evergreen medium tree, densely branched, dark green, vigorous growth, very long-lived, very beautiful tree form

Dragon-claw pagoda tree S. j. cv. Pendula Fabaceae Umbrella-shaped Branches drooping, suitable for courtyard viewing, opposite or row planting

Dragon-claw willow S. m. cv. Tortuosa Salicaceae Round Branches twisted like a dragon in motion, suitable as a courtyard shade tree and ornamental tree

Pygmy date palm Phehix Roebelenii Brien. Arecaceae Umbrella-shaped Trunk upright, 2m tall, petioles thin and small, leaflets alternate or opposite, an excellent variety with beautiful leaves

Buddhist pine Podocaarpus macrophyllus D. Don Podocarpaceae Long conical Evergreen tree, simple and elegant posture, can be pruned as high-grade bonsai material, or shaped into round, conical, or layered forms for courtyard landscaping and beautification.

Masson pine Pinus massoniana Lamb. Pinaceae Umbrella-shaped Evergreen tree, trunk bark reddish-brown, winter buds brown, majestic when mature

Nandina Nandina domestica Berberidaceae Umbrella-shaped Elegant branches and leaves, red berries in autumn and winter; courtyard viewing, can be group-planted or potted. Norfolk Island pine Araucaria ecelsa Br. Araucariaceae Conical Evergreen coniferous tree, branches whorled, lower ones drooping, leaves dark green, beautiful tree form, vigorous growth

Glossy privet Ligustrum lucidum Oleaceae Oval Flowers white, blooms in June. Suitable as hedges or street trees.

Chinese fan palm Livistona chinensis R. Br. Arecaceae Umbrella-shaped Trunk upright, up to 6-12m tall, leaves round, petiole margins spiny, lush growth, elegant posture

Globe juniper Junlperus chinensis cv. Globosa. Cupressaceae Broadly round Shrub, no main trunk, branches clustered.

Green maple Acer serrulatum Aceraceae Umbrella-shaped conical Deciduous tree. Trunk upright. Graceful and soft tree form, can be trained into noble bonsai, an elegant street tree, landscape tree, and forest-bathing tree.

Boxwood B. bodinieri Buxaceae Oval Branches and leaves fine and dense, suitable for courtyard viewing. Can be group-planted, used as hedges, or potted. Japanese cedar Cryptomeria japonica D. Don Taxodiaceae Conical, oval, round Evergreen tree. Branches whorled, graceful

Chapter Eight: "Cultivation and Maintenance of Arecaceae Plants"

The Arecaceae family is a very distinctive group of evergreen plants in the monocotyledon class, with stems single or clustered, upright or climbing; leaves clustered at the top of the stem, well-developed root systems, tolerant of drought and poor soil, strong resistance to pests and diseases, and outstanding for creating tropical-style landscape effects. This edition will introduce their introduction, transplanting, and disease control.

Brief Introduction to the Introduction Process

There are 183 genera and about 2400 species of Arecaceae plants worldwide, widely distributed in tropical and subtropical humid regions of the world. High temperature and high humidity are important conditions for the normal growth and development of most palm plants. A few palm plants have unique adaptability to adverse environments, such as the silver date palm (wild date palm) distributed in extremely arid areas at the edge of deserts, and many palm species that can tolerate long-term water immersion, such as the swamp palm. Most palm plants are rich in fiber, with tough stems and well-developed root systems, giving them strong wind resistance, such as the false betel nut and Chinese fan palm.

Since the 1940s, in the construction of numerous tropical and subtropical cities around the world, the landscape effects of palm plants have been recognized, and they have been used as key species for urban greening and beautification, such as in Miami in the United States, Jakarta in India, Bangkok in Thailand, as well as Cape Town in South Africa and Singapore.

Some landscaping companies in Guangdong began the work of introducing and applying palm plants in the early 1980s. Over the following more than twenty years, southern provinces and regions such as Guangxi, Fujian and Yunnan, and later Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Shanghai, Chongqing and Yunnan, successively set off a wave of introducing, producing and applying palms.

Led by Guangdong Palm Landscape Company and several other units, based on theories of plant geography and ecology, through observational research on the growth conditions and mortality rates of introduced and acclimatized Arecaceae plants, it was found that plants native to the Northern Hemisphere generally have cold-tolerance potential because they experienced ancient glacial climates, while species native to high-latitude, high-altitude regions of the Southern Hemisphere also have relatively strong cold tolerance. Through research on the cold tolerance and cold-tolerance mechanisms of palm plants, researchers found that the main factors affecting introduction and acclimatization are: temperature, light, humidity, water and soil. The most significant effect of the temperature factor is to govern plant growth and development; low winter temperatures are the dominant factor affecting the success or failure of palm plant introduction and acclimatization; through research on salt tolerance and shade tolerance of palms, researchers screened out a batch of varieties with relatively strong saline-alkali tolerance and shade tolerance; at the same time, through the control of pests and diseases such as palm phytophthora disease, coconut leaf beetle, and red palm weevil, the incidence of palm pests and diseases was greatly reduced. In addition, researchers also studied the germination mechanism of palm seeds, summarized and invented palm seed germination acceleration technology, mastered the full-crown transplanting and large-specification container seedling cultivation techniques for palm plants, and did effective work on soil improvement, winter cold protection and maintenance techniques.

At present, researchers have screened and promoted about 80 species of palm plants in South China, including royal palm, Chinese fan palm, broadleaf lady palm, South palm, fishtail palm, etc.; in Shanghai and surrounding areas, the Arecaceae plants successfully applied mainly include Butia palm, Washington palm, Canary Island date palm, Washington palm and more than ten other species, and the related research techniques have been appraised by experts as reaching the world's advanced level.

Taking Washington palm as an example

Discussion on the Occurrence and Control of Phytophthora Disease

Damage and General Symptoms of Palm Phytophthora Disease

This disease often occurs and causes damage on palm plants such as royal palm, large Chinese fan palm, Washington palm, Mexican fan palm, and Canary Island date palm. Affected plants cannot normally send out heart leaves, new leaves shrivel and dry up, and in severe cases the entire plant withers in patches. The pathogen of phytophthora disease is caused by Phytophthora, and can be identified by incubation in an incubator. The pathogen mainly overwinters in soil or on diseased plant residues. The bacteria spread through watering, rain splash, and air movement.

Occurrence Pattern of Phytophthora Disease in Washington Palm

This disease occurs during the high-temperature, high-humidity period between summer and autumn. Drought followed by rain, or poor management after transplanting, such as heavy watering, soil water content

suddenly increasing, poor ventilation, or plants located in drafty positions are prone to infection. The disease is severe in low-lying, poorly drained, and continuous-cropping plots. In addition, the disease is often related to severe root damage caused during seedling digging, followed by long-distance transport.

When it occurs, the base of the unexpanded young heart leaf rots, and the leaves turn grayish-green and droop, and can be pulled out with slight force. Dissecting the stem, one can see paste-like secretions and a foul odor at the growing point or even the entire heart of the plant, and white mold-like substances can grow on the infected tissue. Severely affected plants also often show root damage, with the main symptoms being blackened, rotted roots and an abnormal

smell. This disease mainly occurs at the seedling stage and in nurseries, and is relatively rare in adult trees planted in green spaces.

