Cultivation and Care Tips for Potted Mint, Plus Its Health Benefits for Clearing Heat and Detoxifying

I think most people know about mint. It is a legendary wonder herb that can clear heat and detoxify, and it is already widely used in daily life. Besides its edible value, it also has ornamental value, making it an excellent houseplant. Below are the detailed health benefits and care tips for potted mint. Take a look!

1. Health Benefits

The special aroma released by mint contains volatile oils, which have the effect of killing bacteria and viruses. The whole mint plant is medicinal and has the effect of clearing heat and detoxifying. Decocted and held in the mouth, it can treat wind-heat cold, toothache, mouth ulcers, headache with red eyes, measles, and chest and rib pain with stuffiness.

2. Care Guide

(1) Soil selection: Mint prefers loose, fertile, well-drained sandy loam. You can mix leaf mold or mountain soil with river sand and organic fertilizer.

(2) Light: Mint likes warmth and moisture, so sunlight should be sufficient.

(3) Temperature: Mint is highly cold-tolerant. The suitable temperature is 20-30°C, and the wintering temperature must not be lower than -6°C.

(4) Watering: Mint is relatively drought-tolerant, but during the growing season, watering should be appropriately increased to keep the potting soil moist.

(5) Fertilizing: Use organic fertilizer for edible mint and quick-acting fertilizer for ornamental mint. Fertilize once every half month during the growing season.

(6) Pruning: When potted mint exceeds 25cm in height, trim it evenly by 5-10cm.

(7) Propagation: Mint is mostly propagated by rhizome division. In March-April or late October, dig out the underground rhizomes of the mother plant, select fresh rhizomes, cut them into small sections, place them vertically in the growing medium, apply base fertilizer, then cover with soil. Keep the medium moist during propagation.

In my opinion, mint has very high medicinal value; the whole plant is a treasure. The above is an introduction to the health benefits and care tips for potted mint. You can take a look!

Introduction to the Uses and Benefits of Cactus

Everyone must be familiar with cactus. This spiky plant was unpopular for a long time. Covered in spines, it keeps people at a distance. It is like a rose but without the rose's delicate beauty. However, the cactus is a reserved and understated beauty; its benefits are known only to those who can accept it. Next, I will introduce the uses and benefits of cactus.

Advantages of Cactus:

A large portion of perennial herbaceous plants have very prominent advantages, such as mint and aloe, which are recorded in the Compendium of Materia Medica. Cactus is also called the rose of the desert, and its drought tolerance surpasses that of most plants. If you are a scatterbrain who often forgets to water plants and forgets that plants need care, then I suggest you grow plants like cactus.

Uses and Benefits of Cactus:

The Compendium of Materia Medica records that cactus has the functions of clearing heat and detoxifying, dispersing blood stasis and reducing swelling. It is a rare Chinese medicinal herb, and in ancient times this plant was often used to treat injuries and illnesses. It was only later that people discovered that cactus was more valuable for cultivation than for consumption, so its original status was gradually replaced by other Chinese medicines. Besides clearing heat and detoxifying, cactus also has therapeutic effects on palpitations and insomnia, lymphadenitis, acute tonsillitis, and other conditions. However, these are matters for doctors. For ordinary households growing cactus, the environmental benefits are still the main focus.

Radiation Protection Effect of Cactus:

I need to say a couple more words about the radiation protection effect of cactus. Does it actually have a radiation protection effect? There is much discussion about this online, but I think that from the perspective of its survival principles, it does have some partial radiation protection effect, though not as miraculous as the internet claims. In fact, placing a potted plant next to a computer, even if it has no radiation protection effect, can still lift your mood and purify the air. Why not do it?

Cactus Care Methods:

Cactus has many uses and benefits, and it is easy to grow, making it a rare potted plant. However, no matter how drought-tolerant and easy to care for a plant is, it still needs our care. Cactus also has relatively serious pest problems. Generally, cactus is susceptible to cabbage caterpillars, locusts, red spiders, and other pests, so we need to carry out simple pest control for cactus. Cactus grown indoors and on balconies will naturally have fewer pests.

Care Measures for the Southern Plant Date Palm

Part One: "Southern Plant Compilation"

Frangipani

Frangipani, its flowers really look like eggs. The outside is milky white, and the center is bright yellow, just like egg white and yolk. It is really cute. Its branches are thick and fleshy. The leaves are also large. The flowers and leaves cluster at the tips of the branches. In summer, frangipani blooms brilliantly, giving people a feeling of purity and elegant temperament. It is very suitable for careful appreciation. After the leaves fall, the bare trunk curves naturally, and its shape is quite beautiful. It is very suitable for planting in courtyards and lawns. Frangipani likes high temperature and high humidity, sufficient sunlight, and well-drained environments. It is naturally robust and can tolerate drought, but it fears cold and waterlogging. It likes to grow in acidic soil, but it is also resistant to alkalinity. Cultivation is best with deep, fertile, well-aerated acidic sandy loam rich in organic matter. Propagation uses the cutting method. When planting frangipani, you should also pay attention to pest and disease control. For example, if brown small spots appear on the leaves or even the leaves turn dark black, that is frangipani angular leaf spot, and you should pay attention and take measures. Of course, there may also be other diseases, so frangipani needs your care and attention. In fact, besides white, frangipani also has red and yellow types, all of which can be used to extract essence for making high-grade cosmetics, soap, and food additives. The price is quite high, and it has great commercial development potential. Fresh flowers can also be dried for making tea, commonly known as frangipani tea, which has the effects of treating heat dysentery, moistening the lungs, and detoxifying. The frangipani tree has a beautiful shape, with many branches on the stem, strange and varied, in countless postures. Its leaves resemble loquat leaves. After they fall in winter, semicircular leaf scars remain on the branches, much like antlers decorated with beautiful spots. It can be called the top choice small tree for tropical landscaping, courtyard arrangement, and potted ornamental appreciation. The bark is thin and grayish-green, rich in toxic white sap, which can be used externally to treat scabies, redness and swelling, and other conditions. The wood is white, light, and soft, and can be used to make musical instruments, tableware, or furniture. Frangipani flower language: nurturing hope, resurrection, rebirth. It is as simple and ordinary as life, so it can always be so close to people, without distance.

Yulan Magnolia

Yulan magnolia is a deciduous tall tree. The bark is dark gray, rough, and cracked. The twigs are slightly stout and grayish-brown. The winter buds and flower stalks are densely covered with pale grayish-yellow long silky hairs. The leaves are papery, obovate, broadly obovate, or obovate-elliptic, with the basal water sprout leaves elliptical. Yulan magnolia flowers are very much like lotus flowers. When fully blooming, the petals spread in all directions, making the courtyard appear in patches of green and white, with dazzling white light. It has high ornamental value. Together with waves of delicate fragrance that refresh the heart and mind, it is truly an ideal flower type for beautifying courtyards. Yulan magnolia likes light and is relatively cold-tolerant, and can overwinter outdoors. It loves dryness and avoids low humidity. Water accumulation at the planting site easily causes root rot. It prefers fertile, well-drained, slightly acidic sandy soil, and can also grow in weakly alkaline soil. In the warmer south, it can bloom from December to January of the following year. Yulan magnolia has strong resistance to harmful gases. For example, if this flower is planted in a factory polluted by sulfur dioxide and chlorine gas, it has a certain resistance and sulfur-absorbing capacity. With artificial fumigation using sulfur dioxide, 1 kg of dry leaves can absorb more than 1.6 grams of sulfur. Therefore, Yulan magnolia is a very good pollution-resistant landscaping tree species for areas with air pollution. Yulan magnolia likes light. Young trees are relatively shade-tolerant and not tolerant of strong light or west-facing sun. Too much light or west-facing sun can easily scorch the trees. Yulan magnolia likes fertilizer. Besides applying base fertilizer at planting, it should be fertilized every year afterward. Sufficient fertilizer can make the plant grow vigorously, with green and thick leaves. Not only will it produce many flower buds, but the flowers will also be large, the flowering period long, and the fragrance rich. Yulan magnolia is a tree species with strong disease resistance. The main diseases include anthracnose, chlorosis, and leaf scorch. Besides ornamental value, Yulan magnolia also has medicinal and edible value. Yulan magnolia flowers contain volatile oils, mainly citral, clove oil acid, and others. They also contain magnolia alkaloid, alkaloids, biond magnolia element, capric acid, rutin, oleic acid, vitamin A, and other components, and have certain medicinal value. Yulan magnolia flowers are pungent and warm in nature and flavor, and have the effects of dispelling wind and cold, opening the orifices, and ventilating the lungs and nose. They can be used for headache, blood stasis-type dysmenorrhea, nasal congestion, acute and chronic sinusitis, allergic rhinitis, and other conditions. Modern pharmacological research shows that Yulan magnolia flowers have an inhibitory effect on common skin fungi.

Yulan magnolia flowers are rich in vitamins, amino acids, and various trace elements, and have the effects of dispelling wind and cold and regulating qi and the lungs. They can be processed into snacks or brewed as tea. The flower language of Yulan magnolia represents gratitude. Yulan magnolia often opens large white flowers amid lush greenery. With its fragrant scent, it gives people an indescribable temperament, truly fresh and lovely. Because the plant is tall and the flowering position is relatively high, it sways in the wind with a spirited appearance, like a heavenly maiden scattering flowers, very adorable.

Maranta

Maranta is an herbaceous plant. Most varieties have underground rhizomes or tubers. The leaves are solitary, relatively large, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, with pinnate veins arranged in two rows, and entire margins. Maranta is a good ground cover plant with diverse colors and is a very good foliage plant. Maranta is a tropical plant that likes warm, humid, and brightly lit environments. It is not cold-tolerant, nor drought-tolerant, and fears blazing sun. If exposed to direct sunlight, the leaves will be scorched, causing localized scorching at the leaf edges, stopping the growth of new leaves, and turning the leaf color yellow. Therefore, shade should be provided during cultivation. Maranta is relatively sensitive to water. During the growing season, it should be watered thoroughly to keep the potting soil moist, but the soil should not become waterlogged, otherwise it will cause root rot and even plant death. Maranta is somewhat "delicate." It requires enough careful attention all 365 days. If the environment fluctuates greatly for a few days, it will leave "evidence of the crime" on the plant. This is the consensus of Maranta seedling traders and producers. Maranta family plants do not have many pests and diseases, mainly scale insects, whiteflies, and others. Of course, it also has other values, such as medicinal value and dietary value. Maranta starch is almost entirely starch, contains no vitamins, and has only 0.2% protein content. It can be used as a thickener for soups, sauces, puddings, and desserts. Add water and boil to make a transparent, odorless, and delicious paste. Maranta starch is fine in texture. Compared with other starches, it can be cooked at lower temperatures and in shorter times, and it is easy to digest. It is especially suitable for custards and other egg dishes that cannot be overcooked, and is also suitable for making light-flavored, low-salt, and low-protein foods. Effects: clears the lungs and stops cough, clears heat and promotes urination. Indications: used to treat cough due to lung heat and painful urination due to damp-heat in the bladder.

Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum

Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum is an evergreen shrub or small tree. The bark is dark gray or light grayish-brown, with many branches. Young branches are reddish-brown and densely covered with stellate hairs. Leaves are leathery, alternate, ovate or elliptical, 2-5cm long, with short pointed tips, rounded and oblique bases, asymmetrical, with stellate hairs on both sides, entire margins, dark red. Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum likes light and is slightly shade-tolerant, but in shade the leaf color easily turns green. It has strong adaptability and is drought-tolerant. It likes warmth and is cold-tolerant. It has strong sprouting and branching ability and is tolerant of pruning. It tolerates barren soil, but is suitable for growing in fertile, moist, slightly acidic soil. Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum has luxuriant branches and leaves, a graceful posture, tolerates pruning, and tolerates wiring. It can be used for hedges and also for making stump bonsai. When it blooms, the whole tree is full of red flowers, which is extremely spectacular. Loropetalum is an evergreen plant, and new leaves are bright red. Different strains have different leaf colors and flower colors at maturity, and leaf sizes also differ. In garden applications, the main considerations are leaf color and leaf size, bringing out leaf color contrast and forming color contrast, and the flowering periods can also be staggered. Main pests: aphids, geometrid moths, yellow noctuid moths, Xestia c-nigrum, large and small cutworms, and scarab beetles, etc. Common diseases of Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum: anthracnose, damping-off, and mosaic disease. Anthracnose: mainly harms old leaves and basal leaves. Because the leaves themselves are red, the lesions appear as

black round spots, or nearly round, causing early defoliation. Damage is severe in the rainy season from July to August. The pathogen is Actinonema. The fungus overwinters as mycelium on diseased leaves and is the primary infection source for the disease the following year. When you find disease on the branches and leaves of Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum, you must treat it promptly.

Ornamental Peach

Ornamental peach is a variety of peach. It is a tree, 3-8 m tall. The crown is broad and flat-spreading. The bark is dark reddish-brown, rough and scaly when old. The twigs are slender, hairless, glossy, green, turning red on the sunny side, with many small lenticels. Winter buds are conical, blunt at the apex, covered with short soft hairs, often clustered 2-3 together, with a leaf bud in the middle and flower buds on both sides. Leaves are oblong-lanceolate, elliptic-lanceolate, or obovate-lanceolate. Ornamental peach likes sunlight, is drought-tolerant, and is not tolerant of humid environments. It likes warm climates and has good cold tolerance, and can overwinter safely in natural environments at minus 25°C. It requires fertile, well-drained soil. It does not like water accumulation. If planted in low-lying areas with water accumulation, seedling death easily occurs. Landscape value: ornamental peach has large and brilliantly colored flowers. When blooming, it is beautiful and splendid, with an ornamental period of as long as 15 days. In landscaping, it is widely used by lakesides, streams, roadsides, and parks, etc. In small-scale greening projects such as courtyard greening accents and private gardens, it is also used for potted ornamental appreciation, and is often used for cut flowers and making bonsai. A common form is also the weeping ornamental peach. Ornamental peach has wide uses in landscaping and outstanding greening effects. In the year of planting, it already shows especially good results. It can be planted in rows, in groups, or as a solitary specimen, and in the same year it already shows especially good greening results. Ornamental peach is one of the commonly used colored nursery stock in landscaping, and is usually used together with purple-leaf plum, purple-leaf cherry plum, and other nursery stock. When combined with flowering shrubs, it forms a scene of a hundred flowers blooming together. Besides ornamental value, it also has medicinal value. The gum secreted from the peach trunk, commonly known as peach gum, can be used as an adhesive, etc. It is a polysaccharide substance, and hydrolysis can produce arabinose, galactose, xylose, rhamnose, glucuronic acid, and others. It is edible and also used medicinally, with the effects of breaking blood, harmonizing blood, and boosting qi. Diseases often occur in summer and autumn. Its main diseases include white rust and brown rot, shot hole disease, anthracnose, gummosis, and leaf curl. Main pests include aphids, red spiders, scale insects, and red-necked longhorn beetles, etc.

