How to Grow Daylilies? Daylily Characteristics and Care Tips

    Daylilies come in many flower colors and have beautiful blooms with excellent ornamental value. This flower is highly adaptable and can be planted just about anywhere. Recently, many flower lovers have asked me how to cultivate it. The method is actually very simple - you just need to pay attention to fertilizer and water management. Below are detailed daylily care tips for your reference.

    Characteristics

    Daylily (Hemerocallis) is a perennial herbaceous plant with fleshy roots, also known as golden needle, yellow flower vegetable, and forget-sorrow grass. The leaves are flat and long-linear. The underground stem is slightly toxic. In summer it produces large orange-yellow flowers; the flower scape rises above the leaves, reaching over 1 m tall; the panicle is terminal, with 6 to 12 flowers, each 7 to 12 cm long. The flowers open in the morning and wither in the evening, without fragrance, ranging from orange-red to orange-yellow. The flowering and fruiting period is from May to July.

    Environment

    Daylilies prefer a warm and humid environment. They like sunlight and tolerate partial shade, are cold-hardy and drought-tolerant, and can overwinter outdoors in North China. They are not fussy about soil and grow best in moist, well-drained soil rich in humus.

    Cultivation

    Daylilies prefer partial shade, so do not plant them in fully shaded spots. Before planting, apply plenty of base fertilizer and maintain proper spacing between plants and rows as well as hole depth. You can plant 3 plants per hole, spreading the roots flat and firming the soil after filling. Plant them in combinations based on plant height and flower color; the flowering period offers high ornamental value.

    Water and Fertilizer

    For daylilies, weed and apply fertilizer in March each year, then again before flowering in June and after the foliage dies back in October. Water regularly to keep the soil moist, but avoid waterlogging. They are drought-tolerant, so it is better to keep them on the dry side than too wet.

    Propagation: division and seeding.

    Division: After the above-ground parts wither in October to November, or before the plants sprout in spring, dig up the entire clump and divide it for propagation. At the same time, trim off dead roots and excess fibrous roots, and plant in clumps of 2 or 3 plants. After each division, wait 4 to 5 years before dividing again. Seedlings planted this way bloom in the same year.

    Seeding: Daylilies are best sown in autumn and will sprout in about a month. Seeds collected in summer and autumn can be sown immediately and will sprout in about 20 days. Seed-grown plants bloom after 2 years of cultivation.

    Daylily flowers resemble yellow flowers, but be careful never to eat them by mistake. In my opinion, they have excellent ornamental value and can be planted in flower beds, courtyards, or along roadsides. They are well worth growing for anyone who loves plants and flowers. The above are detailed cultivation methods for your reference.

A Brief Discussion of the Flowering Periods of Various Herbaceous Plants

The flowering period is simply the time or season when a flowering plant blooms. Previously, some flower lovers did not understand plant flowering periods and thought their plants would not bloom, so they disposed of them. Today I would like to give everyone a primer on the flowering periods of herbaceous plants, hoping it will help you gain a deeper understanding of growing flowers.

Flowering periods of some herbaceous flowers:

China aster (flowering period May-October, generally used only for National Day);

Strawflower (flowering period July-September);

Black-eyed Susan (flowering period July-September);

Pot marigold (flowering period April-June);

Peacock chrysanthemum (flowering period May-November);

Marigold (flowering period May-November);

Zinnia (flowering period June-September);

Little zinnia (flowering period June-September);

Cosmos (flowering period June-September);

Daisy (flowering period April-June);

Huangdi chrysanthemum (flowering period June-August);

Sunflower (flowering period August-September);

Cineraria (flowering period January-May, generally used in flower beds for "May Day");

Cockscomb (flowering period August-October);

Amaranthus tricolor (mainly for foliage, best from August-October);

Joseph's coat (mainly for foliage, used as border material, best period August-October);

Scarlet sage (flowering period May-November, generally used mostly for "May Day" and "National Day");

Coleus (mainly for foliage, use period June-November);

Snapdragon (flowering period May-July);

Pansy (flowering period April-June);

Stock (flowering period April-May);

Ornamental kale (mainly for foliage viewing between November-February, flowering period March-April);

Garden balsam (flowering period July-September);

Portulaca (flowering period July-August);

Large-flowered purslane (flowering period June-July);

Petunia (flowering period generally April-October, can bloom year-round in southern regions);

Coral cherry (mainly for fruit, viewing period October-November);

Ornamental pepper (mainly for fruit, viewing period August-October);

Four o'clock flower (flowering period June-September);

Kochia (mainly for foliage, best viewing period June-September);

Periwinkle (flowering period April-October);

Verbena (flowering period May-August);

Primrose (flowering period winter and spring);

Spider flower (flowering period July-August);

Corn poppy (flowering period April-May);

Red-leaf beet (mainly for foliage, best period April-May);

Phlox (flowering period June-July);

Small chrysanthemum (flowering period October);

Chrysanthemum (flowering period October-December);

Iris (flowering period May);

Peony (flowering period April-May);

Coreopsis (flowering period June-August);

Large-flowered hibiscus (flowering period July-September);

Hollyhock (flowering period June-July);

Yarrow (flowering period July-August);

Dianthus (flowering period May-September);

Wax begonia (flowering period April-October, can be enjoyed year-round in the south);

Spiderwort (mainly for foliage, best viewing period June-October, flowering period July-August);

Dragon-wing begonia (flowering period generally June-October, can bloom year-round in the south);

Daylily (flowering period July-August);

Blanket flower (flowering period June-October);

Evening primrose (flowering period June-September);

California poppy (flowering period May-June);

Dusty miller (mainly for foliage, best viewing period May or October);

Spiderwort (Tradescantia) (flowering period May-July);

Clover (flowering period April-June, foliage can be enjoyed year-round in the south);

Wood sorrel (flowering period June-September, foliage can be enjoyed year-round in the south);

Canna (flowering period May-October);

Persian buttercup (flowering period April-May);

Tulip (flowering period March-April);

Rain lily (Zephyranthes candida) (flowering period July-November);

Rain lily (Zephyranthes rosea) (flowering period June-September);

Dahlia (flowering period May-October).

Key points for plant care during the flowering period: The blooming period requires suitable temperatures and ample sunlight. Adverse conditions such as low temperatures and overcast rain can all affect flowering, pollination, and fertilization, causing flower drop, fruit drop, and empty shriveled seeds.

Summary: The above is an introduction to the flowering periods of herbaceous plants. I hope it is helpful to everyone.

Care Measures for the Southern Plant Date Palm

Part One: "Organization of Southern Plants"

Frangipani

Frangipani (Plumeria) - its flowers really do look like eggs, with a milky white outside and bright yellow center, just like egg white and yolk. They are truly adorable. Its branches are thick and fleshy. The leaves are also large, and the flowers and leaves cluster at the tips of the branches. Frangipani blooms brilliantly in summer, giving people a feeling of purity and elegance, very suitable for careful appreciation. After the leaves drop, the bare trunk curves naturally, and its form is quite beautiful. It is very suitable for planting in courtyards and lawns. Frangipani likes a high-temperature, high-humidity environment with ample sunlight and good drainage. It is robust by nature and can tolerate drought, but it fears cold and dislikes waterlogging. It likes to grow in acidic soil but is also resistant to alkalinity. Cultivation is best in deep, fertile, well-aerated, organic-rich acidic sandy loam. Propagation is by cuttings. When growing frangipani, also pay attention to pest and disease control. For example, if brown spots appear on the leaves or the leaves even turn dark black, that is frangipani leaf spot disease, and you should take measures promptly. Of course, there may be other diseases too, so frangipani needs your care and attention. In fact, besides white, frangipani also comes in red and yellow varieties, all of which can be used to extract essential oils for making high-grade cosmetics, soap, and food additives, with quite high prices and great commercial development potential. The fresh flowers can also be dried for making tea, commonly known as frangipani tea, which has the effect of treating heat dysentery and moistening the lungs to detoxify. The frangipani tree has a beautiful form, with many branches in strange and varied shapes. Its leaves resemble loquat leaves. After they drop in winter, semicircular leaf scars remain on the branches, much like antlers dotted with beautiful spots. It can be called the top choice small tree for tropical landscaping, courtyard arrangement, and potted appreciation. The bark is thin and gray-green, rich in toxic white sap, which can be used externally to treat scabies, redness, and swelling. The wood is white, light, and soft, and can be used to make musical instruments, tableware, or furniture. Frangipani flower meaning: nurturing hope, resurrection, new life - as simple and ordinary as life itself, which is why it can always be so close to people, without distance.

Magnolia

Magnolia is a tall deciduous tree with dark gray, rough, and cracked bark; the young branches are somewhat stout and gray-brown; the winter buds and pedicels are densely covered with light gray-yellow long silky hairs. The leaves are papery, obovate, broadly obovate, or obovate-elliptic, with the base of vigorous shoots having elliptic leaves. Magnolia flowers closely resemble lotus flowers. When in full bloom, the petals spread in all directions, making the courtyard a mass of white, dazzlingly bright, with high ornamental value; combined with wave after wave of delicate fragrance that refreshes the heart, it is truly an ideal flower type for beautifying courtyards. Magnolia likes light and is relatively cold-hardy, able to overwinter outdoors. It loves dry conditions and dislikes low humidity; planting sites with waterlogging easily cause root rot. It prefers fertile, well-drained, slightly acidic sandy soil and can also grow in weakly alkaline soil. In the warmer south, it can bloom from December to January of the following year. Magnolia has strong resistance to harmful gases. For example, if planted in factories with sulfur dioxide and chlorine pollution, it has certain resistance and sulfur-absorbing capacity. Through artificial fumigation with sulfur dioxide, 1 kg of dry leaves can absorb more than 1.6 g of sulfur. Therefore, magnolia is an excellent anti-pollution landscaping tree species for areas with atmospheric pollution. Magnolia likes light; young trees are relatively shade-tolerant and not tolerant of strong light or west-facing sun exposure, which can easily scorch the trees. Magnolia likes fertilizer. In addition to applying base fertilizer at planting, it should be fertilized every year thereafter. Sufficient fertilizer can make the plant grow vigorously with lush green, thick leaves, not only producing more buds but also larger flowers with a long flowering period and rich fragrance. Magnolia is a tree species with strong disease resistance. The main diseases include anthracnose, chlorosis, and leaf scorch. Besides ornamental value, magnolia also has medicinal and edible value. Magnolia flowers contain volatile oils, mainly citral, clove oil acid, etc., and also contain magnoflorine, alkaloids, yulan magnolia extract, capric acid, rutin, oleic acid, vitamin A, and other components, with certain medicinal value. Magnolia flowers are pungent and warm in nature, with the effects of dispelling wind and cold, unblocking orifices, and ventilating the lungs and nose. They can be used for headaches, blood stasis-type dysmenorrhea, nasal congestion, acute and chronic sinusitis, allergic rhinitis, and other conditions. Modern pharmacological research shows that magnolia flowers have an inhibitory effect on common skin fungi.

Magnolia flowers are rich in vitamins, amino acids, and various trace elements, with the effects of dispelling wind and cold and regulating qi and the lungs. They can be processed into snacks or brewed as tea. The magnolia flower meaning represents gratitude. Magnolia often produces large white flowers amid lush greenery, and with its fragrant scent, it gives people an indescribable elegance, truly fresh and lovely. Because the tree is tall and the flowers bloom at a higher position, swaying in the wind with a spirited appearance, like a heavenly maiden scattering flowers, it is very endearing.

Arrowroot (Maranta)

Arrowroot is a herbaceous plant. Most varieties have underground rhizomes or tubers. The leaves are solitary, relatively large, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, with pinnate veins arranged in two rows, and entire margins. Arrowroot is a good ground cover plant with diverse colors and is an excellent foliage plant. Arrowroot is a tropical plant that likes warm, humid, and brightly lit environments. It is not cold-tolerant or drought-tolerant and fears intense sun exposure. If exposed to direct sunlight, it will scorch the leaves, causing localized scorching at the leaf edges, new leaves to stop growing, and leaf color to turn yellow. Therefore, shading should be noted during cultivation. Arrowroot is quite sensitive to water. During the growing season, it should be watered thoroughly to keep the potting soil moist, but the soil should not be waterlogged, otherwise it will cause root rot and even plant death. Arrowroot is somewhat "delicate." It requires sufficient careful attention 365 days a year. If there are a few days of major environmental fluctuation, it will leave "evidence of the crime" on the plant. This is the consensus among arrowroot seedling dealers and growers. Arrowroot family plants do not have many pests and diseases, mainly scale insects and whiteflies. Of course, it has other values too, such as medicinal value and dietary value. Arrowroot powder is almost entirely starch, contains no vitamins, and has only 0.2% protein content. It can be used as a thickener for soups, sauces, puddings, and dessert pastries. Added to water and boiled, it becomes a transparent, odorless, tasty paste. Arrowroot powder is fine in texture and, compared to other starches, can be cooked at lower temperatures and in shorter times, and is easy to digest, especially suitable for custards and other egg products that cannot be overcooked, and also suitable for making light-flavored, low-salt, and low-protein foods. Effects: Clears the lungs and stops cough, clears heat and promotes urination. Indications: Used to treat cough from lung heat and painful urinary difficulty from damp-heat in the bladder.

Red-flowered Loropetalum

Red-flowered loropetalum (Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum) is an evergreen shrub or small tree. The bark is dark gray or light gray-brown, with many branches. The young branches are red-brown, densely covered with stellate hairs. The leaves are leathery, alternate, ovate or elliptic, 2 - 5 cm long, with a short pointed tip, rounded and oblique base, asymmetrical, stellate hairs on both surfaces, entire margins, dark red. Red-flowered loropetalum likes light and is slightly shade-tolerant, but in shade the leaf color easily turns green. It is highly adaptable and drought-tolerant. It likes warmth and tolerates cold. It has strong sprouting and branching ability and tolerates pruning. It tolerates poor soil but grows best in fertile, moist, slightly acidic soil. Red-flowered loropetalum has lush branches and leaves with a graceful form. It tolerates pruning and wiring, and can be used for hedges or made into stump bonsai. During the flowering season, the whole tree is covered in red flowers, extremely spectacular. Loropetalum is an evergreen plant with bright red new leaves. Different strains vary in leaf color and flower color at maturity, and leaf size also differs. In landscape applications, the main considerations are leaf color and leaf size, bringing contrasting colors through leaf color contrast, and the flowering periods can also be staggered. Main pests: aphids, geometer moths, yellow noctuid moths, Dao-pan noctuid moths, large and small cutworms, and scarab beetles. Common diseases of red-flowered loropetalum: anthracnose, damping-off, and mosaic disease. Anthracnose: Mainly harms old leaves and basal leaves. Because the leaves themselves are red, the diseased spots appear as

black round spots, or nearly round, causing early leaf drop. Damage is severe during the rainy season in July-August. The pathogen is Actinonema. The fungus overwinters as mycelium on diseased leaves and is the primary infection source for the following year's disease. When you find disease on the branches and leaves of red-flowered loropetalum, you must treat it promptly.

