Cultivation Techniques for Handeliodendron bodinieri: Seed Propagation and Pest and Disease Control Methods
Handeliodendron bodinieri is a tree species endemic to China and a Class II protected plant. It combines ornamental, edible and economic value. Its wood can be used to extract oil or make furniture. So how should such a precious tree be cultivated? Below, the editor will explain in detail the seed propagation and pest and disease control methods for Handeliodendron bodinieri.
1 Seed Collection and Storage
For Handeliodendron bodinieri, from early October to mid-November each year, once the fruit color is observed to transition from green to black, the fruit can be picked. Cut off the infructescence and rub it, and the seeds can be obtained. One infructescence can yield about 98 seeds. Place the seeds in a cloth bag, keeping the environment dry and ventilated. A single Handeliodendron bodinieri seed weighs approximately 0.08-1.0 g, and the weight of every thousand Handeliodendron bodinieri seeds is approximately 80-100 g, with a purity of 99%. The germination rate of Handeliodendron bodinieri seeds is usually in the range of 80%-90%.
2 Raising Seedlings
2.1 Preparation of the Sowing Bed
Selection of nursery site: flat terrain, fertile soil, good sunlight conditions, convenient drainage and irrigation, and deep soil layer. Deeply plow and harrow the nursery site finely, and build raised beds with a width of 1 m, a height of 15 cm, and a path width of 40 cm; the specific dimensions can be determined according to the actual terrain.
2.2 Preparation of Container Seedling Substrate
Choose plastic film containers with dimensions of 10 cm x 16 cm as the seedling containers. Prepare the substrate: add 10% sand, 50% red soil, and 40% forest humus soil, crush the nutrient soil and mix evenly, then place it into the containers.
2.3 Seed Treatment
There are two seed treatment methods. Before treatment, first soak the seeds in 0.5% potassium permanganate for 30 min, then rinse them in clean water. Method one is to soak the seeds in warm water at 45 degrees C; after 3 d they can be sown. Method two is the mixed-sand wet storage method: on the basis of method one, mix river sand with the seeds; when the mixture holds together in a ball in the hand without water dripping out, this is determined to be the humidity for sand storage, and after opening the hand the sand ball will not scatter.
After experimental comparison, it was found that seeds soaked in warm water germinate in about 30 d, with a germination rate of about 80%; while mixed-sand wet-stored seeds showed radicle emergence after 15 d, completed germination within 5 d after sowing, with a germination rate exceeding 90%, and the seedlings emerged uniformly.
2.4 Sowing
The best sowing time is from mid-March to early April. Use 0.5% potassium permanganate to disinfect the soil 2 d before sowing. Sow the seeds by the drill method, with a furrow depth of about 2 cm, a row spacing maintained at 10 cm, and a covering soil thickness of about 1 cm. Finally, cover with pine needles or grass to reduce soil moisture loss. The sowing rate of Handeliodendron bodinieri seeds is in the range of 9-10 kg/mu.
2.5 Transplanting of Sprouted Seedlings
The cotyledons of Handeliodendron bodinieri are 3-5 cm long, narrow and elongated. True leaves can appear in about 6 d, and the seedlings can be fully emerged in about 45 d. By mid-May, when the true leaves of Handeliodendron bodinieri have grown to 2-3 cm and the sprouted seedlings are 4-5 cm, transplanting can be carried out. Note to choose an overcast day or the morning or evening of a sunny day for the operation, and wet the nutrient soil and seedling bed 1 d before to facilitate lifting the seedlings. Finally, build a shade arch shed to prevent the young seedlings from being scorched in the sun, maintain suitable humidity for seedling growth and development, choose a light transmittance of about 50%, and set the height of the arch shed at about 55 cm.
3 Management and Care
3.1 Management After Sowing and of Seedlings
After completing the sowing task, the temperature and humidity of the seedling bed should be adjusted in a timely manner, and after the seeds germinate, remove the covering from the seedling bed.
