How can the planting efficiency of Chaenomeles speciosa be improved? Sharing of key technical points
Chaenomeles speciosa is a perennial deciduous shrub of the genus Chaenomeles in the rose family. It can serve as an ornamental plant and also has medicinal value; its medicinal material is called "Zhoupi Mugua" (wrinkled-skinned Chaenomeles fruit), with effects such as promoting meridian circulation and invigorating the stomach to resolve dampness. It is often distributed in Anhui, Hubei, Shandong and other places. Today the editor will talk about the technical points for improving the planting efficiency of Chaenomeles speciosa, hoping it can be of some help to everyone.
1 Technical points
1.1 Trunk training
After the plants survive planting, use the method of driving stakes or inserting rods beside the seedlings to fix the trunk or central leader, so that the trunk grows vertically upward. At the same time, remove small weak branches and clustered buds to cultivate a robust, upright trunk or central leader.
1.2 Promoting lateral branches
Topping and pinching the central leader at the proper time promotes its thickening and the sprouting of new shoots, and cultivates lateral branches at all levels. Through 4-6 years of training, cap the top once 4 tiers are reached.
1.3 Pruning and shaping
1.3.1 Bending branches down
For branches extending horizontally and growing upward, use the method of pressing them down so that they grow horizontally and are fixed into shape.
1.3.2 Bending and twisting branches
For branches extending horizontally, drive stakes in the field and pull the branches diagonally downward. At the same time, for branches that grow too vigorously or extend in the wrong direction, carry out branch twisting to assist them.
1.3.3 Cultivating fruiting branches
Through means such as heading back, pinching, bud removal and shoot control, focus on cultivating fruiting branches (fruiting branch groups), which helps fruiting branches bear fruit early and bear fruit on the inner part of the canopy.
1.4 Precautions
After the trunk of Chaenomeles speciosa is trained, many suckers will sprout from the root crown and main roots. These suckers must be removed promptly;
When using methods such as branch twisting to assist growth, be very careful not to twist the branches until they break.
2 Trial and demonstration situation
2.1 Basic situation of the control orchard
A Chaenomeles speciosa orchard managed with traditional pruning techniques was used as the control orchard. During the 5-year production period from 2003 to 2007, the fruit yield of the control orchard was comparable to that of the demonstration orchard; but from 2007 to 2016 there were four years of obvious yield reduction (alternate bearing phenomenon), with yields accounting for 60% of a normal year; 2017 was an average-yield year, with yield per mu only 5.3% lower than the previous year and 6.5% lower than the demonstration orchard. At the same time, 10 clumps were selected by the same method and the measured averages were: 2.8 roots per clump, trunk diameter 4.05 cm, crown diameter 271 cm, 8.9 main branches at all levels, 31.2 fruiting branches (branch groups) (converted to 72.12 fruiting branches (branch groups) per sq m of ground).
2.2 Basic situation of the demonstration orchard
A 2.1-mu area of Chaenomeles speciosa with tree age, tree vigor, soil fertility and other conditions similar to the control orchard was selected as the demonstration orchard, and cultivation management was carried out using the method of single-plant planting and single-trunk shaping. Planting was done from the end of 2000 to the spring of 2001, fruiting began in 2003 with a yield of 32 kg/mu, and in 2004 the fruit yield was 340 kg/mu. From 2003 to 2007 the yield increased by 1-3 times each year, reaching 4 050 kg/mu in 2007; afterward it increased by 10%-30% each year, reaching a peak of 6 500 kg/mu in 2016. On August 10, 2017, ten consecutive plants were randomly selected for evaluation, and the measured averages were: trunk diameter 6.08 cm, crown diameter 195.2 cm, height 205 cm; branching tier 3.8 tiers; 11.3 main branches; 32.1 fruiting branches (branch groups) borne on main branches (converted to 122.96 fruiting branches (branch groups) per sq m of ground). From this it can be seen that in single-trunk-shaped Chaenomeles trees, the skeletal branches increased by 27% and the fruiting branches (branch groups) increased by 70.5%. At the same time, the plant type is obviously dwarfed, making operation and management easier. More importantly, the increase in fruiting branches (branch groups) greatly increases the probability of alternate fruiting, effectively overcoming the phenomenon of alternate bearing.
3 Main advantages
3.1 Good canopy permeability
Branch grading and ventilation with light penetration satisfy the demand for light and air during the young fruit swelling stage, provide the light intensity and nutrients needed for leaf growth, help fruit growth, reduce fruit drop and increase the fruit-setting rate.