Symptoms

In recent years, the damage has been relatively severe in nursery land. In the early stage of the disease, yellow-brown water-soaked lesions first appear near the ground, the lesions rapidly expand and are slightly sunken, and in humid conditions the surface is densely covered with white cottony mold, and the diseased part rots and smells foul. When it occurs on leaves, the diseased part is yellow-brown, and white mold grows under humid conditions. When it occurs on the stem, it is initially dark green, then expands, becomes moist and soft, and in the later stage the upper part shows withering. This disease can harm the entire palm plant. Sometimes purulent liquid oozes out when the root system and stem are cut open, and in severe cases the edges of the veins of young leaves carry large amounts of gray-black mycelium. Phytophthora disease is a vascular bundle disease, and in severe cases the entire plant wilts, droops, dries up, and eventually dies, with a high mortality rate.

According to surveys, the peak period of this disease is mostly the high-temperature, high-humidity period, that is, the optimum temperature is 27°C to 35°C. For example, in 2006, the disease period in the coastal areas near the Pearl River Delta was July to October, in Xiamen August to November, in Shanghai June to September (also occurring in early spring), and in the mountainous areas of western Pearl River Delta August to November, but in all places the disease can be seen within 1 to 2 months after typhoons and rainstorms, sometimes occurring sporadically, sometimes appearing in patches.

Control Methods

I. Preventive Cultivation Measures

1. Pay attention to ventilation, dryness and drainage in the nursery. Leaves can be moderately pruned each autumn and winter, and pits can be dug and soil banked up in the planting site to keep the seedling land dry. Usually, potassium fertilizer can be increased, and quicklime, superphosphate, etc. can also be applied separately, to enhance the density of plant tissues and resistance to infection, and improve the disease resistance of the plants.

2. Choose a good plot. Choose loam or sandy loam land with high terrain and good drainage for planting.

3. Implement crop rotation. Land previously planted with Washington palm requires a rotation of three to four years or more.

4. Strengthen field management, increase the application of organic fertilizer, promote robust plant growth with deep roots and lush leaves, and improve resistance. Implement high-ridge (bed) cultivation. Appropriately control watering during the rainy season, drain water promptly after rain, so that the ground dries after rain; water promptly in drought, and strictly prohibit flood irrigation when watering, and do it in the afternoon or evening on sunny days.

5. Achieve prevention first and comprehensive control. Observe regularly, often prune dead branches and fallen leaves, promptly clean up diseased plants when found, bury them deeply or burn them, and disinfect the disease holes with lime.

II. Chemical Control

One to two months before the onset of the disease in summer and during the disease period, use 64% oxadixyl mancozeb wettable powder (1:500 to 600), 80% fosetyl-aluminum (1:400), or other hymexazol-type products such as carbendazim-containing soil fungicide, i.e. soil fungicide (usual dosage 600 to 700 times), lime-sulfur mixture (1:1:100), dexon (500 times), etc. for control. Specific control methods: when transplanting Washington palm, first spray the planting site and the roots of Washington palm with 600 to 700 times soil fungicide solution, or on continuous sunny days first dig pits and expose them to the sun for sterilization, or sprinkle lime powder for disinfection, or use 500 times dexon solution for soil disinfection.

After a typhoon, promptly spray oxadixyl mancozeb (better) or fosetyl-aluminum (prone to developing resistance), plus 0.4% washing powder, poured into the heart or sprayed for both prevention and treatment. You can also spray 80% mancozeb 700 times solution, once every 7 to 10 days, spraying two or three times in succession, which can effectively prevent and control the occurrence of phytophthora disease. After adopting this measure, the Washington palm and Washington palm at the Shanghai base of Guangdong Palm Landscape Company have dropped from a disease incidence of 20% in 2004 to below 10%.

Experience in Control

The control effect of using carbendazim, etc. is not obvious. If all leaves are cut off in the early stage of the disease and the plant is transplanted elsewhere, about 30% can gradually revive after 2 to 3 years, but the growth is poor.

It is understood that this disease rarely occurs in high-temperature, dry areas such as Los Angeles, so this disease is related to high temperature and high humidity, and the infection route is through surface water, groundwater and rainwater, etc. When the plant's root system, trunk, and leaves are damaged, the pathogen invades and multiplies greatly when water is sufficient, ultimately causing blockage of the vascular conducting tissue, and the plant wilts and dies from water loss. The heart rot disease introduced in some literature is actually also phytophthora disease, only occurring in the heart leaf part.

This disease is different from anthracnose, which occurs on leaves, with small water-soaked spots appearing at the onset, then expanding into larger lesions, and is easily discovered, and can generally be controlled with agents such as carbendazim. As for leaf spot disease, it refers to diseases occurring on leaves, with common pathogens such as Phyllosticta, Pestalotiopsis, etc., often causing leaf blight, but anthracnose and leaf spot disease rarely cause plant death. Transplanting Techniques for Large Single-Trunk Seedlings

Preparation Before Transplanting

1. Root-prune the seedlings to be transplanted in advance. After root pruning, the soil ball size should be twice the ground diameter, and the root-pruning depth should be 50 cm to 60 cm. Stones and broken roots should be removed from the root-pruned soil and promptly backfilled, and moisture should be maintained: the purpose is to exercise the adaptability of the seedlings and encourage new roots. After root pruning, it is best to leave them for more than 30 days, and transplant only when new roots begin to sprout. If using heeling-in seedlings, the effect is even better.

2. Dig holes and prepare the soil. Dig holes 20 days before transplanting at the planting site, and the hole specification is generally 1.5 times the soil ball. The soil from the holes should be exposed to the sun in the open for a period, and the backfill soil is best a pre-prepared mixed soil: pond mud + farmyard manure or mushroom soil + an appropriate amount of matured phosphate fertilizer + an appropriate amount of river sand, with sand:soil at 4:6.

Planting Time

In the Pearl River Delta region, transplanting can be done throughout the year, with spring and autumn being the best, and summer and winter should be avoided as much as possible, especially January and July. Most Arecaceae plants prefer warmth and humidity. In summer, temperatures are high, seedlings evaporate water quickly, and it is easy to cause excessive water loss and affect survival; in winter, temperatures are low, and some places even have frost, and strong north winds can easily cause frostbite or even freezing death of seedlings.

Moving Seedlings

Some large single-trunk Arecaceae seedlings have relatively thick stems, and moving seedlings is labor-intensive, and the seedlings are very easily injured. Therefore, when moving seedlings, the trunk should be wrapped with burlap sacks or straw, especially the green wrapped part at the boundary between the trunk and the petiole. First, it protects the trunk; second, it maintains moisture and protects against the sun. In addition, when lifting seedlings, combine with pruning leaves, remove old leaves, and retain 40% to 45% of the leaves (specifically depending on the strength of the tree vigor). At the same time, cut off 1/5 of the leaves together with the petioles, to minimize water evaporation.

