Efficient Cultivation Techniques and Pest and Disease Control for Peonies in Saline-Alkali Areas
How to plant peonies? Many flower growers have recently been thinking about planting peonies, and below the Huinong website editor will explain how to plant peonies in saline-alkali areas? How to make peonies grow vigorously and bloom every year in saline-alkali soil?
1 Selection of planting site and soil treatment
Because peonies are drought-tolerant and afraid of waterlogging, a location with higher ground should be chosen, planted 0.3-1m above the ground, which can avoid water accumulation and effectively prevent soil from becoming alkaline again. The original soil of the planting site was clay loam, with a pH value of 8.5 and a salt content of 0.15%. The author replaced the soil with sandy loam with a pH value of 8.2 and a salt content of 0.05%, and mixed in plain sandy soil at a 1:1 ratio, then applied 700-800kg of decomposed barnyard manure per mu, while adding 45kg of sulfur powder per mu. The sandy loam, plain sandy soil, barnyard manure and sulfur powder need to be thoroughly mixed, spread flat and dried in the sun. After that, deep plowing should be carried out once every 15 days. Generally, deep plowing needs to be done 3-4 times before planting. During the plowing process, an appropriate amount of carbofuran can be applied to prevent the breeding of underground pests. In addition, during the deep plowing process, attention should also be paid to preventing the growth of weeds.
2 Planting method
2.1 Planting time
In Renqiu, the weather in the seventh lunar month is still hot, so planting needs to be delayed by about 45 days, and planting is carried out at the end of the eighth lunar month, with no adverse reactions observed.
2.2 Digging of planting holes
At planting, the plant and row spacing is 80cm x 90m, and the size of the planting holes (length x width x depth) is 50cm x 50cm x 40cm. Dried chicken manure is applied at the bottom of the holes, 0.5kg per plant, and thoroughly mixed with the bottom soil.
2.3 Planting
When planting, attention should be paid to "pressing three times and lifting once." Immediately after planting, use sterilized scissors to cut back level, and immediately spray once with 75% chlorothalonil wettable powder 1000-fold solution for disinfection. Then form ridges and divide into beds, and immediately water once thoroughly. After the surface soil dries, cover it with a mound of soil to help it overwinter safely.
3 Post-planting management
3.1 Watering
Watering should be carried out in accordance with the habits of peonies. The early spring thawing water, the pre-flowering water at the end of April, the post-flowering water in mid-to-late May, and the overwintering water in early November should all be watered well. These 4 waterings, combined with fertilization, must be sufficient and thorough, and are indispensable. Water according to weather conditions. Generally, in the rainy season, water less or not at all, but during long periods of drought, appropriate watering should also be done. In the rainy season, accumulated water should also be drained promptly to prevent root rot from excessive water. Watering during the flowering period is strictly prohibited; watering during flowering will shorten the ornamental period and cause the flowers to wither prematurely. Try to avoid spraying water on the leaves, otherwise it will worsen brown spot disease and accelerate its spread.
3.2 Fertilization
In addition to applying an appropriate amount of base fertilizer at planting, timed and appropriate fertilization should also be carried out every year. Fertilization is generally divided into 4 times: the first is after sprouting in early spring, the second is before flowering, the third is after flowering, and the fourth is before winter. None of these 4 fertilizations can be omitted. Fertilization after sprouting is mainly to promote plant growth and benefit flower bud growth. This fertilization is mainly nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium compound fertilizer, and an appropriate amount of sesame paste residue can be mixed in. The purpose of fertilizing before flowering is to promote flower bud expansion, prolong the flowering period, and make the flower colors vivid. This fertilization is mainly phosphorus and potassium fertilizer. The purpose of fertilizing after flowering is to supplement the nutrients consumed by flowering, and a three-element compound fertilizer can also be used. The last overwintering fertilization is mainly decomposed and fermented barnyard manure, which can effectively raise soil temperature and help the plants overwinter. Generally, no fertilization is done in summer.
3.3 Cultivation and weeding
After each watering or rainfall, cultivation should be carried out promptly. The depth of loosening the soil should be 6-10cm, and the root system must not be damaged. Try to remove weeds from the peony field, and pull them out whenever they appear.
3.4 Pruning
Remove side buds. Peony flower buds are generally clustered, so the small outer buds should be removed promptly, leaving only the large central bud to concentrate nutrient use. After flowering, cut off the residual flowers promptly so they do not set seed, in order to avoid consuming nutrients. Before overwintering, cut off the aboveground leaves to facilitate mounding soil for overwintering.
