Detailed Explanation of High-Yield and High-Quality Cultivation Methods for Golden Camellia

Golden Camellia is a national first-class protected plant, known as a living fossil of the plant kingdom. Its flowers are yellow, ovate to round in shape, and the flowering period runs from November to March of the following year. Golden Camellia prefers a warm and humid climate and has low soil requirements, so those interested can try growing it. Today, the editor will briefly explain the high-yield and high-quality cultivation methods for Golden Camellia.

1. Selection of Planting Site

(1) Selection of Golden Camellia planting site: a location 10-20 km away from cities, industrial areas, and pollutants.

(2) Soil requirements for Golden Camellia planting site: areas with fertile soil, loose soil texture, good soil drainage, and soil pH of 5.5-6 should be selected as the planting site for Golden Camellia.

2. Planting Management

(1) Select Golden Camellia seedlings with an average height of 25-30 cm in nutrient cups for cultivation.

(2) Seedling planting specification: 30 cm x 30 cm x 30 cm.

(3) When planting Golden Camellia, first transport the nutrient cup seedlings to the planting pit, fill two-thirds of the soil into the planting pit, then gently remove the nutrient cup from the seedling, and place the seedling together with the nutrient soil into the center of the planting pit.

(4) After planting, cover with soil on all sides and compact it, finally cover with a layer of loose soil, and water thoroughly to set the roots.

3. Tending Management

When weeding, the weeding range should extend 35 cm outward from the planted Golden Camellia plant as the center, forming a tree disc with a diameter of 70 cm for weeding.

4. Topdressing Management

(1) Golden Camellia is fertilized 2-3 times per year. The primary fertilization can use compound fertilizer + compost + excessive phosphorus fertilizer.

(2) Fertilization principles for Golden Camellia: apply lightly and frequently, apply more to strong seedlings, apply less or not at all to weak seedlings.

5. Pruning

(1) For slow-growing branches, intensive pruning should not be carried out.

(2) Golden Camellia with average canopy development only needs to have diseased and pest-infested branches, overly dense branches, weak branches, and leggy branches removed.

(3) Newly planted seedlings can be moderately pruned.

(4) When the Golden Camellia plant has produced shoots 3 times, perform topping by cutting off the terminal buds.

(5) When the main and lateral branches of Golden Camellia grow to an average length of 25 cm, cut off the buds.

(6) Diseased and pest-infested branches, thin and weak branches, and crossing branches within the canopy should also be removed.

6. Pest and Disease Control

(1) Spray ferrous sulfate or magnesium sulfate solution on the leaf surface of Golden Camellia 2-3 times per year.

(2) Spray pesticide compounded from epoxycaridine and tea saponin at a mass ratio of 1:(10-100) twice per year.

Examples of Rapid Propagation Techniques for Fruit Tree Plants

Examples of Rapid Propagation Techniques for Fruit Tree Plants

I. Rapid Propagation of Fruit Tree Plants;

1. Significance of Rapid Propagation of Peach
Currently, peaches are basically propagated by grafting, and the cultivation time is 1~2 years. The propagation efficiency is not high, and the promotion speed of excellent varieties is slow, making it difficult to meet the urgent demand for new varieties in industrial development. In addition, some peach varieties that require specific rootstocks for trait improvement or enhanced adaptability, such as the replant-resistant rootstock GF677, need to be propagated vegetatively, usually by tissue culture, which is costly and difficult to popularize. There are also cases where cultivation models require it, such as the coppicing system in meadow orchards, which requires rapid propagation of own-rooted seedlings for cultivation. In addition, the production of peaches using rapid-propagated own-rooted seedlings has the excellent characteristics of earlier fruiting and earlier high yield. The implementation of these technologies all requires a simple and practical rapid propagation technique to solve the special demand for seedlings in production. Now, a brief introduction is given on the application of plant non-test-tube cloning technology in peach trees and the rapid propagation operating procedures.
2. Mother Plant Cultivation and Material Pretreatment
Under conventional conditions, peach is a variety that is relatively difficult to root, which is related to the plant's species characteristics and periodic physiological conditions. Although there are many peach varieties, and the rooting difficulty and characteristics of each variety differ, the use of non-test-tube rapid propagation technology can minimize these differences and standardize operating procedures. Only by understanding the obstacle factors for peach rooting can a rapid propagation plan be formulated. The factors affecting peach rooting vary by variety, and variety differences ultimately manifest as differences in growth characteristics, causing differences in the physiological state of detached materials. Therefore, regardless of the variety, the mother plant orchard should first be managed under a unified standard model to reduce variety differences,

and achieve relatively consistent rooting results. In addition, differences in the mother plant's different growth stages, differences between dormancy and growth periods, as well as differences in branch age and leaf age, lead to physiological differences in detached materials. These can also be resolved through mother plant management and pretreatment. Now, corresponding strategies are formulated based on the analysis of peach varieties and lines. Northern line peaches often have high chilling requirements and deeper winter dormancy, while southern varieties have shallow dormancy and low chilling requirements. The reason for the depth of dormancy is the ecological adaptability formed during evolution in different regions, which achieves the purpose of dormancy depth through the level of abscisic acid content in the body. Endogenous abscisic acid can be artificially regulated through management and technical measures. For example, when rapid propagating during the dormant period after leaf fall, before rapid propagation, the branches should preferably be artificially chilled to break dormancy before rapid propagation, otherwise the survival rate is extremely low. When rapid propagating during the growing season, the factors affecting rooting are mainly differences caused by endogenous hormones and carbon source accumulation levels, which manifest as different degrees of maturity and positions of branches and shoots. These can be addressed by pinching the branches and shoots in the mother plant orchard, or by applying pp333 chemical control measures. They can also be addressed by promoting growth through fertilizer and water, or by heavy pruning to promote sprouting to increase endogenous growth hormones, or by combining exogenous spraying of gibberellin and auxin to regulate plant growth and development. In short, cultivating mother plants with sufficient nutrition, robust branches and shoots, and dark green leaves is the key to achieving efficient rapid propagation of various varieties. In addition, some auxiliary measures can be combined for detached materials to achieve moderate regulation. For example, magnetized water treatment of the cut can increase the survival rate, VB treatment can accelerate the manifestation of endogenous hormone effects, and sugar supplementation treatment of the cut can increase the total sugar of young materials and promote the activation of cut cells. For deeply dormant northern varieties, winter hardwood detached materials can also be combined with running water treatment to reduce endogenous abscisic acid and other rooting-inhibiting substances. High-concentration exogenous IBA treatment can also be used, such as 1000 ppm treatment for 1~2 hours, which can root extremely difficult-to-root varieties. Usually, for easier-to-root peach varieties, a 10~15 second quick dip is sufficient, while for leafy detached materials during the growing season, only 100~200 ppm indolebutyric acid treatment is needed to achieve ideal results.