Planting

It is best to plant seedlings on the same day they are dug. If the time is too long, the seedlings evaporate a lot of water, and it is easy to affect survival due to water loss. If they cannot all be planted on the same day, cover them well with shade netting and spray a small amount of water on the leaf surfaces every day, doing well in shading and moisture retention.

1. Backfilling soil: Once the seedling is positioned, backfill the soil. When the backfill reaches half the height of the soil ball, first compact the loose soil. After backfilling is complete, shape the soil mound into a "water storage basin" that is slightly higher around the edges and slightly lower in the middle, to facilitate watering and moisture retention.

2. Watering: Immediately after backfilling, water thoroughly to settle the roots. Before watering, first use bamboo poles, etc. to poke the loose soil around the soil ball firmly, until the loose soil no longer sinks.

3. Fixing: There are many kinds of supports. Using three bamboo poles to form a triangular support is the most economical and practical one. The tying height is at 2/3 of the trunk.

Post-Planting Management

1. Moisture retention: Spray the leaves and trunk wrapping twice a day, except on rainy days, to the extent of wetting the leaves and trunk wrapping. Do not water the roots, because excess water will flow down and accumulate, causing root rot. Cover the area around the tree base with straw to protect from the sun, prevent excessive soil temperature differences from causing soil compaction, and keep the soil around the soil ball loose, moist and aerated, which is conducive to the sprouting of new roots.

2. Wind protection: Because transplanted large single-trunk palm plants are generally tall and are often affected by thunderstorms and strong winds after transplanting, the supports should be checked regularly after planting to see whether they have loosened. Especially after strong winds, if the trunk is found to be tilted, it should be promptly straightened and re-tied.

3. Topdressing: About one month after planting, urea water can be used for foliar topdressing, sprayed, with topdressing about once every half a month. After the first new leaf grows and matures, use fully decomposed peanut cake for hole fertilization. Dig the hole outside the edge of the soil ball to open a ring-shaped trench, with the trench width and depth each 30 cm, and the fertilizer and backfill soil should be mixed evenly.

4. Pest and disease control: Newly transplanted large single-trunk Arecaceae seedlings are relatively weak in tree vigor and very susceptible to pests and diseases, especially tender leaves and heart leaves. For insect control, 5% methamidophos plus 5% omethoate can be applied. At present, the invasive pest "coconut leaf beetle" is quite serious to Arecaceae plants. Adults and larvae concentrate in the overlapping gaps of the not-yet-unfolded heart leaves and gnaw the leaf flesh, causing part or all of the newly emerged leaves to die, and affected plants grow slowly or even die. The control methods are as follows: ① 81% malathion emulsion 1000 times solution; ② cypermethrin 500 times solution; ③ use "Ye Jia Qing", all of which can achieve good control effects. According to actual operation, the author believes that the simplest, most convenient and long-lasting method is to hang a packet of "Ye Jia Qing" on the heart leaf during planting in combination with tying.

For large single-trunk Arecaceae seedlings, about one month after planting, whether they have survived can be roughly determined based on whether the leaves remain green, but to truly determine survival, it is generally necessary to wait until after one growing season, using whether new shoots and new roots have emerged as the standard. After the author adopted the above transplanting techniques in construction, the transplanting survival rate increased from the original 75% to more than 90%, and the above techniques are highly operable and to be promoted and applied.

Transplanting Techniques for Seedlings, Large Trees and Clustered Seedlings

Key Techniques for Transplanting Seedlings

Palm plants are most suitable for transplanting during the period after germination and rooting. At this time, the seedlings are relatively small and can be transplanted with seeds, and because there are few fibrous roots, the root system is not easily damaged when moving seedlings. Use nutrient bags for seedling cultivation, with the size depending on the time for cultivating the seedlings. Generally speaking, 1-year-old seedlings are suitable with 16 cm x 18 cm containers, and 2-year-old seedlings with 19 cm x 20 cm. Nutrient bags that are too small are not conducive to the rapid growth of seedlings. Prepare the nutrient soil with loose topsoil, burned soil and wheat bran, mixed evenly in a ratio of 5:2:1 with a small amount of phosphate fertilizer, then bag it. First put half a bag of mixed soil, then place the seedling, then straighten the seedling, fill it full, and compact it, so that the seedling root system and the mixed soil are closely attached, and water thoroughly. Palm plants cannot be planted too deep, otherwise it will affect the growth of the seedlings. If too deep, lift the seedling upward so that the seedling root system spreads out.

Key Techniques for Transplanting Large Trees

Arecaceae plants are cultivated in nurseries for 5 to 10 years, and most require several times of bed separation and transplanting, so selecting sparse-planted strong seedlings results in a higher survival rate.

Reduce damage to the root mass. The root system tissue of palm plants is tender, with many lateral roots and capillary roots. When lifting and digging, carry as large a soil ball as possible and prevent it from loosening and cracking. Minimize the degree of root mass damage, so as to maintain normal respiration and water absorption capacity, and improve the transplanting survival rate. During construction, accurately set out lines and fix holes to avoid rework and prevent the soil ball from loosening.

Leaf pruning: The amount of leaves retained during transplanting should be comprehensively determined according to different species, the climate at the time of transplanting, and the transplanting and maintenance conditions.

Generally, about 40% of the original number of leaves should be retained. Retaining too many leaves will cause the leaves to turn yellow due to large water evaporation; retaining too few leaves will make it difficult for the plant to recover and the cycle long, and the initial landscape effect will also be poor.

Protect the plant stem and its pseudostem. During the process of lifting, digging, transporting, loading and unloading the plant, the stem should be protected from damage, and the pseudostem part should not be squeezed or bent. This is the guarantee for the health of the plant and its rapid recovery.

Soil at the new planting site: Palm plants will damage root tips during transplanting, and it is difficult for new root tips to sprout within one month after transplanting, so the water absorption capacity is weak. At this time, good soil permeability and aeration are conducive to the survival of the seedlings, so when planting, dig large holes and pay attention to the quality of the foreign soil, adding peat soil and compound fertilizer, to facilitate the recovery of palms after planting.

Maintenance: Within one month after planting, the plant has poor adaptability, and the seedlings should be carefully maintained. Be sure to replenish water in time and shade appropriately, and strive to have new leaves sprout within three months. If continuous rainy weather occurs after transplanting, palm seedlings will recover better, because rainy days can avoid the adverse effects of scorching sun exposure.

Key Techniques for Transplanting Large Clustered Seedlings

Clustered species of Arecaceae plants have multiple growth points. After growing into a multi-trunk clustered state, they can grow new roots relatively quickly after transplanting. However, clustered palms also have disadvantages such as heavy trunks, large leaf area causing high water evaporation, and poor ventilation making them prone to damage from strong winds. Therefore, in addition to handling them according to single-trunk palm transplanting, the following technical measures should be added:

1. Implement the "hairy root method" transplanting, that is, after lifting and digging a relatively large soil ball, use a small shovel to remove part of the soil along the outer edge of the soil ball, retain more fibrous roots and a moderate soil ball, and immediately wrap it with moisture-retaining lightweight material, to reduce the weight of the soil ball while ensuring survival. For example, this method can be used for transplanting clustered palms that recover relatively slowly, such as fishtail palm and three-drug areca.