Artificial Plant Communities

1. Satsuki azalea + Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum + Euonymus japonicus 'Aureo-marginatus' + thornless holly ball

These four plants have strong adaptability and are relatively widely planted in Fuzhou. The three foliage-color plants are planted linearly, giving rich leaf colors. Together with large-sized thornless holly balls, they form a neat, full, and clearly layered roadside greening color band effect.

2. Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum + Photinia × fraseri ball + Michelia figo + Japanese maple

Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum itself is widely planted in Fujian and has good adaptability. Its leaf color and flower color are both beautiful. The old leaves of the Photinia × fraseri ball are green, accented by the red new leaves, setting each other off and looking extremely beautiful. The combination of the four plants is richly layered and forms a landscape road with longitudinal rhythm and spatial hierarchy, and a strong sense of guidance.

3. Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum + Fatsia japonica + Canary Island date palm + frangipani

In this combination of several plants, green is the main color. The leaves include small and fine ones (Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum) and also thick and large ones (Fatsia japonica, frangipani), while the Canary Island date palm adds a touch of tropical flavor. The layers are rich and it has the effect of narrowing the space, making people feel close to it.

4. Moso bamboo + iris

Moso bamboo is very suitable for planting in Fuzhou. It is a running bamboo, with spacing between the culms. Iris has a graceful posture and colorful, beautiful flowers. The two combined together have a very charming appeal.

5. Small-leaf gardenia + Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum + Aucuba japonica + osmanthus

Small-leaf gardenia has leaves like sparrow tongues and a low plant form, so it can be used as the lowest layer plant. Aucuba japonica has yellow spots on its leaves and is a relatively good foliage plant. The tree osmanthus has fragrant flowers that refresh the heart and mind. The combination has spacing and density, changes in leaf color, and added floral fragrance.

6. Azalea + Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum + Fagraea ceilanica + canna

The flowers of azalea are gorgeous. Set off by Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum and Fagraea ceilanica, it is even more moving. Canna has thick and large leaves, narrowing the space and making people feel friendly.

7. Ground-cover lawn + marigold + Photinia × fraseri + Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum ball + Dan osmanthus

With green ground cover as the base, the bright yellow flowers of marigold are extremely beautiful. Behind the marigold, Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum and red Photinia serve as a backdrop. The Dan osmanthus has a spreading tree form. The several plants set each other off, with rich variation.

8. Ophiopogon japonicus + guava tree

Both Ophiopogon japonicus and guava trees adapt very well in Fuzhou and grow normally. The leaves are fine and soft, making it very suitable as ground cover. The guava tree has smooth yellow bark, a graceful posture, and relatively large leaves with well-spaced density, making it very suitable for open forest paths.

9. Lawn + Agave americana 'Marginata' + pruned and shaped banyan tree + Senna bicapsularis

With green lawn as the foundation, agave has thick and large leaves, with silver-yellow and green alternating leaf color, and it matches extremely harmoniously with the pruned and shaped banyan tree. Senna bicapsularis has a beautiful posture and gorgeous flower color. The combination of these several plants is richly layered, with color changes but still harmonious.

10. Ophiopogon bodinieri + Rhapis excelsa + Areca palm + papaya tree

This plant arrangement is suitable for one side of a small building. Ophiopogon bodinieri has fine and soft leaf shapes, while Rhapis excelsa and Areca palm have thicker and larger leaves. Papaya has large palmate leaves, and its fruit forms on the main trunk. Its posture is very graceful.

11. Acalypha wilkesiana + Duranta erecta + Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum

As a plant combination for a patterned flower bed, Acalypha wilkesiana has bright leaf color and serves as the edge. Duranta erecta has yellow-green leaf color, while Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum has dark purple leaf color. The combination of the three plants as a patterned flower bed is extremely attractive.

Part Two: "Maintenance Plan 4"

Landscaping Maintenance and Management Plan

Maintenance and management are very important in landscaping. It is a long-term, repeated task with relatively comprehensive technical requirements, including damage by people and animals, sanitation and cleaning, pruning of flowers, grasses, and trees, watering and fertilizing, pest and disease control, and flower bed planting, etc. The completion of green space does not mean the completion of the landscape. People often say "three parts planting, seven parts management." Only with high-quality, high-level maintenance and management can the landscape gradually take shape and become perfect.

Current characteristics of plants in the maintenance park:

1. The green area is about 2,454,190,000 sq m, with a high greening coverage rate, and there are large numbers of trees of different specifications and varieties and pruned and shaped shrubs. The initial growth has gradually taken shape. After our careful investigation, the plant planting characteristics can be roughly divided into two areas according to the original master plan:

1) Plaza area: The plant planting style in this area is relatively open. The plaza is mainly planted with rows of ginkgo, Zhennan, and large trees,

appropriately combined with low shrubs, and the overall space is relatively transparent.

2) Factory area: The plant varieties in this area are complexly matched, with large and small trees, shrubs, and ground cover plants interplanted.

The entrance is mainly planted with relatively precious large plants (Canary Island date palm, jacaranda, small-leaf banyan stump,

top-grade osmanthus, etc.). Whether the office area courtyard can still maintain its elegant, clear, spacious, and grand

scenery, and whether the hotel villa area courtyard can still carry forward its delicate, gentle, leisurely, and relaxed atmosphere,

all depends on later maintenance and management.

2. From the greening conditions in the vertical area, we can find the following problems: ① Shaped shrubs grow poorly and have monotonous shapes; ② Flowering shrubs have poor tree vigor, and the flowering condition (including number of flowers, flower size, color, and reblooming) is unsatisfactory; ③ There are many weeds in the lawn, and in some areas the grass weeds have a tendency to spread rampantly; ④ There are pest and disease problems.

1. We plan to take the following rectification measures:

1. Promote three-dimensional gardening and carry out varied and graceful shaping of hedges and shrubs. For flowering shrubs planted as accents, take growth-promoting measures to encourage growth and then shape them according to their form. This depends on the specific plant growth and plant shape. In some areas, the hedges are highly regular. The neat, uniform long strips undoubtedly make the courtyard, which should be free and leisurely, appear mechanical and rigid. We can also try pruning them into wavy shapes to match the relaxed and casual residential landscaping, enliven the atmosphere of the entire courtyard, and create a more smooth living environment.

2. Immediately begin pest and disease control. For plants showing pest and disease characteristics, immediately carry out large-scale chemical control.

3、

4、

5. For lawn weeds, apply herbicides and increase the workload of manual removal. For different plants, implement different maintenance and management plans (mainly fertilizer supply: base fertilizer, topdressing, and foliar fertilizer; different plants and different seasons all have different fertilization methods and fertilizer choices). Plant labeling. We will classify and count all plants, then make green labels indicating their

family, genus, species, and living habits, and label all plants in the area. In this way, it can both

enrich employees' common knowledge about plants and also add cultural atmosphere to the park, and with eye-catching labels

make greening receive more attention.

6. Greening maintenance is not a matter of a single day. While doing the rectification work well, we will also adopt different maintenance and management measures for different

plants at different times. We arrange our daily work by month

(detailed rules attached later), striving to make our work bring the landscape effect in the blueprint to the extreme.

At the same time, we also ask Party A to provide more opinions, so that our work can gradually become more perfect and complete.

7. Maintenance responsibilities

Within the contracted maintenance period, our company will, in accordance with landscaping maintenance operating procedures and landscaping maintenance quality standards, organize reasonably, maintain carefully, and dispatch professional horticulturists to organize, guide, and arrange management and protection work, and flexibly dispatch no fewer than experienced workers according to the weather in each season and plant growth conditions, to complete the maintenance and management tasks with guaranteed quality and quantity.

6. Maintenance content

1. Management procedures: including watering, opening basins and earthing up, pruning, fertilizing, weeding, pruning and bud removal, pest and disease control, straightening, and replanting (nursery stock costs calculated separately), etc., the entire process. {Maintenance measures for the southern plant date palm}.

2. Management tools:

A. Flower shears, long shears, high-altitude shears, grass shovels, lawn mowers

B. Sprayers, buckets, wheelbarrows, bamboo baskets

C. Shovels, hoes, saws, electric saws, ladders

D. Fuel, maintenance costs

3. Maintenance content:

A. Trees: Apply organic fertilizer once a year, 0.25 kg of cake fertilizer per tree; topdress once, 0.1 kg of compound fertilizer mixed with urea per tree, using hole application, spraying, and water-fertilizer methods, etc., then cover with soil, water thoroughly, with water penetration depth of more than 10 cm. Control pests and diseases promptly. Maintain the natural growth state of the trees without shaping and pruning. Promptly prune yellow branches, pest and disease branches, shaded water sprout branches, and drooping branches that obstruct vehicle passage. Promptly clean up pruned material. Remove weeds around the tree roots once a week to ensure no weeds.

B. Shrubs, hedges, bagged seedlings: Fertilize once a quarter, applying 10 kg of urea mixed with compound fertilizer per 667 sq m, using broadcast application and water-fertilizer methods, etc. Water once within three hours after fertilization, and water once a day (except rainy days), with water penetration depth of more than 10 cm. Control pests and diseases promptly. For those pruned into round, square, or conical shapes, do minor pruning once a week and major pruning once a month. The cut edges should be smooth and beautiful. Promptly remove pruned material. Promptly prune dead branches and pest and disease branches. Promptly replant old, diseased, and dead plants. Remove weeds once a week.

C. Herbaceous plants: Fertilize once a quarter, applying 10 kg of urea mixed with compound fertilizer per 667 sq m, using broadcast application and water-fertilizer methods, etc. Water once within three hours after fertilization, and water once a day (except rainy days), with water penetration depth of more than 10 cm. Control pests and diseases promptly. Prune spent flowers once a week and remove weeds once a week. Promptly prune dead branches and yellow branches.

D. Taiwan grass: Fertilize once a quarter, applying 10 kg of urea mixed with compound fertilizer per 667 sq m. Fertilize evenly and water thoroughly, with water penetration depth of more than 5 cm. Control pests and diseases promptly. Promptly replant withered, dead, and missing parts, with coverage rate above 98%. Prune 1-2 times a month.

(2) Specific annual landscaping maintenance work arrangements:

January: The month with the lowest temperature of the year, when open-field trees are in a dormant state.

1. Winter pruning: Fully carry out shaping and pruning work on deciduous trees; prune dead branches, injured branches, pest and disease branches, and branches that obstruct overhead lines and buildings on large and small trees.

2. Street tree inspection: Promptly inspect the tying and staking of street trees. If loosening, wire embedding into bark, unstable stakes, and other conditions are found, rectify immediately.

3. Pest control: Winter is a favorable season for eliminating landscape pests. You can dig out the pupae and cocoons of slug moths in the loose soil under trees and burn them in a concentrated way. In mid-January, scale insects begin to become active, but at this time they move slowly, so we can scrape off the larvae on the trunks. Controlling pests in winter often achieves twice the result with half the effort.

4. Green space maintenance: In green spaces, flower beds, and other places, pay attention to removing large weeds; lawns should be weeded and edged promptly; in green spaces, pay attention to antifreeze watering.

February: The temperature rises somewhat compared with last month, and trees are still in a dormant state.

1. Maintenance is basically the same as January.

2. Pruning: Continue pruning dead branches and diseased branches of large and small trees. Before the end of the month, finish pruning all kinds of trees.

3. Pest control: Continue to focus on preventing slug moths and scale insects.

March: The temperature continues to rise. After mid-month, trees begin to sprout, and in late month some trees (such as camellia) bloom.

1. Tree planting: Spring is a favorable time for planting trees. After the soil thaws, immediately seize the opportunity to plant trees. Before planting large and small trees, complete planning and design, dig (excavate) the tree pits in advance, and ensure digging, transporting, planting, and watering are done in sequence. When planting shrubs, also ensure digging, transporting, and planting are done in sequence, and water thoroughly to improve seedling survival rate.

2. Spring irrigation: Because spring is dry and windy with high evaporation, to prevent spring drought, water green spaces and other areas promptly.

3. Fertilizing: After the soil thaws, apply base fertilizer to plants and irrigate. {Maintenance measures for the southern plant date palm}.

4. Pest and disease control: This month is a critical time for pest and disease control. Some nursery stock has developed sooty mold, and the boxwood leaf roller has also appeared (use pesticides such as fenitrothion for control). For slug moth control, the method of digging out pupae can continue to be used.

April: The temperature continues to rise. Trees all sprout, bloom, or unfold leaves and begin to enter a period of vigorous growth.

1. Continue planting trees: In early April, seize the time to plant trees that sprout late. Promptly remove and replant shrubs that died in winter (azalea, Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum, etc.), and water newly planted trees thoroughly.

2. Irrigation: Continue to water maintained green spaces promptly.

3. Fertilizing: For lawns and shrubs, combine with irrigation and apply quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer as topdressing, or carry out foliar spraying as needed.

4. Pruning: Prune branches that dried up in winter and spring. Evergreen hedges can be pruned.

5. Pest and disease control: (1) After the second molting, scale insects gradually move into bark cracks, tree holes, trunk bases, wall corners, and other places, secreting white waxy thin cocoons and pupating. They can be swept away with a hard bamboo broom, then buried deeply or soaked in a concentrated way. Or use pesticides such as fenitrothion for control. (2) Longhorn beetles begin to become active. You can use a grafting knife or self-made steel wire to remove the larvae, but the wound should be as small as possible. (3) Control work for other pests and diseases.

6. Maintenance within green spaces: pay attention to the removal of weeds and climbing plants in large green spaces. Lawn grass also needs to be hand-weeded and edge-trimmed.

May: temperatures rise sharply and trees grow rapidly.

1. Watering: during the peak leaf-out period, trees need a great deal of water and should be watered in good time.

2. Pruning: prune spent flowers. For street trees, carry out the first bud-removal pruning.

3. Pest and disease control: continue focusing on catching longhorn beetles. The first generation of slug moths has hatched, but has not yet reached a damaging level; take corresponding measures according to the actual conditions in the maintenance area. Sooty mold caused by scale insects, aphids, etc. has also entered its peak period (on crape myrtle, pittosporum, oleander, etc.). In mid to late May, spray 10 to 20 times diluted rosin mixture and 1500 to 2000 times diluted 50% parathion emulsion to control diseases and kill pests. (Other pesticides such as insecticidal antibiotics and Huabao may also be used.)

June: temperatures are high

1. Watering: plants need a lot of water, so water them promptly; do not "leave it to the weather."

2. Fertilizing: combine loosening the soil and weeding, fertilizing and watering to achieve the best results.

3. Pruning: continue bud removal and sucker removal on street trees. Carry out pruning on hedges, topiary balls and some flowering shrubs. {Maintenance measures for the southern plant date palm}.

4. Drainage work: during heavy rain, pay attention to drainage in low-lying areas.

5. Pest and disease control: in mid to late June, slug moths enter their peak hatching period and measures should be taken promptly; currently, spraying 500 to 800 times diluted 50% sumithion emulsion is basically used. (Or spray with compound BT emulsion.) Continue manual catching of longhorn beetles.

6. Do a good job of pre-flood and pre-typhoon inspection of trees; straighten, reinforce and re-tie loose or leaning trees.

July: temperatures are at their highest, and strong winds and heavy rain will occur after mid-month.