3. Inoculation Rapid Propagation and Seedbed Management
Place the chemically treated detached materials into an intelligent seedbed with perlite as the substrate for rapid propagation. In early spring, the substrate temperature is low, which is the limiting factor affecting rooting. Start the heating wire laid at the bottom of the seedbed for automatic heating, controlling it above 15°C. Under such substrate temperature conditions, 5 days after inoculation of the detached materials, initial root primordia differentiate from secondary phloem parenchyma cells on the outer side of the cambium; initial roots form in 15~20 days; and after hardening off for 25~30 days, they can be transplanted. For rapid propagation of green branch detached materials in summer, the limiting high temperature of air temperature is 35°C. When it exceeds 35°C, automatic micro-spray cooling is carried out. Generally, after rapid propagation of green branch detached materials, root primordium development begins in 7~10 days, some root primordia protrude through the cortex to form root systems in 10~15 days, root systems are basically formed in 15~20 days, and after hardening off for 20~25 days, they can be transplanted. During the rooting process, those that root quickly are mostly thick materials with sufficient nutrient accumulation, and materials with good leaf photosynthetic function, because a large amount of soluble sugar is needed to participate in metabolism during the rooting process to activate root primordium genes. Therefore, for some peach varieties that are difficult to root, magnetic water treatment can be used to increase α-amylase activity, which has a good catalytic function for rooting. Combined with the comprehensive effects of magnetized seedbeds and magnetized mist spraying, some varieties that are normally difficult to root in ordinary environments can also be effectively addressed.
In seedbed management, generally only the expert mode of the intelligent control system needs to be started. If some overly tender materials are encountered, forced supplementation of carbonated water and oxygen-enriched water can also be combined to promote rooting. In daily management, if some fallen leaves or rotten materials are encountered, they should be promptly cleaned up, and the surrounding area should be disinfected with electrolyzed functional water using local drenching to prevent cross-infection.

4. Technical Summary
For peaches, regardless of variety or line, as long as their rooting characteristics are understood, limiting factors are analyzed, and corresponding operating procedures and solutions are formulated, a rooting survival rate of over 80% can be achieved. For some difficult-to-root varieties, seedlings with strong juvenility are usually used as mother plants to achieve propagation of seedlings from seedlings, which can activate rooting genes. Moreover, as the number of cycles increases, the rooting time becomes shorter and shorter. This rooting characteristic follows this rule not only in peaches but also in other fruit trees. Conventional longan seedling cultivation usually uses grafting, which is slow and may result in poor scion-rootstock compatibility, leading to severe premature aging. Air-layered seedlings have low transplant survival rates and cause too much damage to the mother tree, with low propagation coefficients. To address the above problems, non-test-tube cloning technology was successfully researched, which can be released from the nursery about 1 year earlier than grafted seedlings. It effectively improves the seedling cultivation rate and propagation coefficient, and greatly accelerates the demand for seedlings in the industrial development of longan.
Longan belongs to the extremely difficult-to-root varieties, mainly because it contains a large amount of rooting-inhibiting substances in the body, and its rooting type is callus rooting type, requiring a longer time in the seedbed, generally about 60~80 days before transplanting. Therefore, in terms of management and production costs, it is more demanding than other seedlings. For difficult-to-root plants, a detached material collection garden established with seedlings as mother plants can be adopted, and fine management should be carried out to promote robust and vigorous branches as detached materials. When summer light is too strong, the mother plants also need shading treatment, that is, covering with shade nets, which is relatively effective in reducing rooting-inhibiting substances in the body. In addition, gene activation treatment of the mother trees before rapid propagation is also needed, spraying foliar fertilizer or growth hormones on the leaf surface, so that the detached materials can be in a state of superior vitality during rapid propagation.

When making detached materials, double-bud materials with 2~3 small leaves are preferred. Especially for varieties containing rooting-inhibiting substances, smaller is more suitable, but they should not be too small by taking single buds, because single-bud detached materials are too small and have poor adaptability and stress resistance to external environmental changes, which undoubtedly brings difficulties to long-term seedbed management. Double-bud materials with 2~3 small leaves are optimal. When making materials, it is the same as for other plants, but when collecting materials, semi-lignified materials must be selected, that is, materials that are light green, dark green, and light brown. Lignification should not be too high; the higher the degree of lignification, the more inhibitory substances accumulate in the body.
The prepared detached materials are treated with 200 ppm IBA for 1~2 hours. It is best to prepare the rooting-promoting solution with magnetized water, as the effect will be better. The treated materials are immediately propagated in an intelligent rapid propagation seedbed with perlite as the substrate, and the system settings are adjusted. During the management period, in addition to conventional management, a certain 1~5 ppm IBA solution can be sprayed on the leaves every 7~10 days. It can be added together with nutrient solution for supplementation, and 1~3 ppm sodium nitrophenolate can also be added as a cell activator mixed into the nutrients, playing a role in promoting cell activation and quickly restoring division and differentiation. Under strong light and high temperature in summer, shade nets should also be used for moderate shading, with 60%~70% light transmittance being preferable. At the same time, oxygen-enriched water and carbonated water should also be supplemented periodically. After the above comprehensive technical measures, the rooting survival rate of longan can generally reach over 80%. It is currently the propagation technique with the highest survival rate among all techniques used for asexual seedling cultivation of longan, and can be promoted and popularized in production.