2. Implement bare-root heeling-in or pot planting for centralized maintenance until new roots sprout and the plant stabilizes before formal planting. This method is suitable for rough-growing clustered palms such as areca palm, strange wrinkle palm, and Hawaiian palm, and can reduce freight and facilitate construction.

In summary, for the transplanting of large palm seedlings and mature trees, in brief, five aspects must be done well, namely: select strong seedlings; dig good soil balls and transport and plant them with care; prune leaves appropriately; ensure good aeration and drainage at the planting site; and do a good job of post-planting care, including sun protection and moisture retention. The sign of successful transplanting of large seedlings and mature trees is being able to retain most of the leaves and produce new leaves within half a year after planting, among which producing three healthy new leaves indicates complete transplanting success.

Drainage: first understand the hydrological conditions of the planting site, and as far as possible place the very bottom of the soil ball at a position 100-150CM above the site's year-round groundwater level and with thick fertile soil; at the same time, a drainage layer for the root system in the underground soil ball and a surface runoff guidance network should be well established to prevent water accumulation in the soil ball after planting; if the hydrological conditions do not meet the requirements, the method of planting with a raised soil ball can be used, that is, first pile up the planting site with loose media mixed with fertile soil or with coarse sand, as far as possible meeting the above requirements, then place the plant on the soil mound, and fill and bury the soil ball with mixed loose soil or planting soil mixed with humus soil; remove debris from the soil around the planting site, or appropriately improve the soil with loose media, so as to achieve loose and breathable conditions for the plant roots; strengthen inspections during the rainy season, promptly clear drainage facilities and appropriately loosen the soil around the roots, so as to prevent waterlogging and drain accumulated water. Moisture retention: immediately after planting, water once with settling water to ensure the soil ball roots are moist and closely combined with the surrounding soil, promoting root development, then water three more times thoroughly and cover the soil ball in time to prevent the surface soil from cracking. In hot summer, more water should be sprayed on the ground and tree crown to increase environmental humidity and reduce transpiration; leaf moisture retention treatments include a. newly planted seedlings should have their leaves appropriately pruned to reduce the transpiration area of the leaves; b. appropriately spray anti-transpirants on the leaves to inhibit the plant's physiological metabolism and reduce physiological water loss; c. in clear weather conditions, spray water as mist on the leaves as much as possible to strengthen the leaves' absorption of water and weaken transpiration; check the moisture status of the soil ball and roots at any time and replenish water in time to ensure the moisture of the soil ball and the permeability of root respiration. Fertilization: after planting, in addition to keeping the plant moist, appropriately spray low-concentration foliar fertilizer to strengthen post-planting nutritional supplementation; frequently check the root sprouting status of the plant, and if new roots are found growing, consider increasing root fertilization, generally choosing the season when the monthly average temperature is above 2O℃, applying mainly organic fertilizer as much as possible, with an appropriate additional application of compound fertilizer high in P and K, to promote balanced nutrition for the plant and ensure its rapid recovery and healthy growth. Pest and disease control: spray pesticides to control pests and diseases before the seedlings leave the nursery, and after arriving at the site, the plants also need to be sprayed for pest and disease control before unloading, and ensure that within one month after planting, pesticides are applied three consecutive times at intervals of one week to ten days, after which a pest and disease control plan still needs to be reasonably formulated. Special

Part Nine: "Maintenance Plan"

Sutarion (Nanjing) Optoelectronics Co., Ltd. Greening

Main

ten

ance

Plan

Nanjing Gensen Flowers and Trees Co., Ltd.

October 8, 2010

Project Overview

"Sutarion (Nanjing) Optoelectronics Co., Ltd." is located at No. 31 Hengfei Road, Nanjing Economic and Technological Development Zone, with a factory green space area of 28,186 sq m. The plant configuration in the factory greening is relatively reasonable, rich in color, with obvious seasonal changes, forming a plant community with distinct layers and natural ecology, basically displaying the natural landscape of plants. The arrangement of flowering shrubs and hedges among the factory buildings gives each factory area a different landscape style. Dozens of plant varieties are planted in the factory area, including camphor trees, southern magnolias, zelkovas, osmanthus, and crape myrtles, among which there is a tree-lined avenue composed of large-specification camphor trees, and scenic spots at the gatehouse composed of ancient red maples, fruiting pomegranates, Malus spectabilis, ginkgos, and Canary Island date palms.

In view of the current situation of the factory greening landscape, we believe that the initial greening construction was relatively extensive, with insufficient understanding of plant habits, especially the replacement of planting soil in the greening areas was not in place, and in some areas the garbage soil was not replaced, resulting in poor plant growth.

Greening Maintenance Plan Schedule

January (Minor Cold, Major Cold)

1. Shaping and pruning of fruit trees.

2. Frequently check cold-protection equipment, facilities and seedling cold-protection wrappings.

3. Plow the soil for winter cultivation and apply sufficient winter fertilizer.

4. Prune away dead, damaged, diseased and pest-infested branches and leaves, thoroughly remove overwintering bagworm cases, slug moth cocoons and latent overwintering pests.

February (Start of Spring, Rain Water)

1. Continue winter pruning of deciduous trees and fruit trees.

2. Continue pruning diseased and pest-infested branches, and pay attention to observing the occurrence of pests and diseases (such as cottony cushion scale, globular scale, etc.).

3. Continue accumulating fertilizer and making compost, prepare cultivation soil, and continue applying winter fertilizer to various deciduous trees. March (Awakening of Insects, Spring Equinox)

As the weather gradually warms, many pests and diseases are about to occur. Maintain and repair various insect- and disease-control equipment and prepare medicines. Pay attention to the occurrence of aphids and globular scale, and achieve timely control. April (Clear and Bright, Grain Rain)

1. Do a good job in controlling scale insects, mites, cutworms, white grubs, mole crickets and other parasitic insects, as well as powdery mildew and rust.

2. Do a good job in loosening soil, weeding, and fertilizing before flowering. Apply dilute fertilizer weekly to perennial flowers and spring-sown herbaceous flowers.

3. Do a good job in bud removal and pruning of trees. Remove excess tender buds and improperly positioned branches at any time.

4. Clear and repair the drainage system.

May (Start of Summer, Grain Full)

1. Perform post-flowering pruning and hedge pruning on spring-flowering shrubs; according to technical operation requirements, perform bud removal and pruning on trees, and prune and remove root shoots of small seedlings at any time.

2. Continue to strengthen tree maintenance and management, do a good job in replanting, thinning and final singling of seedlings, apply additional topdressing, and apply dilute fertilizer frequently.

3. This month the temperature gradually rises, and pests and diseases greatly harm trees and flowers. Attention should be paid to pest forecasting and forecasting, and good pest and disease prevention work should be done.