3.2 Management of Container Seedlings
After completing the transplanting of the sprouted seedlings, provide shade treatment to the sprouted seedlings; a shade net with a shading rate of 50% is sufficient. Water regularly, once every 4.5 d; if the weather is too dry, water once in the early morning and once in the evening each day. The early growth stage of the sprouted seedlings is from mid-April to early July, and the vigorous growth stage is from early July to late September. Therefore, apply fertilizer once every half month, using 0.1% potassium dihydrogen phosphate combined with 0.1%-0.2% urea. The root collar length of a 1-year-old Handeliodendron bodinieri seedling is 1.05-1.35 cm, and the height is about 50 cm.
3.3 Loosening Soil and Weeding
Container growing is used for Handeliodendron bodinieri seedlings, so weeding and soil loosening must be done regularly. The time for weeding is chosen after rain when the sky clears or after irrigation. The principle of weeding is to remove early, remove small, and remove completely.
3.4 Pest and Disease Control
During the seedling stage of Handeliodendron bodinieri, if no pests or diseases are found, effective preventive measures against pests and diseases can be carried out. After the seedlings germinate, carry out pest and disease control treatment once every 10 d, choosing 0.1% chlorothalonil, 0.125% dexon, or 0.125% carbendazim wettable powder. Spray decamethrin and dimethoate once a month for pest and disease control, in order to improve the resistance of the seedlings.
Handeliodendron bodinieri is a tree species unique to China, generally distributed in the central and southern parts of the mid-subtropics and other places. It is a very precious tree species. The above are cultivation techniques for seed propagation and pest and disease control of Handeliodendron bodinieri, which you may refer to.
How to Grow Spiraea prunifolia: Cultivation Methods and Propagation Methods
How to grow Spiraea prunifolia? How to propagate it? Spiraea prunifolia is a shrub in the Rosaceae family, genus Spiraea. Spiraea prunifolia blooms in spring, with pure white flowers, dense like snow, like smiling dimples, very beautiful. Below we will learn in detail about the cultivation methods and propagation methods of Spiraea prunifolia and related information.
Introduction to Spiraea prunifolia
Spiraea prunifolia (scientific name: Spiraea prunifolia Sieb. et Zucc.): a shrub in the Rosaceae family, genus Spiraea, up to 3 m tall; branchlets slender, leaves ovate to oblong-lanceolate, slightly pubescent above when young, only pubescent below when old, with pinnate veins; petioles pubescent. Umbels without a peduncle, flowers 3-6, double, up to 1 cm in diameter, white. Flowers from March to May.
Spiraea prunifolia is distributed in China in Shaanxi, Hubei, Hunan, Shandong, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Anhui, Guizhou, and Sichuan. It is also distributed in Korea and Japan. Spiraea prunifolia blooms in spring, with pure white flowers, dense like snow, like smiling dimples. It can be planted in clumps beside ponds, on slopes, along roadsides or at the edges of tree clusters, and can also be planted in groups on lawns and at the corners of buildings. The flowers are mostly double, making it a beautiful ornamental flowering tree. It is a tree species used for garden landscaping and environmental greening. It is commonly cultivated in gardens everywhere for ornamental purposes.
How to Grow Spiraea prunifolia
I. Cultivation Techniques: Planting
It can be done in both spring and autumn. Generally, ground planting for ornamental purposes is the main method. It should be chosen in a place with sufficient sunlight and good ventilation; digging holes and dipping in slurry for planting gives a relatively high survival rate. In a shaded environment, it grows poorly.
1. Maintenance
Light and temperature: It can overwinter in the open field. It grows and develops well under conditions of sufficient light and a temperature of 20-25 degrees C. When the winter temperature is below -25 degrees C, frost damage will occur, and it may even lead to death.
Watering and Fertilizing
Apply sufficient base fertilizer before planting; generally apply decomposed manure, and deeply turn the tree holes. During the flowering period, apply phosphorus and potassium fertilizer (potassium dihydrogen phosphate) 2-3 times; at the end of autumn, apply 1 overwintering fertilizer, preferably decomposed manure or barnyard manure. Stop fertilizing in winter and reduce watering to a small amount.