The seedlings used in papaya cultivation, if obtained from seeds through sowing and germination, are all called seedling plants. In papaya cultivation to date, regardless of the variety, seedling plants are used. Due to the complex genetic factors of papaya, the trait expression of seedling plants in a variety varies greatly depending on the traits of the paternal and maternal plants at sowing. For example, Tai Nong No. 2 is a first-generation hybrid. When collecting seeds with a bisexual plant as the paternal parent and a female plant as the maternal parent, the resulting progeny seeds will produce seedling plants of which 50% are bisexual plants and 50% are female plants. If the traits of the paternal and maternal plants are changed, the sex of the seedling plants after seed collection will vary greatly, with opportunities for bisexual plants, female plants, or male plants to appear. The identification of the traits of such seedling plants is still impossible to distinguish to date, and must wait until the flowering stage.

When ordinary farmers cultivate papaya, bisexual plants do not need artificial pollination to set fruit, while female plants lack stamens and pollen themselves, so artificial pollination is necessary. Because the fresh fruit consumer market prefers bisexual fruits (commonly known as spring fruits) set by bisexual plants and prices them higher, while female fruits (commonly known as mother fruits) set by female plants are less welcomed by consumers and priced lower due to thin flesh and many seeds, when planting the same papaya variety, the planting density can be doubled, and when the plants flower, the female plants are cut down, leaving only bisexual plants. This not only saves pollination labor costs but also produces the bisexual fruits needed by the consumer market.

The use of non-test-tube cloning allows the traits of the mother plant to be known in advance, enabling targeted rapid propagation of excellent mother plants and bisexual plants, greatly reducing production costs and improving fruit quality. It is currently the most effective papaya propagation technique, and its promotion and application will bring significant practical significance to papaya production. The relevant rapid propagation techniques are briefly introduced as follows:
After selecting excellent papaya plants, cut off the terminal buds between April and September. After an average of 25 days, lateral buds on the trunk immediately below the terminal bud cut will elongate into 5~7 lateral branches 30~40 cm long. Cut these lateral branches from the base and retain 3~5 leaves. Treat the cut with IBA 2000 ppm, then rapidly propagate in a substrate mixed with vermiculite + perlite at 1:1. Start the intelligent system. On average, roots will develop after 20 days, and after another 10 days of rejuvenation, they can be planted in the field.
After the lateral buds near the terminal bud are harvested, the trunk section bearing these lateral buds can be cut off, and the buds below the cut can sprout again and grow into lateral branches. In this sequential manner, each plant can cultivate lateral branches four times from April to September, with a total average lateral branch production of 24. However, when using one leaf and one bud as material, this can be increased several times, but the cultivated seedlings are smaller in specification. When mother plants are few, use one leaf and one bud. When the trunk is cut to about 30 cm above the ground, the trunk can be recultivated to continue cultivating lateral branches for the coming year. When lateral branches are cultivated from the trunk, the rapid propagation rooting rate can reach 100%, and the rooting time is shorter. In autumn and winter, due to low temperatures, lateral branches are difficult to cultivate, and the average rooting rate is only 85%.
Rapid propagation seedlings from lateral branches cultivated from the same plant, because of asexual reproduction, all have the same characteristics as the mother plant. That is, if the mother plant is a bisexual plant, the rapid propagation seedlings obtained from it are all bisexual plants, and female plants or male plants will no longer appear. In this way, production costs can be greatly reduced and economic benefits improved.
II. Rapid Propagation of Landscape Greening Plants;
(I) Rapid Propagation Technique for Chinese Tulip Tree

Chinese Tulip Tree (also known as Yulan Magnolia) grows fast, has good timber, peculiar leaf shape, and a straight trunk. The hybrid Chinese Tulip Tree cultivated by artificial crossing has a beautiful tree shape, peculiar leaf shape, brilliant flowers, and golden autumn leaves. It has strong resistance to pests and diseases, its own litter causes no pollution, is fast-growing, has excellent timber, and strong adaptability. It is a famous excellent timber and greening tree species in China. However, due to low seed-setting rate, generally only 1%~3%; difficulty in cuttings, with rooting rate usually less than 30%; and improper seedling techniques such as seed treatment, the seedling production rate is very low, seriously restricting the development of this excellent broadleaf tree species.

To solve this practical production problem, the use of plant non-test-tube cloning technology can achieve a survival rate of over 93%. The relevant techniques are briefly introduced as follows: before sprouting in early spring, take 7~8 cm branch segments as detached materials, soak them in 200 ppm indolebutyric acid solution for 2~4 hours, and propagate in an intelligent seedbed. Generally, callus tissue begins to form in 15 days, root systems form in 25~30 days, and the survival rate reaches over 95%.
During the growing season, take one leaf and one bud as detached materials, treat with 100 ppm indolebutyric acid for 1~2 hours. Propagate in an intelligent seedbed, with leaves not overlapping as the standard. Generally, roots form in 20~25 days, and transplanting can be done in 30~35 days. The root system is well developed and the survival rate is high. It is the most practical technique for Chinese Tulip Tree propagation.
(II) Rapid Propagation Technique for Red Maple
Usually, red maple is propagated by seeds and grafting, with a long seedling cycle, and traditional cuttings are difficult to survive. However, the use of plant non-test-tube cloning technology can achieve a very high rooting survival rate, making it the most effective technique for rapid propagation of red maple. Red maple belongs to difficult-to-propagate varieties.
The rapid propagation substrate should preferably use vermiculite or perlite. Under full-light intelligent seedbed conditions, better rooting results can be achieved. This is because under full-light conditions, the photosynthesis of red maple is not affected, and the transpiration of detached materials and water supply are in a balanced state. At the same time, naphthalene acetic acid can strengthen the cellular tissue activity of detached materials, promote the differentiation of root primordia in detached materials, and advance rooting.
Selection of detached materials and rapid propagation: The detached materials for red maple rapid propagation are required to be robust and thick, with a diameter of 0.5~1 cm. Semi-lignified is superior, tender branches are medium, and old branches are inferior. Each segment is about 5~10 cm long, retaining 1~3 leaves. At the same time, the leaves should also be trimmed; one leaf should have 1/3 or 1/2 cut off. The lower end of the detached material is cut into a slanted opening. If necessary, the basal cortex can be wounded, and soaked in 500~1000 ppm naphthalene acetic acid for 5~10 seconds. Alternatively, directly take a one-leaf-one-bud branch segment from red maple as the detached material, and treat the cut with 100 ppm indolebutyric acid for 2 hours. During operation, try to cut, treat, and inoculate immediately. If the detached materials are far from the seedbed, the cut branches should be wrapped in a wet towel to prevent water loss from the detached materials, which would affect rapid propagation survival.