4. Carry out lawn mowing and continue to remove weeds in the lawn.

June (Grain in Ear, Summer Solstice)

1. This month enters the plum rain season, with high temperature and high humidity, so replanting should be carried out promptly.

2. Perform post-flowering pruning and fertilization on flowering shrubs, and pinch and prune some spring-sown herbaceous flowers.

3. Continue removing weeds and continue mowing.

4. Do a good job in pest and disease control. This month focus on controlling bagworms, slug moths, tussock moths, geometrid moths, tortoise wax scales and other pests, as well as leaf spot disease, anthracnose, and sooty mold.

July (Minor Heat, Major Heat)

1. This month the weather is hot and weeds grow quickly, so continue intertillage and weeding and loosening the soil.

2. Bagworms, slug moths, longhorn beetles, tortoise wax scales, armored scales, second-generation cottony cushion scale, mites and other pests occur in large numbers, so attention should be paid to their control, while continuing to control anthracnose, powdery mildew, leaf spot disease, etc.

3. During the dog days, temperatures are high, and when there is little rain, irrigation is needed to resist drought. This month is also a month with more heavy rain, so attention should be paid to preventing waterlogging.

4. This month enters the typhoon and tidal flood season, so typhoon and flood prevention work should be done well, with frequent inspections and timely righting of wind-thrown trees.

August (Start of Autumn, End of Heat)

1. Continue intertillage and weeding and loosening the soil.

2. Continue doing a good job in drought prevention and drainage to ensure normal growth of seedlings.

3. This month the seedlings grow vigorously, so topdressing should be applied in time, and for small seedlings apply dilute fertilizer frequently.

4. Continue doing a good job in typhoon and flood prevention, and promptly right wind-thrown trees when found.

5. Continue doing a good job in pest and disease control, and conscientiously control the main pests harming trees (bagworms, second-generation slug moths, longhorn beetles, mites, etc.) and main diseases (powdery mildew, anthracnose, leaf spot disease, etc.).

September (White Dew, Autumn Equinox)

1. Continue to do a good job in pest elimination and disease control; in particular, frequently check the occurrence of aphids, wood boring moths, etc., and once found, control them immediately.

2. Continue intertillage and weeding, continue removing lawn weeds, carry out lawn mowing, and perform shaping and pruning on topiary balls, hedges, etc.

3. Continue to do a good job in pest and disease control. In particular, check the pest and disease situations such as the relatively frequent aphids, bagworms, slug moths, brown spot disease and sooty mold on flowering shrubs, and control them in time.

October (Cold Dew, Frost's Descent)

1. Do a good job in pest and disease control, and eliminate various adult insects and insect eggs.

2. Continue intertillage and weeding.

3. After seedlings stop growing, check the survival rate, find out the real situation, and ensure the smooth progress of winter and spring greening work.

November (Start of Winter, Minor Snow)

1. Do a good job in cold protection, whitewash some trees, or wrap them with straw rope.

2. Carry out winter tree pruning, cut off diseased branches and dead branches; branches with insect eggs, competing branches, excessive

What flowers are good to grow at home

Flower and Bonsai Network introduction: Today Flower and Bonsai Network editor shares with you an article about what flowers are good to grow at home. Let's take a look.

Many people grow flowers at home, and many flower lovers grow even more. Atgrowing flowers at homenot only beautifies the environment and adds green vitality to the home. But not all flowers are suitable for growing at home, sowhat flowers are good to grow at home? Below the editor shares with everyone common knowledge about growing flowers at home.

Flowers are plants. Growing flowers at home can not only beautify the home air and beautify the family environment, but also cultivate people's sentiments. In fact, the flowers grown at home and in the office are largely the same and can be the same. The best choice is pothos and spider plant. First, they are relatively easy to grow; second, they have a very good purifying effect. The beauty or fragrant scent of flowers and plants, and their three-dimensional lively image, can add vitality to home furnishings.
But for what flowers to grow at home, many factors need to be considered, such as feng shui and the nature of the plants. This article focuses on introducing the flowers and plants most suitable for growing at home.

What flowers are good to grow at home

Placing some pollution-resistant flowers and plants at home can beautify the environment, cultivate sentiments, purify the air, and also eliminate or reduce chemical pollution and resist the invasion of microorganisms.

1. Lilies: The fragrance of lilies can overexcite the human central nervous system and cause insomnia.

2. Hydrangea: The microparticles released by hydrangea can cause skin allergies and trigger itching.

3. Chinese rose: The fragrance released by Chinese roses can make some people suddenly feel chest tightness, discomfort, suffocation and difficulty breathing after smelling it.

4. Orchids: The aroma released by orchids, if smelled for a long time, can make people overly excited and cause insomnia.

5. Redbud: If the pollen released by redbud comes into contact with people for too long, it can induce asthma or worsen cough symptoms.

6. Night-blooming cestrum: At night, night-blooming cestrum releases a large amount of microparticles that strongly stimulate the sense of smell. Patients with high blood pressure and heart disease are prone to dizziness, depression and discomfort, and it may even worsen their condition.

7. Tulips: Tulip flowers contain an alkaloid. If people and animals stay among these flowers for 2~3 hours, they will feel dizzy and experience poisoning symptoms, and in severe cases hair loss will accelerate.

8. Oleander: The smell released by oleander flowers, if smelled for too long, can make people drowsy and reduce intelligence; the milky white liquid secreted, if contacted for too long, can also cause poisoning.

9. Flowers of pine and cypress species: The fragrant smell released by pine and cypress flowers and trees has an irritating effect on the human gastrointestinal tract. If smelled for too long, it will not only affect people's appetite, but also make pregnant women feel upset, nauseous and wanting to vomit, and dizzy.

10. Azalea: Yellow azalea flowers contain a toxin. Once mistakenly eaten, mild cases will cause poisoning, and severe cases will cause shock.