1. Transplanting evergreen trees: during the rainy season, with sufficient moisture, conifers and bamboos can be transplanted, but pay attention to weather changes and water promptly once high temperatures occur.

2. Drainage: drain promptly after heavy rain.

3. Top-dressing: apply quick-acting fertilizers such as nitrogen fertilizer dry before rain.

4. Street trees: carry out typhoon-prevention bud-removal pruning; all branches that conflict with power lines must be pruned, and each tree stump checked one by one; if any is found loose or unstable, straighten and tie it firmly immediately. Prepare in advance in terms of labor organization, materials and supplies, tools and equipment, and send people to inspect at any time so that dangers are dealt with promptly.

5. Pest and disease control: continue controlling longhorn beetles and slug moths. For longhorn beetles, inject 50% sumithion at 1:50 dilution (or Guoshu Bao, or Yuanke No. 3), then seal the opening; this can also achieve good results. For camphor tree bagworms, cut them out promptly and destroy the bags to prevent further damage.

August: still the rainy season

1. Drainage: after heavy rain, drain low-lying waterlogged areas promptly.

2. Typhoon prevention for street trees: continue doing a good job of typhoon prevention for street trees.

3. Pruning: in addition to the summer pruning of general trees, carry out shaping pruning on hedges.

4. Cultivating and weeding: weeds also grow vigorously, so weed promptly, and fertilizing may be combined with weeding.

5. Pest and disease control: focus on catching longhorn beetles, and pay attention to catching them at the roots. Aphid damage and camphor tree bagworms should be controlled promptly. In humid weather, watch for powdery mildew and rot diseases and take measures promptly. September: temperatures decline somewhat; do related work well in welcome of National Day.

1. Pruning: in welcome of city appearance work, remove buds below the third-level branching of street trees. Shape hedges. Weed within green spaces, edge-trim lawns, and promptly clear dead trees, so that trees have green branches and leaves and the green spaces are clean and tidy.

2. Fertilizing: for some trees with weaker growth and insufficiently plump branches, apply additional phosphorus and potassium fertilizer.

3. Pest and disease control: shot-hole disease (on cherry, peach, plum, etc.) peaks at this time; use 1000 times diluted 50% carbendazim to prevent infection. Longhorn beetles begin to move to the roots to cause damage; pay attention to catching longhorn beetles at the roots. Also promptly control wood moths on poplar and willow. Do a good job of controlling other pests and diseases.

4. Before the holiday, do a good job of inspecting all kinds of greening facilities.

October: temperatures drop; in late October early winter begins, trees start to shed leaves and gradually enter dormancy.

1. Prepare well for autumn tree planting; in late October, once cold-hardy trees shed their leaves, planting can begin.

2. Green space maintenance: promptly remove dead trees and water promptly. Hand-weeding and edge-trimming of green spaces and lawns should be done well. Fertilize herbaceous flowers that are growing poorly.

3. Pest and disease control: continue catching longhorn beetles at the roots. Also pay attention to observing and controlling camphor tree bagworms. November: the soil begins to freeze at night and thaw by day, entering deep winter.

1. Tree planting: continue planting cold-hardy plants, completing before the soil freezes.

2. Soil turning: turn the soil in green spaces to expose pests preparing to overwinter.

3. Watering: water dry, hardened soil, completing before the freeze.

4. Pest and disease control: various pests prepare to overwinter in late November, so control tasks are relatively light.

December: low temperatures; winter maintenance work begins.

1. Winter pruning: prune some evergreen trees and shrubs.

2. Eliminate overwintering pests and diseases.

3. Prepare well for next year's adjustment work: after deciduous plants shed their leaves, observe the maintenance area and draw up the positions to be adjusted.

VII. Green space maintenance quality objectives

1 Greening maintenance technical measures are complete and management is proper, achieving no bare yellow earth.

2 Landscape plants

2.1 Growth is normal. Various plants in newly built green spaces reach normal form within three years; if plants or grass are damaged or die due to poor management, the replacement seedlings must survive within one year.

2.2 Landscape trees have basically complete crowns, with main and side branches evenly distributed, appropriate in number and reasonably pruned, the inner crown not tangled, and ventilation and light penetration good. Flowering shrubs bloom promptly and normally, and are pruned promptly after flowering. Hedges and color blocks have normal branches and leaves and are neat and uniform. Street trees have no missing plants, and there are no dead trees in green spaces.

2.3 Deciduous trees have normal new shoot growth and normal leaf size and color. Under general conditions, yellow leaves, scorched leaves, curled leaves and leaves with insect excreta or insect webs must not exceed 5%, and the retention rate of normal leaves is above 90%. Coni-

Part Three: "Annual Greening Maintenance Plan"

Annual Greening Maintenance Plan

January

1. Carry out winter shaping and pruning of various deciduous trees, cutting out dead branches, overlapping branches, crossing branches, diseased and pest-infested branches, and lower side branches, to ensure that tree development tends toward the reasonable, tree branch form is improved, and pest and disease breeding is reduced.

2. Thin out excessively dense trees appropriately, which can reduce pests and diseases and increase growth vigor.

3. Carry out winter plowing and soil turning to improve the soil, and apply winter fertilizer to all trees, ground cover and lawns to ensure the nutrient needs of seedlings and lawns.

4. Winter is a favorable season for eliminating garden pests. In the loose soil under trees, dig out slug moth pupae and cocoons and burn them in a concentrated way.

5. As conditions warrant, scarify certain lawn species and mow 1-2 times. February

1. Carry out hand-weeding, mowing and fertilizing of lawns.

2. Do a good job of pest and disease control, especially paying attention to powdery mildew on narrow-leaved mahonia and globular scale on coral and Japanese fatsia.

3. In particular, strengthen freeze-proofing and heat-preservation measures for trees, and do a good job of loosening and banking soil around tree roots.

4. For cool-season lawns, apply a top-dressing (urea) at 10 g/mu at the end of the month.

March

1. To prevent spring drought, water trees promptly.

2. Promptly roll and hand-weed lawns, and clear winter grass from tree beds and flower beds.

3. Pest and disease control: strengthen observation and inspection, and do a good job of forecasting, reporting and control. In particular, pay special attention to sooty mold and boxwood leaf roller. In mid-March, crape myrtle scale eggs hatch; from late March, pear rust occurs on Malus species and cool-season lawns; pay attention to prevention and reporting.

4. For local sunken and low-lying spots in lawns, add soil and cover with sand; carry out low mowing of winter ryegrass lawns to ensure the germination and growth of the underlying grass.

April

1. Do a good job of loosening soil, weeding and pre-flowering fertilizing for field-planted flowers and trees. In particular, apply light fertilizer to perennial flowers and spring-sown herbaceous flowers; for lawns and shrubs, combine with irrigation and apply quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer, or carry out foliar spraying as needed.

2. Cut out branches that dried up in winter and spring; pruning of evergreen hedges can begin.

3. Pest and disease control: mainly control aphids, sooty mold and beetles. Keep relevant records.

May

1. This month is the peak leaf-out period for trees, and they need a great deal of water; water them in good time.

2. Prune spring flowering shrubs such as osmanthus and hall crabapple, and promptly carry out bud removal on London plane, purple-leaf plum, crape myrtle and other trees.

3. Hoe weeds in flower beds and shrub color blocks. At the same time, hand-weed lawns, and promptly mow lawn grass to control its height.

4. Pest and disease control: do a good job of forecasting, reporting and control.

June

1. Water plants promptly to ensure a sufficient water supply.

2. Loosen soil and hoe weeds in tree beds and color-block shrubs, and hand-weed lawns.

3. Mow lawns promptly and control their growth height, and pay attention to controlling the occurrence of large-scale pests and diseases. Apply a compound fertilizer once to lawns that are growing poorly or lack fertilizer, so they can pass the summer safely.

4. Pest and disease control: do a good job of forecasting, reporting and control.

July

1. In high-temperature weather, in particular, ensure that watering of plants is carried out.

2. Loosen soil and hoe weeds in flower beds and color-block shrubs, and at the same time do a good job of hand-weeding ground cover. This month the weather is hot, with high temperatures and relatively high humidity; weeds grow fast, so seize the opportunity to hoe and hand-weed to prevent weed overgrowth, and continue cultivating, weeding and loosening the soil.

3. Do a good job of typhoon and flood prevention; reinforce and secure trees in the park to prevent lodging; promptly clear and drain low-lying or seriously waterlogged places.

4. Pest and disease control: do a good job of forecasting, reporting and control.

August

1. Carry out summer pruning of evergreen trees, and carry out shaping pruning of hedges.

2. Lawn weeds grow vigorously, so weed and mow promptly to control lawn height, and fertilizing may be combined with weeding. Promptly apply supplementary and top-dressing fertilizer, mainly P and K fertilizer, together with N fertilizer; for small seedlings, shrubs and herbaceous flowers, apply light fertilizer frequently, and at the same time pay attention to mastering the fertilization timing and climate.

3. In high-temperature weather, be sure to ensure daily watering and drought relief work, and do not choose 10:00-15:00 to do it, so as to avoid burning the seedlings. (Including: tree bed maintenance, weed control, soil loosening, etc.)

4. Continue doing a good job of typhoon and flood prevention, further reinforce and secure large trees in residential areas to prevent lodging; and promptly clear and drain ditches in low-lying and easily waterlogged places to prevent water from standing too long.

5. Pest and disease control: do a good job of forecasting, reporting and control.

September

1. Carry out shaping pruning of hedges. Weed within green spaces and promptly clear dead trees, so that trees have green branches and leaves and the green spaces are clean and tidy.

2. Thin out excessively dense trees, and at the same time carry out bud removal work.

3. Mow lawns promptly, edge-trim, and remove weeds, and pay attention to pest and disease control.

4. Hoe weeds in flower beds and color-block shrubs, and at the same time do a good job of hand-weeding ground cover, and collect flower seeds.

5. Pest and disease control: do a good job of forecasting, reporting and control.

October

1. Prune spherical shrubs to ensure a beautiful appearance, neatness and clear layers. Prune the tree form of evergreen trees so that their growth and development tend toward the reasonable and their tree posture and appearance are improved.

2. Strengthen management of newly planted herbaceous flowers, promptly fill gaps and water, and fertilize those growing poorly.

3. Pest and disease control: do a good job of forecasting and reporting, actively control, and keep relevant records. November

1. Carry out thinning and pruning of evergreen trees and evergreen shrubs, mainly for ventilation and light penetration, to reduce pests and diseases and enhance growth vigor.

2. Do a good job of hand-weeding and edge-trimming in flower beds, color-block shrubs and green spaces, promptly pull out weeds, and promptly replant bare spots. As conditions warrant, adjust trees in the local layout; some evergreen trees and a small number of deciduous tree species can be transplanted. Also begin cold-proofing and warmth work, wrapping poorly cold-hardy trees

with straw and banking soil.

3. Strengthen maintenance and management of newly planted plants, pay attention to prompt watering, and prune appropriately. As conditions warrant, scarify and aerate lawns, and mow 2-3 times.

4. Carry out fertilizing work in late November, combining with increased application of organic fertilizer to turn the soil in green spaces.

5. Pest and disease control: do a good job of forecasting and reporting, actively control, and keep relevant records. December

1. Do a good job of hand-weeding and edge-trimming in color-block shrubs and green spaces, and promptly pull out weeds.

2. Carry out thinning and pruning of evergreen and deciduous trees and shrubs, mainly removing stubs and dead branches, so that next year's trees grow better (flowering shrubs that have already formed flower buds must not be pruned); at the same time, pay attention to clearing insect cocoons on trunks and branches.

3. Wrap sago palms, date palms and other southern plants with straw rope to ensure they overwinter safely.

4. Pest and disease control: do a good job of forecasting and reporting, actively control, and keep relevant records.

Part Four: "Latest Commonly Used Southern Landscape Plants"

Commonly Used Garden Plants in Southern Landscapes

Evergreen trees:

Norfolk Island pine, slash pine, Chinese fir, Caribbean pine, Chinese weeping cypress, mahogany, big-leaf mahogany, false sterculia, Chinese saraca, sugar apple, longan, renmianzi, fire-resistant magnolia, golden shower tree, Chinese arborvitae, Chinese juniper, dragon juniper, Fujian cypress, Buddhist pine, Japanese cedar, Taiwanese podocarpus, long-leaf podocarpus, white champaca, southern magnolia, officinal magnolia, Chinese cinnamon, camphor tree, cassia bark, bitter catalpa, Hainan ormosia, Taiwan acacia, siamese senna, red flower camel's foot tree, camel's foot tree, Hong Kong orchid tree, almond, mango, Ormosia henryi, water banyan, river fig, avocado, blackboard tree, false betel nut palm, Chinese fan palm, fishtail palm, queen palm, rose apple, Hainan rose apple, sapodilla, lemon-scented gum, river red gum, big-leaf eucalyptus, blue gum, cajeput, butterfly fruit, Chinese torreya, Chinese plum yew, Indian rubber fig, banyan, small-leaf fig, large-fruited fig, weeping fig, yellow fruit fig, sacred fig, horsetail tree, jackfruit, camphor-leaf maple, bitter oak, blue Japanese oak, candlenut, silver birch, pointed-leaf elaeocarpus, big-leaf elaeocarpus, mahoe, iron wintergreen, glossy privet, osmanthus, loquat, albizia, royal palm, Dong palm, Washington fan palm, sugar palm, long-leaf date palm, autumn maple, red sandalwood, big-flowered dillenia, jackfruit, yellow cassia, tree jackfruit, big-leaf privet, Ledang Michelia, octopus tree, octopus wood

Deciduous trees:

small-leaf terminalia, Chinese swamp cypress, water winter melon, Chinese tallow, honey locust, sand pear, soapberry, entire-leaf goldenrain tree, frangipani, bald cypress, pond cypress, Chinese tulip tree, white magnolia, Chinese parasol tree, sawtooth oak, cork oak, Chinese hackberry, Chinese elm, white oak, camptotheca, big-leaf crape myrtle, beautiful silk floss tree, flame tree, peacock flower, jacaranda, yellow cassia, chinaberry, litchi chinensis, coral tree, cockspur coral tree, Chinese chestnut, silk tree, golden acacia, prickly castor aralia, sweetgum, weeping willow, two-bloom magnolia, purple-leaf plum, ornamental peach, plum, papaya, Indian

rosewood, purple-leaf plum

Evergreen shrubs:

sago palm, Chinese plum yew, orchid tree, big-leaf boxwood, dense-flowered elaeagnus, camellia sasanqua, South China coral tree, spotted laurel, hypericum, three-stamen areca, areca palm, Hainan fan palm, four-season orchid tree, soft-branch golden trumpet, small-leaf bamboo, red bottlebrush, Fukien tea, gardenia, crown of thorns, poinsettia, Yunnan jasmine, aucuba, Chinese holly, Western azalea, bright-leaf cordyline, croton, red mulberry, golden-edge mulberry, golden-leaf fig, smooth senna, purple azalea, purple ardisia, orange jasmine, red-back osmanthus, eagle-claw flower, camellia, oil tea, big-leaf tea, oleander, yellow oleander, small-flowered golden trumpet, snow-in-June, banana shrub, pittosporum, mahonia, nandina, Japanese fatsia, night-blooming magnolia, hibiscus, lantern flower, rhododendron, Spanish bayonet, yucca, South China boxwood, axle palm, soft-leaf date palm, short-spike fishtail palm, dwarf lady palm, bamboo palm,

golden banyan, fiddle-leaf fig, willow-leaf fig, golden-vein justicia, octopus tree, variegated golden dewdrop, yellow-leaf golden dewdrop, bamboo, golden-leaf privet, calla lily, Philodendron bipinnatifidum, monstera, aspidistra, snake plant, thick-leaf rhaphiolepis, variegated hibiscus, purple brocade wood, small-leaf boxwood, African jasmine, yesterday-today-and-tomorrow, ximeili, crinum lily, spider lily, beautyberry, red-flower loropetalum, big-flowered datura, white paper fan, red paper fan, hairy azalea, Western azalea, double-pod senna, hard-stem trumpet vine, rose myrtle, ixora, Yunnan yellow jasmine, jasmine, fiddle-leaf coral, blue snowflake, blue star flower, butterfly, nandina, pepper tree, red-back osmanthus,