Red maple: In the past, people consistently believed that asexual reproduction was difficult with low survival rates, so asexual reproduction methods were rarely used to cultivate seedlings, and traditional grafting was mostly used. Experiments have proven that red maple propagation can use asexual rapid propagation. As long as the growth habits of red maple are satisfied and conditions for rooting are created, the survival rate of its detached materials is at least over 85%. The key to red maple rapid propagation survival is satisfying the requirements of detached materials for full-day light, water, temperature, and ventilation, adopting full-sunlight intelligent seedbeds. The rapid propagation survival rate can reach over 95%. After red maple rapid propagation roots, it develops relatively quickly, and after hardening off, it can be transplanted to the field for rejuvenation cultivation.
III. Rapid Propagation of Economic Crop Plants;Many diseases of potato use seed potato tubers as the source of infection, and propagation by tubers not only has a low propagation coefficient but also cannot meet the grower's requirements for the supply of good varieties. The use of non-test-tube cloning technology, in addition to a high propagation rate, can also prevent various diseases transmitted by tubers. Especially for black scurf, which is difficult to eradicate with general control methods, the method of rapid propagation using branches and leaves can cultivate disease-free plants. There are two technical routes for potato rapid propagation:
1. Stem Propagation
Use terminal buds and stem segments for rapid propagation. They can be directly rapidly propagated in an intelligent seedbed with vermiculite or perlite, or the air-propagation root-promoting method can be used, and after roots develop, they are transplanted to the substrate. This gives a high survival rate and can prevent missing plants. The method is: in mid-March, plant good seed potato tubers in a greenhouse; in mid-May, cut terminal buds for rapid propagation, while promoting more lateral buds. When branches grow to about 10 cm, cut terminal bud stem segments about 5 cm long as detached materials for rapid propagation. Under intelligent seedbed conditions, roots can develop in one week, planting can be done in early June, harvest can be done in 80 days, and the yield per plant reaches about 600 grams.
2. Leaf Propagation
     (1) Method of directly producing tubers: that is, do not allow rooting, directly produce tubers, and then use small tubers as seed potatoes. In late January, from mother plants planted in the greenhouse in late November of the previous year, take one-leaf-one-bud materials and inoculate them into a perlite seedbed. Bury the axillary buds in the substrate and leave the leaves on the bed surface. After about 20 days, small tubers form at the leaf axils. This method relies on the nutrients contained in the leaves themselves after being cut from the mother body and the external light, carbon dioxide, and water to produce tubers. To enlarge the tubers, nutrient solution supplementation to the leaves is needed to increase the nutrients contained in the tubers. This method of directly producing tubers using leaves can also be used for stem propagation, but considering obtaining more detached materials from one stem, the leaf propagation method is more practical.

(2) Method of planting after rooting: plant the rooted plants directly into the nursery field. The operation is basically the same as stem propagation. After planting, the initial growth period is later than stem propagation, because it has fewer roots and the plant volume is smaller. However, subsequent growth and development are the same as stem propagation, both sending out strong lateral branches from the stem base. Harvest in 80 days, with 4 tubers per plant, about 500 grams.
The yield per plant of potato rapid propagation seedlings varies depending on the degree of rooting. Those with good rooting survive quickly after planting, have early stem and leaf growth and development, and can reach a yield of over 600 grams per plant. Therefore, to increase the yield of rapid propagation seedlings, striving for more roots and early survival is indeed the key. Thus, combining chemical treatment during rapid propagation has a promoting effect.
Experiments were conducted to study the effects of mixed use of different concentrations of naphthalene acetic acid (NAA), indolebutyric acid (IBA), and gibberellin (GA3) on potato rapid propagation survival. The results showed that the treatment with NAA 50 ppm + IBA 50 ppm + GA3 50 ppm was the best combination, with the highest survival rate, best rooting, and strongest growth.
In rapid propagation, whether stem propagation or leaf propagation, within 10~20 days, three situations occur: first, only tubers form at the axillary bud site at the base of the detached material without rooting; second, both roots and tubers form; third, only roots form without tubers.
The reason these three phenomena occur in detached materials is related to substances such as plant hormones. For example, when the first situation is found during stem propagation, the tuber can be cut off during transplanting, and sometimes roots can still develop; when the second situation is encountered, the tuber should also be cut off, and then growth can proceed smoothly. Because netted melon seeds are expensive, in order to reduce seed costs, early sowing and seedling cultivation are adopted. When the melon seedlings grow to a certain height, take one leaf and one bud or leafy melon vines as detached materials, treat the cut with 100 ppm indolebutyric acid for 1 hour, and rapidly propagate in an intelligent seedbed with perlite as the substrate.

Generally, roots form in 8~9 days. After supplementing nutrient solution to strengthen the seedlings, they can be transplanted and planted in the field, with a survival rate of 100%. If an asexual rapid propagation system is established and multi-generation cycle technology is adopted, factory seedling cultivation can be carried out year-round, greatly reducing seedling costs. This is currently the lowest-investment factory seedling technique for netted melon. Experimental cultivation in 2002 showed that rapid propagation seedlings have uniform growth vigor, and fruit-setting traits, yield, and quality are no different from seed-sown seedlings. It is a relatively economical new seedling technique for netted melon seedling production.
(III) Rapid Propagation Techniques for Cucumber, Watermelon, and Tomato
These three varieties all belong to extremely easy-to-root varieties. In the intelligent rapid propagation seedbed, no chemical treatment is needed to achieve a 100% rooting survival rate. During operation, only cut leafy stem vines and rapidly propagate them into a seedbed with perlite as the substrate, and start the system. Generally, roots begin to emerge in 3~4 days, and a well-developed root system forms in 7~10 days, allowing transplanting to the field. Most of these detached materials have already formed root primordia while on the plant, so once they encounter a suitable

environment, they immediately form root systems. For watermelon at its fastest, roots emerge the next day. These varieties have important value and production significance when used in production. Using multi-generation cycle technology, one seed can produce hundreds of thousands or even millions of seedlings, greatly reducing seed costs. Moreover, the root system of rapid propagation seedlings is more developed than that of seed seedlings, the fruiting period is greatly advanced, and both yield and quality are improved. It is an important technique to be popularized and promoted in future production.
IV. Rapid Propagation of Medicinal Plants;

Mediterranean yew has become an important medicinal material currently developed on a large scale nationwide because it contains extractable anti-cancer drugs. The demand for seedlings is increasing. Traditional cutting propagation alone cannot meet production needs, generally only one batch can be cultivated per year, while after adopting non-test-tube cloning technology, at least 5~6 batches can be cultivated, and both the survival rate and seedling quality are greatly improved. More importantly, rapid propagation seedlings can be transplanted year-round, planted year-round, and developed year-round.

