Pest and Disease Control Techniques for Courtyard Potted Roses under the Climate of Qianxi County

Courtyard potted roses are a relatively well-known flower in Qianxi County. Because Qianxi County has warm winters and cool summers, the climatic conditions are particularly suitable for the growth and development of roses. As long as fertilizer and water management is strengthened, year-round flowering can be achieved. At the same time, strengthening pest and disease control is the key to the cultivation and management of courtyard potted roses in Qianxi County.

1 Integrated Pest and Disease Control Measures for Potted Roses

1.1 Selecting Disease-Resistant Varieties

Qianxi County has abundant rainfall, especially from June to September when rainy days are more concentrated. High temperature and high humidity easily trigger the occurrence of various diseases. When selecting varieties, choose those with relatively strong disease resistance to reduce the incidence of disease.

1.2 Strengthening Planting Management

First, choose suitable cultivation soil, such as loose, fertile, slightly acidic sandy loam or loam with a pH of about 6.5. Second, choose suitable flower pots. For cultivating small seedlings, choose small pots with a diameter of about 20 cm to avoid excessive water being unfavorable to the growth of small seedlings. For cultivating large seedlings, choose larger and deeper flower pots to facilitate root growth. When planting, place a layer of pine needles, ceramsite, or small twigs at the bottom of the pot to facilitate drainage and avoid water accumulation in the pot soil. Finally, choose a suitable placement location. Do not place courtyard potted roses too densely; maintain ventilation and light transmission in the cultivation environment, preferably with about 5 h of light per day.

1.3 Strengthening Pruning to Improve Ventilation and Light Transmission Conditions of the Plant

Timely thin out useless branches such as dense branches, weak branches, dead branches, diseased and pest-infested branches, crossing branches, overlapping branches, parallel branches, leggy branches, and drooping branches to maintain ventilation and light transmission in the inner canopy. After flowering, promptly cut back the flowering branches at a plump bud 3 to 5 leaves below the flower, and promptly remove diseased and pest-infested leaves and destroy them centrally.

1.4 Strengthening Fertilizer and Water Management to Enhance Plant Disease Resistance

First, during the period from May to October when flowering is relatively concentrated, apply decomposed organic fertilizer liquid or compound fertilizer with relatively high phosphorus and potassium content once every 7 to 10 d, and spray 0.3% to 0.5% monopotassium phosphate solution on the leaves once every 15 d. If the plant growth is poor, appropriately increase the application of urea. Second, in autumn, combine with repotting (not too early) and apply sufficient organic fertilizer and an appropriate amount of phosphate fertilizer. Furthermore, in winter, the number of fertilizer applications and the amount of fertilizer applied should be reduced, or even stopped. Finally, water at the right time. Water thoroughly when the soil is completely dry, and pour from the edge of the pot, avoiding spray watering. Water in the evening in summer and autumn, and at noon in winter and spring. When there is a lot of rain, appropriate rain shelter should be provided. Do not use tap water directly for watering; store tap water for 2 d before use. Combined with watering, apply a 1 : 200 ferrous sulfate aqueous solution once a quarter to adjust soil pH.

1.5 Rational Pesticide Spraying for Control

First, during the growing season, alternately use 800 to 1 000 times solutions of mancozeb, carbendazim, thiophanate-methyl, propamocarb, etc., for spraying to prevent diseases. In summer and autumn, it is best to spray alternately once every 15 d. Second, during the growing season, alternately spray 0.5% sodium bicarbonate solution (baking soda solution) or 150 to 200 times rice vinegar solution, spraying once every 7 to 10 d for three or four consecutive times. Furthermore, aphids can be controlled with imidacloprid, abamectin, and pyrethroid pesticides. Scale insects can be controlled with profenofos emulsifiable concentrate, 50% malathion 1 500 times solution, and 2.5% deltamethrin 3 000 times solution. When spraying, add an appropriate amount of laundry detergent to the pesticide solution.

2 Control of Common Diseases

2.1 Powdery Mildew

Powdery mildew severely affects the growth of roses. The main affected parts are leaves, pedicels, etc. Many powdery white spots appear at the sites infected by the pathogen, and over time they gradually become a powdery mildew layer. If the disease is mild, the rose shows slowed growth, some leaves grow deformed, and the overall posture of the flower is unstable.

Control: 25% triadimefon powder can be diluted with water to 1 500 to 2 000 times solution for prevention. At the same time, anti-mold agents can also prevent powdery mildew. For example, during the outbreak period of rose powdery mildew, prepare a solution with a concentration of 100 mg as a spray, with 15 d or 20 d as one application cycle, and spray continuously 3 times.