Deciduous shrubs:

cotton rose, needle-leaf spiraea, rhombic-leaf spiraea, modern rose, trumpet honeysuckle, pomegranate, purple beautyberry, purple magnolia, bush lespedeza, honeysuckle, Chinese snowball, rose of Sharon, redbud, bush cherry, smiling flower, pearl flower, butterfly tree, elderberry, fig, Sichuan pepper, trifoliate orange, butterfly bush, small wax

Vines:

Monstera deliciosa, Bougainvillea spectabilis, Millettia reticulata, Pyrostegia venusta, Quisqualis indica, Akebia trifoliata, Lonicera japonica, Euonymus fortunei, Ficus pumila, Actinidia chinensis, Euonymus obovatus, Rhaphidophora hongkongensis, Mucuna birdwoodiana, Hoya carnosa, Epipremnum pinnatum, Epipremnum aureum, Trachelospermum jasminoides, Hedera nepalensis var. sinensis, Hedera helix, Kadsura japonica, Parthenocissus tricuspidata, Campsis grandiflora, Passiflora caerulea, Lagerstroemia indica, Mucuna sempervirens, Thunbergia grandiflora

Artabotrys hexapetalus, Thunbergia grandiflora, Quisqualis indica, Antigonon leptopus, Parthenocissus tricuspidata, Pyrostegia venusta, Mucuna birdwoodiana, Clerodendrum speciosissimum, Wisteria sinensis, Ficus pumila, Quamoclit pennata, Ipomoea nil, Ipomoea cairica, Celastrus orbiculatus, Jasminum officinale, Aristolochia gigantea, Mansoa alliacea, Merremia tuberosa, Clytostoma callistegioides, Passiflora caerulea

Bamboo:

Bambusa textilis, Bambusa chungii, Phyllostachys edulis, Bambusa multiplex f. fernleaf, Phyllostachys glauca, Phyllostachys bambusoides 'Castillonis', Bambusa emeiensis, Bambusa multiplex, Pleioblastus amarus, Indocalamus tessellatus, Bambusa ventricosa, Dendrocalamus latiflorus, Bambusa textilis, Thyrsostachys siamensis, Bambusa pervariabilis, Chimonobambusa quadrangularis, Dendrocalamopsis oldhami, Bambusa multiplex var. riviereorum, Bambusa multiplex 'Alphonse Karr', Phyllostachys rubromarginata

Lawn and ground cover plants:

Cynodon dactylon, Zoysia sinica, Zoysia tenuifolia, Axonopus compressus, Eremochloa ophiuroides, Paspalum distichum, Zoysia matrella, Zoysia japonica, Aglaonema modestum, Tradescantia virginiana, Rhoeo spathacea, Ophiopogon japonicus, Curculigo capitulata, Liriope spicata, Reineckea carnea, Aspidistra elatior, Acanthus ebracteatus, Acorus gramineus, Zephyranthes candida, Zephyranthes carinata, Lycoris aurea, Syngonium podophyllum, Iris japonica, Oxalis corymbosa, Tradescantia zebrina,

Calathea roseopicta, Syngonium podophyllum, Syngonium podophyllum 'White Butterfly', Epipremnum aureum, Tradescantia zebrina, Nephrolepis cordifolia, Pilea cadierei, Rhoeo spathacea 'Tricolor', Spathiphyllum kochii, Ophiopogon japonicus 'Variegatus', Lantana camara (red), Lantana camara (yellow), Lantana camara (purple),

Lantana camara, Senecio cineraria, Clerodendrum thomsoniae, Justicia brandegeeana, Russelia equisetiformis, Asparagus densiflorus, Oenothera drummondii, Ipomoea pes-caprae, Hedera helix, Trachelospermum jasminoides, Hedychium coronarium, Cyperus alternifolius, Cyperus papyrus, Iris tectorum, Lythrum salicaria, Narcissus tazetta, Nelumbo nucifera, Nymphaea tetragona, Wedelia trilobata, Oxalis corymbosa, Arachis pintoi, Dichondra repens, Alternanthera dentata, Iresine herbstii, Coleus scutellarioides, Verbena tenuisecta, Alternanthera bettzickiana, Zephyranthes candida, Zephyranthes carinata, Hippeastrum rutilum, Lilium brownii, Zantedeschia aethiopica, Catharanthus roseus, Eremochloa ophiuroides, Zoysia matrella, Zoysia japonica, Cynodon dactylon, Axonopus compressus, Stenotaphrum secundatum, Paspalum notatum, Ophiopogon japonicus

Palms:

Roystonea regia, Washingtonia filifera, Dypsis decaryi, Ravenea rivularis, Wodyetia bifurcata, Butia capitata, Hyophorbe lagenicaulis, Hyophorbe verschaffeltii, Phoenix dactylifera, Phoenix canariensis, Bismarckia nobilis, Elaeis guineensis, Caryota obtusa, Trachycarpus fortunei, Raphia farinifera, Livistona chinensis, Syagrus romanzoffiana, Caryota mitis, Syagrus romanzoffiana, Washingtonia filifera, Phoenix canariensis, Caryota mitis, Caryota obtusa, Dypsis lutescens, Areca triandra, Ravenala madagascariensis, Rhapis excelsa,

Seasonal flowers

Pentas lanceolata, Impatiens walleriana, Begonia cucullata, Salvia splendens, Petunia hybrida, Dianthus hybridus, Brassica oleracea var. acephala, Tagetes patula, Tagetes erecta, Tropaeolum majus, Viola tricolor, Torenia fournieri, Celosia argentea, Calendula officinalis, Gomphrena globosa, Zinnia elegans, Portulaca grandiflora, Portulaca grandiflora, Cosmos bipinnatus, Pericallis hybrida, Cleome hassleriana, Hemerocallis fulva, Lavandula angustifolia, Lythrum salicaria

Chapter 5: "Examples of Southern Plant Configurations"

Southern Plant Configurations

Philodendron bipinnatifidum + Cyperus alternifolius + Alpinia zerumbet variegata

Dracaena fragrans 'Massangeana' + Dracaena fragrans 'Rainbow' + Nandina domestica + Nephrolepis cordifolia + ornamental stone

Roystonea regia + Caryota obtusa + Phoenix roebelenii + Canna indica + Coleus scutellarioides + Codiaeum variegatum

Roystonea regia + Phoenix canariensis + Cordyline fruticosa 'Red Edge' + Acalypha wilkesiana + Ixora chinensis

Roystonea regia + Archontophoenix alexandrae + Dypsis lutescens + Rhapis excelsa + Duranta erecta 'Golden Leaves'

Chapter 6: "Commonly Used Garden Plants in Southern China"

Commonly Used Plants for Southern Courtyards

I. Palms:

1. Roystonea regia 2. Archontophoenix alexandrae 3. Washingtonia filifera 4. Phoenix sylvestris 5. Phoenix canariensis 6. Areca triandra

7. Livistona chinensis 8. Washingtonia filifera 9. Dypsis lutescens 10. Rhapis excelsa (slender-leaved lady palm) 11. Syagrus romanzoffiana 12. Phoenix roebelenii

II. Trees (street trees, shade trees):

1. Delonix regia 2. Bombax ceiba 3. Ceiba speciosa 4. Erythrina variegata 5. Elaeocarpus apiculatus 6. Alstonia scholaris

7. Ficus microcarpa 8. Elaeocarpus hainanensis 9. Mangifera indica 10. Chukrasia tabularis 11. Cinnamomum burmannii 12. Tabebuia chrysantha

13. Pterocarpus indicus 14. Plumeria rubra 15. Terminalia catappa 16. Ravenala madagascariensis 17. Pandanus tectorius 18. Bischofia javanica

19. Averrhoa carambola 20. Olea europaea subsp. cuspidata 21. Cassia fistula 22. Albizia falcataria 23. Melaleuca leucadendra

24. Eucalyptus robusta 25. Syzygium hainanense 26. Aphanamixis polystachya 27. Bauhinia purpurea 28. Swietenia mahagoni

29. Ficus altissima 30. Spathodea campanulata 31. Tabebuia chrysantha 32. Koelreuteria bipinnata

III. Flowering shrubs:

1. Osmanthus fragrans (four-season) 2. Bambusa multiplex 'Stripestem' 3. Alsophila spinulosa 4. Ficus microcarpa 'Golden Leaves' 5. Bougainvillea spectabilis

6. Senna surattensis 7. Callistemon rigidus 8. Agave americana 'Marginata' 9. Hibiscus rosa-sinensis 10. Fagraea ceilanica 11. Ficus deltoidea

12. Hibiscus rosa-sinensis 13. Michelia figo 14. Campsis grandiflora 15. Calliandra haematocephala 16. Tabernaemontana divaricata 17. Ixora chinensis

18. Furcraea foetida 19. Yucca smalliana 20. Pyrostegia venusta 21. Thevetia peruviana 22. Polyscias fruticosa

IV. Ground cover or color blocks:

1. Pittosporum tobira 2. Monstera deliciosa 3. Epipremnum aureum 4. Asplenium nidus 5. Alternanthera dentata 'Ruby' 6. Cyperus alternifolius 7. Schefflera octophylla

8. Syngonium podophyllum 'Pixie' 9. Duranta erecta 'Golden Leaves' 10. Cuphea hyssopifolia 11. Ophiopogon japonicus 12. Calathea majestica 13. Rhododendron pulchrum

14. Livistona chinensis (dwarf) 15. Philodendron bipinnatifidum 16. Duranta erecta 'Variegata' 17. Chlorophytum comosum 18. Tradescantia zebrina 19. Allamanda cathartica

20. Alpinia zerumbet variegata 21. Asparagus densiflorus 22. Arachis pintoi 23. Ixora chinensis (dwarf) 24. Nephrolepis cordifolia 25. Pachystachys lutea

26. Syngonium podophyllum 'White Butterfly' 27. Pilea cadierei 28. Dieffenbachia picta 29. Cordyline fruticosa 'Rainbow' 30. Codiaeum variegatum 31. Ophiopogon japonicus

32. Ophiopogon japonicus 'Variegatus' 33. Jasminum sambac 34. Calathea zebrina 35. Zoysia matrella 36. Axonopus compressus

37. Zoysia matrella 38. Cynodon dactylon 39. Lolium perenne 40. Festuca arundinacea

Some other commonly used plants:

1. Ficus religiosa 2. Ficus altissima 3. Elaeocarpus hainanensis 4. Tabebuia chrysantha 5. Koelreuteria bipinnata 6. Cassia fistula

7. Senna siamea 8. Kigelia africana 9. Cassia fistula 10. Melaleuca bracteata

11. Senna alata 12. Senna bicapsularis 13. Euphorbia milii 14. Cleistocalyx operculatus 15. Manglietia glauca

16. Ficus microcarpa 'Golden Leaves' 17. Pachira aquatica 'Variegata' 18. Ormosia pinnata 19. Swietenia mahagoni

20. Albizia falcataria 21. Cinnamomum glanduliferum 22. Osmanthus fragrans (autumn) 23. Laurus nobilis 24. Washingtonia filifera 25. Bambusa multiplex 'Stripestem'

26. Pterocarpus indicus 27. Pterocarpus indicus 28. Dianella ensifolia 29. Ficus concinna 30. Markhamia stipulata

Commonly Used Garden Plants in Southern China

1. Evergreen trees

Araucaria heterophylla, Araucaria cunninghamii, Keteleeria fortunei, Araucaria bidwillii, Agathis dammara, Pinus massoniana, Pinus elliottii, Cinnamomum camphora, Cinnamomum japonicum, Eucalyptus grandis x urophylla, Melaleuca leucadendra, Syzygium jambos, Syzygium hainanense, Bischofia javanica, Acacia confusa, Acacia mangium, Acacia auriculiformis, Pterocarpus indicus, Ficus microcarpa, Ficus virens, Ficus altissima, Ficus superba, Ficus elastica, Ficus elastica 'Variegata', Ficus religiosa, Aleurites moluccanus, Swietenia mahagoni, Dillenia indica, Alstonia scholaris, Terminalia catappa, Terminalia mantaly, Artocarpus heterophyllus, Syzygium samarangense, Dracontomelon duperreanum, Manilkara zapota, Chukrasia tabularis, Casuarina equisetifolia, Michelia alba, Magnolia coco, Michelia macclurei, Elaeocarpus chinensis, Magnolia grandiflora, Hibiscus tiliaceus, Mangifera indica, Dimocarpus longan, Litchi chinensis, Canarium album, Eriobotrya japonica, Myrica rubra, Citrus maxima, Elaeocarpus hainanensis, Podocarpus macrophyllus, Sabina chinensis 'Kaizuca', Nageia nagi, Osmanthus fragrans, Osmanthus fragrans (four-season), Michelia figo, Aglaia odorata, Camellia japonica, Ficus benjamina, Cleidiocarpon cavaleriei, Ficus tinctoria

2. Deciduous trees

Metasequoia glyptostroboides, Taxodium ascendens, Taxodium distichum, Glyptostrobus pensilis, Liriodendron chinense, Firmiana simplex, Bischofia polycarpa, Albizia falcataria, Albizia lebbeck, Leucaena leucocephala, Liquidambar formosana, Salix babylonica, Kigelia africana, Neolamarckia cadamba, Grevillea robusta, Celtis sinensis, Sapindus mukorossi, Pistacia chinensis, Melia azedarach, Sapium sebiferum, Vernicia montana, Ginkgo biloba, Sterculia monosperma, Diospyros kaki, Ficus carica, Morus alba, Carica papaya, Psidium guajava, Acer palmatum 'Atropurpureum', Acacia farnesiana