11. Mimosa: Mimosa contains mimosine in its body, which can cause hair loss.

I.Grow different flowers at home according to different cultivation environments
1. Entrance hall
The entrance hall is the entrance area of the residence, including corridors and passageways. The decoration of the entrance hall should give people a first impression and feeling, whether luxurious and romantic, or neat and solemn, or elegant and concise, all can be felt from the decoration of the entrance hall.
The entrance hall space of a residence is often relatively narrow, and some are just a corridor passageway. It is the necessary passage to the living room, and most are relatively dim. The greening decoration here mostly chooses plants with neat forms or climbing columnar shapes, such as Brazil iron, Aspidistra, golden pothos, etc.; spider plants, ferns, etc. are also often chosen, using hanging forms, which can save space and enliven the space atmosphere. In short, the plants selected for greening decoration here are suitable for those with slender leaf shapes and soft branches and stems, to soften the line of sight in the space.
2. Living room
The living room is the main place for daily life, the center of family activities, and also the main place for receiving guests, so it has multiple functions and is the focus of greening decoration in the entire residence. To some extent, the degree of decoration of the living room can show the owner's identity, status and interests. The greening decoration of the living room should reflect a hospitable and happy atmosphere. Plant arrangement should highlight the key points, avoid clutter, and strive to be beautiful, generous and solemn, while also paying attention to coordination with the style of furniture and the color of walls. If a luxurious and imposing style is required, plants with larger leaves and taller plant shapes such as Malabar chestnut, Brazil iron, and green giant can be chosen as the main plants, or vines such as areca palm, weeping fig, golden pothos, and jade pothos as the main scene; if an elegant and antique style is required, tree stump bonsai can be chosen as the main scene.
But no matter what is used as the main scene, a small pot of brightly colored, small and exquisite foliage plants, such as ornamental bromeliads, peacock arrowroot, and Alocasia, must be placed on the tea table, flower stand, windowsill or desk near the sofa; when necessary, fresh flowers or seasonal flowers can also be placed on the desk. Such a combination not only highlights the theme of the living room layout, but also keeps the room evergreen all year round and full of vitality.
3. Study
The study is a place for reading and writing, and sometimes also for receiving guests. The greening decoration of the study should be bright, fresh and elegant, thereby creating a quiet, peaceful and elegant environment, so that people feel calm and tranquil after entering and can concentrate. Therefore, the plant arrangement in the study should not be too eye-catching, but should choose plants with non-dazzling colors and relatively ordinary forms, reflecting a reserved style. Generally, a pot of light and elegant asparagus fern or green plants such as network plant or arrowhead plant can be placed on the writing desk to regulate eyesight and relieve fatigue; hanging plants with spreading and drooping forms, such as golden pothos, heartleaf philodendron, English ivy, and inch plant, can be chosen and hung in the corner, or allowed to trail down from the top of a bookcase; a pot of climbing plants such as fiddle-leaf philodendron, golden pothos, and arrowleaf philodendron can also be placed in a suitable position, like a coiled dragon soaring into the air, giving people the passion to be positive and strive upward.
4. Bedroom
The main function of the bedroom is sleep and rest. About 1/3 of a person's life is spent sleeping, so the arrangement and decoration of the bedroom are also very important. The plant arrangement in the bedroom should revolve around the function of rest, and plant decoration should create an atmosphere that can soothe nerves, relieve fatigue and make people relaxed. At the same time, because there is more furniture in the bedroom and the space appears crowded, it is better to choose small, light green plants. Matching bonsai should also not have bright colors or peculiar shapes. Asparagus fern, monstera, ferns, etc. can be placed on the desk or flower stand. If space permits, plants with neat shapes can also be placed on the ground, such as heartleaf philodendron, Brazil iron, and umbrella tree. In addition, plants can also be selected according to the age and personality of the residents.
5. Dining room
The dining room is a place for family members or guests to eat or gather. When decorating, the theme should be sweetness and cleanliness, and indoor foliage plants with bright colors can be appropriately placed. At the same time, fully consider saving area, focusing on three-dimensional decoration, and in principle the selected plants should be small in plant type. For example, display several small and exquisite, emerald green indoor foliage plants on a multi-tiered flower stand (such as ornamental bromeliads, baby rubber plant, monstera, lily grass, peacock arrowroot, asparagus fern, clearweed, etc. are all acceptable), or place a clearly shaped indoor foliage plant in the corner such as golden pothos, Malabar chestnut, and Dutch iron. In this way, it can make people energetic and increase appetite.

II.Grow different flowers at home according to different home feng shui
1. Lucky bamboo
Lucky bamboo is also called "ten-thousand-year bamboo" and "evergreen". It is a widely popular "money tree". Growing lucky bamboo at home symbolizes attracting wealth.
2. Kumquat
Growing kumquat at home has the meaning of gold and silver treasures, and is quite helpful for increasing sources of wealth. But note: do not pull off the kumquats, and clean up dead branches and fallen leaves frequently.
3. Narcissus
Growing narcissus at home can ward off evil and remove filth, bring good fortune and auspiciousness, and can also attract wealth. What must be noted is: before narcissus blooms, it looks like a large scallion, and it is very important to keep it fresh.
4. Chrysanthemum
Growing chrysanthemums at home symbolizes prolonging life and increasing blessings, and helps with the indoor decoration feng shui keyword of qi field and magnetic field. But note: both English daisies and cosmos are suitable for placing at home, but pay attention to sunlight and also watch out for pests. In addition, the bactericidal substances secreted by flowers such as jasmine, lilac, honeysuckle, and morning glory grown at home can kill certain bacteria in the air, inhibit the occurrence of diphtheria, tuberculosis, dysentery pathogens and typhoid bacteria, and keep indoor air clean and hygienic.