2. Shaping and Pruning
Spring is preferable. In early spring before budding, cut off dead branches, overly dense branches, diseased and weak branches, and aged branches, so that the plant shape is beautiful, the flowers are abundant and the leaves lush, and the plant grows vigorously.
II. Propagation Methods of Spiraea prunifolia
1. Seed Propagation
Seeds generally begin to flower and set fruit in 2-3 days, and can set fruit normally after 4 days. The seeds have no obvious dormancy habit. Soak the seeds in warm water (30 degrees C) for 1 day and night, take them out and place them in a culture dish lined with moist filter paper; in a room at 18-20 degrees C, they begin to germinate in 8-10 days, and germination ends in about 10 days, with a germination rate of 80%-95%. When the seeds mature in early summer and the weather is relatively dry, they can be sown immediately after collection, either in pots or in the open field. In southern regions, sowing in autumn can germinate very quickly, and the seedlings overwinter in the seedling state. In the Beijing area, sowing can be done in early April, and in the Nanjing area, sowing can be done in early March. After sowing, cover with 0.5-1.0 cm of soil, and cover with plastic film to preserve moisture; they can emerge smoothly in 7-10 days, and primary leaves grow after 7 days. In the same year, seedling height can reach 30-45 cm. After transplanting once, they can be planted in the field, and after about 3 years they can bloom generally.
Soak in wet sand to promote germination for 3-5 days; the sowing rate is 1.50-2.25 kg/sq m. After sowing, cover with 4 mm of soil and provide shade; the seedling output can reach 150-225 plants/sq m. For Spiraea, sowing under the mother tree to create moderate shade is beneficial for seed germination and faster initial seedling growth, and can increase the emergence rate and the rate of seedlings becoming established.
2. Cutting Propagation
Use hardwood cuttings in spring and softwood cuttings in summer. Use pruning shears to take 1-2 day old cuttings, 10-15 cm long, soak them in TianBT rooting powder for 1 day and night, and after inserting them, shade with a shade net and spray mist to keep the seedling bed moist; the survival rate reaches over 95%. Guo Xiaofan summarized the softwood cutting seedling technique for Spiraea japonica, soaking the base of the cut cuttings in 50-100 mg/kg naphthalene acetic acid for 12-24 hours, and after inserting them, setting up a shade net (50% light transmittance); the survival rate is over 90%. Plants of the genus Spiraea have strong sprouting ability, so division propagation can also be carried out; division propagation is best done from October to December each year.
III. Disease Control of Spiraea prunifolia
When Spiraea prunifolia is cultivated in nursery fields, it has strong resistance and few pests and diseases, and no serious diseases have occurred. However, after heavy rain, if surface water accumulates too much and the roots remain waterlogged for a long time, root rot is likely to occur. Drainage should be carried out in time, and for diseased plants, 1000 times mancozeb or 800 times chlorothalonil can be used to drench the roots and spray the leaves; after three times, the symptoms can disappear.
Variety Classification of Spiraea prunifolia
Main Varieties
Spiraea prunifolia var. pubescens
The leaves are slightly thicker, the flowers slightly smaller, and the hairs more numerous, which distinguishes it from the original variety. Produced in Taiwan, China (Hualien Port).
Spiraea prunifolia single-flowered variety
Flowers single, about 6 mm in diameter; hypanthium campanulate, pubescent on both inner and outer surfaces; sepals ovate-triangular, apex acute, slightly pubescent outside, more densely hairy inside; petals broadly obovate, apex rounded-obtuse, 2-4 mm long, width nearly equal to length, white; stamens 20, about 1/2 or 1/3 the length of the petals; disc annular, with 10 obvious lobes; ovary pubescent, style shorter than the stamens. Follicles pubescent only on the ventral suture, spreading, style terminal on the back, with erect sepals. Flowering period March-April, fruiting period April-July. Produced in Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, and Fujian. Growing on slopes or rocks, at an altitude of 550-1000 m.