Ornamental Peach

Ornamental peach is a variety of peach, a tree 3-8 m tall; the crown is broad and spreading; the bark is dark red-brown, rough and scaly when old; the young branches are slender, hairless, glossy, green, turning red on the sunny side, with numerous small lenticels; the winter buds are conical, blunt at the tip, covered with short pubescence, often clustered 2-3 together, with a leaf bud in the middle and flower buds on the sides. The leaves are oblong-lanceolate, elliptic-lanceolate, or obovate-lanceolate. Ornamental peach likes sunlight and is drought-tolerant, not tolerant of humid environments. It likes a warm climate and has good cold hardiness, able to overwinter safely in natural environments at minus 25 degrees Celsius. It requires fertile, well-drained soil. It does not like waterlogging; if planted in low-lying waterlogged areas, seedling death easily occurs. Landscape value: Ornamental peach has large, brilliantly colored flowers and is beautiful when in bloom, with an ornamental period of up to 15 days. In landscaping, it is widely used around lakesides, streams, roadsides, and parks, etc. In small landscaping projects such as courtyard accents and private gardens, it is also used for potted appreciation and often for cut flowers and bonsai. There is also the common weeping ornamental peach. Ornamental peach has a wide range of landscaping uses with outstanding greening effects; the same year it is planted, it already shows particularly good results. It can be planted in rows, in groups, or as specimen plants, and the same year it already shows particularly good greening effects. Ornamental peach is one of the commonly used colorful nursery stock in landscaping and is usually used together with purple-leaf plum, purple-leaf sand cherry, and other nursery stock. When combined with flowering shrubs, it creates a scene of a hundred flowers blooming together. Besides ornamental value, it also has medicinal value. The gum secreted from the peach tree trunk, commonly known as peach gum, can be used as an adhesive, etc. It is a polysaccharide substance that can be hydrolyzed to produce arabinose, galactose, xylose, rhamnose, glucuronic acid, etc. It is edible and also used medicinally, with the effects of breaking blood stasis, harmonizing blood, and boosting qi. Diseases and pests often occur in summer and autumn. Its main diseases include: white rust and brown rot, shot hole disease, anthracnose, gummosis, and leaf curl. Main pests include aphids, red spiders, scale insects, and red-necked longhorn beetles.

Artificial Plant Communities

1. Satsuki azalea + red-flowered loropetalum + golden-edged euonymus + thornless holly ball

These four plants are highly adaptable and widely planted in Fuzhou. Three foliage-colored plants are planted linearly, giving rich leaf color, and combined with large-sized thornless holly balls, they form a neat, full, and clearly layered roadside green belt effect.

2. Red-flowered loropetalum + red-leaf photinia ball + michelia + Japanese maple

Red-flowered loropetalum itself is widely planted in Fujian and has good adaptability, with beautiful leaf and flower colors, while the red-leaf photinia ball has green old leaves accented by red new leaves, setting each other off beautifully. The four plants combined create rich layers and form a landscape road with longitudinal rhythm and spatial layering, as well as a strong sense of guidance.

3. Red-flowered loropetalum + Japanese aralia + Canary Island date palm + frangipani

In this combination of several plants, green is dominant, with both fine leaves (red-flowered loropetalum) and large coarse leaves (Japanese aralia, frangipani), while the Canary Island date palm adds a touch of tropical flavor. The layers are rich, creating a space-narrowing effect that makes people feel close to it.

4. Moso bamboo + iris

Moso bamboo is very suitable for planting in Fuzhou. It is a running bamboo, and the culms are spaced with gaps between them. Iris has a graceful posture and colorful, elegant blooms. The two combined together have great charm.

5. Small-leaf gardenia + red-flowered loropetalum + Japanese aucuba + sweet osmanthus

Small-leaf gardenia has leaves like a sparrow's tongue and a low stature, so it can serve as the lowest-layer plant. Japanese aucuba has yellow spots on its leaves and is a good foliage plant, while the tree-form sweet osmanthus has a delicate fragrance that refreshes the heart. The combination has varying density, changes in leaf color, and added floral fragrance.

6. Azalea + red-flowered loropetalum + Chinese fagraea + canna

Azalea has brilliant flowers, and with red-flowered loropetalum and Chinese fagraea as a backdrop, it is even more moving. Canna has large coarse leaves, narrowing the space and making people feel close.

7. Ground cover lawn + marigold + red-leaf photinia + red-flowered loropetalum ball + orange osmanthus

With green ground cover as the base, marigold's bright yellow flowers are extremely beautiful. Marigold is backed by red-flowered loropetalum and red photinia, while orange osmanthus has a spreading tree form. The several plants set each other off, with rich variation.

8. Dwarf lilyturf + guava tree

Both dwarf lilyturf and guava tree adapt very well in Fuzhou and grow normally. Dwarf lilyturf has fine, soft leaves, making it very suitable as ground cover. The guava tree has smooth yellow bark, a graceful posture, and relatively large leaves with well-spaced density, making it very suitable for open woodland paths.

9. Lawn + silver-edged agave + pruned and shaped banyan + yellow-flowered double-podded cassia

With green lawn as the base, agave has large coarse leaves with silver-yellow and green alternating colors, matching very harmoniously with the pruned and shaped banyan, while yellow-flowered double-podded cassia has a beautiful posture and brilliant flower color. This combination of several plants has rich layers, with color variation that is still harmonious.

10. Liriope + broadleaf lady palm + areca palm + papaya tree

This plant arrangement is suitable for one side of a small building. Liriope has fine, soft leaf shapes, while broadleaf lady palm and areca palm have larger, coarser leaves, and papaya has large palmate leaves, with fruit borne on the main trunk, and a very graceful posture.

11. Red mulberry (Acalypha) + golden dewdrop + red-flowered loropetalum

As a carpet-bedding plant combination, red mulberry (Acalypha) has bright leaf color and serves as the edge, golden dewdrop has yellow-green leaves, and red-flowered loropetalum has dark purple leaves. The three plants combined as a carpet bedding display are extremely attractive.

Part Two: "Maintenance Plan 4"

Landscape Greening Maintenance and Management Plan

Maintenance and management are very important in landscape greening. It is a long-term, repetitive task with comprehensive technical requirements, including the prevention of damage by people and animals, sanitation and cleaning, pruning of flowers, plants and trees, watering and fertilizing, pest and disease control, and planting of flowerbeds and flowers. The completion of green spaces does not mean the completion of the landscape. People often say "three parts planting, seven parts management." Only with high-quality, high-level maintenance and management can the landscape gradually take shape and become perfect.

Current characteristics of plants in the maintenance area:

1. The greening area covers approximately 245419 sq m, with a high greening coverage rate. There are large numbers of trees of different specifications and varieties and pruned and shaped shrubs, and the initial growth has gradually taken shape. After careful investigation, the plant planting characteristics can be roughly divided into two areas according to the original master plan:

1) Plaza area: The plant planting style in this area is relatively open. The plaza is mainly planted with rows of ginkgo, nanmu, and large trees,

with appropriately matched low shrubs, and the overall space is relatively transparent.

2) Factory area: The plant varieties in this area are complexly matched, with large and small trees, shrubs, and ground cover plants interplanted.

The entrance is mainly planted with relatively precious large plants (Canary Island date palm, jacaranda, small-leaf ficus stumps,

premium osmanthus, etc.). Whether the office area courtyard can still maintain its elegant and refined, spacious and grand

scenery, and whether the hotel villa area courtyard can still carry forward its delicate and gentle, leisurely and relaxed atmosphere,

all depend on subsequent maintenance and management.

2. From the greening conditions in the vertical area, we can find the following problems: ① Shaped shrubs are not growing well and their shapes are monotonous; ② Flowering shrubs have poor tree vigor, and their flowering conditions (including the amount of flowering, flower size, color, and secondary flowering) are unsatisfactory; ③ The lawn has many weeds, and in some local areas turfgrass weeds show a tendency to spread unchecked; ④ There are pest and disease problems.

I. We plan to take the following rectification measures:

1. Promote three-dimensional horticulture and carry out multi-form shaping of hedges and shrubs. For flowering shrubs planted as accents, take growth-promoting measures to encourage their growth and then shape them according to their form, which depends on the specific plant growth and plant shape. The hedges in some local areas are highly regular, and the uniform long strips undoubtedly make the courtyard, which should be free and leisurely, appear mechanical and rigid. We can also try pruning them into wave shapes to match the relaxed and casual landscaping of the residential area, enliven the atmosphere of the entire courtyard, and create a more smooth living environment.

2. Immediately begin pest and disease control. For plants showing pest and disease characteristics, immediately carry out large-scale chemical control.

3、

4、

5. For lawn weeds, apply chemicals and increase the workload of manual pulling. For different plants, implement different maintenance and management plans (mainly fertilizer supply: base fertilizer, topdressing, and foliar fertilizer; different plants and different seasons all have different fertilization methods and fertilizer choices). Plant labeling. We will classify and count all plants, then make green labels indicating their

family, genus, species, and living habits, and label all plants in the area. This can

enrich employees' general knowledge of plants, add cultural atmosphere to the park, and with eye-catching labels

bring more attention to the greening.

6. Greening maintenance is not something that can be done overnight. While doing a good job in rectification, we will also adopt different maintenance and management measures for different

plants at different times. We arrange our daily work by month

(detailed rules attached), striving to make our work bring the landscape effect in the blueprint to the extreme.

We also ask Party A to offer more opinions so that our work can gradually become more perfect and complete.

7. Maintenance responsibilities

Within the contracted maintenance period, our company will, in accordance with landscape greening maintenance operating procedures and landscape greening maintenance quality standards, organize reasonably, maintain carefully, and dispatch professional horticulturists to organize, guide, and arrange management and protection work, and flexibly dispatch no fewer than experienced workers according to the weather in each season and plant growth conditions, to complete the maintenance and management tasks with guaranteed quality and quantity.

VI. Maintenance content

1. Management procedures: including watering, opening soil basins and earthing up, pruning, fertilizing, weeding, pruning and bud removal, pest and disease control, straightening, and replanting (seedling costs are calculated separately), and other complete processes. {Maintenance measures for southern plants: date palm}.

2. Management tools:

A. Flower shears, long shears, high-altitude shears, grass shovels, lawn mowers

B. Sprayers, buckets, dump carts, bamboo baskets

C. Shovels, hoes, saws, electric saws, ladders

D. Fuel, maintenance costs

3. Maintenance content:

A. Trees: Apply organic fertilizer once a year, 0.25 kg of cake fertilizer per tree, and topdress once, 0.1 kg of compound fertilizer mixed with urea per tree, using hole application, spraying, and water-fertilizer methods, then cover with soil and water thoroughly, with water penetration depth of more than 10 cm. Control pests and diseases in time, maintain the trees' natural growth state, no shaping pruning needed, promptly prune yellow branches, diseased and pest-infested branches, shaded leggy branches, and drooping branches that obstruct vehicle passage, and promptly clean up pruned material. Remove weeds around tree roots once a week to ensure no weeds.

B. Shrubs, hedges, bag seedlings: Fertilize once a quarter, applying 10 kg of urea mixed with compound fertilizer per 667 sq m, using broadcast application and water-fertilizer methods, etc. Water once within three hours after application, and water once a day (except rainy days), with water penetration depth of more than 10 cm. Control pests and diseases in time. For those pruned into round, square, or conical shapes, do minor pruning once a week and major pruning once a month, with smooth and attractive cut surfaces, promptly remove pruned material, promptly prune dead branches and diseased and pest-infested branches, promptly replant old, diseased, and dead plants, and remove weeds once a week.

C. Herbaceous plants: Fertilize once a quarter, applying 10 kg of urea mixed with compound fertilizer per 667 sq m, using broadcast application and water-fertilizer methods, etc. Water once within three hours after application, and water once a day (except rainy days), with water penetration depth of more than 10 cm. Control pests and diseases in time, prune spent flowers once a week, remove weeds once a week, and promptly prune dead and yellow branches.

D. Taiwan grass: Fertilize once a quarter, applying 10 kg of urea mixed with compound fertilizer per 667 sq m, with even fertilization and thorough watering, with water penetration depth of more than 5 cm. Control pests and diseases in time, promptly replant wilted and dead missing parts, with coverage rate above 98%, and prune 1-2 times a month.

(II) Specific annual landscape maintenance work schedule:

January: The month with the lowest temperatures of the year, when open-field trees are in a dormant state.

1. Winter pruning: Fully carry out shaping and pruning work on deciduous trees; prune dead branches, damaged branches, diseased and pest-infested branches on large and small trees, and branches that obstruct overhead lines and buildings.

2. Street tree inspection: Promptly inspect the tying and staking of street trees. When loosened ties, wire embedded in bark, or unstable stakes are found, rectify immediately.

3. Pest control: Winter is a favorable season for eliminating landscape pests. In the loose soil under trees, dig up and collect the pupae and cocoons of slug moths and burn them in a centralized manner. In mid-January, scale insects begin activity, but at this time they move slowly, so we can scrape off the larvae on tree trunks. Controlling pests in winter often achieves twice the result with half the effort.

4. Green space maintenance: In green spaces, flowerbeds, and other areas, pay attention to removing large weeds; lawns should be promptly weeded and edged; in green spaces, pay attention to antifreeze watering.

February: Temperatures rise somewhat compared with last month, and trees are still in a dormant state.

1. Maintenance is basically the same as January.

2. Pruning: Continue pruning dead branches and diseased branches of large and small trees. Finish pruning all kinds of trees before the end of the month.