3. Palms

Archontophoenix alexandrae, Roystonea regia, Ravenea rivularis, Hyophorbe lagenicaulis, Hyophorbe verschaffeltii, Dypsis decaryi, Wodyetia bifurcata, Syagrus romanzoffiana, Elaeis guineensis, Borassus flabellifer, Washingtonia robusta, Washingtonia filifera, Phoenix canariensis, Phoenix dactylifera, Phoenix sylvestris, Livistona chinensis, Caryota obtusa, Arenga pinnata, Phoenix loureiroi, Phoenix roebelenii, Areca triandra, Areca vestiaria, Areca catechu, Caryota obtusa, Caryota mitis, Dypsis lutescens, Trachycarpus fortunei, Musa basjoo, Ravenala madagascariensis, Cordyline fruticosa, Rhapis excelsa, Rhapis excelsa (slender-leaved), Strelitzia nicolai, Philodendron erubescens, Alocasia macrorrhizos

4. Foliage shrubs

Ficus benjamina 'Golden Leaves', Ficus microcarpa 'Golden Leaves', Ficus lyrata, Ficus salicifolia, Garcinia subelliptica, Arundo donax 'Variegata', Polyalthia longifolia, Pandanus tectorius, Pittosporum tobira, Hibiscus rosa-sinensis 'Variegata', Cycas revoluta, Callistemon rigidus, Cestrum nocturnum, Cotinus coggygria, Justicia brandegeeana, Fatsia japonica, Sabina procumbens, Manihot esculenta 'Variegata', Nandina domestica, Schefflera octophylla, Schefflera octophylla 'Variegata', Zanthoxylum beecheyanum, Excoecaria cochinchinensis, Acalypha wilkesiana, Syringa japonica, Duranta erecta, Duranta erecta 'Variegata', Duranta erecta 'Golden Leaves', Murraya paniculata, Codiaeum variegatum, Codiaeum variegatum 'Lobatum', Codiaeum variegatum 'Hainan', Codiaeum variegatum 'Aucubaefolium', Buddleja asiatica, Carmona retusa, Buxus microphylla, Ligustrum sinense 'Golden Leaves', Euphorbia milii, Furcraea foetida 'Variegata', Agave americana, Agave americana 'Marginata', Yucca smalliana, Beaucarnea recurvata, Aspidistra elatior, Sansevieria trifasciata, Opuntia, Alocasia macrorrhizos, Philodendron bipinnatifidum, Monstera deliciosa, Alpinia zerumbet 'Variegata', Scaevola taccada, Rhaphiolepis umbellata, Breynia disticha, Phyllanthus myrtifolius, Rosa chinensis

5. Flowering shrubs

Tabernaemontana divaricata, Brunfelsia acuminata, Jasminum sambac, Hibiscus syriacus, Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, Hibiscus schizopetalus, Malvaviscus arboreus, Euphorbia pulcherrima, Calliandra haematocephala, Bougainvillea spectabilis, Gardenia jasminoides var. grandiflora, Hydrangea macrophylla, Pachystachys coccinea, Melastoma candidum, Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum, Datura suaveolens, Mussaenda frondosa, Mussaenda erythrophylla, Allamanda cathartica, Rhododendron indicum, Senna bicapsularis, Tecomaria capensis, Rhodomyrtus tomentosa, Ixora chinensis, Calliandra surinamensis, Jasminum mesnyi, Jasminum sambac, Crinum asiaticum,

Hymenocallis littoralis, Schlumbergera truncata, Canna indica (dwarf), Reinwardtia indica, Jatropha integerrima, Plumbago auriculata, Oxypetalum caeruleum, Hymenocallis littoralis

6. Ground cover

Calathea roseopicta, Syngonium podophyllum, Syngonium podophyllum 'White Butterfly', Epipremnum aureum, Tradescantia zebrina, Nephrolepis cordifolia, Pilea cadierei, Rhoeo spathacea 'Tricolor', Spathiphyllum kochii, Ophiopogon japonicus, Ophiopogon japonicus 'Variegatus', Lantana camara (red), Lantana camara (yellow), Lantana camara (purple), Senecio cineraria, Clerodendrum thomsoniae, Justicia brandegeeana, Russelia equisetiformis, Asparagus densiflorus, Oenothera drummondii, Ipomoea pes-caprae, Hedera helix, Trachelospermum jasminoides, Hedychium coronarium, Cyperus alternifolius, Cyperus papyrus, Iris tectorum, Lythrum salicaria, Narcissus tazetta, Nelumbo nucifera, Nymphaea tetragona, Wedelia trilobata, Oxalis corymbosa, Arachis pintoi, Dichondra repens, Alternanthera dentata, Iresine herbstii, Coleus scutellarioides, Verbena tenuisecta, Alternanthera bettzickiana, Zephyranthes candida, Zephyranthes carinata, Hippeastrum rutilum, Lilium brownii, Zantedeschia aethiopica, Catharanthus roseus, Eremochloa ophiuroides, Zoysia matrella, Zoysia japonica, Cynodon dactylon, Axonopus compressus, Stenotaphrum secundatum, Paspalum notatum, Ophiopogon japonicus

7. Vines

Thunbergia grandiflora, Quisqualis indica, Antigonon leptopus, Parthenocissus tricuspidata, Pyrostegia venusta, Mucuna birdwoodiana, Clerodendrum speciosissimum, Wisteria sinensis, Ficus pumila, Quamoclit pennata, Ipomoea nil, Ipomoea cairica, Celastrus orbiculatus, Jasminum officinale, Aristolochia gigantea, Mansoa alliacea, Merremia tuberosa, Clytostoma callistegioides, Passiflora caerulea

Chapter 7: "Document on Commonly Used Plant Configurations in Southern China"

Practical Plant Configuration Table ------ Concise Table of Commonly Used Plant Configurations

Aquatic plants:

Wetland plants: Salix matsudana, Salix babylonica, Salix integra, Salix psammophila, Salix viminalis, Salix wallichiana, Populus simonii, Populus maximowiczii, Sabina vulgaris, Sabina chinensis, Platycladus orientalis, Metasequoia glyptostroboides, Melia azedarach, Pterocarya stenoptera, Fraxinus chinensis, Forsythia suspensa, Ulmus pumila, Ulmus laciniata, Ulmus parvifolia, Sapium sebiferum, Prunus serrulata, Eucommia ulmoides, Koelreuteria paniculata, Hibiscus mutabilis, Hibiscus syriacus, Nerium oleander, Parthenocissus tricuspidata, Vitis vinifera, Wisteria sinensis, Amorpha fruticosa, Tamarix chinensis, Ranunculus japonicus, Halerpestes sarmentosa, Halerpestes ruthenica, Lysimachia, Lysimachia, Stachys baicalensis, Stachys chinensis, Mentha haplocalyx, Lindernia procumbens, Veronica, Nasturtium officinale, Scirpus triqueter, Scirpus mucronatus, Scirpus planiculmis, Cyperus serotinus, Cyperus glomeratus, Cyperus difformis, Cyperus sanguinolentus, Juncus articulatus, Juncus buffonius, Juncus bufonius, Juncus gracillimus, Polygonum aviculare, Polygonum plebeium, Polygonum orientale, Polygonum caespitosum, Polygonum lapathifolium, Polygonum senticosum, Polygonum sieboldii, Polygonum perfoliatum, Polygonum senticosum, Polygonum thunbergii, Polygonum thunbergii, Polygonum cuspidatum, Imperata cylindrica, Calamagrostis epigeios, Calamagrostis langsdorffii, Beckmannia syzigachne, Polypogon monspeliensis, Arundinella anomala, Miscanthus sacchariflorus, Coix lacryma-jobi, Hemarthria altissima, Carex

Emergent plants: Scirpus validus, Phragmites australis, Nelumbo nucifera (rhizome), Sagittaria sagittifolia, Carex, Alisma plantago-aquatica, Nelumbo nucifera, Lythrum salicaria, Typha orientalis, Monochoria vaginalis, Monochoria korsakowii, Acorus calamus, Pontederia cordata, Oryza sativa, Kandelia candel, Narcissus tazetta, Oenanthe javanica, Zizania latifolia, Colocasia esculenta, Marsilea quadrifolia, Phragmites australis, Eleocharis dulcis, Scirpus yagara, Eleocharis valleculosa, Typha angustifolia, Cyperus alternifolius, Typha latifolia

Floating plants: Lemna minor, Eichhornia crassipes, Nymphaea tetragona, Euryale ferox, Victoria amazonica, Nuphar pumilum, Eichhornia crassipes, Nymphoides peltata, Brasenia schreberi, Utricularia aurea, Ceratopteris thalictroides, Nymphoides hydrophylla,

Submerged plants: Ceratophyllum demersum, Ottelia alismoides

Colorful-leaf plants:

Red or purple: Liquidambar formosana, Toxicodendron succedaneum, Acer palmatum, Acer ginnala, Celastrus orbiculatus, Quercus rubra, Acer truncatum, Sapium sebiferum, Rhus typhina, Rhus chinensis, Sorbus pohuashanensis, Nandina domestica, Euonymus alatus, Crataegus pinnatifida, Pistacia chinensis, Pterocarya stenoptera, Berberis thunbergii, Carpinus hupeana, Parthenocissus tricuspidata

Golden or yellow-brown: Ginkgo biloba, Diospyros kaki, Koelreuteria paniculata, Liriodendron chinense, Firmiana simplex, Ulmus pumila, Juglans regia, Catalpa bungei, Metasequoia glyptostroboides, Lagerstroemia indica, Ulmus parvifolia, Phoebe zhennan, Ziziphus jujuba var. spinosa, Actinidia chinensis, Aesculus chinensis, Sorbus alnifolia, Chimonanthus praecox, Punica granatum, Senna surattensis, Hamamelis mollis, Sapindus mukorossi, Acacia farnesiana

Aromatic plants:

Aromatic plants that can be planted in residential areas include: Mentha haplocalyx, Ocimum basilicum, Melissa officinalis, Matricaria chamomilla, Cymbopogon citratus, Salvia japonica, Taraxacum mongolicum, Calendula officinalis, Thymus vulgaris, Borago officinalis, Pelargonium graveolens, Malva sylvestris and other herbaceous plants; Lavandula angustifolia, Rosmarinus officinalis, Gardenia jasminoides, Rosa rugosa, Aloysia citrodora and other shrubs.

Woody plants with fragrance in rotation through the four seasons, for example: plum blossom and orange blossom in spring; gardenia and Michelia alba in summer; Osmanthus fragrans in autumn and Chimonanthus praecox in winter.

Pollution-resistant and exhaust-resistant plants: Robinia pseudoacacia, Paulownia fortunei, Pinus bungeana, Sabina chinensis, Viburnum odoratissimum, Photinia serratifolia, Pittosporum tobira, Fatsia japonica, etc.

Nitrogen-fixing plants: Robinia, Lonicera, Albizia, Amorpha fruticosa, Caragana, Glycine, Lespedeza, Melilotus, Pisum, Phaseolus, Myrica, Elaeagnus, Cycas

Nectar-source, bird-attracting and butterfly-attracting plants: Taxus cuspidata, Podocarpus macrophyllus, Torreya grandis, Ilex crenata, Cinnamomum camphora, Myrica rubra, Ligustrum lucidum, Ternstroemia gymnanthera, Viburnum dilatatum, Aucuba japonica, Mahonia fortunei, Pyracantha fortuneana, Buxus sinica, Pittosporum tobira, Fatsia japonica, etc., Buddleja davidii, Pistacia chinensis, and other fragrant-flower plants (such as Citrus plants of the Rutaceae family)

Perennial (herbaceous perennial) flowers: Kniphofia uvaria, Lupinus polyphyllus, Festuca glauca, Astilbe chinensis, Coreopsis grandiflora, Lysimachia christinae, Origanum vulgare, Hibiscus moscheutos, Mentha sanguinea, Trachelospermum jasminoides 'Variegatum', Tanacetum cinerariifolium, Helleborus thibetanus, Lycoris radiata, Hemerocallis fulva, Iris tectorum, Tradescantia virginiana, Hosta plantaginea, Canna indica 'Variegata', Canna indica 'Red Leaf', Symphyotrichum novi-belgii, Farfugium japonicum, Bletilla striata, Verbena tenuisecta

Flowers and trees of the four seasons:

Spring: various cherry blossoms (early cherry, late cherry, weeping cherry, etc.), various crabapples (Malus micromalus, Chaenomeles cathayensis, Chaenomeles speciosa, etc.), Magnoliaceae (Magnolia grandiflora, Magnolia denudata, Magnolia soulangeana, Magnolia liliiflora, Magnolia 'Red', Michelia figo, Michelia maudiae, etc.), Cercis chinensis, red-leaf

plum, peach blossom, camellia, winter jasmine, lilac, etc.

Summer: Lagerstroemia indica, Hibiscus syriacus, Hydrangea macrophylla, Michelia figo, Rhododendron indicum, Punica granatum (flower), Gardenia jasminoides, Campsis grandiflora, Albizia julibrissin, Acacia farnesiana. Autumn: Osmanthus fragrans, Lagerstroemia indica, Hibiscus syriacus, Punica granatum (flower), Hibiscus mutabilis, Campsis grandiflora, etc.

Winter: Lonicera japonica, Nandina domestica, plum blossom, Michelia figo, Camellia japonica, Camellia sasanqua, etc.

Schematic classification of common landscaping tree species:

(I) Evergreen conifers

1. Trees: Cedrus deodara, Pinus koraiensis, Pinus thunbergii, Sabina chinensis 'Kaizuca', Pinus massoniana, Sabina chinensis, Cycas revoluta, Araucaria cunninghamii, Cryptomeria fortunei, Torreya grandis

2. Shrubs: (Podocarpus macrophyllus), Platycladus orientalis 'Sieboldii', Calocedrus macrolepis, Sabina procumbens, Cryptomeria japonica, Pinus parviflora

(II) Deciduous conifers (no shrubs):

Trees: Metasequoia glyptostroboides, Pseudolarix amabilis, Taxodium ascendens, Taxodium distichum

(III) Evergreen broadleaf trees:

1. Trees: Cinnamomum camphora, Magnolia grandiflora, Ligustrum lucidum, Trachycarpus fortunei

2. Shrubs: Viburnum odoratissimum, Euonymus japonicus, Buxus sinica, Buxus bodinieri, Ilex cornuta, Citrus reticulata, Photinia serratifolia, Pittosporum tobira, Osmanthus fragrans, Nerium oleander, Jasminum fruticans, Jasminum nudiflorum, Aucuba japonica 'Variegata', Nandina domestica, Serissa japonica, Ligustrum quihoui, Fatsia japonica, Gardenia jasminoides, Distylium racemosum, Camellia japonica, Hypericum monogynum, Rhododendron simsii, Yucca smalliana (Agave, Agave americana), Cycas revoluta (sago palm), Mahonia fortunei

(IV) Deciduous broadleaf trees:

1. Trees: Salix babylonica, Salix matsudana, Pterocarya stenoptera, Salix babylonica 'Tortuosa', Sapium sebiferum, Sophora japonica, Firmiana simplex (Chinese parasol

tree), Platanus x acerifolia (London plane), Sophora japonica (Chinese scholar tree), Sophora japonica 'Pendula', Albizia julibrissin, Ginkgo biloba, Melia azedarach, Catalpa ovata

2. Shrubs: Prunus serrulata, Magnolia denudata, Prunus persica, Chimonanthus praecox, Lagerstroemia indica, Cercis chinensis, Catalpa bungei, Acer palmatum, Prunus cerasifera 'Atropurpurea', Chaenomeles speciosa, Malus halliana, Hydrangea macrophylla, Spiraea thunbergii, Forsythia viridissima, Hibiscus mutabilis, Hibiscus syriacus, Alchornea davidii, Punica granatum

(V) Bamboo: Bambusa multiplex, Phyllostachys sulphurea, Phyllostachys edulis, Phyllostachys nigra, Bambusa multiplex var. riviereorum, Bambusa multiplex f. fernleaf, Bambusa ventricosa, Phyllostachys bambusoides 'Castillonis'

(VI) Vines: Wisteria sinensis, Trachelospermum jasminoides, Parthenocissus tricuspidata (Boston ivy, climbing ivy), Hedera helix, Vitis vinifera, Euonymus fortunei

(VII) Flowers: Portulaca grandiflora, Chrysanthemum morifolium, Salvia splendens, Canna indica, Alternanthera bettzickiana, Brassica oleracea (cauliflower), Chrysanthemum morifolium, Cymbidium

(VIII) Lawn: Zoysia tenuifolia, Zoysia japonica, Ophiopogon japonicus, Cynodon dactylon, Festuca arundinacea, Zoysia matrella, Trifolium repens, Dichondra repens

Detailed Table of Commonly Used Plant Configurations

Table of Commonly Used Street Trees

Name Scientific name Family Tree shape Characteristics

Xiangzhang (camphor) Cinnamomun camphcra Lauraceae Spherical Evergreen large tree, leaves alternate, triplinerved, doubly aromatic, berries spherical.

