Cherry Tree Management Tips and Key Points of Pest Control Techniques

Cherry blossoms are part of the rose family and bloom in spring, so they are also a symbol of spring. Every spring, white, light red, and deep red cherry blossoms begin to appear on the cherry trees. The petals come in single and double forms, and the difference between the two is that only the single form can bear fruit. Cherry blossoms are very beautiful. As an ornamental plant, how cherry trees should be managed and protected from pests is very important.

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Cherry Tree Management Tips

I. Disease prevention and leaf protection for cherry trees

Powdery mildew, brown spot, and sooty mold are the most common diseases of cherry trees. If prevention and control techniques are not applied, they can cause premature leaf drop, preventing nutrients from accumulating and thus affecting the quality of the flowering period the following year.The control methods: You can choose a 70% thiophanate-methyl 1000-fold solution or a 65% zineb wettable powder 500-fold solution, sprayed once every 15 days. Highly toxic pesticides such as dichlorvos must not be used. Watering should be appropriate, and foliar fertilizer spraying should also be increased to ensure the leaves remain intact, thick, and dark green.

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II. Applying base fertilizer to cherry trees in autumn

Cherry trees usually begin to be given base fertilizer around September 10. After that, the fertilizer has enough time to decompose, which allows the cherry trees to begin absorbing nutrients during their dormant period. The fertilizer type is mainly decomposed farmyard manure, combined with a small amount of chemical fertilizer. For young trees, apply 50 to 75 kg of soil and miscellaneous fertilizer per tree. Autumn base fertilizer should not be applied too deep; 40 to 50 cm is appropriate.

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III. Deep digging of the tree plate for cherry trees

In autumn, cherry trees need to be fertilized. Combined with the application of base fertilizer, turn the soil around the roots once, which can increase root depth, store water and preserve soil moisture, and raise soil temperature. Clean up dead branches, fallen leaves, weeds, and other debris within the tree plate and burn them in a centralized manner to eliminate overwintering pests and pathogen sources.

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IV. Autumn pruning of cherry trees

Cherry trees also need pruning. According to the growth condition of the tree, promptly thin out dense branches, crossing branches, and overlapping branches. Diseased and pest-infested branches should also be controlled, improving the ventilation and light penetration of the canopy and increasing tree vigor. Use a sharp knife to smooth and scrape clean the wounds, apply a 5 degree lime sulfur solution for disinfection, then apply a protective agent such as tung oil to prevent the wounds from rotting.

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Pest control techniques for cherry trees:

Cherry trees should be monitored for pests at all times. The main pests harming cherry trees are aphids, red spiders, and scale insects. For these pests and diseases, prevention should be the main approach, with spraying 3 to 4 times per year: the first before flowering, the second after flowering, and the third in July to August. Try to avoid using dichlorvos to prevent leaf drop. Water appropriately and increase foliar fertilizer spraying (0.3% to 0.5% urea, 0.3% monopotassium phosphate) to ensure the leaves remain intact, thick, and dark green.

Cherry Tree Management Tips and Pest Control Techniques

Cherry blossoms are part of the rose family and bloom in spring, so they are also a symbol of spring. Every spring, white, light red, and deep red cherry blossoms begin to appear on the cherry trees. The petals come in single and double forms, and the difference between the two is that only the single form can bear fruit. Cherry blossoms are very beautiful. As an ornamental plant, how cherry trees should be managed and protected from pests is very important.

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>>Click the image to learn more related content<<

Cherry Tree Management Tips

I. Disease prevention and leaf protection for cherry trees

Powdery mildew, brown spot, and sooty mold are the most common diseases of cherry trees. If prevention and control techniques are not applied, they can cause premature leaf drop, preventing nutrients from accumulating and thus affecting the quality of the flowering period the following year.The control methods: You can choose a 70% thiophanate-methyl 1000-fold solution or a 65% zineb wettable powder 500-fold solution, sprayed once every 15 days. Highly toxic pesticides such as dichlorvos must not be used. Watering should be appropriate, and foliar fertilizer spraying should also be increased to ensure the leaves remain intact, thick, and dark green.

>>Click the image to learn more related content<<

II. Applying base fertilizer to cherry trees in autumn

Cherry trees usually begin to be given base fertilizer around September 10. After that, the fertilizer has enough time to decompose, which allows the cherry trees to begin absorbing nutrients during their dormant period. The fertilizer type is mainly decomposed farmyard manure, combined with a small amount of chemical fertilizer. For young trees, apply 50 to 75 kg of soil and miscellaneous fertilizer per tree. Autumn base fertilizer should not be applied too deep; 40 to 50 cm is appropriate.