3. Pest control: Continue focusing on preventing slug moths and scale insects.

March: Temperatures continue to rise. After mid-month, trees begin to sprout, and in late month some trees (such as camellia) bloom.

1. Tree planting: Spring is a favorable time for planting trees. After the soil thaws, immediately seize the opportunity to plant trees. Before planting large and small trees, complete planning and design, dig (excavate) tree pits in advance, and ensure digging, transporting, planting, and watering are done promptly. When planting shrubs, also ensure digging, transporting, and planting are done promptly, and water fully to increase seedling survival rate.

2. Spring irrigation: Because spring is dry and windy with high evaporation, to prevent spring drought, water green spaces and other areas promptly.

3. Fertilization: After the soil thaws, apply base fertilizer to plants and irrigate. {Maintenance measures for southern plants: date palm}.

4. Pest and disease control: This month is a critical time for pest and disease control. Some seedlings have developed sooty mold, and the boxwood leaf roller has also appeared (use pesticides such as fenitrothion spraying for control). For slug moth control, the method of digging up pupae can continue to be used.

April: Temperatures continue to rise, and trees all sprout, bloom, or unfold leaves and begin to enter a period of vigorous growth.

1. Continue planting trees: In early April, seize the time to plant trees that sprout late. For shrubs that died in winter (azaleas, red flower loropetalum, etc.), promptly remove and replant. Water newly planted trees fully.

2. Irrigation: Continue timely watering of maintained green spaces.

3. Fertilization: For lawns and shrubs, combine with irrigation and apply quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer as topdressing, or carry out foliar spraying as needed.

4. Pruning: Prune branches that dried up in winter and spring. Evergreen hedges can be pruned.

5. Pest and disease control: (1) After the second molting, scale insects gradually move to bark cracks, tree holes, trunk bases, wall corners, and other places, secrete white waxy thin cocoons, and pupate. They can be swept away with a hard bamboo broom and then buried deeply or soaked in a centralized manner. Alternatively, pesticides such as fenitrothion can be sprayed. (2) Longhorn beetles begin activity. A grafting knife or self-made steel wire can be used to remove larvae, but the wound should be as small as possible. (3) Control work for other pests and diseases.

6. Maintenance in green spaces: Pay attention to removing weeds and climbing plants in large green spaces. Lawns should also be weeded and edged.

May: Temperatures rise sharply, and trees grow rapidly.

1. Watering: During the peak leaf expansion period, trees have a very high water demand, so water timely.

2. Pruning: Prune spent flowers. Carry out the first bud removal pruning of street trees.

3. Pest and disease control: Continue focusing on catching longhorn beetles. The first generation of slug moths hatches, but has not yet reached a harmful level, so take corresponding measures according to the actual conditions in the maintenance area. Sooty mold caused by scale insects, aphids, etc. has also entered its peak period (on crape myrtle, pittosporum, oleander, etc.). In mid-to-late May, spray 10?20 times rosin mixture and 50% parathion emulsifiable concentrate at 1500?2000 times dilution to control diseases and kill pests. (Others may use pesticides such as insecticidal antibiotics and huabao.)

June: High temperatures

1. Watering: Plants have a high water demand, so water promptly and do not "live by looking at the sky."

2. Fertilization: Combine loosening soil and weeding, fertilizing, and watering to achieve the best effect.

3. Pruning: Continue bud removal and sprout removal work on street trees. Carry out pruning on hedges, ball-shaped plants, and some flowering shrubs. {Maintenance measures for southern plants: date palm}.

4. Drainage work: During heavy rain, pay attention to drainage in low-lying areas.

5. Pest and disease control: In mid-to-late June, slug moths enter the peak hatching period, so measures should be taken promptly. At present, spraying 50% fenitrothion emulsifiable concentrate at 500?800 times dilution is basically used. (Or compound BT emulsifiable concentrate may be sprayed.) Continue manual catching of longhorn beetles.

6. Do a good job in pre-flood and pre-typhoon inspections of trees, straightening, reinforcing, and re-tying loose and tilted trees.

July: Temperatures are highest, and after mid-month there will be strong winds and heavy rain.

1. Transplanting evergreen trees: During the rainy season, with sufficient moisture, conifers and bamboos can be transplanted, but pay attention to weather changes and water promptly once high temperatures occur.

2. Drainage: Drain promptly after heavy rain.

3. Topdressing: Apply quick-acting fertilizers such as nitrogen fertilizer dry before rain.

4. Street trees: Carry out typhoon-prevention bud removal pruning. Prune all branches that conflict with power lines, and inspect tree stakes one by one. If looseness or instability is found, straighten and tie them tightly immediately. Prepare in advance in terms of labor organization, materials, tools and equipment, and send personnel to inspect at any time, handling dangers promptly when found.

5. Pest and disease control: Continue controlling longhorn beetles and slug moths. For longhorn beetle control, 50% fenitrothion at 1:50 dilution can be injected (or fruit tree treasure, or Yuanke No. 3), then seal the hole, which can also achieve a very good effect. Camphor tree nest borers should be pruned promptly, and the insect nests destroyed to prevent renewed harm.

August: Still the rainy season

1. Drainage: After heavy rain, drain low-lying waterlogged areas promptly.

2. Typhoon prevention work for street trees: Continue doing a good job in typhoon prevention for street trees.

3. Pruning: In addition to general summer pruning of trees, carry out shaping pruning of hedges.

4. Cultivation and weeding: Weeds also grow vigorously, so weed promptly, and fertilization can be combined with weeding.

5. Pest and disease control: Focus on catching longhorn beetles, and pay attention to catching longhorn beetles at the roots. Aphid damage and camphor tree nest borers should be controlled promptly. In humid weather, pay attention to powdery mildew and rot, and take measures promptly. September: Temperatures decline somewhat, and relevant work should be done well to welcome National Day.

1. Pruning: To welcome the city appearance work, remove buds below the third-level branching of street trees. Shaping pruning of hedges. Weeding in green spaces, lawn edging, and timely removal of dead trees, so that trees have green branches and leaves and green spaces are clean and tidy.

2. Fertilization: For some trees with weaker growth and insufficiently full branches, apply some phosphorus and potassium fertilizer as topdressing.

3. Pest and disease control: Shot hole disease (cherry, peach, plum, etc.) is at its peak. Use 500% carbendazim at 1000 times dilution to prevent infection. Longhorn beetles begin to shift to root damage, so pay attention to catching longhorn beetles at the roots. Also promptly control wood borers on poplar and willow. Do a good job in controlling other pests and diseases.

4. Before the holiday, do a good job inspecting various greening facilities.

October: Temperatures drop. In late October, early winter begins, trees begin to shed leaves, and they gradually enter the dormant period.

1. Prepare well for autumn tree planting. In late month, once cold-tolerant trees shed their leaves, planting can begin.

2. Green space maintenance: Promptly remove dead trees and water promptly. Do a good job in weeding and edging green spaces and lawns. Fertilize herbaceous flowers that are growing poorly.

3. Pest and disease control: Continue catching longhorn beetles at the roots. Also pay attention to observing and controlling camphor tree nest borers. November: The soil begins to freeze at night and thaw during the day, entering deep winter.

1. Tree planting: Continue planting cold-tolerant plants, completing before the soil freezes.

2. Soil turning: Turn the soil in green spaces to expose pests preparing to overwinter.

3. Watering: Water dry and hardened soil, completing before freezing.

4. Pest and disease control: Various pests prepare to overwinter in late month, so the control task is relatively light.

December: Low temperatures, begin winter maintenance work.

1. Winter pruning: Prune some evergreen trees and shrubs.

2. Eliminate overwintering pests and diseases.

3. Prepare well for next year's adjustment work: After deciduous plants shed their leaves, observe the maintenance area and draw the positions to be adjusted.

VII. Green space maintenance quality objectives

1. Greening maintenance technical measures are complete and management is proper, achieving no exposed yellow soil.

2. Landscape plants

2.1 Growth is normal. Various plants in newly built green spaces reach normal form within three years; if plants or grass are injured or die due to poor management, the replanted seedlings must survive within one year.

2.2 Landscape trees have basically complete crowns, with main and lateral branches evenly distributed, appropriate in number, reasonably pruned, with an uncluttered inner crown, and good ventilation and light transmission. Flowering shrubs bloom promptly and normally, and are pruned promptly after flowering. Hedges and color blocks have normal branches and leaves and are neat and uniform. There are no missing street trees, and no dead trees in green spaces.

2.3 Deciduous trees have normal new shoot growth and normal leaf size and color. Under general conditions, yellow leaves, scorched leaves, curled leaves, and leaves with insect excretions and webs must not exceed 5%, and the preservation rate of normal leaves is above 90%. Coniferous

Part Three: "Annual Greening Maintenance Plan"

Annual Greening Maintenance Plan

January

1. Carry out winter shaping and pruning of various deciduous trees, pruning dead branches, overlapping branches, crossing branches, diseased and pest-infested branches, and lower lateral branches, to ensure that tree development tends to be reasonable, tree branch form is improved, and the breeding of pests and diseases is reduced.

2. Appropriately thin out trees that are too densely growing, which can reduce pests and diseases and increase growth.

3. Carry out winter plowing and soil turning to improve the soil, and apply winter fertilizer to all trees, ground cover, and lawns to ensure the nutrient needs of seedlings and lawns.

4. Winter is a favorable season for eliminating landscape pests. In the loose soil under trees, dig up and collect the pupae and cocoons of slug moths and burn them in a centralized manner.

5. As appropriate, scarify individual lawn types and prune 1-2 times. February

1. Carry out weeding, pruning, and fertilization work on lawns.

2. Do a good job in pest and disease control, especially paying attention to powdery mildew on narrow-leaf mahonia and mealybugs on coral trees and Japanese aralia.

3. In particular, strengthen antifreeze and heat preservation measures for trees, and do a good job in loosening soil and earthing up around tree roots.

4. For cool-season lawns, apply topdressing (urea) once at the end of the month at 10 g/mu.

March

1. To prevent spring drought, water trees promptly.

2. Promptly mow lawns and remove weeds, and clean up winter grass in tree beds and flowerbeds.

3. Pest and disease control: Strengthen observation and inspection, and carry out forecasting, early warning and control work well. Special attention should be paid to sooty mold and the boxwood leaf roller. In mid-March the eggs of the crape myrtle felt scale hatch; from late March, pear rust occurs on Malus species and cold-region turfgrass, so pay attention to prevention reporting.

4. Carry out soil filling and sand topdressing on local depressions and low-lying spots in the lawn, and give the winter ryegrass lawn a low mowing to ensure the germination and growth of the underlying grass.

April

1. Do a good job of loosening the soil, weeding and pre-flowering fertilizing for field-planted flowers and trees. In particular, apply light fertilizer to perennial flowers and spring-sown herbaceous flowers; for lawns and shrubs, combine with irrigation and apply a quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer as a topdressing, or carry out foliar spraying as needed.

2. Cut out the branches that dried up in winter and spring; you can begin pruning evergreen hedges.

3. Pest and disease control: mainly control aphids, sooty mold and scale insects. Keep relevant records.

May

1. This month is the peak period of leaf expansion for trees, and the water demand is very high, so water them in good time.

2. Prune spring flowering shrubs such as osmanthus and hall crabapple, and promptly carry out bud removal on London plane, red-leaf plum, crape myrtle and other trees.

3. Hoe and weed flower beds and shrub color blocks. At the same time, carry out weed removal by hand in the lawn, and mow the lawn grass in good time to control its height.

4. Pest and disease control: do a good job of forecasting, early warning and control.

June

1. Water the plants in good time to ensure a sufficient water supply.

2. Loosen the soil and hoe weeds in tree beds and color-block shrubs, and carry out weed removal by hand in the lawn.

3. The lawn should be mowed in good time, and its growth height should be controlled; pay attention to controlling the occurrence of large-scale pests and diseases. Apply a compound fertilizer once to lawns that grow poorly or lack fertilizer, so that they can pass the summer safely.

4. Pest and disease control: do a good job of forecasting, early warning and control.

July

1. In high-temperature weather, it is especially important to ensure that the watering of plants is carried out.

2. Carry out soil loosening and hoeing of flower beds and color-block shrubs, and at the same time do a good job of weed removal by hand in ground cover. This month the weather is hot, with high temperatures and relatively high humidity; weeds grow fast, so seize the opportunity to carry out hoeing and hand weeding to prevent the formation of a weed wilderness, and continue inter-row cultivation and weeding and loosening of the soil.

3. Earnestly do a good job of typhoon and flood prevention; reinforce and secure the trees in the garden to prevent lodging; promptly dredge and drain places that are low-lying or have serious water accumulation.

4. Pest and disease control: do a good job of forecasting, early warning and control.

August

1. Carry out summer pruning of evergreen trees, and carry out shaping pruning of hedges.

2. Lawn weeds grow vigorously, so weed and mow in good time, control the lawn height, and combine weeding with fertilizing. Timely supplementary fertilizing and topdressing are needed, mainly with P and K fertilizers, together with N fertilizer; for small saplings, shrubs and herbaceous flowers, apply light fertilizer frequently, and at the same time pay attention to grasping the fertilizing period and climate well.

3. In high-temperature weather, it is essential to ensure the daily watering and drought-relief work; it must not be chosen to be done between 10:00 and 15:00, so as to avoid burning the seedlings. (Including: tree bed maintenance, weed control, soil loosening, etc.)

4. Continue to do a good job of typhoon and flood prevention, further reinforce and secure the large trees in the residential area to prevent lodging; and promptly dredge and drain ditches in low-lying and other water-accumulating places, to prevent water from accumulating for too long.

5. Pest and disease control: do a good job of forecasting, early warning and control.

September

1. Carry out shaping pruning of hedges. Weed in green areas and promptly clear dead trees, so that tree branches are green and leaves lush, and the green areas are clean and tidy.

2. Thin out trees that are too densely grown, and at the same time carry out bud removal work.

3. The lawn should be mowed, edged and cleared of weeds in good time, and attention should be paid to pest and disease control work.

4. Carry out hoeing of flower beds and color-block shrubs, and at the same time do a good job of weed removal by hand in ground cover, and collect flower seeds.

5. Pest and disease control: do a good job of forecasting, early warning and control.

October

1. Prune spherical shrubs; to ensure a beautiful appearance, neatness and distinct layers. Prune the tree form of evergreen trees so that their growth and development tend to be reasonable and their tree posture and appearance are improved.