3.2 Effective branching increased
Flower quality is good, fruit-setting space is increased, and ineffective flowers are reduced, which not only improves the fruit-setting rate and fruit quality, but also avoids unnecessary waste of nutrients and effectively controls the phenomenon of alternate bearing.
3.3 Convenient management and convenient fruit picking
Single-trunk-shaped Chaenomeles trees have good uprightness and clear tiers, making cultivation management in all aspects convenient and also making fruit picking convenient.
3.4 Good ornamental value
In early spring, the flowers can be seen distributed evenly and with brilliant colors; in midsummer, abundant fruits can be seen inside and outside the canopy; after leaf fall in winter, the canopy is well proportioned and the bark color is attractive, still retaining high ornamental value.
Appreciation of Chaenomeles speciosa bonsai, and cultivation techniques for Chaenomeles speciosa
Chaenomeles speciosa is not only an important flowering tree for beautifying gardens and greening the environment, but also an excellent flowering and fruiting bonsai tree species. So for such a beautiful Chaenomeles, what does it look like, and how should it be cultivated? As for its cultivation techniques, the editor will focus on explaining the making of potted plants. In addition, it will also let everyone feast their eyes, appreciate its beautiful pictures together, and enter its world together.
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There are about 100 or more cultivars of Chaenomeles speciosa, and people often use it in bonsai making. Simple leaves are alternate, branchlets are thorny, leaf margins have small serrations, leaf blades are ovate, petals are obovate or nearly round, and the flowers are clustered together like brocade, generally about 3 to 5 flowers, with romantic colors such as pink, Feihong and pure white. Its trunk is grayish brown, and the stamens are bright yellow, much like beautiful peach blossoms. The fruit is spherical or ovoid-spherical, about 4-6 cm in diameter, yellow or yellow-green, with sparse inconspicuous spots and a fragrant scent; the sepals fall off, and the fruit stalk is short or nearly absent. The flowering period is between March and May, and the fruiting period is from September to October.
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It is mainly distributed in Shaanxi, Sichuan, Guizhou and other places. It does not have high requirements for soil and is suitable for growing in acidic and neutral soils. It is relatively drought-resistant, cannot tolerate waterlogging, and has strong sprouting ability. It generally grows very vigorously in fertile sandy soil. As for potted Chaenomeles speciosa, generally red flower buds are seen first in early spring each year; when they first open they are flesh-red, and when fully open they are white with a red halo.
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Before making Chaenomeles speciosa into bonsai, it must first be propagated. Propagation mainly includes layering, grafting and cuttings. Then it is transplanted. During this process, a certain humidity and temperature need to be maintained, and only after it survives can potted making be carried out as needed. Chaenomeles speciosa is relatively suitable for different styles of bonsai making, such as multi-trunk style, exposed-root style and curved-trunk style, all of which are relatively beautiful and well-formed.
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In the process of bonsai making, in order to make the branches and trunk of Chaenomeles speciosa look more natural and make its framework more graceful, its skeletal branches and transition branches can be cultivated. Wire training is generally used for the bonsai shaping of small trees. For old stumps, a suitable shape can be selected according to the tree form, and different styles of bonsai can be made. The canopy can adopt an unrestrained natural style, or a method combining wire training and pruning can be used to make the branches and leaves more lush.
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It should be noted that during the bonsai-making process of Chaenomeles speciosa, the branches need to be maintained frequently. Newly grown branches should be retained under the condition that the plant shape is not affected. In order to promote nutrient branches, new branches should also be cut back frequently. In addition, potted plants should not bear too much fruit. After flowering, fruit thinning should also be carried out promptly at important parts of the branch shaping. For some cultivars mainly grown for flowers with relatively thick petals, spent flowers need to be cleaned up promptly after blooming. In winter and spring, attention should be paid to preventing sparrows from pecking at small flower buds.
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As a unique ornamental tree, Chaenomeles speciosa embellishes gardens and green spaces. A touch of red among a multitude of plants is probably just such a beautiful scene. It is colorful and varied, never tiring to look at, and one also finds joy in the process of appreciating it. Its bonsai is usually placed in halls and leisure places, and can also be reasonably matched with buildings, adding luster to courtyard scenery and making it more elegant and refined.
Finally, let me quietly tell everyone that Chaenomeles speciosa not only has a beautiful appearance, but is also a medicinal material in medicine. After introducing so much knowledge about Chaenomeles speciosa and seeing so many beautiful pictures, you may still want more. For more knowledge about flowers, you can click the link below.