London plane Platanus x acerifolia Platanaceae Ovate Prefers warmth, pollution-resistant, tolerant of pruning. Large crown with dense shade, suitable as a street tree and shade tree.

Maple Liquidamdar formosana Hance. Hamamelidaceae Conical Deciduous tree, bark gray and smooth, leaves triangular, slow-growing, beautiful tree form

Flamboyant tree Delonix regia Raffin Fabaceae Umbrella-shaped Sun-loving, prefers warm and hot climates, not cold-tolerant, fast-growing, pollution-resistant, wind-resistant; red flowers are beautiful, flowering from May to August

Silk tree Albizia julibrissin Mimosaceae Umbrella-shaped Pink flowers, June to July, suitable as a shade ornamental tree and street tree

Sweet acacia Albizia farnesiana Wild. Mimosaceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous small tree, fast-growing, dense branches and leaves, golden-yellow flowers, excellent tree vigor

Weeping willow Salix babylonica Linn. Salicaceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous small tree, suitable for low-temperature areas, grows luxuriantly and rapidly, beautiful tree form

Banyan Ficus retusa Linn.. Moraceae Spherical Deciduous tree, broad crown, fast-growing, strong canopy density, suitable for various pruning styles

Camphor tree Cinnamomum camphora Ness. Lauraceae Spherical Evergreen tree, broad crown, large and rounded, vigorous growth, beautiful tree form

Chinese fan palm Livitonia chinensis R.Br. Arecaceae Umbrella-shaped Single upright trunk, dark green leaf surface, vigorous growth, very beautiful posture

Longan tree Euphoria longana Lanark. Sapindaceae Round Evergreen tree with a rounded crown, dense canopy, relatively slow growth, and a very beautiful form

Chinaberry (chinaberry tree) Melia azedarach Linn. Meliaceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous tree, fast-growing, with an irregular crown, roughly umbrella-shaped, lilac flowers

Chinese parasol tree Sterculia platanifolia L. Sterculiaceae Umbrella-shaped Evergreen tree, broad large leaves, fast-growing, upright when young, crown spreading when old

Paper mulberry Broussonetia papyrifera Vent. Moraceae Umbrella-shaped Evergreen tree, leaves huge, soft and thin, branches spreading in all directions, umbrella-shaped crown, also beautiful in form

Formosan alder Alnus formosana Makino. Fagaceae Umbrella-shaped Evergreen tree, tolerant of moisture and heat, unsuitable for dry sites and hard soil, tall and beautiful tree form

Ash tree Faxinus insularis Hemsl. Oleaceae Umbrella-shaped Evergreen tree, robust, fast-growing, beautiful tree form and leaf shape Norfolk Island pine Araucaria cuninghamii Araucariaceae Conical Evergreen conifer, sun-loving, prefers warm and hot climates, not cold-tolerant, prefers fertilizer, fast-growing, narrow conical crown, graceful form

Qinghai spruce Picea carassifolia Pinaceae Tower-shaped Evergreen conifer, intermediate in light requirements, shallow-rooted, suitable for the northwest region

Korean pine Pinus koraiensis Pinaceae Tower-shaped Evergreen conifer, weakly sun-loving, prefers cool and humid climates and acidic soil, needles blue-green

Chinese juniper (juniper) Sabina chinensis Cupressaceae Conical Evergreen conifer, sun-loving, young trees slightly shade-tolerant, tolerant of drought and poor soil, cold-tolerant, slightly moisture-tolerant, tolerant of pruning, good dust-blocking and sound-insulating effect

Southern magnolia Magnolia grandiflora L. Magnoliaceae Ovoid Evergreen tree, flowers large, white, fragrant, beautiful tree form,

Taiwan acacia Acacia confusa Merr. Fabaceae Umbrella-shaped Evergreen tree, bark smooth when young, rough when old, trunk mostly curved, strong growth vigor

Date palm Phoenix dactylifera L. Arecaceae Pinnate Evergreen broadleaf tree, trunk branching, strong heat resistance, robust growth, also beautiful in form

Canary Island date palm (Canary date palm) Phoenix dactylifera Arecaceae Pinnate Evergreen broadleaf tree, trunk thick and sturdy, tall and majestic, pinnate leaves dense and spreading,

Royal palm (royal palm) Oreodoxa regia H.B.K. Arecaceae Umbrella-shaped Single trunk upright, up to 18 m tall, slightly swollen in the middle, pinnate compound leaves, very strong vitality, high ornamental value

Ginkgo Ginkgo biloba Ginkgoaceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous broadleaf tree, autumn leaves yellow, cold-tolerant, deep-rooted, intolerant of waterlogging, resistant to many toxic gases

Chinese tulip tree (Chinese tulip tree) Liriodendron chinense Magnoliaceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous broadleaf tree, prefers warm and humid climates, relatively strong resistance, fertile acidic soil, fast-growing, long-lived, leaves shaped like a Chinese jacket, flowers yellow-green, large and beautiful.

Chinese white poplar Populus tomentosa Salicaceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous broadleaf tree, prefers cool temperate climates, pollution-resistant, deep-rooted, fast-growing, relatively long-lived; tree form upright, trunk straight, bark gray-white

Lombardy poplar Populus nigra var. italica Salicaceae Narrow cylindrical Deciduous broadleaf tree, cold-tolerant and drought-tolerant, slightly tolerant of salinity and waterlogging, fast-growing

Chinese elm Ulmus parvifolia Ulmaceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous broadleaf tree, prefers warm and humid climates, tolerant of drought and poor soil, deep-rooted, fast-growing, long-lived, resistant to smoke, dust and toxic gases, strong dust-retention capacity

Box elder (ash-leaved maple) Acer negundo Aceraceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous broadleaf tree, prefers fertile soil and cool humid climates, tolerant of smoke and dust, tolerant of dry cold, tolerant of light salinity, tolerant of pruning, autumn leaves yellow{Maintenance measures for the southern plant date palm}.

Table of Traits of Commonly Used Landscape Trees

Name Scientific name Family Tree form Characteristics

Camphor tree Cinnamomun camphcra Lauraceae Spherical Large evergreen tree, leaves alternate, triplinerved, doubly aromatic, berries spherical.

London plane Platanus x acerifolia Platanaceae Ovoid Prefers warmth, pollution-resistant, tolerant of pruning. Large crown and dense shade, suitable as a street tree and courtyard shade tree.

Southern magnolia Magnolia grandiflora L. Magnoliaceae Ovoid Evergreen tree, flowers large, white, fragrant, beautiful tree form,

Yulan magnolia Magnolia denudata Magnoliaceae Umbrella-shaped Fairly cold-tolerant, afraid of waterlogging. Flowers large, pure white, blooms March to April. Suitable for courtyard viewing.

Chinese tulip tree (Chinese tulip tree) Liriodendron chinense Magnoliaceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous broadleaf tree, prefers warm and humid climates, relatively strong resistance, fertile acidic soil, fast-growing, long-lived, leaves shaped like a Chinese jacket, flowers yellow-green, large and beautiful.

Chinese arborvitae Thuja orientalis Linn Cupressaceae Conical Evergreen tree, neat tree form when young, mostly curved when old, strong growth, long-lived, beautiful tree form

Ash tree Faxinus insularis Hemsl. Oleaceae Round Evergreen tree, robust, fast-growing, beautiful tree form and leaf shape Java bishopwood Bischoffia javanica Blanco Euphorbiaceae Round Evergreen tree, very beautiful when young leaves sprout, robust growth, beautiful tree form

Weeping willow Salix babylonica Linn. Salicaceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous small tree, suitable for low-lying wet sites, luxuriant and fast-growing, beautiful tree form

Chinese incense cedar Calocedrus macrolepis Kurz Cupressaceae Umbrella-shaped Evergreen tree, bark gray-brown, with irregular longitudinal fissures; branchlets alternate, green when young, flattened.

Royal palm Roystonea regia Arecaceae Umbrella-shaped Single trunk upright, up to 18 m tall, slightly swollen in the middle, pinnate compound leaves, very strong vitality, high ornamental value

Japanese euonymus Euonymus japonica Celastraceae Ovoid Prefers warm and humid climates, resistant to toxic gases. Grown for foliage. Suitable for hedges and foundation planting.

Formosan sweetgum Liquidamdar formosana Hance. Hamamelidaceae Conical Deciduous tree, bark gray and smooth, leaves triangular, slow-growing, beautiful tree form

Chinese wingnut Pterocarya stenoptera Juglandaceae Umbrella-shaped Highly adaptable, tolerant of waterlogging, fast-growing. Suitable as a courtyard shade tree, street tree, and bank-protection tree

Creeping juniper Sabina procumbens Cupressaceae Evergreen creeping dwarf shrub, branches and trunk spreading and creeping along the ground, leaves needle-like. Slow-growing, unique tree form, foliage emerald green and flowing. Suitable for ground cover and beautification around courtyard stones, ponds, sand pits, slopes, etc.{Maintenance measures for the southern plant date palm}.

Golden dewdrop Duranta repens Verbenaceae Round Evergreen shrub. Suitable for large containers, flower troughs, hedges. Golden dewdrop is mainly grown for its foliage, widely used, can be used as ground cover, pruned into shapes, used to form patterns or to emphasize color combinations, dazzling and eye-catching. Chinese holly Ilex cornuta Aquifoliaceae Round Resistant to toxic gases, slow-growing. Green leaves and red berries, very beautiful. Suitable for foundation planting. Paper mulberry Broussonetia papyrifera Vent. Moraceae Umbrella-shaped Evergreen tree, leaves huge, soft and thin, branches spreading in all directions, also beautiful in form

Chinese elm Ulmus parvifolia Ulmaceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous broadleaf tree, prefers warm and humid climates, tolerant of drought and poor soil, deep-rooted, fast-growing, long-lived, resistant to smoke, dust and toxic gases, strong dust-retention capacity

Chinese juniper Juniperus Chinensis Linn Cupressaceae Conical Evergreen medium-sized tree, branches densely grown, dark green, robust growth, suitable for pruning, beautiful tree form

Japanese pittosporum Pittosporum tobira Pittosporaceae Round White flowers fragrant, blooms in May. Suitable for foundation planting, as a hedge or in containers. Date palm Phoenix dactylifera Linn Arecaceae Umbrella-shaped Trunk tillering, up to 20-25 m tall, leaves gray-white with arched curvature, robust growth, beautiful tree form

Hankow willow Salix matsudana Salicaceae Umbrella-shaped Suitable as a courtyard shade tree, street tree, and bank-protection tree

Silk tree Albizia julibrissin Mimosaceae Umbrella-shaped Flowers pink, June to July, suitable as a courtyard ornamental tree and street tree

Japanese black pine Pinus Thumbergii Porl. Pinaceae Conical Evergreen tree, bark gray-brown, branchlets orange-yellow, needles hard, in clusters of two, long-lived

Purple-leaf cherry plum Prunus cerasifera. F.arropurpurea Rosaceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous small tree, branchlets smooth, red-brown, leaves ovate, entirely purple-red, blooms pale pink small flowers in April, drupe purple. Suitable for both specimen planting and group planting, as a backdrop.

Washington palm Washingtonia filifera Wend. Arecaceae Umbrella-shaped Single trunk cylindrical, base swollen, up to 4-8 m tall, leaf blade fan-shaped and round, robust growth, beautiful tree form{Maintenance measures for the southern plant date palm}.

Japanese pagoda tree Sophora japonica Fabaceae Umbrella-shaped Branches and leaves dense, crown broad, suitable as a courtyard shade tree and street tree

Glaucous cassia Cassia glauca Lam. Fabaceae Round Deciduous tree, even-pinnate compound leaves, flowers yellow, fast-growing, beautiful tree form

Box elder (ash-leaved maple) Acer negundo Aceraceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous broadleaf tree, prefers fertile soil and cool humid climates, tolerant of smoke and dust, tolerant of dry cold, tolerant of light salinity, tolerant of pruning, autumn leaves yellow

Japanese maple Acer palmatum Aceraceae Umbrella-shaped Leaves elegant in shape, autumn leaves red. Suitable for courtyard viewing and containers.

Golden larch Pseudolarix amabilis Rehd. Pinaceae Ovoid tower-shaped Evergreen tree, branches and leaves well-spaced, leaves linear, alternate on long shoots, small leaves radiating, tree form vigorous and upright.

Bottle palm Hyophorbe amaricaulis Mart. Arecaceae Umbrella-shaped Trunk about 3 m tall, base elliptical and swollen, forming a bottle shape, very beautiful in form

Mandarin orange tree Citrus reticulata Rutaceae Round Flowers white, fruit yellow-green, fragrant. Suitable for group planting.

Chinaberry tree Melia azedarch Linn. Meliaceae Round Deciduous tree, bark gray-brown, bipinnate odd, pinnate compound leaves, flowers purple, fast-growing

Snowbush Serissa serissoides Rubiaceae Round Evergreen small shrub. Leaves dark green, flowers snow-white, slightly pale pink. Branches and leaves slender, good texture, suitable for containers, low hedges, ground cover, flower beds, and pruned shapes.