Cultivation and Maintenance of Campsis grandiflora in North China
Campsis grandiflora, also known as lingxiao flower, ziwei, nüwei flower, wuwei flower, etc., is a deciduous vine in the Bignoniaceae family, genus Campsis. It is native to central and eastern China, and is also distributed in Japan; it is now cultivated in various places across China. Renqiu City, Hebei Province, where the author is located, in the Huabei Oilfield mining area, is moderately saline-alkali land. In recent years, Campsis grandiflora has grown well. Now its cultivation and management techniques are introduced for the reference of colleagues.
Morphological Characteristics
Campsis grandiflora can also be grown into a shrub form, and can climb onto other objects by means of aerial roots at the nodes of the branches; the branches can reach more than 10 m in length. The bark is grayish brown, with fine strip-like longitudinal fissures. Branchlets purplish brown. Compound leaves alternate, leaf surface relatively rough, leaflets 7 to 9, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, apex long-acuminate, base asymmetrical, smooth and hairless on both sides. Terminal cymose panicles, calyx 5-lobed to the middle, corolla bilabiate funnelform, bright red or orange-red. Capsule obtuse at the apex; flowering period June to August, fruit ripening period September to October.
Ecological Habits
Campsis grandiflora likes a warm, humid, sunny environment, is relatively shade-tolerant, and requires well-drained, wind-sheltered, sunny, fertile and loose soil. It is drought-tolerant and dislikes waterlogging, and has strong sprouting and tillering ability. Campsis grandiflora is not strongly cold-resistant, especially the seedlings; cold protection measures should be taken in winter. Slightly larger ones can overwinter in the open field in North China, but need to be planted in a wind-sheltered, sunny place; autumn shoots are prone to freezing and drying out. It requires loose and well-drained soil, and can tolerate weak alkali and barren conditions.
Propagation Methods
Propagation mainly uses cutting and layering, and can also use division and sowing.
Cutting propagation: Hardwood cuttings are generally carried out from March to April in spring. The cuttings are collected and cut in November and stored in sand. The cuttings are 15 cm to 20 cm long, and the insertion depth is 2/3 of the cutting. The seedling bed should be deeply plowed, finely harrowed, leveled, and watered. After the water seeps in, insert the cuttings; they can take root from May to June, and the survival rate can reach over 90%. If branches with aerial roots are taken for cuttings, the survival rate is even higher. Softwood cuttings from June to July also root easily.
Layering propagation: Layering can be done from early May to August. Select one- or two-year-old new branches, bend them and bury them in soil to a depth of 8 cm to 10 cm, keep them moist, and they root very easily. They can also be layered directly into pots; after two or three months, many fibrous roots will be produced. Cut them off in autumn, and they will bloom the next year. For layering, a sunny, well-drained place is suitable.
Division propagation: During division propagation, dig out the tiller buds at the base of the Campsis grandiflora plant together with roots, shorten them, and plant them separately; they survive easily. For sowing, seeds can be sown immediately after collection or sown in the following spring.
Seed propagation: Because Campsis grandiflora sets much fruit, the seed germination rate is as high as 63%. Therefore, seed propagation can be used. Because growth is rapid, only two or three years are needed to obtain seedlings.
Cultivation Management
Planting: The planting time for Campsis grandiflora can be in spring or autumn in the south, and is suitable for early spring planting in the north. After planting, a support frame is needed so that the branches can climb on it. At planting, apply decomposed organic fertilizer as base fertilizer, and after planting water thoroughly, then water again every three to five days, generally watering three or four times in succession. Every spring, water according to soil moisture conditions to keep the soil moist.
Pruning: Before budding in winter and spring, branch pruning can be carried out to straighten out the main and side branches. Before budding, thin out overly dense branches, dead branches, and crossing and overlapping branches, and shorten overly long branches, so that the branches and leaves are evenly distributed and every part can be ventilated and receive light, which is conducive to more flowering. After sprouting, apply a slightly concentrated liquid fertilizer once, and water in time to promote the growth and development of branches and leaves.