Generally, take 3~5 cm long leafy branch segments as detached materials. When materials are scarce, they can be even smaller, even 1~2 cm. Treat the cut with 100 ppm indolebutyric acid for 2 hours, and rapidly propagate in a rapid propagation seedbed intelligently controlled by computer. Callus tissue forms in 7~10 days, rooting begins in 25 days, and hardening off and transplanting can be done in 35~40 days, with a survival rate of over 90%. In addition, it has been found in production that electric field treatment has extremely obvious effects on increasing the root-to-shoot ratio, accelerating rooting speed, and cultivating strong seedlings. It is the most ideal technology for the application of non-test-tube cloning technology in Mediterranean yew to realize the industrial development of yew, unmatched by any other method. Honeysuckle has always been a major bulk Chinese medicinal material much valued by the pharmaceutical industry, and is also a daily beverage that can be made into tea. With the deepening of research and development, its uses are becoming wider and wider. Especially after SARS, a wave of honeysuckle development was set off across the country. Mountain farmers who rely on cultivating honeysuckle to become wealthy and earn foreign exchange have further stimulated enthusiasm for industrial development, while seedling cultivation relying solely on grafting and cuttings can no longer supply the needs of mountain farmers to develop honeysuckle bases. The use of non-test-tube cloning technology can not only greatly improve the propagation coefficient of traditional honeysuckle varieties that are easy to root by cuttings, but also enable the successful rapid propagation of the excellent variety Honeysuckle King, which traditionally can only be cultivated by grafting.
At present, there are many honeysuckle varieties used in production and cultivation, most of which belong to varieties easy to rapidly propagate. Generally, without any chemical treatment, extremely high survival rates can be obtained, and roots can form in 10~15 days, with full transplanting and planting possible in 20~25 days. However, some varieties cannot survive by traditional cuttings and can only rely on grafting, and the grafting survival rate is also not high. This may be related to the high chlorogenic acid content in high-yield varieties, which is the technical difficulty in the current difficulty of propagating Honeysuckle King. To address this problem, the propagation system using non-test-tube cloning technology can solve it, and it has now been applied on a large scale in production. The techniques are summarized as follows:
Honeysuckle King is a mutated variety of common honeysuckle, characterized by extremely high yield per plant and relatively weak growth vigor, often producing too many flowers that affect vegetative growth. During rapid propagation, this variety often shows overly developed callus tissue, few and slow roots, and often early leaf abscission during rapid propagation. To address these problems, we conducted a comprehensive analysis and formulated corresponding measures, greatly improving the survival rate of rapid propagation, basically meeting the technical requirements of production. Originally, when Honeysuckle King was grafted, late-stage incompatibility with the rootstock would occur, producing "choking seedlings," which are prone to breaking at the graft union in strong winds. This became the main factor limiting the development of this high-yield variety, and traditional cuttings cannot survive. These phenomena indicate that there are genetic differences between this mutated variety and the original common variety, which is proven by graft incompatibility. In addition, this variety produces too many flowers, leading to excessively high chlorogenic acid content in the body, and overly weak growth causes a sharp rise in endogenous abscisic acid content. The combination of these three aspects becomes its comprehensive physiological factors for difficulty in rooting.

First, in mother plant management, the main management goal should be to cultivate strong seedlings with vigorous vegetative growth. The flower quantity and chlorogenic acid content can be reduced through moderate shading cultivation and applying more nitrogen fertilizer. Flower quantity can also be reduced by spraying 40~100 ppm gibberellin during the flower bud differentiation stage, because plants with more flowers have less leaf nutrient accumulation and also greatly increase chlorogenic acid content. Chlorogenic acid is the main indicator for measuring honeysuckle quality, but it is also the main factor causing the difficulty in propagating and rooting Honeysuckle King. By reducing light intensity, the chlorogenic acid content in the branches, leaves, and flowers of the plant can be reduced. In addition, applying more nitrogen fertilizer can reduce chlorogenic acid content by 32.99%~6.78%, while applying more phosphorus fertilizer greatly increases flower quantity and also greatly increases chlorogenic acid content, which can reach 8.68%~14.44% or more. These studies indicate that the mother plant orchard must adopt a management method of applying less phosphorus fertilizer and more nitrogen fertilizer. Such fertilization management measures can also increase endogenous growth hormones in the plant body and reduce abscisic acid. Therefore, mother plant management should be exactly opposite to conventional production-oriented management, which is more conducive to rooting.

In addition to special management of the mother plant orchard, leaf premature aging and abscission problems also occur during rapid propagation. To address this problem, growth hormones can be sprayed on the leaf surface periodically during mother plant management or the rapid propagation period, playing a role in extending leaf age to prevent abscission. Production findings show that detached materials whose leaves remain unfallen will eventually root, while materials that lose leaves immediately stop developing. When supplementing nutrient solution during rapid propagation, 1~5 ppm indolebutyric acid or 1 ppm sodium nitrophenolate can be added to the nutrient solution, which has a certain effect on extending leaf age and improving survival rate.