4 Pest and disease control
The main diseases include rust, red spot disease, brown spot disease, black spot disease, and southern blight. Rust mainly harms plant leaves. In the early stage of the disease, there are small yellowish-brown granules on the back of the leaves, and later gray round or oval spots gradually form. If it occurs, spray 1:1:160 Bordeaux mixture for control, from mid-April to mid-May, once every 10 days. Red spot disease mainly harms leaves and petals. In the early stage of the disease, light green round spots appear on the leaves, then gradually expand into irregular lesions, and finally the lesions connect with each other, turning the entire leaf brown. A 50% carbendazim wettable powder 1000-fold solution can be sprayed once every 10 days starting from sprouting, and 3-4 consecutive sprays can effectively prevent it.
4.1 Brown spot disease
It mainly infects leaves. When the disease occurs, round brown lesions on the leaves bear black mold layers. After that, the lesions can connect into irregular large patches, and in severe cases cause the leaves to wither and die. When the disease occurs, 70% mancozeb wettable granules 800-fold solution can be sprayed, 3-4 consecutive times, with an interval of 10 days each time. Black spot disease mainly harms leaves. In the early stage of the disease, the lesions on the leaves are dark brown, and later gradually expand and perforate. If it occurs, 80% mancozeb wettable granules 800-fold solution can be used for control. Southern blight is very likely to occur in hot and humid summer weather. The symptom is white mycelium growing on the root crown. After flowering, 75% chlorothalonil wettable granules 800-fold solution can be sprayed once every 15 days, 4-5 consecutive times, which can effectively control the condition. Jishan Huayao
4.2 Insect pests
The main pests include aphids, scale insects, red spiders, and the underground pest white grubs. If they occur, chanjia can be used to kill aphids, sujie can be used to kill scale insects, and dicofol can be used to kill red spiders. For white grubs, 5% zinc phoxim granules 1-59 can be used, mixed with plain sandy soil at 25 times, and spread on the ground in the evening for control.
Other management: For varieties with large flowers that easily droop, supports should be set up before flowering to prevent the flowers from drooping.
Provide shade during the flowering period to avoid direct strong light from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m., which can effectively prolong the flowering period.
Overwintering management: Before winter, cut off the residual plants, water thoroughly with freezing water, and then promptly mound soil for overwintering. The soil mound should be 25-30cm thick. After sprouting the following spring, open the soil mound.
The above are the management key points for cultivating peonies in saline-alkali areas. Everyone can carefully study these key points. If you want to learn more about flower and plant cultivation techniques, please continue to follow the Huinong website!
Cultivation Techniques of Peonies in Saline-Alkali Areas of North China
Peony is a traditional famous flower native to China, known as the "Minister of Flowers." It is mainly distributed in Northeast China, North China, and Northwest China in places such as Gansu and Shaanxi. However, because it is not tolerant of saline-alkali soil, it is very difficult to plant in the saline-alkali areas of North China. Renqiu City, Hebei Province, is a typical saline-alkali soil area. The author once trial-planted more than 1000 peonies here, and all survived, grew vigorously, and bloomed every year. The successful experience gained during cultivation is introduced below for reference only.Selection of planting site and soil treatment
Because peonies are drought-tolerant and afraid of waterlogging, they should be planted in a place with higher terrain (0.3 meters to 1 meter above the ground). This has two advantages: first, it can avoid water accumulation, and second, it can effectively prevent the soil from becoming alkaline again. The original soil of the planting site was clay loam, with a pH value of 8.5 and a salt content of 0.15%. In order to create a better growing environment for them, we replaced the soil with sandy loam with a pH value of 8.2 and a salt content of 0.05%, mixed in plain sandy soil at a 1:1 ratio, then applied 700 to 800 kilograms of decomposed barnyard manure per mu, while adding 45 kilograms of sulfur powder per mu. The role of sulfur powder is not only to lower the pH value of the soil, but also to disinfect the soil. The sandy loam, plain sandy soil, barnyard manure and sulfur powder need to be thoroughly mixed, and after mixing, spread flat and dried in the sun. After that, deep plowing is carried out once every 15 days. Generally, deep plowing needs to be done three or four times before planting. During the plowing process, an appropriate amount of carbofuran can be applied to prevent the breeding of underground pests. In addition, during the deep plowing process, attention should also be paid to preventing the growth of weeds.
Planting
Planting time. A flower proverb says: peonies in the seventh month, tree peonies in the eighth month. But in Renqiu, the weather in the seventh lunar month is still hot, so we delayed planting by about 1.5 months and planted at the end of the eighth lunar month, with no adverse reactions observed.