2. Strengthen the management of newly planted herbaceous flowers, promptly fill in bare gaps and water, and apply fertilizer to those growing poorly.

3. Pest and disease control: do a good job of forecasting and early warning, actively control, and keep relevant records. November

1. Carry out thinning and pruning of evergreen trees and evergreen shrubs, mainly for ventilation and light transmission, to reduce pests and diseases and enhance growth vigor.

2. Do a good job of hand weeding and edging in flower beds, color-block shrubs and green areas, promptly pull out weeds, and promptly replant bare gaps. Adjust the trees in the local layout as the situation requires; some evergreen trees and a few deciduous tree species can be transplanted. And begin cold-proof and warmth-preserving work; for trees with poor cold resistance

carry out straw wrapping and soil mounding.

3. Strengthen the maintenance and management of newly planted plants, pay attention to timely watering, and carry out appropriate pruning. For the lawn, carry out scarifying and aerating as the situation requires, and at the same time mow 2 to 3 times.

4. Carry out fertilizing work in late this month, and combine with increasing the application of organic fertilizer to carry out soil turning work in green areas.

5. Pest and disease control: do a good job of forecasting and early warning, actively control, and keep relevant records. December

1. Do a good job of hand weeding and edging in color-block shrubs and green areas, and promptly pull out weeds.

2. Carry out thinning and pruning of evergreen and deciduous trees and shrubs, mainly to remove stubs and dead branches, in order to make the trees grow better in the following year (flowering shrubs that have already formed flower buds must not be pruned); at the same time, pay attention to clearing insect cocoons on trunks and branches.

3. Wrap sago palm, date palm and other southern plants with straw rope to ensure they overwinter safely.

4. Pest and disease control: do a good job of forecasting and early warning, actively control, and keep relevant records.

Part Four: "The Latest Commonly Used Southern Landscape Plants"

Commonly used garden plants in southern landscapes

Evergreen trees:

Norfolk Island pine, slash pine, China fir, Caribbean pine, Chinese weeping cypress, mahogany, big-leaf mahogany, false sterculia, Chinese saraca, sugar apple, longan, Dracontomelon duperreanum, Michelia macclurei, golden shower tree, Chinese arborvitae, Chinese juniper, dragon juniper, Fujian cypress, Buddhist pine, Japanese cedar, Buddhist pine (Podocarpus nagi), long-leaf podocarpus, white champaca, southern magnolia, houpo magnolia, cinnamon (Cinnamomum burmannii), camphor tree, cinnamon, Keteleeria hainanensis, Hainan ormosia, Taiwan acacia, siamese senna, red camel's foot tree, camel's foot tree, butterfly tree, almond, mango, Ormosia henryi, water banyan, water stone banyan, avocado, blackboard tree, false betel nut palm, Chinese fan palm, fishtail palm, queen palm, rose apple, Hainan rose apple, sapodilla, lemon-scented gum, river red gum, swamp mahogany, blue gum, paperbark tea tree, butterfly fruit, Chinese Torreya, Cephalotaxus fortunei, Indian rubber fig, banyan, small-leaf fig, large-fruit fig, weeping fig, yellow banyan, sacred fig, beefwood, jackfruit, maple-leafed maple, tanbark oak, ring-cupped oak, candlenut, silver birch, sharp-leaf elaeocarpus, big-leaf elaeocarpus, sea hibiscus, iron wintergreen, privet, osmanthus, loquat, albizia, royal palm, fish-tail palm (Caryota obtusa), Mexican fan palm, sugar palm, date palm, long-leaf phoenix palm, autumn maple, red sandalwood, large-flowered dillenia, jackfruit, yellow sophora, jackfruit, large-leaf privet, Michelia chapensis, schefflera, Heteropanax fragrans

Deciduous trees:

Small-leaf terminalia, Chinese swamp cypress, water winter melon, Chinese tallow, jujube, sand pear, soapberry, whole-margin goldenrain tree, frangipani, bald cypress, pond cypress, Chinese tulip tree, white magnolia, Chinese parasol tree, sawtooth oak, cork oak, Chinese hackberry, Chinese elm, white oak, camptotheca, large-flowered crape myrtle, beautiful silk floss tree, flame tree, peacock flower, jacaranda, yellow sophora, chinaberry, China berry, coral tree, cockspur coral tree, chestnut, silk tree, acacia, Kalopanax septemlobus, sweetgum, weeping willow, two-bloom magnolia, purple-leaf plum, ornamental peach, plum, papaya, India

red sandalwood, red-leaf plum

Evergreen shrubs:

Sago palm, Chinese plum yew, orchid tree (Aglaia odorata), large-leaf boxwood, dense-flowered oleaster, camellia sasanqua, South China coral tree, gold-dusted aucuba, St. John's wort, three-stamen areca, areca palm, qiong palm, four-season orchid tree, soft-branch allamanda, small-leaf Bo Gu Dan, red bottlebrush, Fujian tea, gardenia, crown of thorns, poinsettia, Yunnan jasmine, aucuba, holly, foreign azalea, glossy dracaena, croton, red mulberry, golden-edge mulberry, golden-leaf fig, smooth senna, Ma Yin Hua, Ardisia, orange jasmine, red-back croton, climbing ylang-ylang, camellia, oil tea, large-leaf tea, oleander, yellow oleander, small-flower allamanda, snow-in-June, banana shrub, pittosporum, mahonia, nandina, Japanese aralia, night-blooming magnolia, hibiscus, lantern flower, azalea, yucca, yucca, South China boxwood, fan palm, soft-leaf phoenix palm, short-spike fishtail palm, dwarf lady palm, bamboo palm,

golden banyan, fiddle-leaf fig, willow-leaf fig, golden-vein justicia, schefflera, variegated duranta, yellow-leaf duranta, Bo Gu Dan, golden-leaf privet, taro, Philodendron selloum, Monstera deliciosa, Aspidistra, snake plant, thick-leaf rhaphiolepis, variegated hibiscus, purple brocade tree, small-leaf boxwood, African jasmine, yesterday-today-and-tomorrow, shrimp plant, spider lily, spider orchid, calliandra, red loropetalum, large-flowered datura, white paper fan, red paper fan, hairy azalea, Western azalea, dual-pod senna, hard-stem trumpet vine, rose myrtle, ixora, Yunnan jasmine, jasmine, fiddle-leaf coral, blue snowflake, blue star flower, butterfly pea, nandina, pepper tree, red-back croton,

Deciduous shrubs:

Cotton rose, bridal wreath spirea, rhombus-leaf spirea, modern rose, glomerata, pomegranate, beautyberry, purple magnolia, bush clover, Amur honeysuckle, Chinese snowball, rose of Sharon, redbud, hedge cherry, bridal wreath, pearl flower, butterfly tree, elderberry, fig, Sichuan pepper, trifoliate orange, butterfly bush, small wax privet

Vines:

Monstera deliciosa, bougainvillea, Millettia reticulata, firecracker vine, Rangoon creeper, three-leaf akebia, honeysuckle, Euonymus fortunei, climbing fig, kiwifruit, creeping euonymus, Hong Kong rhaphidophora, Mucuna birdwoodiana, wax flower, Rhaphidophora pinnata, pothos, star jasmine, Chinese ivy, English ivy, southern schisandra, Boston ivy, Chinese trumpet creeper, passionflower, multi-flowered crape myrtle, Mucuna sempervirens, large-flowered thunbergia

Climbing ylang-ylang, large-flowered thunbergia, Rangoon creeper, coral vine, Boston ivy, firecracker vine, white-flowered Mucuna, beautiful clerodendrum, wisteria, climbing fig, cypress vine, morning glory, maple-leaf morning glory, snake vine, Jasminum officinale, large-flowered Dutchman's pipe, garlic vine, wood rose, Bignonia capreolata, passionflower

Bamboos:

Bambusa textilis, Bambusa chungii, moso bamboo, fernleaf bamboo, Phyllostachys glauca, golden bamboo, Neosinocalamus affinis, hedge bamboo, bitter bamboo, Indocalamus, Buddha belly bamboo, Dendrocalamus latiflorus, Bambusa textilis, Thai bamboo, Bambusa pervariabilis, square bamboo, green bamboo, Guanyin bamboo, small Qin Si bamboo, red bamboo

Lawn and ground cover plants:

Bermuda grass, Chinese zoysia, fine-leaf zoysia, carpet grass, centipede grass, two-spike paspalum, Manila grass, zoysia, Guangdong evergreen, spiderwort, Bang Hua, dwarf lilyturf, large-leaf curculigo, Liriope, lucky plant, Aspidistra black-eye flower, Acorus gramineus, autumn zephyr lily, Chinese chive lily, golden spider lily, white butterfly, butterfly flower, red-flowered oxalis, Tradescantia zebrina,

Purple-back arrowroot, Syngonium, white-butterfly Syngonium, pothos, Tradescantia zebrina, sword fern, aluminum plant, small Bang Lan, peace lily, silver-edge lilyturf, red-flowered lantana, yellow-flowered lantana, purple-flowered lantana

, dusty miller, bleeding glorybower, shrimp plant, firecracker plant, asparagus fern, beach evening primrose, beach morning glory, ivy, star jasmine, ginger lily, umbrella plant, papyrus, iris, purple loosestrife, narcissus, lotus, water lily, three-lobed wedelia, red-flowered oxalis, Brazilian peanut vine, dichondra, purple amaranth, round-leaf amaranth, coleus, fine-leaf verbena, red-green herb, autumn zephyr lily, Chinese chive lily, amaryllis, lily, calla lily, periwinkle, centipede grass, Manila grass, Korean lawn grass, Bermuda grass, large-leaf carpet grass, variegated blunt grass, bahia grass, short-leaf lilyturf

Palms:

Royal palm, Washington palm, triangle palm, king palm, foxtail palm, Butia palm, bottle palm, club palm, Middle Eastern date palm, Canary Island date palm, Bismarck palm, oil palm, Caryota obtusa, windmill palm, dragon-scale palm, Chinese fan palm, queen palm, queen palm, Mexican fan palm, beautiful phoenix palm, short-spike fishtail palm, long-spike fishtail palm, areca palm, three-stamen areca, traveler's palm, lady palm,

Seasonal flowers

Star flower, African impatiens, four-season begonia, scarlet sage, dwarf petunia, hybrid dianthus, ornamental kale, French marigold, marigold, nasturtium, pansy, wishbone flower, cockscomb, pot marigold, globe amaranth, zinnia, moss rose, purslane, cosmos, cineraria, spider flower, daylily, lavender, purple loosestrife

Part Five: "Examples of Southern Plant Arrangements"

Southern plant arrangements

Philodendron selloum + umbrella plant + variegated galangal

Large horse-tail iron + seven-color horse-tail iron + nandina + sword fern + placed stones

Royal palm + Caryota obtusa + beautiful phoenix palm + canna + coleus + croton

Royal palm + Canary Island date palm head + red iron + red mulberry + ixora

Royal palm + false betel nut palm + areca palm + large-leaf lady palm + golden leaf

Part Six: "Commonly Used Southern Garden Plants"

Commonly used plants in southern courtyards

I. Palms:

1. Royal palm 2. False betel nut palm 3. Washington palm 4. Silver date palm 5. Canary Island date palm 6. Three-stamen areca

7. Chinese fan palm 8. Mexican fan palm 9. Areca palm 10. Lady palm (fine-leaf lady palm) 11. Golden mountain palm 12. Soft-leaf phoenix palm

II. Trees (street trees, shade trees):

1. Flame tree 2. Kapok 3. Beautiful silk floss tree 4. Coral tree 5. Sharp-leaf elaeocarpus 6. Blackboard tree

7. Fine-leaf fig 8. Water stone banyan 9. Mango 10. China berry 11. Cinnamon (Cinnamomum burmannii) 12. Large-leaf crape myrtle

13. Red sandalwood 14. Frangipani 15. Terminalia tree 16. Traveler's palm 17. Red-leaved pandanus 18. Autumn maple

19. Carambola 20. Sharp-leaf osmanthus 21. Golden shower tree 22. Albizia 23. Paperbark tea tree

24. Eucalyptus 25. Hainan rose apple 26. Large-leaf Aphanamixis 27. Camel's foot tree 28. Mahogany

29. Banyan 30. Flame tree 31. Yellow-flowered Tabebuia 32. Double-feather goldenrain tree

III. Flowering shrubs:

1. Four-season osmanthus 2. Fine-leaf bamboo 3. Tree fern 4. Yellow banyan 5. Bougainvillea

6. Yellow sophora 7. Red bottlebrush 8. Golden-edge sisal 9. Hibiscus 10. Fagraea 11. Variegated fig

12. Hibiscus 13. Banana shrub 14. Crape myrtle 15. Calliandra 16. Tabernaemontana 17. Dragon boat orchid

18. Agave 19. Yucca 20. Firecracker vine 21. Yellow oleander 22. Polyscias

IV. Ground cover or color blocks:

1. Pittosporum 2. Monstera deliciosa 3. Pothos 4. Bird's nest fern 5. Red gem 6. Large-leaf polygonum 7. Schefflera

8. Little angel 9. Golden leaf 10. Cigar flower 11. Fine-leaf frog orchid 12. Three-star arrowroot 13. Hairy azalea

14. Dwarf fan palm 15. Philodendron selloum 16. Variegated duranta 17. Spider lily 18. Tradescantia zebrina 19. Soft-branch allamanda

20. Variegated galangal 21. Asparagus fern 22. Golden peanut 23. Fine-leaf ixora 24. Sword fern 25. Yellow shrimp flower

26. White butterfly 27. Aluminum plant 28. Variegated dieffenbachia 29. Rainbow dracaena 30. Croton 31. Lilyturf

32. Silver-edge grass 33. Jasmine 34. Velvet arrowroot 35. Taiwan grass 36. Large-leaf carpet grass

37. Manila grass 38. Bermuda grass 39. Ryegrass 40. Tall fescue

There are also some commonly used plants:

1. Bodhi fig 2. Banyan 3. Water stone banyan 4. Campanula 5. National Day flower 6. Golden shower tree

7. Siamese senna 8. Sausage tree 9. Thai yellow large yellow flower ball 10. Golden melaleuca

11. Winged-pod senna 12. Dual-pod sophora 13. Daily cherry 14. Water banyan 15. Grey manglietia

16. Hainan sajin 17. Variegated money tree 18. Hainan ormosia 19. Mahogany

20. Albizia 21. Sandalwood osmanthus 22. Autumn osmanthus 23. Laurel 24. Mexican fan palm 25. Fine-leaf bamboo

26. Indian yellow (purple) sandalwood 27. Red sandalwood 28. Dianella 29. Leizhou fig 30. Cat-tail tree

Commonly used garden plants in the south

1. Evergreen trees

Norfolk Island pine, Cunningham's araucaria, Keteleeria, large-leaf araucaria, kauri, Masson pine, slash pine, camphor tree, Cinnamomum japonicum, giant tail eucalyptus, paperbark tea tree, rose apple, Hainan rose apple, autumn maple, Taiwan acacia, horse-tip acacia, ear-pod acacia, red sandalwood, small-leaf fig, large-leaf fig, banyan, bird fig, Indian rubber fig, variegated Indian rubber fig, sacred fig, candlenut, mahogany, Dillenia, blackboard tree, Terminalia tree, small-leaf terminalia, jackfruit, wax apple, Dracontomelon duperreanum, sapodilla, China berry, beefwood, white champaca, night-blooming magnolia, Michelia macclurei, small-leaf elaeocarpus, southern magnolia, sea hibiscus, mango, longan, lychee, olive, loquat, bayberry, pomelo, water stone banyan, Buddhist pine, dragon juniper, Buddhist pine (Podocarpus nagi), osmanthus, four-season osmanthus, banana shrub, orchid tree, camellia, weeping fig, butterfly fruit, oblique-leaf fig

2. Deciduous trees

Dawn redwood, pond cypress, bald cypress, Chinese swamp cypress, Chinese tulip tree, Chinese parasol tree, Bischofia polycarpa, albizia, large-leaf silk tree, silver acacia, sweetgum, weeping willow, sausage tree, Anthocephalus chinensis, silver birch, Chinese hackberry, soapberry, Chinese pistache, chinaberry, Chinese tallow, tung oil tree, ginkgo, sterculia, persimmon, fig, mulberry, papaya, guava, red maple, acacia

3. Palms

False betel nut palm, royal palm, king palm, bottle palm, club palm, triangle palm, foxtail palm, queen palm, oil palm, sugar palm, large silk palm, Washington palm, Canary Island date palm, Middle Eastern date palm, Iranian honey date palm, Chinese fan palm, Caryota obtusa, sugar palm, scale phoenix palm, soft-leaf phoenix palm, three-stamen areca, green palm, fragrant palm, long-spike fishtail palm, short-spike fishtail palm, areca palm, windmill palm, banana, traveler's palm, dracaena, lady palm, fine-leaf lady palm, Nicolai bird of paradise, red-stem philodendron, false taro

4. Foliage shrubs

Golden-leaf weeping fig, golden banyan, fiddle-leaf fig, willow-leaf fig, Garcinia, variegated reed bamboo, drooping-leaf polyalthia, red-spine pandanus, pittosporum, variegated hibiscus, sago palm, red bottlebrush, woody night jasmine, cotinus, golden-vein justicia, Japanese aralia, creeping juniper, variegated cassava, nandina, schefflera, variegated schefflera, pepper tree, red-back croton, red mulberry, Japanese lilac, false duranta, variegated false duranta, yellow-leaf false duranta, orange jasmine, croton, halberd-leaf croton, Hainan croton, gold-dusted croton, Bo Gu Dan, Fujian tea, small-leaf boxwood, golden-leaf privet, crown of thorns, yellow-stripe agave, agave, silver-edge agave, yucca, bottle palm, Aspidistra, snake plant, cactus, taro, Philodendron selloum, Monstera deliciosa, variegated shell ginger, beach naupaka, thick-leaf rhaphiolepis, variegated Breynia, Ceylon phyllanthus, rose

5. Flowering shrubs

Chinese violet (African jasmine), Brunfelsia (yesterday-today-and-tomorrow), rare jasmine, hibiscus (rose of Sharon), Chinese hibiscus, Chinese lantern flower, flowering maple, poinsettia, Calliandra (powder puff), bougainvillea, large-flowered gardenia, hydrangea, red bract flower, Melastoma (Indian rhododendron), red-flowered Chinese fringeflower, large-flowered angel's trumpet, white mussaenda, red mussaenda, yellow allamanda, western azalea, twin-pod senna, hard-stemmed trumpet creeper, rose myrtle, Chinese ixora, phoenix-tail pearl bush, Yunnan jasmine (primrose jasmine), jasmine, crinum lily,

spider lily, crab claw flower, dwarf canna, stone flax, firecracker plant (coral plant), blue plumbago, blue star flower, butterfly pea

6. Ground covers

Calathea (peacock plant), arrowhead plant, white butterfly arrowhead plant, pothos, inch plant (wandering Jew), Boston fern, aluminum plant, oyster plant (Moses-in-the-cradle), peace lily, dwarf lilyturf, variegated dwarf lilyturf, red-flowered lantana, yellow-flowered lantana, purple-flowered lantana, dusty miller, glory bower, shrimp plant, red firecracker plant, asparagus fern, beach evening primrose, beach morning glory, English ivy, star jasmine, ginger lily, umbrella plant, papyrus, iris, purple loosestrife, narcissus, lotus, water lily, three-lobed wedelia, red-flowered oxalis, Brazilian peanut vine, dichondra, purple amaranth, round-leaf alternanthera, coleus, fine-leaved verbena, red-green alternanthera, autumn zephyr lily, pink zephyr lily, amaryllis, lily, calla lily, periwinkle, centipede grass, Manila grass, Korean velvet grass, Bermuda grass, broadleaf carpet grass, variegated blunt grass, Bahia grass, dwarf mondo grass

7. Vines

large-flowered thunbergia, rangoon creeper, coral vine, Boston ivy (Virginia creeper), flame vine, white-flowered mucuna, beautiful clerodendrum, wisteria, climbing fig, cypress vine, morning glory, maple-leaved morning glory, snake vine, common jasmine, large-flowered Dutchman's pipe, garlic vine, wood rose, bignonia, passionflower

Chapter 7: "Document on Common Plant Configuration in the South"

Practical Plant Configuration Table ---- Brief Table of Common Plant Configuration

Aquatic plants:

Wetland plants: Hankow willow, weeping willow, cotton willow, sand willow, sage-leaved willow, soap willow, small-leaved poplar, Liaoning poplar, sand cypress, Chinese juniper, Oriental arborvitae, dawn redwood, chinaberry, Chinese wingnut, Chinese ash, forsythia, elm, cut-leaved elm, Chinese elm, Chinese tallow, cherry blossom, eucommia, goldenrain tree, cotton rose, rose of Sharon, oleander, Boston ivy, grape, wisteria, false indigo, tamarisk, buttercup, water hyacinth ranunculus, long-leaved alkali buttercup, marsh willow-leaf, willow-leaf weed, marsh woundwort, Chinese marsh woundwort, mint, Lindernia, speedwell, watercress, Scirpus, water bulrush, flat-stem bulrush, water nutgrass, spike-rush, globe bulrush, red bulrush, jointed rush, small-flowered rush, small rush, fine rush, knotgrass, common knotweed, red knotweed, clustered knotweed, dock-leaved knotweed, willow-leaf knotweed, small arrow-leaf knotweed, mile-a-minute, water pepper, arrow-leaved smartweed, large arrow-leaved smartweed, Japanese knotweed, cogongrass, reed grass, large-leaved reed grass, Beckmannia, long-awned brome, wild rice grass, silvergrass, Job's tears, limpograss, wet-leaved ground orchid,

Emergent plants: softstem bulrush, reed, lotus root, arrowhead, broad-leaved water chestnut, water plantain, lotus, purple loosestrife, cattail, pondweed, Monochoria, sweet flag, pickerelweed, rice, mangrove (kandelia), narcissus, water celery, wild rice stem, taro, Marsilea (water clover), reed, water chestnut, three-square bulrush, needle rush, water candle, umbrella sedge, broad-leaved cattail

Floating plants: duckweed, water hyacinth, water lily, gorgon nut (fox nut), Victoria water lily, spatterdock, water hyacinth, water shield, water shield (Brasenia), yellow bladderwort, floating fern, water shield (Nymphoides),

Submerged plants: hornwort, water plantain (Ottelia)

Colorful-leaf plants:

Red or purple: sweetgum, lacquer tree, Japanese maple, Amur maple, Oriental bittersweet, red oak, Tang maple, Chinese tallow, staghorn sumac, sumac, mountain ash, nandina, winged euonymus, hawthorn, Chinese pistache, Chinese wingnut, barberry, Hubei hornbeam, Boston ivy

Golden yellow or yellow-brown: ginkgo, persimmon, goldenrain tree, tulip tree, Chinese parasol tree, elm, walnut, catalpa, dawn redwood, crape myrtle, Chinese elm, machilus, wild jujube, kiwi, horse chestnut, water elm mountain ash, wintersweet, pomegranate, yellow cassia, witch hazel, soapberry, acacia

Aromatic plants:

Aromatic plants that can be planted in residential areas include: mint, basil, lemon balm, German chamomile, lemongrass, sage, dandelion, pot marigold, thyme, borage, scented geranium, mallow and other herbaceous plants; lavender, rosemary, gardenia, rose, lemon verbena and other shrubs.

Woody plants arranged to release fragrance in turn through the four seasons, such as: plum blossom and orange blossom in spring; gardenia and white magnolia in summer; osmanthus in autumn and wintersweet in winter.

Pollution-resistant and exhaust-resistant plants: black locust, paulownia, lacebark pine, Chinese juniper, coral tree, photinia, pittosporum, Japanese fatsia, etc.

Nitrogen-fixing plants: Robinia, Lonicera, Albizia, false indigo, Caragana, soybean, Lespedeza, Melilotus, pea, bean, bayberry, Elaeagnus, cycad

Nectar-source, bird-attracting and butterfly-attracting plants: dwarf yew, Buddhist pine, Chinese Torreya, Japanese holly, camphor tree, bayberry, privet, Japanese ternstroemia, viburnum, aucuba, mahonia, firethorn, boxwood, pittosporum, Japanese fatsia, etc.; butterfly bush, Chinese pistache; other fragrant-flowered plants (such as Citrus plants of the Rutaceae family)

Perennial (herbaceous) flowers: torch lily (red-hot poker), lupine, blue fescue, astilbe, coreopsis, golden creeping Jenny, oregano, large-flowered hibiscus, red-flowered mint, variegated star jasmine, cineraria, hellebore, lycoris, daylily, iris, spiderwort, hosta, variegated canna, red-leaf canna, New York aster, Japanese sweet coltsfoot, bletilla, perennial verbena

Flowers and trees of the four seasons:

Spring: various cherry blossoms (early cherry, late cherry, weeping cherry, etc.), various crabapples (Mulus spectabilis, Chaenomeles, Chaenomeles speciosa, etc.), Magnoliaceae (southern magnolia, white magnolia, saucer magnolia, purple magnolia, red magnolia, Michelia, Michelia maudiae, etc.), redbud, red-leaf

plum, peach blossom, camellia, winter jasmine, lilac, etc.

Summer: crape myrtle, rose of Sharon, hydrangea, Michelia, summer azalea, pomegranate (flower), gardenia, trumpet creeper, silk tree, acacia. Autumn: osmanthus, crape myrtle, rose of Sharon, flowering pomegranate, cotton rose, trumpet creeper, etc.

Winter: honeysuckle, nandina, plum blossom, Michelia, camellia, sasanqua, etc.

Classification of common landscaping tree species:

(1) Evergreen conifers

1. Trees: deodar cedar, Korean pine, black pine, dragon juniper, Masson pine, Chinese juniper, cycad, Norfolk Island pine, Japanese cedar, Chinese Torreya

2. Shrubs: (Buddhist pine), oriental arborvitae, Chinese incense cedar, creeping juniper, Japanese cedar, five-needle pine

(2) Deciduous conifers (no shrubs):

Trees: dawn redwood, golden larch, pond cypress, bald cypress

(3) Evergreen broadleaf trees:

1. Trees: camphor tree, southern magnolia, privet, palm

2. Shrubs: coral tree, large-leaved euonymus, box-leaved euonymus, Japanese boxwood, Chinese holly, orange tree, photinia, pittosporum, osmanthus, oleander, yellow jasmine, winter jasmine, gold-dusted coral, nandina, serissa, small-leaved privet, Japanese fatsia, gardenia, mosquito fern, camellia, Hypericum, azalea, yucca (yucca, arrow hemp), cycad (sago palm), mahonia

(4) Deciduous broadleaf trees:

1. Trees: weeping willow, upright willow, Chinese wingnut, dragon-claw willow, Chinese tallow, pagoda tree, Chinese parasol tree (Chinese

parasol tree), plane tree (London plane), pagoda tree (Chinese scholar tree), curly pagoda tree, silk tree, ginkgo, chinaberry (chinaberry), catalpa

2. Shrubs: cherry blossom, white magnolia, peach blossom, wintersweet, crape myrtle, redbud, maple, green maple, red-leaf plum, Chaenomeles, bellflower crabapple, hydrangea, snowball viburnum, golden bells (goldenrod), cotton rose, rose of Sharon (hibiscus), mountain glory (cinnamon tree), pomegranate

(5) Bamboo: Phyllostachys (bamboo), moso bamboo, black bamboo, Guanyin bamboo, phoenix-tail bamboo, Buddha-belly bamboo, golden bamboo with jade inlay

(6) Vines: wisteria, star jasmine, Boston ivy (Virginia creeper, climbing fig), English ivy, grape vine, Euonymus fortunei

(7) Flowers: moss rose, pot marigold, salvia, canna, Joseph's coat, cabbage (ornamental kale), chrysanthemum, orchid

(8) Lawn: velvet grass, zoysia grass, mondo grass, evergreen grass, tall fescue, Manila grass, clover, dichondra

Detailed Table of Common Plant Configuration

Table of Commonly Used Street Trees

Name Scientific name Family Tree shape Characteristics

Camphor tree Cinnamomun camphcra Lauraceae Spherical Evergreen large tree, alternate leaves, three-veined, aromatic, spherical berries.