>>Click the image to learn more related content<<

III. Deep digging of the tree plate for cherry trees

In autumn, cherry trees need to be fertilized. Combined with the application of base fertilizer, turn the soil around the roots once, which can increase root depth, store water and preserve soil moisture, and raise soil temperature. Clean up dead branches, fallen leaves, weeds, and other debris within the tree plate and burn them in a centralized manner to eliminate overwintering pests and pathogen sources.

>>Click the image to learn more related content<<

IV. Autumn pruning of cherry trees

Cherry trees also need pruning. According to the growth condition of the tree, promptly thin out dense branches, crossing branches, and overlapping branches. Diseased and pest-infested branches should also be controlled, improving the ventilation and light penetration of the canopy and increasing tree vigor. Use a sharp knife to smooth and scrape clean the wounds, apply a 5 degree lime sulfur solution for disinfection, then apply a protective agent such as tung oil to prevent the wounds from rotting.

>>Click the image to learn more related content<<

Pest control techniques for cherry trees:

Cherry trees should be monitored for pests at all times. The main pests harming cherry trees are aphids, red spiders, and scale insects. For these pests and diseases, prevention should be the main approach, with spraying 3 to 4 times per year: the first before flowering, the second after flowering, and the third in July to August. Try to avoid using dichlorvos to prevent leaf drop. Water appropriately and increase foliar fertilizer spraying (0.3% to 0.5% urea, 0.3% monopotassium phosphate) to ensure the leaves remain intact, thick, and dark green.

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Care Measures for the Southern Plant Date Palm

Part One: "Compilation of Southern Plants"

Frangipani

Frangipani, its flowers really look like eggs, milky white on the outside and bright yellow in the center, just like egg white and yolk, and they look really cute. Its branches are thick and fleshy. The leaves are also large, and the flowers and leaves cluster at the tips of the branches. Frangipani blooms brilliantly in summer, giving people a feeling of purity and elegant temperament, and it is very suitable for careful appreciation. After the leaves fall, the bare trunk curves naturally, and its form is very beautiful. It is very suitable for planting in courtyards and lawns. Frangipani likes a high-temperature, high-humidity, sunny, and well-drained environment. It is naturally robust and drought-tolerant, but it fears cold and waterlogging. It likes to grow in acidic soil, but it is also resistant to alkaline conditions. Cultivation is best with deep, fertile, well-aerated, organic-rich acidic sandy loam. Propagation uses the cutting method. When planting frangipani, attention must also be paid to pest and disease control. For example, if brown small spots appear on the leaves or the leaves even turn dark black, that is because of frangipani angular leaf spot, and at that time you must pay attention and take measures. Of course, there may also be other diseases, so frangipani needs your care and attention. In fact, besides white, frangipani also comes in red and yellow, and both can be used to extract essential oils for making high-grade cosmetics, soap, and food additives, with a rather high price and great commercial development potential; the fresh flowers can also be dried for making tea, commonly known as frangipani tea, which has the effect of treating heat dysentery and moistening the lungs and detoxifying. The frangipani tree has a beautiful tree form, with many branches on the stem, strange shapes, and a great variety of forms; the leaves resemble loquat leaves, and after they fall in winter, semicircular leaf scars remain on the branch tips, much like deer antlers decorated with beautiful spots, making it the preferred small tree among the best choices for tropical landscaping, courtyard arrangement, and potted appreciation. The bark is thin and grayish green, rich in toxic white sap, which can be used externally to treat scabies, redness and swelling, and other conditions. The wood is white, light, and soft, and can be used to make musical instruments, tableware, or furniture. Frangipani flower meaning: breeding hope, resurrection, new life, as simple and ordinary as life itself, so it can always be so close to people, without distance.