2.2 Black Spot

The main affected parts of roses are leaves, young branches, pedicels, etc. At initial infection, brown radiating spots appear on the leaves, and black spots form at the edges of the spots. Subsequently, the spots gradually expand and approach a circular shape, becoming more obvious at the edges. The infected sites gradually necrose, and some leaves affected by this gradually fall off from the entire rose plant, affecting the flowering effect.

Control: 75% chlorothalonil can be diluted with water to 800 to 1 000 times and sprayed on the surface of the rose to inhibit the spread of black spot.

A Brief Discussion on Propagation Methods and Pest and Disease Control Techniques of Golden Full-Moon Maple

Golden Full-Moon Maple is a foliage-type nursery stock. Its characteristic is that the leaf color is beautiful: golden yellow in spring and yellow-green in summer, with very high ornamental value. It can be planted in courtyards or parks. Today, the editor will discuss with everyone the propagation methods and pest and disease control techniques of Golden Full-Moon Maple.

Cultivation Techniques for Propagation and Pest and Disease Control of Golden Full-Moon Maple

1 Morphological Characteristics

Golden Full-Moon Maple is a deciduous tree, reaching a maximum height of 18 m. The bark is dark yellow. The branchlets are columnar and hairless,

2 Distribution and Growing Environment

It is a sun-loving tree species, relatively cold-resistant and drought-resistant, with extremely strong growth ability and low soil requirements, but it grows best in fertile humus and well-drained sandy loam. It can be planted in many regions of China and has relatively strong resistance to pests and diseases.

3 Propagation

Seed propagation produces great variation in offspring. In order to maintain its excellent characteristics, in production, Golden Full-Moon Maple is mainly propagated by grafting, hardwood cuttings, and softwood cuttings.

3.1 Grafting

3.1.1 Rootstock. The rootstock used is full-moon maple seedling stock.

3.1.1.1 Land preparation: Choose a plot with deep soil, fertile humus, and good drainage. Deep plow the land 35 cm in autumn. Before plowing, apply sufficient base fertilizer, applying 2 500 kg of decomposed farmyard manure per mu, then rake level, rake fine, and make large ridges.

3.1.1.2 Seed treatment: Subject the seeds to variable temperature treatment. Method: mix seeds and river sand at a ratio of 1:3, place in a cold cellar, take out in spring, place at room temperature 25°C, accelerate germination for 25 days, and set aside for use.

3.1.1.3 Sowing: In production, drilling is used. Open 5 cm deep furrows on the ridges for sowing. After scattering the seeds, cover with fine soil, press firm, set up a shade shed, and water thoroughly.

3.1.1.4 Field management: Adjust water according to weather conditions. If the weather is dry, water promptly. During the vigorous growth period, weed and loosen the soil promptly, but take care not to damage the seedling root system when weeding and loosening the soil. Before the vigorous growth period arrives, apply 1 time of compound fertilizer, applying 35 kg per mu.

3.1.1.5 Transplanting: In order to cultivate excellent rootstock, 1-year-old seedlings need to be transplanted, transplanted at a spacing of 30 cm x 30 cm.

3.1.2 Scion. Collect scions during the plant dormancy period. When collecting, choose robust, disease-free plants. During the growing season, collect 1-year-old fully developed lignified branches, remove leaves and petioles, and keep moist in a cool place for later use.

3.1.3 Scion treatment. After cutting the scions, treat them immediately with a concentration of 100 mg/L naphthalene acetic acid. Place the basal 5 to 8 cm of the scions into the treatment solution, treat for 30 to 50 min, remove, and set aside for use.

3.1.4 Grafting. In northern regions, spring is chosen as the grafting time. The diameter of the scion must be smaller than the diameter of the rootstock. When grafting, first use a grafting knife to make 1 vertical cut outward along the rootstock cut, with a cut length of about 2.5 cm, reaching the xylem. Use the tip of the knife to gently lift the bark, quickly insert the prepared scion into the rootstock bark to a depth of 0.5 to 0.7 cm, tie the scion tightly with a plastic band, then cover the scion and rootstock tightly with a plastic bag and tie it firmly from the bottom to form 1 small air pocket. After 7 days, when the grafted seedling survives, cut 1 small opening in the small air pocket with a knife. After hardening the seedling for 7 days, remove the plastic film bag used for binding.

3.2 Hardwood Cuttings

3.2.1 Cuttings. Collect cuttings in autumn after the seedlings shed their leaves and the plants enter dormancy. Choose robust, pest-free, relatively well-lignified 1- to 3-year-old branches. The cutting thickness should be 1.5 cm or more, and the cutting length should be 18 to 22 cm. When collecting cuttings, the basal cut should be flat and the cut should be slanted.