Dragon juniper Juniperus chinensis var. Kaituka, Hort Cupressaceae Upright tower-shaped Evergreen medium-sized tree, branches densely grown, dark green, robust growth, very long-lived, very beautiful tree form

Dragon-claw pagoda tree S. j. cv. Pendula Fabaceae Umbrella-shaped Branches drooping, suitable for courtyard viewing, opposite planting or row planting

Corkscrew willow S. m. cv. Tortuosa Salicaceae Round Branches twisted like a dragon winding, suitable as a courtyard shade tree and ornamental tree

Pygmy date palm Phehix Roebelenii Brien. Arecaceae Umbrella-shaped Trunk upright, 2 m tall, petioles thin and small, leaflets alternate or opposite, an excellent variety with beautiful leaves

Buddhist pine Podocaarpus macrophyllus D. Don Podocarpaceae Long conical Evergreen tree, graceful and simple in form, can be pruned as high-grade bonsai material, or shaped into round, conical, or tiered forms for courtyard landscaping and beautification.

Masson pine Pinus massoniana Lamb. Pinaceae Umbrella-shaped Evergreen tree, trunk bark red-brown, winter buds brown, large trees majestic in form

Nandina Nandina domestica Berberidaceae Umbrella-shaped Branches and leaves elegant, red berries in autumn and winter; for courtyard viewing, can be group planted or grown in containers. Norfolk Island pine Araucaria ecelsa Br. Araucariaceae Conical Evergreen coniferous tree, branches whorled, lower ones drooping, leaves dark green, beautiful tree form, robust growth

Glossy privet Ligustrum lucidum Oleaceae Ovoid Flowers white, blooms in June. Suitable as a hedge or street tree.

Chinese fan palm Livistona chinensis R. Br. Arecaceae Umbrella-shaped Trunk upright, can reach 6-12 m tall, leaves round, petiole margins spiny, luxuriant growth, elegant form

Globe juniper Junlperus chinensis cv. Globosa. Cupressaceae Broadly round Shrub, no main trunk, branches clustered.

Green maple Acer serrulatum Aceraceae Umbrella-shaped conical Deciduous tree. Trunk upright. Tree form light and graceful, can be trained into noble shaped bonsai, an elegant street tree, landscape tree, and forest-bathing tree.

Boxleaf euonymus B. bodinieri Buxaceae Ovoid Branches and leaves fine and dense, suitable for courtyard viewing. Can be group planted, used as a hedge, or grown in containers. Japanese cedar Cryptomeria japonica D. Don Taxodiaceae Conical, ovoid, round Evergreen tree. Branches whorled, graceful

Chapter Eight: "Cultivation and Maintenance of Arecaceae Plants"

Arecaceae is a very distinctive group of evergreen plants in the monocotyledon class, with stems single or clustered, upright or climbing; leaves aggregated at the top of the stem, well-developed root systems, tolerant of drought and poor soil, strong resistance to pests and diseases, and outstanding for creating tropical-style landscape effects. This edition will introduce their introduction, transplanting, and disease control.

Brief Introduction to the Introduction Process

There are 183 genera and about 2,400 species of Arecaceae plants worldwide, widely distributed in tropical and subtropical humid regions of the world. High temperature and high humidity are important conditions for the normal growth and development of most palm plants. A few palm plants have unique adaptability to adverse environments, such as the silver date palm (wild date palm) distributed in extremely arid areas at the edge of deserts, and quite a few palm species that can tolerate long-term water immersion, such as the swamp palm. Most palm plants are rich in fiber, with tough stems and well-developed root systems, and have strong wind resistance, such as the Alexander palm and Chinese fan palm.

Since the 1940s, in the construction of numerous tropical and subtropical cities around the world, the landscape effects of palm plants have been recognized, and they have been used as key species for urban greening and beautification, such as in Miami in the United States, Jakarta in India, Bangkok in Thailand, as well as Cape Town in South Africa and Singapore.

Some landscaping companies in Guangdong began the work of introducing and applying palm plants in the early 1980s. Over the following more than twenty years, southern provinces and regions such as Guangxi, Fujian, and Yunnan, as well as later Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Shanghai, Chongqing, and Yunnan, successively set off a wave of introducing, producing, and applying palms.

Several units led by Guangdong Palm Landscape Company, based on theories of plant geography and ecology, through observational research on the growth conditions and mortality rates of introduced and acclimatized Arecaceae plants, found that plants native to the Northern Hemisphere generally have cold resistance potential because they experienced ancient glacial climates, while species native to high latitudes and high altitudes in the Southern Hemisphere also have relatively strong cold resistance. Through research on the cold resistance and cold-resistance mechanisms of palm plants, researchers found that the main factors affecting introduction and acclimatization are: temperature, light, humidity, moisture, and soil. The most significant effect of the temperature factor is governing plant growth and development; low winter temperatures are the leading factor affecting the success or failure of palm plant introduction and acclimatization; through research on palm salt tolerance and shade tolerance, researchers screened out a group of varieties with relatively strong saline-alkaline tolerance and shade tolerance; at the same time, through the control of pests and diseases such as palm phytophthora disease, coconut leaf beetle, and red palm weevil, the incidence of palm pests and diseases has been greatly reduced. In addition, researchers also studied the mechanisms of palm seed germination, summarized and invented techniques for accelerating palm seed germination, mastered full-crown transplanting and large-specification container seedling cultivation techniques for palm plants, and did effective work on soil improvement, winter cold protection and maintenance, and other techniques.

At present, researchers have screened and promoted about 80 species of palm plants in South China, including royal palm, Chinese fan palm, broadleaf lady palm, southern palm, fishtail palm, etc.; in Shanghai and surrounding areas, the Arecaceae plants successfully applied mainly include Butia palm, hairy Washington palm, Canary Island date palm, Washington palm, and more than ten other species, and the related research techniques have been appraised by experts as reaching the world's advanced level.

Taking the Washington palm as an example

Discussion on the Occurrence and Control of Phytophthora Disease

Harm and General Symptoms of Palm Phytophthora Disease

This disease often occurs and causes harm on palms such as royal palm, large Chinese fan palm, Washington palm, Mexican fan palm, and Canary Island date palm. In affected plants, the heart leaf cannot emerge normally, new leaves shrink and dry up, and in severe cases the whole plant withers in patches. The pathogen of phytophthora disease is caused by Phytophthora and can be identified through incubator culture. The pathogen mainly overwinters in the soil or on diseased plant residues. The pathogen spreads through watering, rain splash, air movement, and so on.

Occurrence Pattern of Washington Palm Phytophthora Disease

This disease occurs during periods of high temperature and high humidity between summer and autumn. After early drought followed by rain, or poor management after transplanting, such as heavy watering, soil moisture content

suddenly increasing, poor ventilation, or plants located in wind gaps are prone to infection. The disease is severe in low-lying, poorly drained, and continuous-cropping plots. In addition, the disease is often related to severe root injury caused when digging seedlings and then long-distance transport.

When it occurs, the base of the unexpanded young tender heart leaf rots, and the leaves turn gray-green and droop, and can be pulled out with slight force. When the stem is dissected, the growth point and even the entire central part of the plant can be seen to have mushy secretions and a foul odor, and the infected tissue can grow white mold-like matter. In severely affected plants, root damage is also often seen, with the main symptoms being blackened, rotting roots and an abnormal

odor. This disease mainly occurs at the seedling stage and in nurseries, and is less common in adult trees planted in green spaces.

Symptoms

In recent years, the harm occurring in nursery land has been relatively severe. In the early stage of the disease, yellow-brown water-soaked lesions first appear near the ground surface, and the lesions rapidly expand, slightly sunken, and in humid conditions the surface is densely covered with white cottony mold, and the diseased part rots and smells foul. When the disease occurs on leaves, the diseased part is yellow-brown, and white mold grows under humid conditions. When it occurs on stems, it is initially dark green, then expands, becomes moist and soft, and later the upper part appears withered. This disease can harm the entire palm plant. Sometimes when the root system and stem are cut open, pus-like liquid exudes, and in severe cases the edges of the veins of young leaves carry a large amount of gray-black mycelium. Phytophthora disease is a vascular bundle disease, and in severe cases the entire plant wilts, droops, dries up, and eventually dies, with a high fatality rate.

According to surveys, the peak period of this disease is mostly the high-temperature and high-humidity period, that is, the optimum temperature is 27°C to 35°C. For example, in 2006, the disease period in coastal areas near the Pearl River Delta was July to October, in Xiamen August to November, in Shanghai June to September (also occurring in early spring), and in the mountainous areas of western Pearl River Delta August to November, but in all places the disease could be seen within 1 to 2 months after typhoons and rainstorms, sometimes occurring sporadically, sometimes appearing in patches.

Control Methods

I. Preventive Cultivation Measures

1. Pay attention to ventilation, drying, and drainage in the nursery. In autumn and winter each year, leaves can be moderately pruned, and pits can be opened and soil mounded at the planting site to keep the nursery land dry. Usually, potassium fertilizer can be applied more, and quicklime and superphosphate can also be applied separately to enhance plant tissue density and resistance to infection and improve plant disease resistance.

2. Choose good plots, and select loam or sandy loam plots with high terrain and good drainage for planting.

3. Implement crop rotation, and require crop rotation of more than three to four years for land that has grown Washington palms.

4. Strengthen field management, apply more organic fertilizer, promote robust plant growth, deep roots and lush leaves, and improve resistance. Implement high-ridge (bed) cultivation. Appropriately control watering in the rainy season, drain water promptly after rain, and ensure the ground dries after rain; water promptly in drought, and strictly prohibit flood irrigation when watering, and do it on sunny afternoons or in the evening.

5. Achieve prevention first and integrated control. Observe carefully at ordinary times, often prune dead branches and fallen leaves, and when diseased plants are found, clean them up promptly, bury them deeply or burn them, and disinfect the diseased holes with lime.

II. Chemical Control

One to two months before the disease occurs in summer and during the disease period, use 64% Sandofan wettable powder (1:500 to 600), 80% fosetyl-aluminum (1:400), or other hymexazol-type products such as Kameitong, also known as soil fungicide (usual dosage 600 to 700 times), lime-sulfur mixture (1:1:100), dexon (500 times), etc. for control. Specific control methods: when transplanting Washington palms, first spray the planting site and Washington palm roots with 600 to 700 times soil fungicide solution, or first dig pits and expose them to the sun for sterilization during consecutive sunny days, or spread lime powder for disinfection, or use dexon 500 times solution for soil disinfection.

After a typhoon, promptly spray Sandofan (better) or fosetyl-aluminum (prone to resistance), adding 0.4% laundry detergent, into the heart or as a spray for both prevention and treatment. You can also spray 80% mancozeb 700 times solution once every 7 to 10 days, spraying two or three times in succession, which can effectively prevent and control the occurrence of phytophthora disease. After adopting this measure, the incidence rate of Washington palms and hairy Washington palms at the Shanghai base of Guangdong Palm Landscape Company has dropped from 20% in 2004 to below 10%.

Experience in Control

The control effect of using carbendazim and similar products is not obvious. In the early stage of plant disease, if all leaves are cut off and the plant is transplanted elsewhere, about 30% can gradually revive over 2 to 3 years, but the growth vigor is poor.

It is understood that this disease rarely occurs in high-temperature dry areas such as Los Angeles, so this disease is related to high temperature and high humidity, and the infection route is through surface water, groundwater, rainwater, and so on. When plant roots, trunks, leaves, and so on are damaged, the pathogen invades and multiplies massively when moisture is sufficient, ultimately causing blockage of the vascular conducting tissue, and the plant loses water, wilts, and dies. Heart rot disease introduced in some literature is actually also phytophthora disease, only occurring at the heart leaf site.

This disease is different from anthracnose, which occurs on leaves, and when it occurs, water-soaked small spots appear, then expand into larger lesions, and it is easy to find. It can generally be controlled with agents such as carbendazim. As for leaf spot disease, it refers to diseases occurring on leaves, with common pathogens such as Phyllosticta and Pestalotiopsis, often causing leaf blight, but anthracnose and leaf spot disease rarely cause plant death. Transplanting Techniques for Large Single-trunk Seedlings

Preparation Before Transplanting

1. Root-prune the seedlings to be transplanted in advance. After root pruning, the soil ball size is twice the ground diameter, and the root-pruning depth is 50 cm to 60 cm. Stones and broken roots should be removed from the root-pruning soil and then backfilled promptly, and moisture should be maintained: the purpose is to toughen the adaptability of the seedlings and promote new root growth. After root pruning, it is best to keep them for more than 30 days, and transplant only when new roots begin to sprout. If heeled-in seedlings are used, the effect is even better.

2. Dig holes and prepare the soil. The planting site should have holes dug 20 days before transplanting, and the hole specification is generally 1.5 times the soil ball. The soil from digging the holes should be exposed to the sun in the open for a period, and the backfill soil is best a pre-prepared mixed soil: pond mud + farmyard manure or mushroom soil + an appropriate amount of decomposed phosphate fertilizer + an appropriate amount of river sand, with sand: mud at 4:6.

Planting Time

In the Pearl River Delta region, transplanting can be done throughout the year, with spring and autumn being best, and summer and winter should be avoided as much as possible, especially January and July. Most Arecaceae plants prefer warmth and moisture. In summer, temperatures are high, seedlings evaporate water quickly, and it is easy to cause excessive water loss and affect survival; in winter, temperatures are low, and some places even have frost, and strong north winds can easily cause frost injury or even death of seedlings.

Moving Seedlings

Some large single-trunk Arecaceae seedlings have relatively thick stems, the workload of moving seedlings is large, and the seedlings are very easily injured. Therefore, when moving seedlings, the trunk should be wrapped with burlap sacks or straw, especially the green wrapped trunk part at the boundary between the trunk and the petiole. First, it protects the trunk; second, it maintains moisture and blocks sunlight. In addition, when lifting seedlings, combine with pruning leaves, remove old leaves, and retain 40% to 45% of the leaves (specifically depending on tree vigor). At the same time, cut off the leaves together with the petiole by 1/5 to minimize water evaporation.

Planting

Seedlings are best dug and planted on the same day. If the time is too long, the seedlings evaporate a lot of water and are prone to water loss affecting survival. If they cannot all be planted on the same day, cover them with shade netting and spray a small amount of water on the leaf surfaces every day, doing well in shading and moisture retention.

1. Backfilling soil After the seedling is positioned, backfill soil immediately. When the backfill reaches half the height of the soil ball, first compact the loose soil. After backfilling is complete, make the soil mound into a "water storage basin" with slightly higher surroundings and slightly lower middle, to facilitate watering and moisture retention.

2. Watering Immediately after backfilling, water thoroughly to settle the roots. Before watering, first use bamboo poles and so on to poke and firm the loose soil around the soil ball until the loose soil no longer sinks.

3. Fixing There are many kinds of supports. Using three bamboo poles to form a triangular support is the most economical and practical one. The tying height is at 2/3 of the trunk.

Post-planting Management

1. Moisture retention Spray the leaves and trunk wrapping twice a day, except on rainy days, with the degree of wetting the leaves and trunk wrapping as the standard. Do not water the roots, because excess water will flow downward and accumulate, causing root rot. Cover the area around the tree base with straw to block sunlight, prevent excessive soil temperature differences from causing soil compaction, and keep the soil around the soil ball loose, moist, and aerated, which is conducive to new root sprouting.

2. Wind protection Because transplanted large single-trunk palm plants are generally taller and are often affected by thunderstorms and strong winds after transplanting, the supports should be checked regularly after planting to see whether they are loose. Especially after strong winds, if the trunk is found to be leaning, it should be straightened and tied promptly.