III.Grow different flowers at home according to different functional roles of flowers
Generally, the number of flowers and plants placed in the hall should be controlled within 3 pots. In terms of varieties, it is best to choose some plants with low light requirements, such as evergreen, Brazil iron tree, and Chinese orchid types; it is best not to place flowers and plants in the bedroom, and if they must be placed, some small and exquisite succulent plants such as cacti and cactus balls can be chosen as decoration.
Aloe, spider plant and snake plant can remove formaldehyde. In a 15 sq m room, planting two pots of snake plant or spider plant can keep the air fresh and free from the harm of formaldehyde. Snake plant can also release a large amount of oxygen during the day. Spider plant can also release bactericidal substances and kill pathogens. If enough spider plants are placed in a room, within 24 hours, 80% of harmful substances will be killed; spider plant can also effectively absorb carbon dioxide.
1. Plants that can kill pathogens
The volatile oils produced by fragrant flowers such as roses, osmanthus, stock, jasmine, lemon, rose, dianthus, lily of the valley, and crape myrtle have significant bactericidal effects.
Plants such as crape myrtle, jasmine, and lemon can kill diphtheria bacteria and dysentery bacteria and other native bacteria within 5 minutes. The fragrance released by plants such as rose, dianthus, lily of the valley, stock, rose, and osmanthus has an obvious inhibitory effect on the growth and reproduction of tubercle bacilli, pneumococci, and staphylococci.
Succulent plants such as cacti that originated in tropical arid regions have stomata on their fleshy stems closed during the day and open at night. While absorbing carbon dioxide, they produce oxygen, increasing the concentration of negative ions in indoor air.
Plants such as snake plant, snake plant, agave, and also opuntia, kalanchoe, sedum, Bryophyllum, cultivated bromeliads can also purify the air at night.
Planting climbing plants such as Boston ivy, grape, morning glory, wisteria, and rose around the home and letting them climb along walls or trellises to form a green shade canopy can effectively reduce solar radiation and greatly lower indoor temperature. Plants such as lilac, jasmine, rose, stock, and mint can make people relaxed and mentally happy, help with sleep, and also improve work efficiency.
Many people like to grow flowers indoors to improve and beautify the indoor environment, but if the selection is improper, it will instead cause indoor pollution. Therefore, when growing flowers, attention should be paid to: choosing good varieties. Indoors, it is most suitable to choose evergreen flowers and trees or varieties that can absorb toxic gases, such as spider plant, asparagus fern, evergreen, cactus, monstera, and English ivy.
2. Aromatic effects of common flowers
Rose fragrance: relaxes nerves, relieves physical and mental fatigue, and helps treat nervous system diseases.
Tulip: can relieve eye fatigue and eliminate irritability.
Orchid fragrance: helps relieve lung heat and phlegm cough, and benefits people with neurasthenia, but it should not be too strong, otherwise it can also cause dizziness.
Michelia alba fragrance: has a bactericidal effect and purifies the air.
3. Plants that can absorb toxic chemicals
Aloe, spider plant, snake plant, Aspidistra, and Monstera are natural scavengers that can remove harmful substances from the air. Studies have shown that snake plant and spider plant can absorb more than 80% of harmful gases indoors, and their ability to absorb formaldehyde is extremely strong. Aloe is also good at absorbing formaldehyde, and can absorb 90% of the formaldehyde contained in 1 cubic meter of air. English ivy, sago palm, chrysanthemum, kumquat, pomegranate, purslane, Chinese rose, camellia, pomegranate, Aglaia odorata, daisy, wintersweet, and marigold can effectively remove harmful substances such as sulfur dioxide, chlorine, ether, ethylene, carbon monoxide, and nitrogen peroxide. Orchids, osmanthus, wintersweet, Caladium, and Excoecaria cochinchinensis are natural dust collectors; their fine hairs can intercept and retain floating particles and smoke dust in the air.
4. Plants that can resist radiation
If you place one or two pots of cactus beside your computer, it can help the human body absorb as little of the radiation released by the computer as possible. Because cacti grow in places with very strong sunlight, their ability to absorb radiation is especially strong.
(1) Cactus (ball cactus) can resist radiation
Cacti and succulents have a nickname - "lazy person's plants." This type of plant requires little care and attention for cultivation, and hydroponic ball cacti are even easier to maintain. Because cacti (ball cacti) grow in places with very strong sunlight, their ability to resist ultraviolet radiation and other radiation is especially strong. Hydroponic ball cacti are clean and environmentally friendly, with no odor. If you place one or two pots of hydroponic cacti (ball cacti) beside your computer, it can help the human body absorb as little of the radiation released by the computer as possible. Because cacti (ball cacti) grow in places with very strong sunlight, their ability to absorb radiation is especially strong.
(2) Ball cactus known as a nighttime "oxygen bar"
Ball cacti mostly breathe at night when it is cooler and more humid. When breathing, they take in carbon dioxide and release oxygen. Therefore, placing a large Golden Barrel Cactus in a room is no different from adding an air freshener, and it can purify indoor air. Thus it is also an ideal flower for indoor display at night.
(3) A master at adsorbing dust. Do not underestimate the ball cactus; it is also a master at adsorbing dust! Placing a ball cactus indoors, especially a hydroponic ball cactus (because hydroponic ball cacti are cleaner and more environmentally friendly), can play a role in purifying the environment.
5. Recommended flowers to grow at home
(1) Aster, Astragalus, tobacco, and cockscomb; these plants can absorb large amounts of radioactive nuclides such as uranium.
(2) English ivy, Chinese rose, rose, aloe, and Rohdea japonica can effectively remove indoor trichloroethylene, hydrogen sulfide, benzene, phenol, hydrogen fluoride, and ether, etc.
(3) Eucalyptus, asparagus fern, Euphorbia, and cactus can kill germs; asparagus fern can also remove heavy metal particles.
(4) English ivy, fig, Monstera deliciosa, and common aloe can not only deal with bacteria and other harmful substances brought in from outdoors, but can even absorb dust that is hard for even a vacuum cleaner to reach.
(5) Monstera, snake plant, and Aspidistra can absorb more than 80% of harmful gases indoors.
(6) Citrus, rosemary, and spider plant can greatly reduce bacteria and microorganisms in indoor air.
(7) Chinese rose can absorb relatively large amounts of harmful gases such as hydrogen sulfide, benzene, phenol, hydrogen chloride, and ether.
(8) Wisteria has strong resistance to sulfur dioxide, chlorine, and hydrogen fluoride, and also has a certain resistance to chromium.

Four.Different rooms in the home should have different plants
1. Bedroom
Medium and small pots or hanging plants should be the main choice. It is suitable to place a pot of light-colored fragrant plants such as jasmine, osmanthus, Chinese rose, or banana shrub, or plants with fine leaves such as asparagus fern or zebra plant. Flowers that are too strongly colored make it hard for people to fall asleep and are not suitable for placement. Bedroom flowers are generally smaller in form, and the growing medium for the plants should preferably use sphagnum moss instead of soil to keep the room clean. The containers for placing plants should not have odd shapes, so as to maintain a peaceful and calm atmosphere in the bedroom.
2. Study
The main emphasis should be on quietness, and the greening and beautification arrangement should be conducive to study, research, and creation. A large study can be equipped with a curio shelf, on which books, small ornaments, and potted clivia and miniature landscape bonsai are placed, creating an artistic and elegant reading environment.
3. Living room
First of all, focus on decorative beauty; the number should not be too many, and attention should be paid to combining medium and small plants. In a large living room, large and medium-sized foliage plants such as broadleaf lady palm, sago palm, rubber tree, or Phoenix can be placed beside the sofa or in unused space; in a small living room, small plants or trailing plants can be chosen, such as English ivy, Asiatic dayflower, etc. In addition, they should be placed against the wall corners so as not to hinder people's movement. The living room generally focuses on bonsai. On the coffee table, some small bright potted flowers, plum blossoms, or plant bonsai can be placed. In the room, the contrast of sizes and flowers and leaves sets off the lively vitality of the living room.
4. Dining room
Green plants that make people feel cheerful and can increase appetite should be chosen for decoration. For example, begonia and poinsettia, to add a cheerful atmosphere; placing medium-sized potted plants on the serving table has a spacing effect. Bright green potted plants can all be placed around the dining room. In the center of the dining room, spring orchids, autumn chrysanthemums, summer perilla, and winter poinsettia can be placed according to the season. Above the dining table, a pot of spider plant can be hung, looking "elegant" and romantic, greatly stimulating appetite.
5. Kitchen
Usually located in a north-facing room with fewer windows, some potted plants can be used for decoration to eliminate the feeling of coldness. Small potted plants should be the main choice, and hanging potted plants can be used, among which hanging Asiatic dayflower is better, followed by spider plant. On the windowsill, small flowers such as fringed iris and dragon's tongue can be placed. Vegetables that are temporarily not eaten can also be used, placed in uniquely shaped flower baskets as hanging decorations.
6. Bathroom
Most bathrooms in our country are not large and have poor lighting conditions. Plants with less strict light requirements should be chosen, such as pitcher plants, clearweed, and small ferns.
7. Balcony
With sufficient sunlight, it is suitable for brightly colored flowers and evergreen plants. Several pots of spider plant can also be hung, some flowering plants can be placed on the railing (such as camellia, kumquat, etc.), and foliage plants can be placed against the wall to set each other off. On the balcony window, two pots of flowers can also be placed (such as Chinese rose, autumn crocus, etc.), which not only increases the overall beauty but also fills it with a green atmosphere.