Maintenance: After sprouting, apply a fertilizer rich in phosphorus and potassium once, such as decomposed chicken and duck manure water or compound chemical fertilizer, and pay attention to frequent watering, so that the leaves are lush and the flowers abundant. During the growth period, carry out intertillage and weeding to improve soil conditions and reduce nutrient consumption. Every two or three years, after leaf fall in autumn, open a ditch around the root zone and apply decomposed barnyard manure once.
Cold protection: Campsis grandiflora seedlings have poor cold resistance. When cultivated in courtyards in North China, slight protection should be provided in winter. In most areas of Northeast and Northwest China, before winter it is necessary to dig longitudinal trenches, prune the branches and vines, bury them in the trenches, and cover with fallen leaves and straw curtains to overwinter.
Pest and Disease Control
Pests of Campsis grandiflora mainly include aphids, Psilogramma menephron, and others.
For aphids, in combination with pruning, cut off branches with eggs, and during the peak hatching period of overwintering eggs, spray pesticides for control. One of the following can be sprayed for foliar application: 1.2% nicotine-lime emulsion 800 to 1000 times, or 6% imidacloprid emulsion 3000 to 4000 times, or 5% acetamiprid emulsion 5000 to 6000 times, or 2.5% decamethrin 2500 to 3000 times, etc. Pay attention to safety when spraying. Omethoate is also a good medicine for controlling aphids, but omethoate may cause phytotoxicity to Rosaceae plants such as peach, Amygdalus triloba, and Chaenomeles speciosa, so special care should be taken when using it on garden plants, and it is best not to use it.
For Psilogramma menephron, it is necessary to turn the soil in winter to kill overwintering pupae; manually capture and kill larvae based on insect droppings and fragments on the ground and leaves; install insect-killing lamps to trap and kill adults; when the infestation is severe, spray 25% diflubenzuron 2000 to 2500 times, 20% miman suspension concentrate 1500 to 2000 times, 50% phoxim 2500 times, 2.5% deltamethrin 2000 to 3000 times, and other chemicals; the control effect is relatively good.
The main diseases of Campsis grandiflora include black spot, powdery mildew, and others.
During the dormant period, evenly spray once with 3 to 5 degrees Baume lime sulfur mixture to eliminate overwintering sources of disease. Before the disease occurs, spray protective fungicides, such as 50% Tuzet wettable powder 800 to 1000 times, 75% chlorothalonil 500 to 600 times, 70% mancozeb 600 to 800 times, etc.; after the disease occurs, spray systemic fungicides. Triadimefon wettable powder is a specific medicine for treating powdery mildew, and its residual effect period can reach 20 to 25 days. After spraying, the powdery mildew layer on the affected part turns dark gray, shrinks and disappears, making it a relatively ideal agent for controlling powdery mildew. Spray 25% triadimefon wettable powder 2000 to 3000 times, or 50% carbendazim wettable powder 500 to 600 times, or 70% thiophanate-methyl wettable powder 600 to 800 times, etc. When the disease is severe, spray once every 7 to 10 days, continuously spraying 2 to 3 times; different chemicals should be used alternately to avoid the development of drug resistance in the pathogen.
Garden Uses
Campsis grandiflora blooms in summer and autumn, with a very long flowering period, dense branches and leaves, bright flowers, and flowering branches hanging from high places, with soft stems and slender vines and vigorous growth, making it an excellent vine. Its stem nodes produce aerial roots, and in gardens it is often used to climb trellises, flower gates, rockeries, walls, etc. It is also an ideal good material for vertical greening and a variety for beautifying flowering plants. If configured with other shade- and moisture-loving climbing plants, it can form a well-layered and good ornamental effect. Therefore, it is a famous vine ornamental flowering plant in the summer season when few flowers bloom. Campsis grandiflora can also be potted and grown on balconies; with slight training, it can form a green screen dotted with flowers. However, Campsis grandiflora pollen is toxic, so attention should be paid when arranging it. At the same time, the stems, leaves, and flowers of Campsis grandiflora can all be used as medicine.