Magnolia

Magnolia is a tall deciduous tree, with dark gray bark that is rough and cracked; the branchlets are slightly stout and grayish brown; the winter buds and flower stalks are densely covered with pale grayish yellow long silky hairs. The leaves are papery, obovate, broadly obovate, or obovate-elliptic, with the vigorous basal shoots having elliptic leaves. Magnolia flowers look very much like lotus flowers. When in full bloom, the petals spread out in all directions, making the courtyard appear in patches of green and white, with dazzling white light, and they have high ornamental value; combined with waves of delicate fragrance that refresh the heart, they are truly an ideal flower type for beautifying courtyards. Magnolia likes light and is relatively cold-tolerant, and can overwinter in the open ground. It loves dryness and avoids low humidity; waterlogging at the planting site can easily cause root rot. It likes fertile, well-drained, slightly acidic sandy soil, and can also grow in weakly alkaline soil. In the warmer south, it can bloom from December to January of the following year. Magnolia flowers have strong resistance to harmful gases. For example, if this flower is planted in a factory polluted by sulfur dioxide and chlorine gas, it has a certain resistance and sulfur-absorbing capacity. When artificially fumigated with sulfur dioxide, 1 kg of dry leaves can absorb more than 1.6 grams of sulfur. Therefore, magnolia is a very good pollution-resistant landscaping tree species for areas with atmospheric pollution. Magnolia likes light; young trees are relatively shade-tolerant, but they are not tolerant of strong light or west-facing sun exposure. Too strong light or west-facing sun exposure can easily scorch the trees. Magnolia likes fertilizer. In addition to applying base fertilizer at planting, it should be fertilized every year thereafter. Sufficient fertilizer can make the plant grow vigorously, with green and thick leaves, not only producing many flower buds, but also large flowers, a long flowering period, and rich fragrance. Magnolia is a tree species with relatively strong disease resistance, and its main diseases include anthracnose, chlorosis, and leaf sunburn. Besides ornamental value, magnolia also has medicinal and edible value. Magnolia flowers contain volatile oil, mainly citral, clove oil acid, and others, and also contain magnolia alkaloid, alkaloids, biond magnolia element, capric acid, rutin, oleic acid, vitamin A, and other components, with certain medicinal value. Magnolia flowers are pungent and warm in nature and flavor, and have the effects of dispelling wind and dispersing cold, unblocking orifices, and diffusing the lungs and clearing the nose. They can be used for headaches, blood stasis-type dysmenorrhea, nasal congestion, acute and chronic sinusitis, allergic rhinitis, and other conditions. Modern pharmacological research shows that magnolia flowers have an inhibitory effect on common dermatophytes.

Magnolia flowers are rich in vitamins, amino acids, and various trace elements, and have the effects of dispelling wind and dispersing cold, and regulating qi and the lungs. They can be processed into snacks and can also be brewed as tea. The flower meaning of magnolia represents gratitude. Magnolia often produces large white flowers amid lush greenery, and with its fragrant scent it gives people an indescribable temperament, truly fresh and lovely. Because the plant is tall and the flowering position is relatively high, it sways in the wind with a spirited appearance, like a heavenly maiden scattering flowers, very adorable.

Maranta

Maranta is a herbaceous plant. Most varieties have underground rhizomes or tubers, with leaves borne singly, relatively large, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, with veins arranged in a feather-like pattern, in two rows, and entire margins. Maranta is a relatively good groundcover plant with diverse colors and is a very good foliage plant. Maranta is a tropical plant that likes warm, humid, and brightly lit environments. It is not cold-tolerant and not drought-tolerant, and fears intense sun exposure. If directly exposed to sunlight, it will scorch the leaves, causing localized scorching at the leaf edges, stopping the growth of new leaves, and turning the leaf color yellow, so shading must be noted during cultivation. Maranta is relatively sensitive to water. During the growing period, it should be watered thoroughly to keep the potting soil moist, but the soil should not be waterlogged, otherwise it will cause root rot and even plant death. Maranta is somewhat "delicate." It requires enough careful attention all 365 days. If there is a major fluctuation in the environment for a few days, it will leave "evidence of the crime" on the plant. This is the consensus of maranta seedling traders and producers. Plants in the Marantaceae family do not have many pests and diseases, mainly scale insects, whiteflies, and others. Of course, it also has other values, such as medicinal value and dietary value. Maranta starch is almost entirely starch, contains no vitamins, and has a protein content of only 0.2%. It can be used as a thickener for soups, sauces, puddings, and dessert pastries. Add water and boil to form a transparent, odorless, and tasty paste. Maranta starch is fine in texture and, compared with other starches, can be cooked at lower temperatures and in shorter times, and is easy to digest. It is especially suitable for making custards and other egg products that cannot be overcooked, and is also suitable for making light-flavored, low-salt, and low-protein foods. Effects: clears the lungs and stops cough, clears heat and promotes urination. Indications: used to treat cough due to lung heat and painful urination due to damp-heat in the bladder.

Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum

Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum is an evergreen shrub or small tree. The bark is dark gray or light grayish brown, with many branches. The young branches are reddish brown and densely covered with stellate hairs. The leaves are leathery and alternate, ovate or elliptic, 2-5 cm long, with short pointed tips, rounded and oblique bases, asymmetrical, with stellate hairs on both sides, entire margins, and dark red color. Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum likes light and is slightly shade-tolerant, but in shade the leaf color easily turns green. It has strong adaptability and is drought-tolerant. It likes warmth and is cold-tolerant. It has strong sprouting and branching ability and is tolerant of pruning. It is tolerant of poor soil, but is suitable for growing in fertile, moist, slightly acidic soil. Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum has luxuriant branches and leaves, a graceful posture, and is tolerant of pruning and wiring, and can be used for hedges and also for making stump bonsai. During the flowering season, the whole tree is full of red flowers, extremely spectacular. Loropetalum is an evergreen plant, and its new leaves are bright red. Different strains differ in leaf color and flower color at maturity, and leaf size also differs. In garden applications, the main considerations are leaf color and leaf size, bringing about leaf color contrast and forming color contrast, and the flowering periods can also be staggered. Main pests: aphids, geometrid moths, yellow noctuid moths, Diopa noctuid moths, large and small cutworms, and scarab beetles, etc. Common diseases of Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum: anthracnose, damping-off, and mosaic disease. Anthracnose: mainly harms old leaves and basal leaves. Because the leaves themselves are red, the lesions appear as

black round spots, or nearly round, causing early leaf drop. It is seriously harmful in the rainy season from July to August. The pathogen is Actinospore fungi. The pathogen overwinters as mycelium on diseased leaves and is the initial infection source for the disease the following year. When you find disease on the branches and leaves of Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum, you must treat it promptly.

Ornamental peach

Ornamental peach is a variety of peach, a tree, 3-8 m tall; the crown is broad and spreading; the bark is dark reddish brown, rough and scaly when old; the branchlets are slender, hairless, glossy, green, turning red on the sunny side, with many small lenticels; the winter buds are conical, blunt at the tip, covered with short soft hairs, often clustered 2-3 together, with a leaf bud in the middle and flower buds on both sides. The leaves are oblong-lanceolate, elliptic-lanceolate, or obovate-lanceolate. Ornamental peach likes sunlight and is drought-tolerant, but not tolerant of humid environments. It likes a warm climate and has good cold tolerance, and can overwinter safely in a natural environment at minus 25 degrees Celsius. It requires fertile, well-drained soil. It does not like waterlogging. If planted in waterlogged low-lying places, seedling death easily occurs. Garden value: ornamental peach flowers are large and brilliantly colored, beautiful when blooming, with an ornamental period as long as 15 days. In landscaping, it is widely used along lakesides, streams, both sides of roads, and parks, etc. In small-scale greening projects such as courtyard greening accents and private gardens, it is also used for potted appreciation, and is often used for cut flowers and making bonsai. There is also the commonly seen weeping ornamental peach. Ornamental peach has a wide range of landscaping uses and outstanding greening effects, showing particularly good results in the year of planting. It can be planted in rows, in groups, or as a specimen, and shows particularly good greening effects in the same year. Ornamental peach is one of the commonly used colorful nursery stock in landscaping, and is usually used together with plants such as purple-leaf plum and purple-leaf sand cherry. When combined with flowering shrubs, it forms a scene of a hundred flowers blooming together. Besides ornamental value, it also has medicinal value. The gum secreted from the peach trunk, commonly known as peach gum, can be used as an adhesive and is a polysaccharide substance. Hydrolysis can produce arabinose, galactose, xylose, rhamnose, glucuronic acid, and others. It is edible and also used medicinally, with the effects of breaking blood stasis, harmonizing blood, and boosting qi. Diseases and pests often occur in summer and autumn. Its main diseases include white rust and brown rot, shot hole disease, anthracnose, gummosis, and leaf curl. The main pests include aphids, red spiders, scale insects, and red-necked longhorn beetles, etc.