3.2.2 Cutting treatment. Soak in 80 mg/L ABT rooting powder for 22 to 30 h, remove, and set aside for use.

3.2.3 Cutting bed. Choose a site sheltered from wind and facing the sun, with fertile humus and well-drained sandy loam. Make the bed. Before making the bed, spread 15 cm thick fine river sand at the bottom of the bed, disinfect the river sand with 5% potassium permanganate, and make the bed.

3.2.4 Cutting. Insert the treated cuttings into the bed at a spacing of 35 cm x 40 cm. After inserting, press firm, water thoroughly, and cover the bed surface with film. In northern regions, plastic film needs to be covered at night for insulation. After 7 to 13 days, the cuttings will sprout and survive.

3.2.4 Field management. Management of seedlings after cutting is crucial and is the key link for the survival of cutting seedlings. After cutting, shade should be provided, with temperature controlled at 20 to 25°C and air humidity at 75% to 85%. According to weather conditions, adjust water promptly. Combined with watering, spray 1 time of 900 times 55% carbendazim solution in the evening to disinfect the seedling bed and prevent disease occurrence. After the cutting seedlings survive, enter the rooting stage and promptly apply foliar fertilizer. For foliar fertilizer, alternating use of monopotassium phosphate and urea is best, spraying once every 4 days for 3 consecutive times. When the main root of the cuttings grows to more than 6 cm, promptly supplement with compound fertilizer, applying 100 kg per mu. Combined with watering, weed and loosen the soil promptly, which is beneficial to the growth of cutting seedlings.

4 Pest and Disease Control

4.1 Diseases

The main disease is tip blight. Tip blight generally begins to show moldy disease spots when new shoots grow to about 6 cm, spreads throughout the whole plant, and in severe cases causes the plant to dry up and die. Control methods:

1) After the seedlings enter dormancy, promptly cut off diseased branches, dead branches, etc., and burn them centrally. 2) From seedling sprouting in early spring to before shoot extension, promptly spray 55% carbendazim 600 times solution or 65% thiophanate-methyl 900 times solution for prevention, spraying once every 7 days for 3 consecutive times. When spraying the solution, be sure to spray evenly.

4.2 Pests

The main pest is the yellow slug moth. The larvae of the yellow slug moth damage leaves from early June to September, and in severe cases even cause the whole plant to dry up and die. Control methods:

1) Before the larvae reach the 2nd instar, promptly spray 85% trichlorfon crystal 1 200 times solution, or 50% phoxim emulsifiable concentrate 900 times solution, or 25% fenvalerate emulsifiable concentrate 1 800 times solution for control. 2) After leaf fall in winter, combined with pruning, remove diseased branches, leaves, cocoons, etc., and burn them centrally.

In the editor's view, Golden Full-Moon Maple is a nursery stock with very beautiful leaf shape, and its planting method is simple. With a large tree form, it can also provide shade and coolness when planted in courtyards. Moreover, major cities are currently carrying out greening, so it has very good planting prospects. The above are detailed control techniques and disease control methods, which people growing nursery stock can refer to.

Cultivation Techniques for Propagation and Pest and Disease Control of Crabapple

   Crabapple is a greening tree species with extremely high ornamental value. Its tree form is graceful and it can be enjoyed both for flowers and foliage. It can be planted in courtyards, parks, and beside roads. The following is about crabapple propagation and pest and disease control cultivation techniques. Interested friends can refer to it.

   1 Cultivation Techniques

1.1 Land Preparation

    Choose a plot with deep soil, fertile humus, and good drainage. Deep plow the land 35 cm in autumn. Before plowing, apply sufficient base fertilizer, applying 1 500 kg of decomposed farmyard manure per mu, then rake level and make ridges.

  1.2 Planting

    Purchase 1-year-old seedlings and plant them at a spacing of 0.8 m x 1.5 m. Before planting, dig holes. After planting, use soil to form a water basin to help retain water and facilitate watering. After planting, immediately water 1 time thoroughly.

1.3 Grafting

    1.3.1 Rootstock. In production, in order to save costs, grafting is mostly used to propagate seedlings. Use "T" shaped budding. Heilongjiang Province chooses Manchurian crabapple as the rootstock. Choose 2-year-old pest-free, healthy plants as rootstock. In mid-June, short-cut the rootstock. 7 to 10 days before budding, cut off branches on the rootstock root below 10 cm from the ground.

    1.3.2 Scion. Choose healthy branches that are 3 years old or more, have flowered, and have plump leaf buds. After selecting, cut off the leaves and treat immediately.