After the above comprehensive technical management, rapid propagation operations can be carried out. Take branch segments with 1~2 leaves as detached materials, treat the cut with 200 ppm IBA for 1~2 hours, then rapidly propagate in an intelligent seedbed with perlite. In addition to conventional management techniques, it is best to combine carbonated water and oxygen-enriched water supplementation technology. This measure is especially effective for difficult-to-root plants. In addition, the aerosol method can also be used for rapid propagation, also called mist multiplication method, exposing the cut to nutrient-containing mist, so rooting will be faster. Experiments show that Honeysuckle King using perlite substrate rapid propagation takes 30~45 days to root, while using aerosol propagation, that is, mist multiplication, roots in 22 days, and the survival rate can reach over 80%. However, aerosol propagation also has a disadvantage: a dedicated hardening-off area still needs to be established for transplanting and hardening off, because the roots formed in the mist are mostly aerial roots, and a period of acclimation is still needed to adapt to the soil environment.
Honeysuckle has a wide range of applications, among which making honeysuckle distillate is one of its uses and one of the most widely applied areas. Using plant non-test-tube rapid propagation technology to propagate seedlings greatly increases honeysuckle yield and also promotes the process of honeysuckle industrial development.
V. Rapid Propagation of Flower Plants;Miniature rose is currently an excellent raw material for mini potted flower production, hydroponic flower production, and test-tube flower production, and is also an excellent variety for courtyard and balcony greening and beautification. In addition to traditional cuttings, the fastest and most efficient method of propagation is the use of non-test-tube rapid propagation technology. It can enable one-leaf-one-bud detached materials, over the course of one year, through multi-generation cycle technology, to expand into several thousand commercial seedlings, with simple and convenient operation, short rooting time, and high survival rate. Take a leafy branch segment, one leaf and one bud, or a terminal shoot with flower buds from a miniature rose plant as detached material, treat the cut with 100 ppm IBA for 1~2 hours, and rapidly propagate in an intelligent seedbed with perlite as the substrate. Under normal circumstances, rooting begins in 7~10 days, and transplanting can be done in 15~20 days, with a rooting survival rate of over 95%. Using miniature rose as material for rapid propagation of small materials with buds, after rooting, inoculate them into an agar substrate environment in a test tube to grow, creating a test-tube rose that can grow and bloom in a test tube. It is currently a premium product among test-tube flowers at home and abroad, and also the best gift for Valentine's Day.

(1) Stem-cutting induction method: Phalaenopsis is a single-stem plant, growing upward from an upright stem and growing continuously. Although there are 1~3 latent buds at the leaf axil stem, most cannot sprout into plants. However, after the plant grows larger, the stem can be cut between the roots below the clustered leaves using a sterilized knife or scissors. The upper part with roots is planted into a new pot or temporarily planted to continue growing, while the lower part with root stem is given appropriate water, and soon 1~3 new buds can sprout (depending on plant characteristics and management methods). If the stem is too long, it can also be cut into multiple segments. As long as each segment is at least 3 cm long and has at least one root, each node can send out 1~2 buds. Cut off the small buds with a blade and propagate them in an intelligent seedbed. Generally, roots form in 10~15 days and they can be transplanted.
(2) Chemical stimulation method: This chemical is available in flower markets. Its main ingredient is cytokinin, in an oily wax form. When using, dip a toothpick into the agent and apply it to the dormant bud points. The chemical can penetrate and stimulate sprouting. When the bud body grows out smoothly, it can be cut off for rapid propagation.
(3) Peduncle tiller buds: Many varieties of Phalaenopsis have the habit of sprouting tiller buds at the base of the flower stem, at non-flowering stem nodes, and at the tip. Native species such as P. lueddemanniana, P. schillerana, P. equestris, etc., sprout tiller buds at the very front of the flower stem. Cut them off and propagate them in an intelligent seedbed. After they grow and root, they can be transplanted to become new individuals. If there is no stem tillering habit, a bud-promoting agent containing plant hormones can be applied to the nodes of the Phalaenopsis flower stem, using chemical stimulation to achieve the purpose of propagating new seedlings. Before applying the agent, first remove the bracts covering the flower stem nodes with a blade. When removing the bracts, be careful to avoid breaking the bud body. After removing the bracts, apply the bud-promoting agent. When using plant hormone bud-promoting agents, it is best to do so during the plant's growing period, and the effect is better when the temperature is above 20°C.
VI. Rapid Propagation of Economic Forest Plants;Camellia oleifera is an important oil plant and also an important economic plant for mountain farmers. However, long-term seed sowing and seedling cultivation have led to mixed varieties, severe degeneration, decreased yield, and late fruiting period, greatly affecting the industrial development of Camellia oleifera.
Under facility greenhouse conditions, year-round rapid propagation and multi-generation cycling of Camellia oleifera can be implemented, with relatively high production efficiency and relatively guaranteed rooting survival rate, unmatched by other grafting and cutting methods. It is an indispensable new seedling cultivation technology for the current industrial development of Camellia oleifera. The technical points are introduced as follows: Detached materials should be selected from 1-year-old robust, already lignified, full axillary buds, intact leaves, and pest- and disease-free branches on excellent mother trees, cut into detached materials about 4 cm long with one bud and one leaf. Material collection should be done in the early morning. After collection, bundle 50~100 detached materials into a bundle and pay attention to moisture retention. Before rapid propagation, use ABT rooting powder to treat the detached materials to promote cut healing and rapid rooting. During rapid propagation, detached materials should be inoculated upright, with buds and leaves exposed above the substrate, leaves facing upward, and plant spacing of about 5 cm x 15 cm, with leaves not overlapping as the standard. After inoculation is completed, immediately start the intelligent system.
Practice has shown that treating Camellia oleifera detached materials with ABT No. 1 rooting powder results in significantly higher survival rate and current-year shoot sprouting rate than treatment with 200 ppm naphthalene acetic acid; the number of roots and root length are also greater and longer than with naphthalene acetic acid treatment. The survival rate can reach over 85%. After adopting multi-generation cycle technology of propagating seedlings from seedlings, the survival rate can be further improved and rooting time can be shortened. Usually, for first-generation seedlings, callus tissue forms in 10~15 days, root primordia form in 20~25 days, and root systems form in 30~45 days for transplanting to the field. If seedling-from-seedling operation is adopted, juvenility and rooting genes will be activated, and rooting time can be shortened to 20~25 days, with higher efficiency and faster speed. Therefore, when rapidly propagating Camellia oleifera seedlings, the construction of a juvenile mother plant orchard is extremely important.