Artificial plant communities

1. Satsuki azalea + Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum + Euonymus japonicus 'Aureo-marginatus' + spineless holly ball

These four plants have strong adaptability and are widely planted in Fuzhou. Three leaf-color plants are planted linearly, with rich leaf colors, plus large-sized spineless holly balls, forming a neat, full, and clearly layered roadside greening color band effect.

2. Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum + Photinia × fraseri ball + Michelia figo + Acer palmatum

Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum itself is widely planted in Fujian and has good adaptability, and both its leaf color and flower color are very beautiful. The old leaves of the Photinia × fraseri ball are green and accented by the red new leaves, setting each other off and looking extremely beautiful. The combination of the four plants is rich in layers and forms a landscape road with vertical rhythm and spatial layering, and a strong sense of guidance.

3. Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum + Fatsia japonica + Phoenix canariensis + Frangipani

In this combination of several plants, green is mainly dominant. The leaves include small and fine ones (Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum) and also coarse and large ones (Fatsia japonica, frangipani), while Phoenix canariensis adds a bit of tropical flavor. The layers are rich, with the effect of narrowing the space, making people feel close to it.

4. Moso bamboo + iris

Moso bamboo is very suitable for planting in Fuzhou. It is a scattered bamboo, with spacing between the culms. Iris has a graceful posture and gorgeous, varied flower colors. The two combined together are very charming.

5. Gardenia jasminoides 'Radicans' + Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum + Aucuba japonica + Osmanthus fragrans

Gardenia jasminoides 'Radicans' has leaves like a sparrow's tongue, and the plant is low, so it can be used as the lowest-layer plant. Aucuba japonica has yellow spots on its leaves and is a relatively good foliage plant, while the tree Osmanthus fragrans has a delicate fragrance that refreshes the heart. The combination has spacing and density, changes in leaf color, and is complemented by floral fragrance.

6. Rhododendron pulchrum + Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum + Fagraea ceilanica + Canna

Rhododendron pulchrum has gorgeous flowers, and with Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum and Fagraea ceilanica as a backdrop, it is even more moving. Canna has coarse, large leaves, narrowing the space and making people feel friendly.

7. Groundcover lawn + marigold + Photinia × fraseri + Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum ball + Osmanthus fragrans 'Dangui'

With green groundcover as the base, the bright yellow and gorgeous flowers of marigold are extremely beautiful. Behind the marigold, Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum and red Photinia serve as a backdrop, and the Osmanthus fragrans 'Dangui' tree form spreads out. The several plants set each other off, with rich variation.

8. Ophiopogon japonicus + guava tree

Both Ophiopogon japonicus and guava trees adapt very well in Fuzhou and grow normally. The leaves are fine and soft, making them very suitable as groundcover. The guava tree has yellow, smooth bark, a graceful posture, and relatively large leaves with orderly spacing and density, making it very suitable for open woodland paths.

9. Lawn + Agave americana var. marginata + pruned and shaped banyan tree + Senna bicapsularis

With green lawn as the base, agave leaves are coarse and large, with silver-yellow and green alternating leaf colors, and they match the pruned and shaped banyan tree very harmoniously, while Senna bicapsularis has a beautiful posture and gorgeous flower color. The combination of these several plants is rich in layers, with color changes but harmony.

10. Ophiopogon bodinieri + Rhapis excelsa + Dypsis lutescens + papaya tree

This plant arrangement is suitable for one side of a small building. Ophiopogon bodinieri has fine, soft leaf shapes, while Rhapis excelsa and Dypsis lutescens have coarser and larger leaves, and papaya has large palmate leaves, with its fruit borne on the main trunk, and its posture is very graceful.

11. Acalypha wilkesiana + Duranta erecta + Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum

As a plant combination for a carpet flower bed, Acalypha wilkesiana has bright leaf color and is used as the edge, Duranta erecta has yellow-green leaf color, and Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum has dark purple leaf color. The combination of the three plants as a carpet flower bed is extremely attractive.

Part Two: "Maintenance Plan 4"

Landscape Greening Maintenance and Management Plan

Maintenance and management are very important in landscaping. It is a long-term, repeated task with relatively comprehensive technical requirements, including damage by people and animals, sanitation and cleaning, pruning of flowers, grass, and trees, watering and fertilizing, pest and disease control, and flower bed planting, etc. The completion of garden green space does not mean the completion of the garden landscape. People often say "three parts planting, seven parts management." Only with high-quality, high-level maintenance and management can the garden landscape gradually take shape and become perfect.