Chaenomeles speciosa Chaenomeles speciosa Illustrated Guide: How to grow Chaenomeles speciosa / How to propagate Chaenomeles speciosa
Chaenomeles speciosa profileChaenomeles speciosa Chaenomeles speciosa
Cultivation methods and precautions for Chaenomeles speciosa, and an introduction to Chaenomeles speciosa
Chaenomeles speciosa is a plant of the genus Chaenomeles in the rose family. Its branches grow in clumps, the branches have thorns, and its flower stalks are extremely short, with the flowers clinging closely to the branches, hence the name. It became widely familiar to people from the Ming Dynasty "Qunfangpu". Its flowers are fresh, plump and dazzling, and it is one of the main spring flowering trees in courtyards. It can be planted as a single plant in gardens to arrange flower borders, can also be planted in rows as a flowering hedge, and can also be grown as a potted ornamental. It is an ideal flowering and fruiting tree-stump bonsai material. The fruit is called Zhoupi Mugua, and when used as a Chinese medicinal material it is abbreviated as Mugua. It is one of the rare fruits unique to China and has high medicinal value and edible value.
The name Chaenomeles speciosa became widely familiar to people from the Ming Dynasty "Qunfangpu", which records: "There are four grades of crabapple, all woody: Xifu Haitang, Chuisi Haitang, Mugua Haitang and Tiegeng Haitang." In fact, both Tiegeng Haitang and Mugua Haitang are plants of the genus Chaenomeles. Unlike Xifu Haitang and Chuisi Haitang, they cannot be directly called Haitang or Haitang flower; when naming them, a modifier must be added to show the difference.
Chaenomeles speciosa has a very long cultivation history in China. According to textual research, the "mao" in "Erya" is this plant. The flower colors of Chaenomeles speciosa are diverse, including vermilion, peach red, moon white and other colors, and some cultivars have pink and white interlaced colors. In addition, its petals are smooth and translucent, very beautiful. Its branches and trunk are pitch-black and curved like iron wire, which fits the aesthetic taste of the ancients very well, making it excellent material for making traditional-style bonsai. This trend also influenced Japan and Korea, and the Japanese horticultural circle attaches great importance to the cultivation of Chaenomeles speciosa and has bred new horticultural cultivars. The fruit of Chaenomeles speciosa has a peculiar shape, like an upside-down pear, so it is also called "Tiejiao Li". Because its fruit, compared with the fruit of Mugua Haitang, that is, Mugua, becomes slightly shrunken after ripening, it is also called "Zhoupi Mugua". As for being called "Chuan Mugua" and "Xuan Mugua", this is because Sichuan and Xuancheng in Anhui are abundant producers of this plant.
Morphological characteristics of Chaenomeles speciosa
Deciduous shrub, up to 2 m tall, with branch thorns; branchlets cylindrical, spreading, stout, purple-brown when young, hairless, dark brown when old. Leaf blades ovate to elliptic, rarely oblong, 3-10 cm long, 1.5-5 cm wide, apex acute, rarely rounded-obtuse, base cuneate to broadly cuneate, margin with sharp fine serrations, teeth spreading, upper surface slightly shiny, dark green, hairless, lower surface light green, hairless; petiole 1-1.5 cm long, hairless; stipules large, leaf-like, ovate or kidney-shaped, margin with sharp double serrations, hairless. Flowers 2-6 in clusters on biennial branches, 3.5-5 cm in diameter, opening before the leaves or at the same time as the leaves; pedicel stout and short, 3 mm long or nearly absent, hairless; outside of hypanthium hairless; sepal lobes upright, nearly semicircular, apex rounded-obtuse, entire or with wavy teeth, margin with yellow-brown eyelashes, outside hairless, inside sparsely pubescent, half as long as the hypanthium; petals nearly round or obovate, with short claw, 1-1.5 cm long, scarlet or pale red; stamens 35-50, upright, 1-1.3 cm long, filaments slightly reddish; styles connate below the middle, hairless, nearly as long as stamens, stigma capitate. Pome spherical to ovoid, 3-5 cm in diameter, yellow or yellow-green, with inconspicuous sparse spots, fragrant, fruit stalk short or nearly absent. Flowering period April, fruiting period October.
Plant height about 2 m, branches upright or spreading, thorny. Leaves ovate or elliptic, stipules large and obvious. Flowers rice-red, opening before the leaves or at the same time as the leaves.
Ecological habits of Chaenomeles speciosa
Sun-loving, relatively cold-tolerant, not tolerant of flooding, not selective about soil, but fond of fertile, deep, well-drained soil. Chaenomeles speciosa is a deciduous shrub of the rose family and genus Chaenomeles, up to 2 m tall, with 3 to 5 flowers clustered on 2-year-old old branches, flowering before the leaves or flowers and leaves appearing together. Flower colors are red, pink and white, about 3 cm to 5 cm in diameter. Fruit ovoid to spherical, 4 cm to 6 cm in diameter. Flowering period March to April; if light and humidity conditions are suitable, it can bloom in January to February, and the fruit ripening period is September to October.