In addition, for chemical treatment, high-concentration ABT No. 1 quick dipping is preferable, with high operational efficiency and good survival rate. Comparing high-concentration ABT No. 1 rooting powder solution quick dipping with low-concentration slow soaking, the former is superior to the latter in survival rate and root number. The best combined treatment is 500 ppm ABT No. 1, quick dipping for 10 seconds before rapid propagation. Treating Camellia oleifera detached materials with ABT No. 2 rooting powder also results in better survival rate and root number than treatment with 200 ppm naphthalene acetic acid. Comparing the quick dipping method and the slow soaking method, the high-concentration quick dipping method is also more effective than the low-concentration chemical slow soaking method. For ABT rooting powder, a 200 ppm concentration solution with 20-second quick dipping is preferable. Comparing ABT No. 1 rooting powder with ABT No. 2 rooting powder, the survival rate of Camellia oleifera detached materials treated with ABT No. 1 is significantly higher than with 200 ppm ABT No. 2, but the effect produced by the same concentration of ABT No. 2 is not significantly different from the effect of naphthalene acetic acid treatment. Therefore, considering comprehensively, when using non-test-tube cloning for Camellia oleifera seedling cultivation, ABT No. 1 rooting powder should be selected, and the higher concentration (500 ppm) quick dipping method should be adopted.
II. Applications of Camellia oleifera
Red-flowered large-fruited Camellia oleifera is an evergreen small tree of the Theaceae family, with a tree height of 3-6 m. It is a rare and precious woody oil tree. The camellia oil is orange-yellow, clear and transparent, and aromatic. It contains more unsaturated fatty acids than peanut oil and rapeseed oil, and does not contain erucic acid, behenic acid, aflatoxin, or other carcinogenic substances. Regular consumption of camellia oil can reduce blood lipids and cholesterol levels in the human body, and has preventive and therapeutic effects on hypertension, stroke, cerebral thrombosis, cancer, and other diseases. It is a pure natural green health edible oil with good quality.
For example, the recently popular Tibetan Secret Oil-cutting Tea is one of the applications of Camellia oleifera. It fully reflects the position of Camellia oleifera applications in the market and has also greatly developed the role of Camellia oleifera as an economic crop.
VII. Rapid Propagation of Endangered Plants;The Baishanzu fir (Abies beshanzuensis) is a rare and endangered plant on the verge of extinction. Because traditional propagation methods yield a very low survival rate, it has long been a major technical challenge for forestry workers seeking to rescue this germplasm resource. However, by using non-test-tube plant cloning technology, a fairly high survival rate can be achieved. The relevant techniques are briefly described below: The detached material comes from Baishanzu in Qingyuan County, Zhejiang Province. The detached material is cut into leafy stem segments 3-5 cm long, and the cut ends are treated with 1000 ppm indolebutyric acid for 8-10 hours, then propagated in an intelligent seedling bed. According to observation, after 25-30 days the cortex swells and callus tissue begins to form; after 45 days some root primordia emerge in papilla form; after 60-70 days most have grown root systems 1-2 cm long, and the checked survival rate reaches over 90%.

Golden camellia (Camellia petelotii) contains natural organic germanium, selenium, manganese, molybdenum, vanadium, zinc and more than ten other trace elements of important health value to the human body, as well as tea polyphenols and essential amino acids. It has health benefits such as preventing cancer, inhibiting tumor growth, lowering blood bilirubin, lowering cholesterol, preventing atherosclerosis, delaying aging and enhancing immune function, making it a health beverage raw material plant of great development value. In addition, the flowers of golden camellia are waxy golden yellow, with golden petals and jade-like stamens, fresh and delicate, dotted among green leaves and jade-like branches, graceful and elegant. It is known as the "superstar" among flowers, the "queen of the tea family" and the "giant panda" of the plant kingdom, and is a national first-class protected rare plant. Besides its extremely high ornamental value, golden camellia is the finest of all camellias.

Guangxi golden camellia is a first-class protected plant. Rapid propagation trials were carried out on golden camellia and Camellia liberofilamenta. For the former, treated with rooting powder (ABT) No. 1 at 200 ppm, with 1-year-old detached material on perlite substrate, the survival rate of cuttings without leaves was 0, the survival rate with 1 leaf was between 85.0% and 87.8%, and the control was 72.0%; the survival rate of 2-year-old material was 20.5%. For the latter, on perlite substrate, treated with rooting powder No. 1 at 150 ppm, the survival rate of 1-year-old detached material on perlite was the highest, at 97.5%. Therefore, in production it is recommended to use 1-year-old seedlings as mother plants and carry out multi-generation cyclic propagation by propagating seedlings from seedlings, which can achieve good seedling-raising results.

Brief Introduction to Plant Rapid Propagation Technology

The so-called non-test-tube efficient rapid propagation technology of plants is plant cloning technology. Some also call it plant non-test-tube rapid propagation technology, plant rapid propagation technology, plant full-light spray seedling technology, full-light mist cutting technology, micro-material or micro-tissue cutting seedling technology, spray seedling technology, spray cutting seedling technology, or foolproof cloning. Whether it is called plant rapid propagation or plant cloning, the principle and method are the same.

The key to plant cloning technology (plant rapid propagation technology) is spraying. More than ten years ago, authoritative institutions were already promoting full-light spray seedling technology, which in fact is what was later called non-test-tube efficient rapid propagation technology of plants, and is now more often called by fashionable terms such as plant cloning and foolproof cloning. The complete spray equipment developed in the past was mechanical, costing as much as tens of thousands of yuan, and was prone to rusting and damage, so after a period of time no one used it anymore. But since the introduction of Israeli micro-sprinkler (head) technology, the micro-spray problem was smoothly solved at low cost, and thus plant cloning technology (plant rapid propagation technology) was rapidly promoted and popularized across the country.

Another obstacle to the promotion of plant rapid propagation technology (plant cloning technology) was the problem of automatic controllers. Imported temperature and humidity control equipment was easy to use but expensive. The so-called agricultural intelligent computer systems, besides being even more expensive, were always immature and full of problems in use, often causing seedling failures. Only after using them for two years did the author have no choice but to develop a domestically produced seedling instrument, whose low price and rich, practical functions were quickly appreciated by peers across the country.