Digging of planting holes. At planting, the plant and row spacing is 80cm x 90cm, and the size of the planting holes (length x width x depth) is 50cm x 50cm x 40cm. Dried chicken manure is applied at the bottom of the holes, 0.5 kilograms per plant, and thoroughly mixed with the bottom soil.
Planting. When planting, attention should be paid to "pressing three times and lifting once." Immediately after planting, use sterilized scissors to cut back level. After cutting back, immediately spray once with 75% chlorothalonil wettable powder 1000-fold solution for disinfection. Then form ridges and divide into beds, and immediately water once thoroughly. After the surface soil dries, cover it with a mound of soil to help it overwinter safely.
Post-planting management
Watering. Watering peonies should be carried out in accordance with their habit of "liking a slightly moist environment, being drought-tolerant, afraid of waterlogging, and avoiding water accumulation." In daily management, the following points should be mastered: First, water well the early spring thawing water, the pre-flowering water at the end of April, the post-flowering water in mid-to-late May, and the overwintering water in early November. These four waterings are done in combination with fertilization and are indispensable, and must be sufficient and thorough. Second, water according to weather conditions. Generally, in the rainy season, water less or not at all, but during long periods of drought, appropriate watering should also be done. In the rainy season, accumulated water should also be drained promptly to prevent root rot from excessive water. Third, watering during the flowering period is strictly prohibited. Watering during flowering will shorten the ornamental period and cause the flowers to wither prematurely. Fourth, try to avoid spraying water on the leaves. Spraying water on the leaves will worsen brown spot disease and accelerate its spread.
Fertilization. For fertilizing peonies, in addition to applying an appropriate amount of base fertilizer at planting, topdressing should also be carried out at regular times and in appropriate amounts every year. Fertilization is generally divided into 4 times: the first is after sprouting in early spring, the second is before flowering, the third is after flowering, and the fourth is before winter. None of these 4 fertilizations can be omitted. Fertilization after sprouting is mainly to promote plant growth and benefit flower bud growth. This fertilization is mainly nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium compound fertilizer, and an appropriate amount of sesame paste residue can be mixed in. The purpose of fertilizing before flowering is to promote flower bud expansion, prolong the flowering period, and make the flower colors vivid. This fertilization is mainly phosphorus and potassium fertilizer. The purpose of fertilizing after flowering is to supplement the nutrients consumed by flowering, and this time a three-element compound fertilizer can also be used. The last overwintering fertilization is mainly decomposed and fermented barnyard manure, which can effectively raise soil temperature and help the plants overwinter. Generally, no fertilization is done in summer.
Cultivation and weeding. After each watering or rainfall, cultivation should be carried out promptly. Cultivation has three purposes: first, to prevent soil compaction and benefit root growth; second, to effectively reduce water evaporation and maintain good soil moisture; third, to increase soil permeability, benefit root respiration and soil microbial activity, and promote soil maturation; fourth, it can effectively prevent the soil from becoming alkaline again. The depth of loosening the soil should be 6 to 10cm, and the root system must not be damaged. Weeds are hosts and spreaders of many pests and diseases, and they also compete with peonies for nutrients, so weeds in the peony field should be removed as much as possible, and pulled out whenever they appear.
Pruning. Peony pruning has three aspects: first, remove side buds. Peony flower buds are generally clustered, so the small outer buds should be removed promptly, leaving only the large central bud to concentrate nutrient use. This is what the flower proverb calls "breaking the head of the peony." Second, after flowering, cut off the residual flowers promptly so they do not set seed, in order to avoid consuming nutrients. Third, before overwintering, cut off the aboveground leaves to facilitate mounding soil for overwintering.
Pest and disease control. The main diseases harming peonies are as follows.
1. Rust. This disease mainly harms plant leaves. In the early stage of the disease, there are small yellowish-brown granules on the back of the leaves, and later gray round or oval spots gradually form. If it occurs, spray 1:1:160 Bordeaux mixture for control, from mid-April to mid-May, once every ten days.
2. Red spot disease. This disease mainly harms leaves and petals. In the early stage of the disease, light green round spots appear on the leaves, then gradually expand into irregular lesions, and finally the lesions connect with each other, causing the entire leaf to turn brown. A 50% carbendazim wettable powder 1000-fold solution can be sprayed once every 10 days starting from sprouting, and 3 to 4 consecutive sprays can effectively prevent it.
3. Brown spot disease. This disease mainly infects leaves. When the disease occurs, round brown lesions on the leaves bear black mold layers. After that, the lesions can connect into irregular large patches, and in severe cases can cause the leaves to wither and die. When the disease occurs, 70% mancozeb wettable granules 800-fold solution can be sprayed, 3 to 4 consecutive times, with an interval of 10 days each time.