Cultivation techniques of Chaenomeles speciosa Cultivation techniques
Chaenomeles speciosa has strong adaptability and extensive management. Flowers are borne on 2-year-old branches, so after flowering the top of the previous year's branches can be cut off, leaving only about 30 cm, to promote more new branches and create conditions for more flowering the next year.
Chaenomeles speciosa has clustered branches and trunks, thorns on the branches, extremely short flower stalks, and flowers clinging closely to the branches and trunk. Chaenomeles speciosa has a graceful tree posture and beautiful flowers, with double-flowered and semi-double-flowered cultivars. The fruit is spherical or pear-shaped, yellow when mature in autumn, and fragrant. It can be picked and placed on a plate, displayed on a table, for appreciation. Chaenomeles speciosa can be planted in gardens and is also excellent material for potted appreciation and bonsai making.
Maintenance and management
Chaenomeles speciosa is relatively simple to manage. Because its flowering is mainly on short branches, before spring sprouting the long branches need to be properly cut back and pruned into a hemispherical shape to stimulate more new shoots to sprout. During summer growth, the growing branches also need to be pinched. In the process of cultivation and management, attention should be paid to watering in the dry season. In the dog days, it is best to apply one application of decomposed organic fertilizer, or an appropriate amount of compound fertilizer (N, P, K elements). For potted flower forcing, suitable plants can be dug up and potted from September to October, first placed in a cool, ventilated place for a period of maintenance, then moved into a 15°C to 20°C greenhouse after winter begins, and water sprayed on the branches frequently; after about 25 days they can bloom, and can be used for viewing at New Year's Day and Spring Festival.
Maintenance and management
Chaenomeles speciosa is relatively simple to manage. Because its flowering is mainly on short branches, before spring sprouting the long branches need to be properly cut back and pruned into a hemispherical shape to stimulate more new shoots to sprout. During summer growth, the growing branches also need to be pinched. In the process of cultivation and management, attention should be paid to watering in the dry season. In the dog days, it is best to apply one application of decomposed organic fertilizer, or an appropriate amount of compound fertilizer (N, P, K elements). For potted flower forcing, suitable plants can be dug up and potted from September to October, first placed in a cool, ventilated place for a period of maintenance, then moved into a 15°C to 20°C greenhouse after winter begins, and water sprayed on the branches frequently; after about 25 days they can bloom, and can be used for viewing at New Year's Day and Spring Festival.
Distribution area of Chaenomeles speciosa
Produced in China's Shaanxi, southern Gansu, Henan, Shandong, Anhui, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Hunan, Hubei, Sichuan, Guizhou, Yunnan, Guangdong and other provinces, and cultivated throughout the country. It is also distributed in Myanmar, Japan and Korea. The main cultivation bases include Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Anhui, Hunan and other places
Disease and pest control of Chaenomeles speciosa
During the growth process of Chaenomeles speciosa, diseases and pests are very likely to occur, often causing early leaf fall, deformed fruit, weakened growth vigor, reduced ornamental value, and bringing difficulties to maintenance and management. According to the author's more than 3 years of investigation and research mainly in the Suzhou area and in the East China region of Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Shanghai and Anhui, the diseases and pests that occur year-round in the adult stage of Chaenomeles speciosa, cause serious harm, and must be controlled mainly include one disease and two pests, namely Chaenomeles rust disease, lace bugs and aphids.
Occurrence and harm characteristics of the main diseases and pests: In the early stage of Chaenomeles disease, yellow-green small spots appear on the upper surface of the leaves, which later gradually expand into orange-yellow lesions. On the upper surface of the lesions, tiny black particles the size of needle tips appear, and on the lower surface of the leaves hard yellow whisker-like structures grow, namely the rust spore organs of the pathogen. In the late stage of the disease, the color of the yellow whisker-like structures darkens, gradually maturing and becoming powdery. The lesions on the upper surface of the leaves expand, forming dark brown necrotic spots, which can fall off to form perforations. From August to September, after the rust spores mature, they spread with the wind to juniper, invade young shoots and overwinter. The damaged parts of juniper show light yellow spots, which later bulge into gray-brown bean-shaped small galls and swell in the middle, with a rough surface and brown color. The disease is relatively serious when Chaenomeles and apple are mixed-planted with juniper.