    1.3.3 Scion treatment. After cutting the scions, treat with a concentration of 50 mg/L naphthalene acetic acid. Place the basal 5 to 10 cm of the scions into the treatment solution, treat for 20 to 30 min, remove, and set aside for use.

    1.3.4 Grafting. Use a budding knife to make a horizontal cut 0.3 to 0.8 cm above the selected leaf bud, with a length of 0.5 to 0.9 cm, and completely cut through more than 1/3 of the scion bark. Cut a "T" shape on the selected rootstock, lift open the cut on the rootstock, insert the scion with the scion petiole facing upward. After insertion, align the upper end of the scion with the horizontal cut of the "T" shape, taking care not to wrap around the leaf bud and petiole. Check whether the graft has survived 5 days after grafting. After survival, remove the binding after about 12 days to avoid hindering the growth of the union.

1.4 Transplanting

    Choose a plot with flat terrain, deep soil, and fertile humus, prepare the land, and make ridges. Choose robust, pest-free 1-year-old small seedlings and transplant them at a spacing of 80 cm x 90 cm. When transplanting, dig holes, water thoroughly after planting, and tread firm. If transplanting in dry weather, plant with water. After the transplanted seedlings have recovered, promptly remove new buds sprouting from the roots, and then carry out conventional field management.

1.5 Field Management

    1.5.1 Water regulation. After transplanted seedlings are planted, water 2 to 3 times before they recover. After the branches sprout new leaves, water as appropriate according to soil moisture. In drought, replenish water promptly; in the rainy season, drain promptly. After the second year of planting, the seedlings have a certain degree of drought resistance, so the number of waterings can be reduced. Before winter, water 1 time with winter irrigation water, and in spring water 1 time with thawing water.

    1.5.2 Weeding and soil loosening. During the vigorous growth period of the plants, weeds grow densely, so timely weeding is needed. Weeding should be carried out together with soil loosening. When weeding and loosening the soil, take care not to damage the seedlings, especially the root system.

    1.5.3 Fertilization. When the plants enter vigorous growth with lush leaves and many flowers, whether in vegetative growth or flowering period, a certain amount of fertilizer needs to be applied regularly. Apply base fertilizer before planting, applying 30 kg of diammonium phosphate per mu and 1 500 kg of decomposed farmyard manure per mu. During the new shoot growth period, flowering period, and before leaf fall, apply 1 time each of N, P, K compound fertilizer combined with watering, applying 30 kg per mu. Before the vigorous growth period of the plants, spray 0.5% monopotassium phosphate solution for foliar fertilization to promote the growth of branches and leaves.

1.6 Pruning

    Royalty crabapple belongs to ornamental crabapples, especially valued for its foliage. Prune before the plants sprout in spring. When pruning, on the basis of shaping, retain as many branches as possible, appropriately short-cut, and do not prune heavily. Cut off diseased and pest-infested branches, dry branches, drooping branches, inner canopy branches, and parallel branches. For special greening seedlings, such as when cultivated as flower hedges or color blocks, the main focus should be on controlling plant height and promoting more new branches and leaves.

1.7 Pest and Disease Control

   1.7.1 Diseases. The main one is black spot. The symptoms are black-brown elliptical disease spots on the leaves, on which dark black moldy fungal conidia grow, severely affecting normal photosynthesis and respiration of the leaves. In severe cases, the leaf color becomes lighter, causing the leaves to dry up and die, seriously affecting plant growth. Control methods:

    1) Strengthen field management, promptly prune and trim, remove diseased branches and leaves, and burn them centrally. 2) In the plum rain season, promptly spray 1 to 2 times of 60% thiophanate-methyl wettable powder 800 to 1 000 times solution, or 55% carbendazim wettable powder 500 to 700 times solution. Spray the 2 agents alternately, spraying continuously 2 times, once every 10 days.

    1.7.2 Pests. The main one is the yellow slug moth, which damages the leaves of the plants, causing weakened plant growth, yellowing and falling leaves, withered branches, and in severe cases plant death. Control methods:

    1) At night, use its phototaxis and use arc lamps for trapping and killing. 2) During the plant dormancy period, manually remove cocoons and burn them centrally. 3) Once pest damage occurs, promptly spray 55% fenitrothion emulsion 600 to 900 times solution, or 35% wettable carbaryl powder 400 to 600 times solution, or 70% trichlorfon crystal 1 200 to 1 500 times solution. 4) Use its natural enemies for biological control, and protect and utilize natural enemies such as the slug moth ichneumon wasp and the slug moth eurytomid wasp.

    The above is about crabapple propagation and pest and disease control cultivation techniques. If you want to grow crabapple well, then you need to strengthen field management and pest and disease control.