3. Topdressing About one month after planting, urea water can be used as foliar topdressing by spraying, with topdressing about once every half month. After the first new leaf grows and matures, use fully decomposed peanut bran for hole fertilization. Dig the holes in a ring-shaped trench outside the edge of the soil ball, with the trench width and depth each 30 cm, and the fertilizer and backfill soil should be mixed evenly.

4. Pest and disease control Newly transplanted large single-trunk Arecaceae seedlings are relatively weak in vigor and very susceptible to pests and diseases, especially tender leaves and heart leaves. For insect control, 5% methamidophos plus 5% omethoate can be applied. At present, the invasive pest "coconut leaf beetle" is quite serious in harm to Arecaceae plants. Adults and larvae concentrate in the overlapping spaces of the not-yet-unfolded heart leaves and gnaw the leaf flesh, causing some or all of the newly emerged leaves to die, and affected plants grow slowly or even die. The control methods include the following: ① 81% malathion emulsion 1000 times solution; ② cypermethrin 500 times solution; ③ use "Yejiaqing", all of which can achieve very good control effects. Based on practical operation, the author believes that the simplest, most convenient, and long-lasting method is to hang a packet of "Yejiaqing" on the heart leaf in combination with tying during planting for control.

For large single-trunk Arecaceae seedlings, about one month after planting, whether they have survived can be roughly determined based on whether the leaves remain green, but to truly determine survival, it is generally necessary to wait until after one growing season and use whether new shoots and new roots have emerged as the standard. After the author adopted the above transplanting techniques in construction, the transplanting survival rate increased from the original 75% to more than 90%, and the above techniques are highly practical and necessary to be promoted and applied.

Transplanting Techniques for Seedlings, Large Trees, and Clustered Seedlings

Key Techniques for Transplanting Seedlings

Palm plants are best transplanted some time after they have germinated and rooted. At this point the seedlings are small and can be transplanted together with the seed; moreover, since they have few fibrous roots, the root system is not easily damaged during transplanting. For growing seedlings in nutrient bags, the size depends on the intended growing period. Generally speaking, 1-year-old seedlings do well in 16 cm x 18 cm containers, while 2-year-old seedlings use 19 cm x 20 cm ones; nutrient bags that are too small are not conducive to rapid seedling growth. To prepare the nutrient soil, use loose topsoil, burnt soil and wheat bran in a 5:2:1 ratio, add a small amount of phosphate fertilizer, mix evenly, and then fill the bags. First fill half the bag with the mixed soil, then place the seedling, straighten the seedling, fill the bag full and firm it so that the seedling roots are pressed tightly against the mixed soil, then water thoroughly. Palm plants must not be planted too deep, otherwise the growth of the seedlings will be affected. If planted too deep, the seedling should be lifted upward so that the root system spreads out.

Key techniques for transplanting large trees

Palm-family plants are cultivated in nurseries for 5 to 10 years, and most need to be transplanted into separate beds several times, so selecting widely spaced, strong seedlings gives a higher survival rate.

Reduce damage to the root mass. The root tissues of palm plants are tender, with many lateral roots and fine roots, so when digging them up, keep as large a soil ball as possible and prevent it from loosening and cracking. Minimize the degree of root damage so as to maintain normal respiration and water absorption capacity and increase the transplant survival rate. During construction, accurately set out the lines and mark the planting holes to avoid rework and prevent the soil ball from loosening.

Leaf pruning: the amount of foliage retained at transplanting should be comprehensively determined according to the different species, the climate at the time of transplanting, and the transplanting and maintenance conditions.

Generally, about 40% of the original number of leaves should be retained. Retaining too many leaves will cause the leaves to turn yellow and wither due to heavy water evaporation; retaining too few leaves makes it difficult for the plant to recover and lengthens the recovery period, and the initial landscape effect is also poor.

Protect the plant's stem and its pseudostem. During digging, transport, loading and unloading of the plant, the stem should be protected from damage, and the pseudostem should not be squeezed or bent; this is the guarantee of the plant's health and its fastest possible rejuvenation.

Soil at the new planting site. Palm-family plants suffer damage to their root tips during transplanting, and within one month after transplanting it is very difficult for new root tips to sprout, so their water absorption capacity is weak. At this time, good soil permeability and aeration are beneficial to seedling survival, so when planting, dig large holes and pay attention to the quality of the imported soil, adding peat soil and compound fertilizer to help the palms recover after planting.

Maintenance. Within one month after planting, the plants adapt poorly, so the seedlings should be carefully maintained; be sure to replenish water in time and provide appropriate shading, and strive to have new leaves sprouting within three months. If continuous rainy weather occurs after transplanting, the palm seedlings will recover better, because rainy days can avoid the effects of adverse factors such as scorching sun exposure.

Key techniques for transplanting large clumping seedlings

Clumping species of palm-family plants have multiple growing points, and after growing into a multi-stemmed clumping state they can grow new roots relatively quickly after transplanting. However, clumping palms also have disadvantages such as heavy trunks, large leaf area leading to high water evaporation, and poor wind permeability making them susceptible to damage from strong winds. Therefore, in addition to the measures for transplanting single-stemmed palms, the following technical measures should be added:

1. Implement the "hairy root method" of transplanting, that is, after digging out a relatively large soil ball, use a small shovel to remove part of the soil along the outer edge of the soil ball, retaining more fibrous roots and a moderate soil ball, and then immediately wrap it with a lightweight moisture-retaining material, so as to reduce the weight of the soil ball while ensuring survival. For example, this method can be used for transplanting slower-recovering clumping palms such as Arenga engleri and Areca triandra.

2. Implement bare-root temporary planting or pot planting, concentrating maintenance until new roots sprout and the plant is stable before formal planting. This method is suitable for hardy clumping palms such as Areca palm, Ptychosperma elegans and Chamaedorea seifrizii, and can reduce transport costs and facilitate construction.

In short, for transplanting large seedlings and large trees of palm-family plants, in brief, do a good job in five aspects: select strong seedlings; dig good soil balls and transport them carefully; prune leaves appropriately; ensure aeration and drainage at the planting site; and do a good job in post-planting maintenance such as sun protection and moisture retention. The sign of successful transplanting of large seedlings and large trees is being able to retain most of the leaves and sprout new leaves within half a year after planting, among which sprouting three healthy new leaves is complete transplanting success.

Drainage: first understand the hydrological conditions of the planting site, and as far as possible place the very bottom of the soil ball at a position 100-150CM above the year-round groundwater level of the planting site and with deep, fertile soil; at the same time, build a drainage layer for the root system of the underground soil ball and a surface runoff guiding network to prevent water accumulation in the soil ball after planting; if the hydrological conditions do not meet the requirements, the method of planting with a raised soil ball can be used, that is, use loose media mixed with fertile soil or coarse sand to first pile up the planting site as high as possible to meet the above requirements, then place the plant on the soil mound and bury the soil ball with mixed loose soil or planting soil mixed with humus soil; remove debris from the soil around the planting site, or appropriately improve the soil with loose media, so as to achieve loose and breathable conditions for the plant roots; strengthen inspection during the rainy season, promptly clear drainage facilities and loosen the soil around the roots appropriately, so as to prevent waterlogging and drain accumulated water. Moisture retention: immediately after planting, water once with settling water to ensure the soil ball roots are moist and closely combined with the surrounding soil and to promote root development; then water thoroughly three more times and cover the soil ball in time to prevent the surface soil from cracking. In hot summer, spray water on the ground and the crown more often to increase environmental humidity and reduce transpiration; leaf moisture retention treatments include a. newly planted seedlings should have their leaves appropriately pruned to reduce the transpiration area of the leaves; b. appropriately spray antitranspirants on the leaves to inhibit the plant's physiological metabolism and reduce physiological water loss; c. in clear weather, spray atomized water on the leaves as much as possible to strengthen the leaves' absorption of water and weaken transpiration; check the moisture status of the soil ball and roots at any time and replenish water in time to ensure the soil ball is moist and the root respiration is unobstructed. Fertilization: in addition to maintaining moisture for the plant after planting, appropriately spray low-concentration foliar fertilizer to strengthen post-planting nutritional supplementation; frequently check the root sprouting status of the plant, and if new roots are found growing, consider increasing root fertilization, generally choosing the season when the monthly average temperature is above 2O°C, applying mainly organic fertilizer as much as possible and appropriately adding compound fertilizer with high P and K content, so as to promote balanced nutrition for the plant and ensure its rapid recovery and healthy growth. Pest and disease control: spray pesticide to control pests and diseases before the seedlings leave the nursery, and after arriving at the site, the plants also need to be sprayed with pesticide before unloading, and ensure that within one month after planting, pesticide is applied three times in succession at intervals of one week to ten days, after which a pest and disease control plan still needs to be reasonably formulated. Special

Chapter Nine: "Maintenance Plan"

Sutarion (Nanjing) Optoelectronics Co., Ltd. landscaping

Main

ten

ance

Plan

Nanjing Gensen Flowers and Trees Co., Ltd.

October 8, 2010

Project Overview

"Sutarion (Nanjing) Optoelectronics Co., Ltd." is located at No. 31 Hengfei Road, Nanjing Economic and Technological Development Zone, with a green area of 28,186 sq m. The landscaping plant arrangement in the factory area is relatively reasonable, rich in color, and has obvious seasonal changes, forming a distinct-layered, natural ecological plant community that basically displays the natural landscape of the plants; the arrangement of flowering shrubs and hedges among the factory buildings gives each factory area a different landscape style. Dozens of plant varieties are planted in the factory area, including camphor tree, southern magnolia, zelkova, osmanthus and crape myrtle, among which there is a tree-lined avenue composed of large-size camphor trees, and a guardhouse scenic spot composed of varieties such as ancient red maple, pomegranate, Malus spectabilis, ginkgo and Canary Island date palm.

In view of the existing conditions of the landscaping landscape in the factory area, we believe that the initial landscaping construction was relatively extensive, with insufficient understanding of plant habits, especially the replacement of planting soil in the green areas was not done properly, and in some areas the garbage soil was not replaced, resulting in poor plant growth.

Landscaping maintenance plan schedule

January (Minor Cold, Major Cold)

1. Shaping and pruning of fruit trees.

2. Frequently check cold-protection equipment, facilities and seedling cold-protection wrapping materials.

3. Turn the soil for winter plowing and apply sufficient winter fertilizer.

4. Cut off dead, residual, diseased and pest-infested branches and leaves, and thoroughly remove overwintering bagworm cases, slug moth cocoons and latent overwintering pests.

February (Start of Spring, Rain Water)

1. Continue the winter pruning of deciduous trees and fruit trees.

2. Continue cutting off diseased and pest-infested branches, and pay attention to observing the occurrence of pests and diseases (such as cottony cushion scale, globular scale, etc.).

3. Continue collecting manure and making compost, prepare culture soil, and continue applying winter fertilizer to various deciduous trees. March (Awakening of Insects, Spring Equinox)

The weather gradually warms, and many pests and diseases are about to occur; maintain and repair various insect- and disease-control equipment and prepare medicines. Pay attention to the occurrence of aphids and globular scale, and achieve timely control. April (Pure Brightness, Grain Rain)

1. Do a good job in the control of pests such as scale insects, mites, cutworms, grubs and mole crickets, and of powdery mildew and rust.

2. Do a good job in loosening the soil, weeding and pre-flowering fertilization. Apply thin fertilizer weekly to perennial flowers and spring-sown herbaceous flowers.

3. Do a good job in bud removal and pruning of trees. Remove excess tender buds and improperly positioned branches at any time.

4. Clear and repair the drainage system.

May (Start of Summer, Grain Full)

1. Carry out post-flowering pruning of spring-blooming shrubs and hedge trimming; according to technical operation requirements, carry out bud removal and pruning of trees, and prune and remove suckers at the roots of small seedlings at any time.

2. Continue to strengthen the maintenance and management of trees, do a good job in filling gaps, thinning and final singling of seedlings, and apply additional topdressing and frequent thin fertilizer.

3. This month the temperature gradually rises, and pests and diseases greatly harm trees and flowers; attention should be paid to pest forecasting and doing a good job in pest and disease prevention.

4. Carry out lawn mowing and continue removing weeds from the lawn.

June (Grain in Ear, Summer Solstice)

1. This month enters the plum rain season, with high temperature and high humidity, so replanting should be carried out promptly.

2. Carry out post-flowering pruning and fertilization of flowering shrubs, and pinch and prune some spring-sown herbaceous flowers.

3. Continue removing weeds and continue mowing.

4. Do a good job in pest and disease control; this month focus on controlling pests such as bagworms, slug moths, tussock moths, inchworms and soft scale, and diseases such as leaf spot, anthracnose and sooty mold.

July (Minor Heat, Major Heat)

1. This month the weather is hot and weeds grow fast, so continue intertillage and weeding and loosening the soil.

2. Pests such as bagworms, slug moths, longhorn beetles, soft scale, armored scale, the second generation of cottony cushion scale and mites occur in large numbers, so attention should be paid to their control, and at the same time continue controlling anthracnose, powdery mildew and leaf spot.

3. In dog days the temperature is high; when there is little rain, irrigation is needed to resist drought. This month is also a month with more rainstorms, so attention should be paid to preventing waterlogging.

4. This month enters the typhoon and tidal flood season, so do a good job in typhoon and flood prevention, inspect frequently, and promptly straighten wind-thrown trees.

August (Start of Autumn, End of Heat)

1. Continue intertillage and weeding and loosening the soil.

2. Continue doing a good job in drought prevention and drainage to ensure normal seedling growth.

3. This month the seedlings grow vigorously, so apply topdressing in time; for small seedlings, apply thin fertilizer frequently.

4. Continue doing a good job in typhoon and flood prevention, and promptly straighten wind-thrown trees when found.

5. Continue doing a good job in pest and disease control, and earnestly control the main pests harming trees (bagworms, second-generation slug moths, longhorn beetles, mites, etc.) and the main diseases (powdery mildew, anthracnose, leaf spot, etc.).

September (White Dew, Autumn Equinox)

1. Continue doing a good job in pest and disease elimination; in particular, frequently check the occurrence of aphids and wood moths, and once found, control them immediately.

2. Continue intertillage and weeding, continue removing lawn weeds, carry out lawn mowing, and carry out shaping and pruning of topiary and hedges.

3. Continue doing a good job in pest and disease control. In particular, check the pest and disease conditions of the more frequently occurring aphids, bagworms, slug moths, brown spot and sooty mold of flowering shrubs, and control them in time.

October (Cold Dew, Frost Descent)

1. Do a good job in pest and disease control, eliminating various adult insects and eggs.

2. Continue intertillage and weeding.

3. After the seedlings stop growing, check the survival rate, get a clear picture of the assets, and ensure the smooth progress of winter and spring landscaping work.

November (Start of Winter, Minor Snow)

1. Do a good job in cold protection; whitewash some trees, or wrap them with straw rope.

2. Carry out winter pruning of trees, cutting off diseased branches and dead branches; branches with insect eggs as well as competing branches and over-