Plane tree Platanus x acerifolia Platanaceae Oval Prefers warmth, pollution-resistant, tolerant of pruning. Large crown, dense shade, suitable as a street tree and shade tree.

Maple Liquidamdar formosana Hance. Hamamelidaceae Conical Deciduous tree, gray smooth bark, triangular leaves, slow-growing, beautiful form

Flame tree Delonix regia Raffin Fabaceae Umbrella-shaped Sun-loving, prefers warm hot climates, not cold-tolerant, fast-growing, pollution-resistant, wind-resistant; beautiful red flowers, flowering May to August

Silk tree Albizia julibrissin Mimosaceae Umbrella-shaped Pink flowers, June to July, suitable as a shade ornamental tree and street tree

Acacia Albizia farnesiana Wild. Mimosaceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous sub-tree, fast-growing, dense branches and leaves, golden-yellow flowers, excellent tree vigor

Weeping willow Salix babylonica Linn. Salicaceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous sub-tree, suitable for low-temperature areas, luxuriant and rapid growth, beautiful form

Banyan Ficus retusa Linn.. Moraceae Spherical Deciduous tree, broad crown, fast-growing, strong canopy closure, suitable for various pruning styles

Camphor tree Cinnamomum camphora Ness. Lauraceae Spherical Evergreen tree, broad crown, large and round, vigorous growth, beautiful form

Chinese fan palm Livitonia chinensis R.Br. Arecaceae Umbrella-shaped Single upright trunk, dark green leaves, vigorous growth, very beautiful posture

Longan tree Euphoria longana Lanark. Sapindaceae Round Evergreen tree with round crown, strong canopy closure, slow-growing, very beautiful posture

Chinaberry (chinaberry tree) Melia azedarach Linn. Meliaceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous tree, fast-growing, deformed crown, slightly umbrella-shaped, pale purple flowers

Chinese parasol tree Sterculia platanifolia L. Sterculiaceae Umbrella-shaped Evergreen tree, broad leaves, fast-growing, upright when young, spreading crown when old

Paper mulberry Broussonetia papyrifera Vent. Moraceae Umbrella-shaped Evergreen tree, huge soft thin leaves, branches spreading in all directions, umbrella-shaped crown, also beautiful in posture

Alder Alnus formosana Makino. Fagaceae Umbrella-shaped Evergreen tree, tolerant of moisture and heat, unsuitable for dry land and hard soil, tall and beautiful form

Ash tree Faxinus insularis Hemsl. Oleaceae Umbrella-shaped Evergreen tree, vigorous, fast-growing, beautiful form and leaf shape. Norfolk Island pine Araucaria cuninghamii Araucariaceae Conical Evergreen conifer, sun-loving, prefers warm hot climates, not cold-tolerant, fertilizer-loving, fast-growing, narrow conical crown, graceful posture

Qinghai spruce Picea carassifolia Pinaceae Tower-shaped Evergreen conifer, neutral, shallow-rooted, suitable for the Northwest region

Korean pine Pinus koraiensis Pinaceae Tower-shaped Evergreen conifer, weakly sun-loving, prefers cool humid climates and acidic soil, blue-green needles

Chinese juniper (juniper) Sabina chinensis Cupressaceae Conical Evergreen conifer, sun-loving, young trees slightly shade-tolerant, resistant to drought and poor soil, cold-tolerant, slightly moisture-tolerant, tolerant of pruning, good dust-proof and sound-insulating effect

Southern magnolia Magnolia grandiflora L. Magnoliaceae Oval Evergreen tree, large white fragrant flowers, beautiful form,

Acacia confusa Acacia confusa Merr. Fabaceae Umbrella-shaped Evergreen tree, bark smooth when young, rough when old, trunk mostly curved, strong growth

Date palm Phoenix dactylifera L. Arecaceae Pinnate Evergreen broadleaf tree, branching trunk, strong heat resistance, vigorous growth, also beautiful in posture

Canary Island date palm (Canary date palm) Phoenix dactylifera Arecaceae Pinnate Evergreen broadleaf tree, thick trunk, tall and majestic, dense and spreading pinnate leaves,

Royal palm (king coconut) Oreodoxa regia H.B.K. Arecaceae Umbrella-shaped Single upright trunk, up to 18m tall, slightly swollen in the middle, pinnate compound leaves, very strong vitality, great ornamental value

Ginkgo Ginkgo biloba Ginkgoaceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous broadleaf tree, yellow autumn leaves, cold-tolerant, deep-rooted, intolerant of waterlogging, resistant to various toxic gases

Tulip tree (Chinese tulip tree) Liriodendron chinense Magnoliaceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous broadleaf tree, prefers warm humid climates, fairly strong resistance, fertile acidic soil, fast-growing, long-lived, leaves shaped like a mandarin jacket, yellow-green flowers, large and beautiful.

Chinese white poplar Populus tomentosa Salicaceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous broadleaf tree, prefers cool climates, pollution-resistant, deep-rooted, fast-growing, fairly long-lived; upright form, straight trunk, gray-white bark

Lombardy poplar Populus nigra var. italica Salicaceae Narrowly cylindrical Deciduous broadleaf tree, cold-tolerant and drought-tolerant, slightly tolerant of salinity and waterlogging, fast-growing

Chinese elm Ulmus parvifolia Ulmaceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous broadleaf tree, prefers warm humid climates, tolerant of drought and poor soil, deep-rooted, fast-growing, long-lived, resistant to smoke and toxic gases, strong dust-retention capacity

Box elder (ash-leaved maple) Acer negundo Aceraceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous broadleaf tree, prefers fertile soil and cool humid climates, tolerant of smoke and dust, tolerant of dry cold, tolerant of light salinity, tolerant of pruning, yellow autumn leaves {Maintenance measures for southern plants and date palms}.

Table of Common Landscape Tree Characteristics

Name Scientific name Family Tree shape Characteristics

Camphor tree Cinnamomun camphcra Lauraceae Spherical Evergreen large tree, alternate leaves, three-veined, aromatic, spherical berries.

Plane tree Platanus x acerifolia Platanaceae Oval Prefers warmth, pollution-resistant, tolerant of pruning. Large crown, dense shade, suitable as a street tree and shade tree.

Southern magnolia Magnolia grandiflora L. Magnoliaceae Oval Evergreen tree, large white fragrant flowers, beautiful form,

White magnolia Magnolia denudata Magnoliaceae Umbrella-shaped Quite cold-tolerant, afraid of waterlogging. Large pure white flowers, blooms March to April. Suitable for garden viewing.

Tulip tree (Chinese tulip tree) Liriodendron chinense Magnoliaceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous broadleaf tree, prefers warm humid climates, fairly strong resistance, fertile acidic soil, fast-growing, long-lived, leaves shaped like a mandarin jacket, yellow-green flowers, large and beautiful.

Oriental arborvitae Thuja orientalis Linn Cupressaceae Conical Evergreen tree, neat form when young, mostly curved when old, strong growth, long-lived, beautiful form

Ash tree Faxinus insularis Hemsl. Oleaceae Round Evergreen tree, vigorous, fast-growing, beautiful form and leaf shape. Bischofia Bischoffia javanica Blanco Euphorbiaceae Round Evergreen tree, very beautiful when young leaves sprout, vigorous growth, beautiful form

Weeping willow Salix babylonica Linn. Salicaceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous sub-tree, suitable for low-temperature areas, luxuriant and rapid growth, beautiful form

Chinese incense cedar Calocedrus macrolepis Kurz Cupressaceae Umbrella-shaped Evergreen tree, bark gray-brown, irregularly longitudinally fissured; branchlets alternate, green when young, flattened.

King coconut Roystonea regia Arecaceae Umbrella-shaped Single upright trunk, up to 18m tall, slightly swollen in the middle, pinnate compound leaves, very strong vitality, great ornamental value

Large-leaved euonymus Euonymus japonica Celastraceae Oval Prefers warm humid climates, resistant to toxic gases. Grown for foliage. Suitable for hedges and foundation planting.

Maple Liquidamdar formosana Hance. Hamamelidaceae Conical Deciduous tree, gray smooth bark, triangular leaves, slow-growing, beautiful form

Chinese wingnut Pterocarya stenoptera Juglandaceae Umbrella-shaped Highly adaptable, moisture-tolerant, fast-growing. Suitable as a shade tree, street tree, bank-protection tree

Creeping juniper Sabina procumbens Cupressaceae Evergreen creeping low shrub, branches spreading and creeping on the ground, leaves needle-like. Slow-growing, unique form, emerald-green smooth branches and leaves. Suitable for ground cover and beautification around courtyard stones, ponds, sand pits, slopes, etc. {Maintenance measures for southern plants and date palms}.

Duranta Duranta repens Verbenaceae Round Evergreen shrub. Suitable for large potted plants, flower troughs, hedges. Golden dewdrop is mainly grown for foliage, widely used, can be used as ground cover, pruned into shapes, formed into patterns or used to emphasize color combinations, dazzling and eye-catching. Chinese holly Ilex cornuta Aquifoliaceae Round Resistant to toxic gases, slow-growing. Green leaves and red berries, very beautiful. Suitable for foundation planting. Paper mulberry Broussonetia papyrifera Vent. Moraceae Umbrella-shaped Evergreen tree, huge soft thin leaves, branches spreading in all directions, also beautiful in posture

Chinese elm Ulmus parvifolia Ulmaceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous broadleaf tree, prefers warm humid climates, tolerant of drought and poor soil, deep-rooted, fast-growing, long-lived, resistant to smoke and toxic gases, strong dust-retention capacity

Chinese juniper Juniperus Chinensis Linn Cupressaceae Conical Evergreen medium tree, densely branched, dark green, vigorous growth, suitable for pruning, beautiful form

Pittosporum Pittosporum tobira Pittosporaceae Round White fragrant flowers, blooms in May. Suitable for foundation planting, as a hedge or potted plant. Date palm Phoenix dactylifera Linn Arecaceae Umbrella-shaped Tillering trunk, up to 20-25m tall, gray-white leaves with arched curvature, vigorous growth, beautiful form

Hankow willow Salix matsudana Salicaceae Umbrella-shaped Suitable as a shade tree, street tree, bank-protection tree

Silk tree Albizia julibrissin Mimosaceae Umbrella-shaped Pink flowers, June to July, suitable as a shade ornamental tree and street tree

Black pine Pinus Thumbergii Porl. Pinaceae Conical Evergreen tree, bark gray-brown, branchlets orange-yellow, hard needles in pairs, long-lived

Red-leaf plum Prunus cerasifera. F.arropurpurea Rosaceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous small tree, smooth reddish-brown branchlets, ovate leaves, entirely purple-red, pale pink small flowers in April, purple drupe. Suitable for both specimen and mass planting, as a background.

Washington palm Washingtonia filifera Wend. Arecaceae Umbrella-shaped Single cylindrical trunk, swollen at the base, up to 4-8m tall, fan-shaped round leaves, vigorous growth, beautiful form {Maintenance measures for southern plants and date palms}.

Pagoda tree Sophora japonica Fabaceae Umbrella-shaped Dense branches and leaves, broad crown, suitable as a shade tree, street tree

Yellow cassia Cassia glauca Lam. Fabaceae Round Deciduous tree, even-pinnate compound leaves, yellow flowers, fast-growing, beautiful form

Box elder (ash-leaved maple) Acer negundo Aceraceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous broadleaf tree, prefers fertile soil and cool humid climates, tolerant of smoke and dust, tolerant of dry cold, tolerant of light salinity, tolerant of pruning, yellow autumn leaves

Japanese maple Acer palmatum Aceraceae Umbrella-shaped Elegant leaf shape, red autumn leaves. Suitable for garden viewing and potted plants.

Golden larch Pseudolarix amabilis Rehd. Pinaceae Oval tower-shaped Evergreen tree, sparse branches and leaves, linear leaves, alternate on long shoots, leaflets radiating, vigorous and upright form.

Bottle palm Hyophorbe amaricaulis Mart. Arecaceae Umbrella-shaped Trunk about 3 m tall, base swollen into an oval bottle shape, very beautiful posture

Orange tree Citrus reticulata Rutaceae Round White flowers, yellow-green fruit, fragrant. Suitable for mass planting.

Chinaberry tree Melia azedarch Linn. Meliaceae Round Deciduous tree, bark gray-brown, bipinnate odd, pinnate compound leaves, purple flowers, fast-growing

Serissa Serissa serissoides Rubiaceae Round Evergreen small shrub. Dark green leaves, snow-white flowers, slightly pale pink. Fine branches and leaves, good texture, suitable for potted plants, low hedges, ground cover, flower beds, pruned shapes.

Dragon juniper Juniperus chinensis var. Kaituka, Hort Cupressaceae Upright tower-shaped Evergreen medium tree, densely branched, dark green, vigorous growth, very long-lived, very beautiful form

Curly pagoda tree S. j. cv. Pendula Fabaceae Umbrella-shaped Drooping branches, suitable for garden viewing, planted in pairs or rows

Dragon-claw willow S. m. cv. Tortuosa Salicaceae Round Branches twisted like a dragon, suitable as a shade tree, ornamental tree

Pygmy date palm Phehix Roebelenii Brien. Arecaceae Umbrella-shaped Upright trunk, 2m tall, thin small petioles, leaflets alternate or opposite, an excellent variety with beautiful leaves

Buddhist pine Podocaarpus macrophyllus D. Don Podocarpaceae Long conical Evergreen tree, elegant and simple, can be pruned as high-grade bonsai material, or shaped into round, conical, layered forms for garden landscaping and beautification.

Masson pine Pinus massoniana Lamb. Pinaceae Umbrella-shaped Evergreen tree, red-brown trunk bark, brown winter buds, majestic when large

Nandina Nandina domestica Berberidaceae Umbrella-shaped Elegant branches and leaves, red berries in autumn and winter; for garden viewing, can be mass-planted or potted. Norfolk Island pine Araucaria ecelsa Br. Araucariaceae Conical Evergreen coniferous tree, branches whorled, lower ones drooping, dark green leaves, beautiful form, vigorous growth

Ligustrum lucidum (glossy privet), Oleaceae, ovate, white flowers, blooms in June. Suitable for hedges or street trees.

Livistona chinensis R. Br. (Chinese fan palm), Arecaceae, umbrella-shaped, trunk erect, can reach 6-12m tall, leaves circular, petiole margins spiny, grows luxuriantly, elegant in form.