Current characteristics of plants in the maintenance park area:

1. The green area covers about 245419 ten thousand sq m, with a high greening coverage rate, and there are large numbers of trees of different specifications and varieties and pruned and shaped shrubs. The initial growth has gradually taken shape. After our careful investigation, the plant planting characteristics are roughly divided into two areas according to the original master plan:

1) Plaza area: The plant planting style in this area is relatively open. The plaza is mainly planted with rows of ginkgo, zhennan, and large trees,

appropriately combined with low shrubs, and the overall space is relatively transparent.

2) Factory area: The plant varieties in this area are complexly matched, with large and small trees, shrubs, and groundcover plants interplanted.

At the entrance, relatively precious large plants (Canary Island date palm, jacaranda, small-leaf banyan stump,

premium osmanthus, etc.) are dominant. Whether the office area courtyard can still maintain its elegant and refined, spacious and grand

scenery, and whether the hotel villa area courtyard can still carry forward its delicate, gentle, leisurely, and relaxed atmosphere,

all depend on later maintenance and management.

2. From the greening conditions in the vertical area, we can find the following problems: 1) Shaped shrubs are not growing well and their shapes are monotonous; 2) Flowering shrubs have poor tree vigor, and their flowering conditions (including number of flowers, flower size, color, and secondary flowering) are unsatisfactory; 3) There are many weeds in the lawn, and in local areas the grass poaceous weeds show a tendency to spread unchecked; 4) There are pest and disease problems.

I. We are prepared to take the following rectification measures:

1. Promote three-dimensional gardening and carry out green hedges and shrubs with multiple graceful shapes. For the flowering shrubs planted as accents, take growth-promoting measures to promote their growth and then shape them according to their form. This depends on the specific plant growth and plant shape. The green hedges in local areas are highly regular, and the neat, uniform long strips undoubtedly make the courtyard, which should be free and leisurely, appear mechanical and rigid. Similarly, we can try pruning them into wavy shapes to match the relaxed and casual landscaping of the residential area, enlivening the atmosphere of the entire courtyard and also creating a more smooth living environment.

2. Immediately begin pest and disease control. For plants showing pest and disease characteristics, immediately carry out large-scale chemical control.

3、

4、

5. For lawn weeds, apply chemicals and increase the workload of manual pulling. For different plants, implement different maintenance and management plans (mainly fertilizer supply: base fertilizer, topdressing, and foliar fertilizer; different plants in different seasons all have different fertilizing methods and fertilizer choices). Plant labeling. We will classify and count all the plants, then make green labels indicating their

family, genus, species, and living habits, and label all plants in the area. In this way, it can both

enrich employees' general knowledge of plants and also add to the cultural atmosphere of the park, and with eye-catching labeling

make greening receive more attention.

6. Greening maintenance is not a matter of a single day or night. While doing the rectification work well, we will likewise

adopt different maintenance and management measures for different plants at different times. We arrange our daily work by month

(detailed rules attached later), striving to make our work bring the landscape effect in the blueprint to the extreme.

Likewise, we also ask Party A to offer more opinions so that our work can gradually become more perfect and complete.

7. Maintenance responsibilities

Within the contracted maintenance period, our company, in accordance with the operating procedures for landscaping maintenance and the quality standards for landscaping maintenance, reasonably organizes and carefully maintains, and dispatches professional horticulturists to organize, guide, and arrange management and protection work, and flexibly dispatches no fewer than experienced workers according to the weather in each season and plant growth conditions, completing the maintenance and management tasks with guaranteed quality and quantity.

VI. Maintenance content

1. Management procedures: including the entire process of watering, opening basins and earthing up, pruning, fertilizing, weeding, pruning and bud removal, pest and disease control, straightening, and replanting missing plants (nursery stock costs are calculated separately), etc. {Care Measures for the Southern Plant Date Palm}.

2. Management tools:

A. Flower shears, long shears, high-altitude shears, grass shovels, lawn mowers

B. Sprayers, buckets, dump carts, bamboo baskets

C. Shovels, hoes, saws, electric saws, ladders

D. Fuel, repair costs

3. Maintenance content:

A. Trees: apply organic fertilizer once a year, apply 0.25 kg of cake fertilizer per tree, and topdress once, applying 0.1 kg of compound fertilizer mixed with urea per tree, using hole application, spraying, and water-fertilizer methods, etc., then cover with soil, water thoroughly, with water penetration depth above 10 cm. Control pests and diseases promptly, maintain the natural growth state of the trees without shaping and pruning, promptly cut off yellow branches, diseased and pest-infested branches, shaded vigorous branches, and drooping branches that obstruct vehicle passage, and promptly clean up the pruned material. Remove weeds around the tree roots once a week to ensure no weeds.