Five.Common flowers and plants grown at home
1. Aloe
Growing aloe as a potted plant at home can not only beautify the living space, but also allow you to pick the freshest aloe leaves at any time for home health care use. Some people say that growing a few pots of aloe at home is like hiring a resident "private doctor." Although this saying is somewhat exaggerated, it is not entirely unreasonable. Whether aloe is used as medicine to treat illness or for beauty and skin care, only fresh aloe can achieve the best results. Aloe has extremely high ornamental value.
Although the flowering period of aloe is short, the flower colors are also very bright and much loved by people. Small potted aloe can be placed on a desk, and large plants can be potted and placed in the courtyard, paired with other succulents to form a unique natural landscape, full of interest. In winter, they can be moved into the main hall for indoor display. Aloe not only carries out photosynthesis during the day and releases oxygen, but can also absorb indoor carbon dioxide at night and purify indoor air.
Aloe can effectively remove formaldehyde from the air. Planting a few aloe plants is like installing several "biological air purifiers" in the home, purifying the living environment at all times. When harmful gases in the air, such as carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and formaldehyde, remain at a high level for a long time and aloe can no longer completely remove and absorb them, spots will appear on the leaves, warning you to quickly take corresponding measures to avoid harm to human health from harmful gases.
2. Spider plant
Native to South Africa, family Liliaceae. It has strong adaptability, is relatively drought-tolerant and cold-tolerant, likes warmth and humidity, and is suitable for growing in loose, fertile, and well-drained soil. Spider plant is one of the most traditional indoor hanging plants. Its leaves are slender and soft, and the stolons growing from the leaf axils have small plantlets, hanging down from the edge of the pot, spreading and drooping like flowers, evergreen all year round; it is both sturdy and soft, shaped like a crane spreading its wings to leap, hence the ancient name "crane-breaking orchid."
It also has the alternative names hanging pot grass, Gui orchid, and hook orchid, and in Western Europe it is also called spider grass or airplane grass. Spider plant is not only an excellent hanging foliage plant for indoors, but also a good indoor air-purifying flower. Spider plant has an extremely strong ability to absorb toxic gases and can purify toxic gases such as carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and formaldehyde. Generally, keeping 1-2 pots of spider plant in a room can absorb almost all toxic gases in the air, so spider plant also has the reputation of "green purifier."
Growing flowers and plants indoors can "create" a good microclimate. In modern buildings built with reinforced concrete precast slabs, the air humidity is much lower than normal standards, almost the same as in a desert. But a plant called Cyperus can turn a "desert" into an "oasis." Cyperus likes water, so potted Cyperus should be placed in a deep water trough. Many flowers and plants suitable for indoor cultivation have bactericidal functions.
If some potted citrus, rosemary, myrtle, spider plant, etc. are placed in a room, bacteria and microorganisms in the air will be greatly reduced. People feel stifled in a stuffy room, not because there is insufficient oxygen indoors, but because negative oxygen ions are extremely scarce. When a TV or computer is turned on indoors, negative oxygen ions rapidly decrease. There are many flowers and plants that can be grown indoors that can produce negative oxygen ions - these flowers and plants are cypress, Oriental arborvitae, and Japanese cedar.
If the indoor area is too small, you might as well change the types and grow some low plants, such as cacti. At present, it is popular in the West to grow spruce and other low coniferous trees on balconies; they can fill the room with a refreshing tree fragrance.
Placing some pollution-resistant flowers and plants indoors can also play the role of an air purifier. For example: English ivy can "eat" benzene, spider plant can "swallow" indoor carbon monoxide and formaldehyde, and the spathe of Arisaema can absorb benzene and trichloroethylene. If there is one pollution-resistant plant in a 10 sq m room, it will greatly help air purification.

Six.Flowers not suitable for growing at home
Flowers not suitable for keeping: lilac and night-blooming jasmine can release particles that stimulate the sense of smell at night, having adverse effects on patients with high blood pressure and heart disease; the floral fragrance of oleander can make people drowsy and reduce intelligence; the particles released by hydrangea can cause skin allergies and itching; tulip flowers contain toxic alkaloids, and too much contact can easily cause hair loss; the oily fragrance released by pine and cypress plants can affect people's appetite. Do not keep "mutually incompatible" flowers: if rose and mignonette are placed together, the mignonette will wither, but before withering the mignonette will release a substance that poisons the rose to death. Corn poppy, orchid, dianthus, stock, lily, and other herbaceous flowers are difficult to get along with other flowers, causing the plants to die.
Do not keep flowers in a sick person's room. The fungal spores produced by the soil in flower pots will spread into the indoor air, causing surface or deep infections in the human body, and may also invade parts such as human skin, respiratory tract, external auditory canal, meninges, and brain. For patients who are already ill and in poor health, this is like adding frost to snow, and it is especially more harmful to leukemia patients and organ transplant recipients. Professor Li Zuowen, head of the expert group of the Liaoning Provincial Landscape Architecture Society, answered these doubts. He believes that worries about "dumb cane" are unnecessary; it is not among the 52 cancer-promoting plants. Although it is toxic, it can be kept with peace of mind. In fact, many flowers in residents' homes are toxic. Monstera is a natural scavenger and can remove harmful substances from the air, but it is also a toxic flower.
Pothos is evergreen all year round and can absorb toxic gases, but the sap of pothos is toxic; contact with the skin will cause redness and itching, and accidental ingestion will also cause sore throat; Rohdea japonica belongs to the Liliaceae family, and its toxic parts are the rhizomes. Eating a large amount of rhizomes by mistake will cause symptoms such as nausea, abdominal pain, cold limbs, and even coma. As for zebra Rohdea japonica, the sap of the leaves can make a person mute. Professor Guo Xichang of the Forestry Department of Shenyang Agricultural University believes that plants in the Euphorbiaceae and Thymelaeaceae families are also toxic. For example, one of the 52 cancer-promoting plants, Euphorbia neriifolia, should better not be grown at home. However, for toxic flowers that can purify household air, such as dumb cane and pothos, there is absolutely no need to smash them.

Seven.Precautions for growing flowers at home
Experts believe that the proper attitude toward toxic plants is: keep an appropriate distance, do not casually play with or touch them; do not hold branches, leaves, or fruits in the mouth. Experts also summarized 10 kinds of flowers that should be avoided in the bedroom as much as possible: for example, orchid fragrance can cause insomnia; mimosa may cause hair loss; redbud pollen can trigger asthma and worsen coughing; night-blooming jasmine can cause dizziness; lily fragrance can cause insomnia; Chinese rose fragrance makes people depressed; the milky white liquid secreted by oleander can poison people; the fragrance of pine and cypress makes people lose appetite; hydrangea can easily cause allergies; tulip flowers can cause hair loss. As for what flowers are good to grow indoors in winter, the two professors also gave some suggestions: growing flowers indoors is not better the more the better. In a room of about 15 sq m, it is only suitable to place 2 medium or large plants, while 3 or 4 small plants can be placed.