Juniperus chinensis cv. Globosa (dwarf Japanese juniper), Cupressaceae, broad-rounded, shrub, no main trunk, branches clustered.

Acer serrulatum (Taiwan maple), Aceraceae, umbrella-shaped conical, deciduous tree. Trunk erect. Tree form light and graceful, can be trained into elegant bonsai, suitable as graceful street tree, landscape tree, or forest bathing tree.

Buxus bodinieri (Bodinier's box), Buxaceae, ovate, branches and leaves fine and dense, suitable for garden viewing. Can be mass-planted, used as hedge, or potted. Cryptomeria japonica D. Don (Japanese cedar), Taxodiaceae, conical, ovate, rounded, evergreen tree. Branches whorled, graceful

Chapter Eight: "Cultivation and Maintenance of Palm Family Plants"

The palm family is a very distinctive group of evergreen plants in the monocotyledon class, with stems solitary or clustered, erect or climbing; leaves clustered at the top of the stem, well-developed root system, tolerant of drought and poor soil, strong resistance to pests and diseases, and outstanding for creating tropical-style garden landscapes. This edition will introduce their introduction, transplanting, and disease control.

Brief Introduction to the Introduction Process

There are 183 genera and about 2400 species of palm family plants worldwide, widely distributed in tropical and subtropical humid regions of the world. High temperature and high humidity are important conditions for the normal growth and development of most palms, while a few palms have unique adaptability to adverse environments, such as the silver date palm (wild date palm) distributed in extremely arid areas at the edge of deserts, and many palm species that can tolerate long-term waterlogging, such as the swamp palm. Most palm plants are rich in fiber, with tough stems and well-developed root systems, and have strong wind resistance, such as Archontophoenix alexandrae and Livistona chinensis.

Since the 1940s, in the construction of many tropical and subtropical cities around the world, the landscape value of palms has been recognized, and they have been used as key species for urban greening and beautification, such as in Miami in the United States, Jakarta in India, Bangkok in Thailand, as well as Cape Town in South Africa and Singapore.

Some landscaping companies in Guangdong began the work of introducing and applying palms in the early 1980s. Over the following two decades and more, southern provinces and regions such as Guangxi, Fujian, and Yunnan, as well as later Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Shanghai, Chongqing, and Yunnan, successively set off a wave of introducing, producing, and applying palms.

Several units led by Guangdong Palm Landscape Company, based on theories of plant geography and ecology, through observation and research on the growth conditions and mortality rates of introduced and acclimatized palm family plants, found that plants native to the Northern Hemisphere generally have cold tolerance potential because they experienced ancient glacial climates, while species native to high-latitude and high-altitude regions of the Southern Hemisphere also have strong cold tolerance. Through research on the cold tolerance and cold tolerance mechanisms of palms, researchers found that the main factors affecting introduction and acclimatization are: temperature, light, humidity, moisture, and soil. The most significant role of the temperature factor is governing plant growth and development, and low winter temperatures are the leading factor affecting the success or failure of palm introduction and acclimatization; through research on salt tolerance and shade tolerance of palms, researchers screened out a batch of varieties with strong saline-alkali tolerance and shade tolerance; at the same time, through the control of diseases and pests such as palm Phytophthora disease, Brontispa longissima, and red palm weevil, the incidence of palm pests and diseases was greatly reduced. In addition, researchers also studied the mechanism of palm seed germination, summarized and invented techniques for accelerating palm seed germination, mastered whole-crown transplanting of palms and large-specification container seedling cultivation techniques, and did fruitful work on soil improvement, winter cold protection and conservation techniques.

At present, researchers have screened and promoted about 80 species of palms in South China, including Roystonea regia, Livistona chinensis, Rhapis excelsa, Arenga engleri, Caryota mitis, etc.; in Shanghai and surrounding areas, more than ten species of palm family plants have been successfully applied, mainly including Butia capitata, Washingtonia filifera, Phoenix canariensis, Washingtonia robusta, etc., and the related research techniques have been appraised by experts as having reached the world's advanced level.

Taking Washingtonia as an Example

Discussion on the Occurrence and Control of Phytophthora Disease

Damage and General Symptoms of Palm Phytophthora Disease

This disease often occurs and causes damage on palms such as Roystonea regia, Livistona chinensis, Washingtonia, Washingtonia filifera, and Phoenix canariensis. On affected plants, the heart leaf cannot emerge normally, new leaves shrink and dry up, and in severe cases the entire plant wilts in patches. The pathogen of Phytophthora disease is caused by Phytophthora fungi and can be identified through incubator culture. The pathogen mainly overwinters in soil or on diseased plant residues. The pathogen spreads through watering, rain splash, and air movement.

Occurrence Pattern of Phytophthora Disease on Washingtonia

This disease occurs during periods of high temperature and high humidity between summer and autumn. After early drought followed by rain, or poor management after transplanting, such as heavy watering, soil moisture content

suddenly increases, poor ventilation, or plants located in drafty positions are prone to infection. The disease is severe in low-lying, poorly drained, and continuous cropping plots. In addition, this disease is often related to severe root injury caused during seedling digging and long-distance transport.

When it occurs, the base of the unexpanded young heart leaf rots, the leaf turns grayish green and droops, and it can be pulled out with slight force. Dissecting the stem, one can see paste-like secretions in the growing point and even the entire heart of the plant, with a foul odor, and white mold-like material can grow on the infected tissue. In severely affected plants, root damage is also often seen, with the main symptoms being blackened and rotted roots, with an abnormal

odor. This disease mainly occurs at the seedling stage and in nurseries, and is less common in adult trees planted in green spaces.

Symptoms

In recent years, it has caused relatively severe damage in nursery sites. In the early stage of the disease, yellowish-brown water-soaked lesions first appear near the ground, and the lesions rapidly expand and are slightly sunken; when moist, the surface is densely covered with white cottony mold, and the diseased part rots and smells foul. When it occurs on leaves, the diseased part is yellowish-brown, and white mold grows under moist conditions. When it occurs on stems, it is initially dark green, then expands, becomes moist and soft, and in the later stage the upper part appears withered. This disease can harm the entire palm plant. Sometimes purulent liquid exudes when roots and stems are cut open, and in severe cases the edges of young leaf veins carry large amounts of gray-black mycelium. Phytophthora disease is a vascular disease, and in severe cases the entire plant wilts, droops, dries up, and dies, with a high mortality rate.

According to surveys, the peak period of this disease is mostly during high temperature and high humidity periods, that is, the optimum temperature is 27°C to 35°C. For example, in 2006, the disease period in coastal areas near the Pearl River Delta was July to October, in Xiamen August to November, in Shanghai June to September (also occurring in early spring), and in the mountainous areas of western Pearl River Delta August to November, but in all places the disease could be seen within 1 to 2 months after typhoons and rainstorms, sometimes occurring sporadically, sometimes appearing in patches.

Control Methods

I. Preventive Cultivation Measures

1. Pay attention to ventilation, dryness, and drainage in the nursery. Leaves can be moderately pruned each autumn and winter, and pits can be dug and soil mounded in the planting area to keep the nursery site dry. Potassium fertilizer can be applied regularly, and quicklime and superphosphate can also be applied separately to enhance plant tissue density and resistance to infection, improving the plant's disease resistance.

2. Choose a good plot, selecting loam or sandy loam plots with high terrain and good drainage for planting.

3. Implement crop rotation, requiring three to four years or more of rotation for land where Washingtonia has been planted.

4. Strengthen field management, increase organic fertilizer application, promote robust plant growth with deep roots and lush leaves, and improve resistance. Implement high-ridge (bed) cultivation. Appropriately control watering during the rainy season, drain water promptly after rain so that the ground dries after rain; water promptly during drought, and strictly prohibit flood irrigation when watering, carrying it out on sunny afternoons or evenings.

5. Achieve prevention first and integrated control. Observe regularly, frequently prune dead branches and fallen leaves, promptly remove diseased plants when found, bury them deeply or burn them, and disinfect diseased holes with lime.

II. Chemical Control

One to two months before the disease occurs in summer and during the disease period, use 64% Sandofan wettable powder (1:500 to 600), 80% fosetyl-aluminum (1:400), or other hymexazol-type products such as Kameitong, also known as soil fungicide (usual dosage 600 to 700 times), lime-sulfur mixture (1:1:100), Dexon (500 times), etc. for control. Specific control methods: when transplanting Washingtonia, first spray the planting site and Washingtonia roots with 600 to 700 times soil fungicide solution, or first dig pits and expose them to the sun for sterilization during consecutive sunny days, or spread lime powder for disinfection, or use Dexon 500 times solution for soil disinfection.

After a typhoon, promptly spray Sandofan (better) or fosetyl-aluminum (prone to resistance), adding 0.4% washing powder, and pour into the heart or spray for both prevention and treatment. 80% mancozeb 700 times solution can also be sprayed, once every 7 to 10 days, for two or three consecutive sprays, which can effectively prevent and control the occurrence of Phytophthora disease. After adopting this measure, the incidence rate of Washingtonia and Washingtonia filifera at the Shanghai base of Guangdong Palm Landscape Company has dropped from 20% in 2004 to below 10%.

Control Experience

The control effect of using carbendazim and similar products is not obvious. If all leaves are cut off in the early stage of the disease and the plant is transplanted elsewhere, about 30% can gradually revive after 2 to 3 years, but the growth is poor.

It is understood that this disease rarely occurs in hot and dry areas such as Los Angeles, so this disease is related to high temperature and high humidity, and the infection route is through surface water, groundwater, and rainwater. When plant roots, trunks, and leaves are damaged, the pathogen invades and multiplies massively when water is sufficient, ultimately causing blockage of vascular conducting tissues, and the plant dies from water loss and wilting. Heart rot disease introduced in some literature is actually also Phytophthora disease, only occurring at the heart leaf site.

This disease is different from anthracnose, which occurs on leaves, with small water-soaked spots appearing at onset, then expanding into larger lesions, easily discovered, and generally controllable with fungicides such as carbendazim. As for leaf spot disease, it refers to diseases occurring on leaves, with common pathogens including Phyllosticta and Pestalotiopsis, often causing leaf blight, but anthracnose and leaf spot disease rarely cause plant death. Transplanting Techniques for Large Single-Trunk Seedlings

Preparation Before Transplanting

1. Root pruning should be carried out in advance for seedlings to be transplanted. After root pruning, the soil ball size should be twice the ground diameter, and the root pruning depth should be 50 cm to 60 cm. Stones and broken roots should be removed from the root-pruned soil and then backfilled promptly, with good moisture retention: the purpose is to exercise the seedling's adaptability and promote new root growth. After root pruning, it is best to keep them for more than 30 days and transplant only when new roots begin to sprout. If heeled-in seedlings are used, the effect is even better.

2. Dig holes and prepare the soil. The planting site should have holes dug 20 days before transplanting, with hole specifications generally 1.5 times the soil ball. The soil from the holes should be exposed to the sun for a period, and the backfill soil is best a pre-prepared mixed soil: pond mud + farmyard manure or mushroom soil + appropriate amount of decomposed phosphate fertilizer + appropriate amount of river sand, with sand:soil at 4:6.

Planting Time

In the Pearl River Delta region, transplanting can be done year-round, with spring and autumn being best. Try to avoid summer and winter, especially January and July. Most palm family plants prefer warmth and moisture. In summer, temperatures are high, and seedlings evaporate water quickly, easily causing excessive water loss and affecting survival; in winter, temperatures are low, and some places even have frost, and strong north winds can easily cause frostbite or even death of seedlings.

Moving Seedlings

Some large single-trunk palm seedlings have relatively thick stems, the workload of moving seedlings is large, and the seedlings are very easily injured. Therefore, when moving seedlings, the trunk should be wrapped with gunny bags or straw, especially the green wrapped trunk portion at the boundary between the trunk and the petiole. First, it protects the trunk; second, it retains moisture and prevents sunburn. In addition, when lifting seedlings, combine with leaf pruning, remove old leaves, and retain 40% to 45% of the leaves (specifically determined according to tree vigor). At the same time, cut off the leaf together with the petiole by 1/5 to minimize water evaporation.

Planting

It is best to plant seedlings on the same day they are dug. If too much time passes, seedlings evaporate a lot of water and are prone to water loss affecting survival. If they cannot all be planted the same day, they should be covered with shade netting and sprayed with a small amount of water on the leaf surface every day, with good shading and moisture retention.

1. Backfilling soil. Once the seedling is positioned, backfill soil. When backfilling to half the height of the soil ball, first compact the loose soil. After backfilling is complete, make the soil mound into a "water storage basin" slightly higher around the edges and slightly lower in the middle, to facilitate watering and moisture retention.

2. Watering. Immediately after backfilling, water thoroughly to set the roots. Before watering, first use bamboo poles or similar to tamp the loose soil around the soil ball until the loose soil no longer sinks.

3. Fixing. There are many kinds of supports. Using three bamboo poles to form a triangular support is the most economical and practical. The tying height should be at 2/3 of the trunk.

Post-Planting Management

1. Moisture retention. Spray the leaves and trunk wrapping twice a day, except on rainy days, until the leaves and trunk wrapping are moist. Do not water the roots, because excess water will flow downward and accumulate, causing root rot. Cover the area around the tree base with straw to prevent sunburn, prevent soil compaction caused by excessive soil temperature differences, and keep the soil around the soil ball loose, moist, and aerated, which is beneficial for new root sprouting.

2. Wind protection. Because transplanted large single-trunk palm plants are generally taller and are often affected by thunderstorms and strong winds after transplanting, the supports should be checked regularly after planting to see whether they are loose. Especially after strong winds, if the trunk is found to be leaning, it should be straightened and re-tied promptly.

3. Topdressing. About one month after planting, urea water can be used as foliar topdressing by spraying, with topdressing about once every half month. After the first new leaf grows and matures, fully decomposed peanut cake can be used for hole fertilization. The hole position should be outside the edge of the soil ball in a ring-shaped trench, with trench width and depth each 30 cm, and the fertilizer should be mixed evenly with the backfill soil.