Propagation methods of Chaenomeles speciosa
Propagation of Chaenomeles speciosa mainly uses division, cuttings and layering, and sowing can also be used. Sowing propagation can obtain large quantities of uniform seedlings, but it is not easy to maintain the original cultivar characteristics. Chaenomeles speciosa has strong tillering ability, so in autumn or early spring the mother plant can be dug out and divided into plants each with 2 to 3 branches and trunks; after planting, division can be carried out again 3 years later. Generally, after division in autumn, heel in the plants to promote wound healing, and they can be planted in the following spring and bloom the next year. Hardwood cuttings are taken at the same time as division. During the growing season, softwood cuttings can also be taken: insert segments about 15 cm long into plain sand or plain soil, water thoroughly and keep moist, and leaves can emerge after more than a month. Cutting seedlings can bloom in 2 to 3 years.
Flower language of Chaenomeles speciosa
Flower language of Chaenomeles speciosa: ordinary, passionate. Its flower language also includes: precocious, radiance of the fairy, pioneer, leader.
Medicinal or dietary therapeutic value of Chaenomeles speciosa
The medical information and healthy dietary therapy information on Huahua.com is for reference only and cannot be used as a basis for diagnosis or medical treatment. Any health issues should be consulted with professional medical personnel, and treatment of any disease should follow doctor's advice.
Ultimate flower-protecting task: love yourself, start from reality, and strictly follow doctor's advice. For illness, do not be careless, do not delay, do not give up hope, face it bravely, use love to warm the silent world, and use your heart to care for the flower field within.
Ornamental value
The Ming Dynasty "Qunfangpu" records: there are four grades of crabapple, all woody. These four grades refer to: Xifu Haitang, Chuisi Haitang, Mugua Haitang and Tiegeng Haitang. As one of the traditional crabapples, Chaenomeles speciosa has flower colors blending red and yellow, setting each other off attractively, "commanding all the spring colors most elegantly", and is a good flowering and fruiting ornamental tree. It is mostly cultivated in courtyards for greening, and also used as hedge material. It can be planted alone or in clumps with winter jasmine and forsythia. It is also often used as bonsai, an excellent flowering tree for potted courtyard appreciation. The flowers are fresh, plump and dazzling, and with its smooth and translucent petals, it is truly very beautiful.
Ornamental characteristics
Flower-viewing season: spring
The flower colors of Chaenomeles speciosa are diverse, including vermilion, peach red, green, compound color and moon white, and some cultivars have pink and white interlaced colors. In addition, its petals are smooth and translucent, truly very beautiful.
Medicinal value
The fruit of Chaenomeles speciosa is called Zhoupi Mugua, also called Chuan Mugua and Xuan Mugua. When used as a Chinese medicinal material it is abbreviated as Mugua (definitely not papaya, please do not confuse them!). It is one of the rare fruits unique to China and has high medicinal value and edible value.
Chuan Mugua blooms in late January. The flowers are of two kinds, red flowers and white flowers. The mature marketing time is September and October. The fruit resembles an apple. The surface of the mature fruit is yellow, and the part exposed to sunlight is pink. The single fruit weight is 200-350 grams, and the yield per mu in the full production period is 2 000-2 500 kg.
The fruit of Chuan Mugua is extremely rich in nutrition. Every 100 grams of fresh fruit contains 2 741 mg of vitamin, 3 237 No/g of anti-aging substances, and is also rich in protein, tartaric acid, phosphorus, iron, calcium, etc. It is a superior raw material for processed fruit products and medicinal products. It can be used to make preserved fruit. The preserved fruit made from it has a unique taste, is purely sweet and sour and delicious, and has a special fresh fruity fragrance. The flesh has little fiber, contains no stone cells, has a relatively hard texture, and is resistant to storage and transport.
Chuan Mugua has very high medicinal value and has the functions of relaxing muscles and promoting meridian circulation, and resolving dampness. Traditional Chinese medicine believes that Zhoupi Mugua can dredge meridians, dispel wind and activate blood, and has the effects of strengthening, stimulating, relieving pain, calming the liver, harmonizing the spleen, resolving dampness and relaxing muscles. It mainly treats heatstroke, cholera with cramps, beriberi edema, damp arthralgia and other conditions; soaked in wine (Mugua wine) and taken, it treats rheumatic joint pain.
Garden application
Chaenomeles speciosa is not only an excellent flowering tree for potted courtyard appreciation, but also occupies an important position in garden applications. In Jiangsu, Anhui, Shandong, Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, Zhejiang and other places, Chaenomeles speciosa is one of the important ornamental flowers in spring. Its transplant survival rate is extremely high, its flowering period is long, its ornamental value is high, and after planting it shows its effect quickly.
Pictures of Chaenomeles speciosa