The current investment in plant cloning technology (plant non-test-tube efficient rapid propagation technology) is only just over 2000 yuan. Vigorously promoting plant cloning technology and plant rapid propagation technology benefits the country and the people.

Compared with plant tissue culture test-tube rapid propagation and traditional seedling technology, foolproof plant cloning technology has the following advanced features:

1. It uses one-leaf-one-bud plant explants as the propagation unit material, directly inoculated into field sand beds or nutrient bags, forming seedlings in one step until supplied to production, without any need for moving, and with a high survival rate.

2. Whether in the south or the north, at different latitudes, in different soils and different climates, this method can be used for continuous rapid propagation all year round, and from the second generation onward most varieties can reach 6-12 generations. This rapid propagation technology can be used to start production on any of the 365 days of the year, expanding the time and space of technology application.

3. The technical operation is easy to promote. After a period of training, a qualified ordinary laborer can inoculate 3000-5000 unit materials per day (8 hours). Long-term promotion practice has proven: first, the quality requirements for production technicians are not high, the technical training period is short, adaptability is extremely broad, and it is easy to promote; second, individual operation speed is faster than both tissue culture rapid propagation and conventional seedling raising. If organization and management are proper, and other conditions are met, each base can rapidly inoculate 200,000-1,000,000 unit propagation materials per day, and the technology is easy to promote on a large scale, which test-tube rapid propagation technology cannot match.

  4. Ordinary personnel who have undergone a period of planned training can participate in rapid propagation operations, and the inoculation speed is extremely fast (several times faster than tissue culture test-tube rapid propagation inoculation speed; from the second generation onward most plants exceed both conventional seedling operation speed and test-tube rapid propagation operation speed. This greatly saves labor costs and improves labor efficiency).

      5. Each technically qualified worker who has undergone a period of training can produce and manage 20,000-100,000 seedlings per month, and each core worker plus a certain number of auxiliary workers can produce at least 300,000 seedlings every six months, creating extremely high economic benefits.

6. For most plants, after being cultured to the second generation using foolproof plant cloning technology, complete regenerated plants can be obtained in 4-11 days, with a regenerated plant rate of over 90%, truly achieving efficient rapid propagation. Some families and genera have special rooting and propagation conditions, such as Podocarpus imbricatus, spruce, yew, Cinnamomum longepaniculatum, rock cinnamon, Chinese orchids and peony, whose rooting lasts longer. But they are still faster than test-tube rapid propagation and conventional seedling raising, and the overall rapid propagation efficiency is higher.

7. For most plants from the second generation onward, each regenerated plant propagates one generation every 30-60 days, with a multiplication coefficient of 2-15 times per generation (efficient geometric progression multiplication based on the original plant quantity base). This advantage is even more prominent than that of tissue culture test-tube rapid propagation. The later the generation, the more germplasm material is propagated and the faster the propagation speed.

      8. There are few technical steps and the time used is short, greatly saving overall production costs and improving personnel production efficiency. Starting propagation from micro-materials can directly cultivate plants that grow under natural conditions, without any transplanting. For most plants, only 15-60 days of cultivation are needed before they can be used for production and cultivation, and the plants all show early flowering and fruiting and good yield performance. (For example, tomato begins rooting in 4 days and flowers and fruits in 20 days; goji blooms and fruits in the nursery field in the same year; virus-free potato one-leaf-one-bud material can differentiate small tubers from inoculation to 40 days, and when cultivated in the same year can directly harvest large virus-free potatoes in the field. The field cultivation yield of virus-free potato seedlings in the same year can reach 3 to 4 tons, which not only saves farmers 300 jin of seed potatoes per mu, but also allows farmers to plant original seed potatoes every year. Cut-flower roses do not need transplanting and bloom 70 days from inoculation of a single leaf, with large and bright flowers, and the flowering cycle is longer than plants cultivated by other methods. Coniferous tree species such as yew, North American redwood, western Sichuan spruce and Japanese larch generally need 4 months for field planting on hills. The first generation generally begins rooting in 20-40 days, and after the second generation the rooting time is shortened by about one third. However, many coniferous tree species are very difficult to tissue culture and basically cannot be produced on a large scale. Conventional cuttings also have slow rooting and low survival rates. As a result, seedlings of these varieties have always been propagated by seed, and the offspring traits vary greatly.

9. Mature seedlings cultivated by this method have high purity, no pests or diseases, well-developed and complete root systems, root length over 25 cm, root number of 3-6, plump mature buds, stem height 20-60 cm, and a survival rate of over 90% when planted in production fields. Coniferous tree species are 5 cm-15 cm, and the survival rate for field planting on hills is generally as high as over 95%.

10. Green seedlings directly inoculated and cultured in nutrient bags during the plant growth season have high purity, no pests or diseases, grow more than 3-5 leaves, have plump axillary buds, strong branching ability, well-developed root systems, high seedling hardening quality, and a survival rate of over 95% when planted in production fields.

11. For many plants, the first generation is already normal. Large-scale rapid propagation production can begin immediately. But some difficult-to-propagate plants can only reach the indicators required by this technology from the second generation. For these seedlings, the main goal of the first generation is to obtain as many original basic seedlings as possible, laying a good foundation for normal production after the second generation. Foolproof plant cloning technology can be used for the vast majority of plants that can be propagated by plant tissue culture shoot-tip rapid propagation and conventional cutting seedling technology, or for plants for which neither of the above two technologies is suitable for propagation; it can be used to fix heterosis in plant breeding work; it can be used for special transgenic plant seedling engineering, new plants from space breeding, rapid propagation promotion and protection of various new germplasm materials or endangered economic plants, forest tree seedling raising, seed engineering and seed industrialization; it can be used for selection, purification and large-scale production and utilization of natural mutant plants, superior individual plants and polyploid superior clones; it can be used for isolated expansion and propagation of virus-free original seedlings; it can be used for introduction and diffusion of new varieties at home and abroad, crossbreeding, and so on. In these aspects, this technology has the best technical performance and a relatively infinite market.