4. Pest and disease control. Newly transplanted large single-trunk palm seedlings are relatively weak in vigor and highly susceptible to pests and diseases, especially tender leaves and heart leaves. For insect control, 5% methamidophos plus 5% omethoate can be applied. At present, the invasive pest "Brontispa longissima" causes quite serious damage to palm family plants. Adults and larvae gather in the overlapping spaces of unexpanded heart leaves and gnaw the leaf flesh, causing some or all leaves of newly emerged leaves to die, and affected plants grow slowly or even die. The control methods include the following: ① 81% malathion emulsifiable concentrate 1000 times solution; ② cypermethrin 500 times solution; ③ use "Yejiaqing", all of which can achieve good control effects. Based on practical operation, the author believes the simplest, most convenient, and long-lasting method is to hang a packet of "Yejiaqing" on the heart leaf during planting together with tying.

About one month after planting large single-trunk palm seedlings, whether they have survived can be roughly determined based on whether the leaves remain green, but to truly determine survival, one generally must wait one growing season, using whether new shoots and new roots have emerged as the standard. After the author adopted the above transplanting techniques in construction, the transplanting survival rate increased from the original 75% to more than 90%, and the above techniques are highly operable and worth promoting and applying.

Transplanting Techniques for Seedlings, Large Trees, and Clustered Seedlings

Key Techniques for Transplanting Seedlings

Palm plants are most suitable for transplanting during the period after germination and rooting. At this time the seedlings are smaller, can be transplanted with seeds, and because there are few fibrous roots, the root system is not easily damaged during transplanting. Use nutrient bags for seedling cultivation, with size depending on the cultivation time. Generally speaking, 1-year-old seedlings are suitable with 16 cm x 18 cm containers, and 2-year-old seedlings with 19 cm x 20 cm. Nutrient bags that are too small are not conducive to rapid seedling growth. Nutrient soil is prepared with loose topsoil, burned soil, and wheat bran, mixed evenly in a 5:2:1 ratio with a small amount of phosphate fertilizer, then bagged. First fill half the bag with mixed soil, then place the seedling, then straighten the seedling and fill the bag full, then compact it so that the seedling root system is in close contact with the mixed soil, and water thoroughly. Palm plants cannot be planted too deep, otherwise seedling growth will be affected. If too deep, the seedling should be pulled upward so that the root system spreads out.

Key Techniques for Transplanting Large Trees

Palm family plants cultivated in nurseries for 5 to 10 years mostly require several rounds of bed transplanting, so selecting sparse-planted strong seedlings gives a higher survival rate.

Reduce damage to the root mass. Palm plant root tissues are tender, with many lateral roots and capillary roots. When digging, carry as large a soil ball as possible and prevent it from loosening and cracking. Minimize damage to the root mass in order to maintain normal respiration and water absorption capacity and improve transplant survival rate. During construction, accurately set out lines and define holes to avoid rework and prevent soil ball loosening.

Leaf pruning. The amount of leaves retained during transplanting should be comprehensively determined according to different species, the climate at transplanting time, and transplanting and maintenance conditions.

Generally, about 40% of the original leaf number should be retained. Too many leaves retained will cause leaf yellowing due to high water evaporation; too few leaves retained will make plant recovery difficult and the cycle long, and the initial landscape effect will also be poor.

Protect the plant stem and its pseudostem. During digging, transport, loading, and unloading of the plant, the stem should be protected from damage, and the pseudostem part should not be squeezed or bent. This is the guarantee for plant health and rapid recovery.

Soil at the new planting site. Palm family plants suffer root tip damage during transplanting, and it is difficult for new root tips to sprout within one month after transplanting, so water absorption capacity is weak. At this time, good soil permeability and aeration are conducive to seedling survival, so when planting, large holes should be dug and attention should be paid to the quality of imported soil, adding peat soil and compound fertilizer to facilitate palm recovery after planting.

Maintenance. Within one month after planting, the plant has poor adaptability, and the seedling should be carefully maintained, with timely water supplementation and appropriate shading, striving to have new leaves sprout within three months. If continuous rainy weather occurs after transplanting, palm seedlings will recover better, because rainy days can avoid adverse factors such as scorching sun exposure.

Key Techniques for Transplanting Large Clustered Seedlings

Clustered palm family plants have multiple growth points, and after growing into a multi-stem clustered state, they can grow new roots relatively quickly after transplanting. However, clustered palms also have disadvantages such as heavy trunks, large leaf area causing high water evaporation, and poor ventilation making them susceptible to strong wind damage. Therefore, in addition to the measures for transplanting single-trunk palms, the following technical measures should be added:

1. Implement "fibrous root method" transplanting. That is, after digging a relatively large soil ball, use a small shovel to remove part of the soil along the outer edge of the soil ball, retain more fibrous roots and a moderate soil ball, and then immediately wrap it with lightweight moisture-retaining material, to reduce soil ball weight while ensuring survival. For example, this method can be used for transplanting clustered palms that recover slowly, such as Arenga undulatifolia and Areca triandra.

2. Implement bare-root heel-in or pot planting for centralized maintenance until new roots sprout and the plant stabilizes before formal planting. This method is suitable for robust clustered palms such as Chrysalidocarpus lutescens, Rhopaloblaste singaporensis, and Chamaedorea seifrizii, and can reduce transport costs and facilitate construction.

In short, for transplanting large seedlings and large trees of palm family plants, in brief, five aspects should be done well: select strong seedlings; dig good soil balls and transport them carefully; moderately prune leaves; ensure good aeration and drainage at the planting site; and do a good job in post-planting maintenance, including sun protection and moisture retention. The sign of successful transplanting of large seedlings and large trees is being able to retain most leaves and sprout new leaves within half a year after planting, among which sprouting three healthy new leaves indicates complete transplanting success.

Drainage: First understand the hydrological conditions of the planting site, and try to place the very bottom of the soil ball above the year-round groundwater level of the planting site by 100-150CM and in a position with deep fertile soil. At the same time, a drainage layer for the soil ball root system and a surface runoff guiding network should be well constructed to prevent water accumulation in the soil ball after planting; if hydrological conditions do not meet the requirements, the method of planting with an elevated soil ball can be used, that is, using loose medium mixed with fertile soil or coarse sand to first pile up the planting site as high as possible to meet the above requirements, then placing the plant on the soil mound, and filling and burying the soil ball with mixed loose soil or planting soil mixed with humus soil; remove debris from the soil around the planting site, or appropriately improve the soil with loose medium, to achieve loose and breathable conditions for the plant roots; strengthen inspections during the rainy season, promptly clear drainage facilities and appropriately loosen the soil around the roots, to facilitate waterlogging prevention and drainage. Moisture retention: Immediately after planting, water once to set the roots, ensuring the soil ball roots are moist and closely combined with the surrounding soil, promoting root development. Then water thoroughly three more times and promptly cover the soil ball to prevent surface soil cracking. In hot summer, more water should be sprayed on the ground and tree crown to increase environmental humidity and reduce transpiration; leaf moisture retention treatments include: a. newly planted seedlings should have leaves appropriately pruned to reduce the transpiration area of leaves; b. appropriately spray antitranspirants on leaves to inhibit plant physiological metabolism and reduce physiological water loss; c. under sunny weather conditions, spray as much atomized water on leaves as possible to strengthen leaf water absorption and weaken transpiration; check the moisture status of the soil ball and roots at any time and replenish water promptly to ensure the moisture of the soil ball and the permeability of root respiration. Fertilization: After planting, in addition to maintaining moisture for the plant, foliar fertilizer can be appropriately sprayed at low concentration to strengthen post-planting nutritional supplementation; frequently check the root sprouting status of the plant. If new roots are found growing, root fertilization can be considered, generally choosing the season when the monthly average temperature is above 20°C, mainly applying organic fertilizer and appropriately adding compound fertilizer with high P and K content, to promote balanced nutrition of the plant and ensure its rapid recovery and healthy growth. Pest and disease control: Spray pesticides for pest and disease control before seedlings leave the nursery, and after arriving at the construction site, the plants also need to be sprayed with pesticides before unloading, and ensure three consecutive pesticide applications at intervals of one week to ten days within one month after planting, after which a reasonable pest and disease control plan still needs to be formulated. Special

Chapter Nine: "Maintenance Plan"

Landscaping of Shidalien (Nanjing) Optoelectronics Co., Ltd.

Main

ten

ance

Plan

Nanjing Gensen Flowers and Trees Co., Ltd.

October 8, 2010

Project Overview

"Shidalien (Nanjing) Optoelectronics Co., Ltd." is located at No. 31 Hengfei Road, Nanjing Economic and Technological Development Zone, with a factory green space area of 28186 sq m. The factory landscaping plant configuration is relatively reasonable, rich in color, with obvious seasonal changes, forming a distinct hierarchical and natural ecological plant community, basically displaying the natural landscape of plants. The arrangement of plant flowering shrubs and hedges between factory buildings gives each factory area a different landscape style. The factory area has planted dozens of plant species such as Cinnamomum camphora, Magnolia grandiflora, Zelkova serrata, Osmanthus fragrans, and Lagerstroemia indica, among which there is a tree-lined avenue composed of large-specification Cinnamomum camphora, and a gatehouse scenic spot composed of ancient red maple, pomegranate, Malus spectabilis, Ginkgo biloba, Phoenix canariensis, and other varieties.

In view of the existing situation of the factory landscaping landscape, we believe that the initial landscaping construction was relatively extensive, with insufficient understanding of plant habits, especially inadequate replacement of planting soil in green areas, and garbage soil in some areas was not replaced, resulting in poor plant growth.

Landscaping Maintenance Schedule

January (Minor Cold, Major Cold)

1. Shaping and pruning of fruit trees.

2. Frequently check cold protection equipment, facilities, and seedling cold protection wrappings.

3. Turn the soil for winter plowing and apply sufficient winter fertilizer.

4. Prune dead, residual, diseased, and pest-damaged branches and leaves, thoroughly remove overwintering bagworm cases, slug moth cocoons, and latent overwintering pests.

February (Start of Spring, Rain Water)

1. Continue winter pruning of deciduous trees and fruit trees.

2. Continue pruning diseased and pest-damaged branches, and pay attention to observing the occurrence of pests and diseases (such as cottony cushion scale, giant mealybug, etc.).

3. Continue accumulating fertilizer and making compost, preparing cultivation soil, and continue applying winter fertilizer to various deciduous trees. March (Awakening of Insects, Spring Equinox)

As the weather gradually warms, many pests and diseases are about to occur. Maintain and repair various insecticide and disease prevention equipment and prepare medicines. Pay attention to the occurrence of aphids and giant mealybugs, and achieve timely control. April (Pure Brightness, Grain Rain)

1. Do a good job in controlling pests such as scale insects, mites, cutworms, white grubs, and mole crickets, as well as powdery mildew and rust disease.

2. Do a good job in loosening soil, weeding, and pre-flowering fertilization. Apply light fertilizer weekly to perennial flowers and spring-sown herbaceous flowers.

3. Do a good job in bud removal and pruning of trees. Remove excess tender buds and improperly positioned branches at any time.

4. Clear and repair the drainage system.

May (Start of Summer, Grain Full)

1. Carry out post-flowering pruning of spring-flowering shrubs and hedge pruning. According to technical operation requirements, carry out bud removal and pruning of trees, and prune and remove suckers at the base of seedlings as they appear.

2. Continue strengthening tree maintenance and management, do a good job in replanting, thinning, and final singling of seedlings, increase topdressing, and apply light fertilizer frequently.

3. This month temperatures gradually rise, and pests and diseases cause extensive damage to trees and flowers. Attention should be paid to pest forecasting and prediction, and pest and disease prevention work should be done well.

4. Carry out lawn mowing and continue removing weeds from the lawn.

June (Grain in Ear, Summer Solstice)

1. This month enters the plum rain season, with high temperature and high humidity, so replanting should be carried out promptly.

2. Carry out post-flowering pruning and fertilization of flowering shrubs, and pinching and pruning of some spring-sown herbaceous flowers.

3. Continue removing weeds and continue mowing.

4. Do a good job in pest and disease control. This month focus on controlling pests such as bagworms, slug moths, tussock moths, inchworms, and soft scales, as well as leaf spot disease, anthracnose, and sooty mold.

July (Minor Heat, Major Heat)

1. This month the weather is hot, weeds grow quickly, and cultivation and weeding should continue to loosen the soil.

2. Pests such as bagworms, slug moths, longhorn beetles, soft scales, armored scales, second-generation cottony cushion scale, and mites occur in large numbers. Attention should be paid to control, and at the same time continue controlling anthracnose, powdery mildew, leaf spot disease, etc.

3. During the dog days with high temperatures and little rain, irrigation is needed to resist drought. This month is also a month with more rainstorms, so attention should be paid to waterlogging prevention.

4. This month enters the typhoon and tidal flood season. Typhoon and flood prevention work should be done well, with frequent inspections and timely straightening of wind-thrown trees.

August (Start of Autumn, End of Heat)

1. Continue cultivation and weeding, and loosen the soil.

2. Continue doing a good job in drought prevention and drainage to ensure normal seedling growth.

3. This month seedlings grow vigorously, so fertilizer should be applied promptly, and light fertilizer should be applied frequently to small seedlings.

4. Continue doing a good job in typhoon and flood prevention, and straighten wind-thrown trees promptly when found.

5. Continue with pest and disease control work. Carefully control the main pests that harm trees (bagworms, second-generation slug moths, longhorn beetles, mites, etc.) and the main diseases (powdery mildew, anthracnose, leaf spot, etc.).

September (White Dew, Autumn Equinox)

1. Continue with pest and disease control work; in particular, regularly check for the occurrence of aphids, wood-boring moths, etc., and control them immediately once found.

2. Continue with hoeing and weeding, continue removing weeds from the lawn, carry out lawn rolling and mowing, and shape and prune topiary and hedges.

3. Continue with pest and disease control work. In particular, check for aphids, bagworms, slug moths, brown spot disease and sooty mold on flowering shrubs, and other pests and diseases that occur frequently, and control them promptly.

October (Cold Dew, Frost's Descent)

1. Do a good job of pest and disease control, eliminating various adult insects and insect eggs.

2. Continue hoeing and weeding.

3. After the seedlings stop growing, check the survival rate and get a clear picture of the stock, to ensure the smooth progress of winter and spring greening work.

November (Start of Winter, Minor Snow)

1. Do a good job of cold protection, whitewashing some trees, or wrapping them with straw rope.

2. Carry out winter tree pruning, cutting off diseased branches and dead branches; branches with insect eggs, and competing branches, excessive