4. Black spot disease. It mainly harms leaves. In the early stage of the disease, the lesions on the leaves are dark brown, and later gradually expand and perforate. If it occurs, 80% mancozeb wettable granules 800-fold solution can be used for control.
5. Southern blight. This disease is very likely to occur in hot and humid summer weather. The symptom is white mycelium growing on the root crown. After flowering, 75% chlorothalonil wettable granules 800-fold solution can be sprayed once every 15 days, 4 to 5 consecutive times, which can effectively control the condition.
The main pests harming peonies are: aphids, scale insects, red spiders, and the underground pest white grubs. If they occur, chanjia can be used to kill aphids, sujie can be used to kill scale insects, and dicofol can be used to kill red spiders. For white grubs, 5% zinc phoxim granules 1 to 5 grams can be used, mixed with plain sandy soil at 25 times, and spread on the ground in the evening for control.
Other management. 1. For varieties with large flowers that easily droop, supports should be set up before flowering to prevent the flowers from drooping. 2. Shading. Provide shade during the flowering period to avoid direct strong light from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m., which can effectively prolong the flowering period. 3. Overwintering management. Before winter, cut off the residual plants, water thoroughly with freezing water, and then promptly mound soil for overwintering. The soil mound should be 25 to 30cm thick. After sprouting the following spring, open the soil mound.
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Peony cultivation techniques
Peony is one of China's traditional famous flowers, with a cultivation history of more than 3000 years. Peony flower forms are varied, the flower colors are gorgeous, the green leaves are elegant, and the plant clumps are full. Used for landscaping and ornamental viewing, it can lead people into a breathtaking fantasy world. Peony is a perennial herbaceous flower of the Ranunculaceae family, with a plant height of about 1 meter. The flowers are borne singly at the top of the current year's branches, and some are also borne in the leaf axils at the top. The flower stem is relatively long. The flowers are divided into single-petaled and double-petaled types, and the flower colors include white, yellow, pink, purple, rose, and many other colors.Peony flowers have strong cold resistance and can overwinter naturally in the open field in most areas of northern China. However, their heat resistance is relatively poor, and growth stops in hot summers. They like sunlight, but can also grow and bloom under light shade. They like moisture, but are afraid of waterlogging. They are suitable for growing in deep, fertile, and well-drained sandy loam, and are not suitable for cultivation in low-lying saline-alkali land.
Peonies are commonly propagated by division. The best time for division is from late August to mid-September. The division method is to dig up clumps that are more than 3 years old, shake off the soil, dry them in the shade until slightly wilted, then take three or four buds as one plant, find the smallest natural connection point and cut it open with a sharp knife, and coat the cut with charcoal powder for antisepsis. In order to promote the sprouting of new roots, the fleshy roots can be retained at 15cm long and shortened. After division, plant as soon as possible.
The growth characteristics of peonies are rapid growth and flowering after sprouting in spring, and after flowering they stop growing upward, and the number of leaves no longer increases. At the end of autumn, all aboveground stems and leaves die, and underground spindle-shaped fleshy roots accumulate sufficient nutrients and are deeply buried in the soil. At the root crown, dormant young buds remain, and when spring returns to the earth the following year, they break through the soil.
Peony cultivation and management are relatively simple. Because it has fleshy roots, the planting site should be chosen in a sheltered, sunny place with deep soil and high, dry terrain. Before planting, deep plow more than 30cm, apply fully decomposed organic fertilizer, bone meal, and a small amount of insecticide, then deep plow once more, and cover it with a thin layer of soil to avoid direct contact between the roots and fertilizer, which could cause root rot. Then place the peony into the hole, spreading and straightening the root system. The planting depth should be such that 3-4cm of soil covers above the buds. After covering with soil, gently compact the soil, water thoroughly, and carry out shallow cultivation the next evening to make the soil well aerated. In severe cold winter areas, after winter begins, mound 20cm of soil on the planting holes to help them overwinter safely. After the soil thaws the following spring, promptly remove the mounded soil. When new buds sprout in spring, fertilize and water, and cultivate to preserve soil moisture. After budding, remove side buds promptly to concentrate nutrients for the growth and development of the main bud, and ensure the main bud's flower crown is full. After the flowers fade, cut off the flower stems promptly so they do not set seed, in order to avoid consuming nutrients. Immediately after flowering, apply a liquid fertilizer once to promote flower bud differentiation. After fertilizing, determine whether to water a third time according to the dry or wet condition of the soil. From spring to autumn, cultivate and weed frequently, and control pests and diseases. When the leaves turn yellow in autumn, cut them off promptly, and apply barnyard manure or compost once more, then mound soil for overwintering.