B. Shrubs, green hedges, bag seedlings: fertilize once a quarter, applying 10 kg of urea mixed with compound fertilizer per 667 sq m, using broadcast application and water-fertilizer methods, etc. Water once within three hours after application, water once a day (except rainy days), with water penetration depth above 10 cm. Control pests and diseases promptly. For those pruned into round, square, or conical shapes, do minor pruning once a week and major pruning once a month, with smooth and beautiful cuts, promptly remove pruned material, promptly cut off dead branches and diseased and pest-infested branches, promptly replant old, diseased, and dead plants, and remove weeds once a week.

C. Herbaceous types: fertilize once a quarter, applying 10 kg of urea mixed with compound fertilizer per 667 sq m, using broadcast application and water-fertilizer methods, etc. Water once within three hours after application, water once a day (except rainy days), with water penetration depth above 10 cm. Control pests and diseases promptly, cut off spent flowers once a week, remove weeds once a week, and promptly cut off dead branches and yellow branches.

D. Taiwan grass: fertilize once a quarter, applying 10 kg of urea mixed with compound fertilizer per 667 sq m, with uniform fertilization and thorough watering, with water penetration depth above 5 cm. Control pests and diseases promptly, promptly replant wilted and dead missing parts, with coverage rate above 98%, and prune 1-2 times a month.

(2) Specific annual garden maintenance work schedule:

January: The month with the lowest temperatures of the year; deciduous trees in open ground are in a dormant state.

1. Winter pruning: Carry out comprehensive shaping and pruning of deciduous trees; prune dead branches, damaged branches, diseased and pest-infested branches on large and small trees, as well as branches that obstruct overhead lines and buildings.

2. Street tree inspection: Promptly inspect the tying and staking of street trees; when loosened ties, wire cutting into bark, or unstable stakes are found, immediately correct the situation.

3. Pest control: Winter is a favorable season for eliminating garden pests. In the loose soil under trees, dig out the pupae and cocoons of slug moths and burn them in a centralized manner. In mid-January, scale insects begin to become active, but at this time they move slowly, so we can adopt the method of scraping off the larvae on tree trunks. Controlling pests in winter often yields twice the result with half the effort.

4. Green space maintenance: In green spaces, flower beds and other areas, pay attention to removing large weeds; lawns should be timely weeded and edged; within green spaces, pay attention to frost protection and watering.

February: Temperatures rise somewhat compared with last month, and trees are still in a dormant state.

1. Maintenance is basically the same as in January.

2. Pruning: Continue pruning dead branches and diseased branches of large and small trees. Complete the pruning of all kinds of trees before the end of the month.

3. Pest control: Continue to focus on controlling slug moths and scale insects.

March: Temperatures continue to rise; after mid-month, trees begin to bud, and in late March some trees (such as camellias) bloom.

1. Tree planting: Spring is a favorable time for planting trees. After the soil thaws, immediately seize the opportunity to plant trees. Before planting large and small trees, complete planning and design, and dig (excavate) the tree pits in advance; ensure planting follows the sequence of digging, transporting, planting, and watering. When planting shrubs, also ensure digging, transporting, and planting are done promptly, with sufficient watering, to increase the survival rate of seedlings.

2. Spring irrigation: Because spring is dry and windy with high evaporation, to prevent spring drought, green spaces and other areas should be watered in a timely manner.

3. Fertilization: After the soil thaws, apply base fertilizer to plants and irrigate. {Maintenance measures for the southern plant date palm}.

4. Pest and disease control: This month is a critical time for preventing and controlling pests and diseases. Some seedlings have developed sooty mold, and the boxwood leaf roller moth has also appeared (use pesticide sprays such as fenitrothion for control). To control slug moths, the method of digging out pupae can continue to be used.

April: Temperatures continue to rise; trees all bud, bloom, or unfold leaves and begin to enter a period of vigorous growth.

1. Continue planting trees: In early April, seize the time to plant trees that bud late, promptly remove and replant shrubs that died in winter (azaleas, red-leaf photinia, etc.), and water newly planted trees thoroughly.

2. Irrigation: Continue timely watering of green spaces under maintenance.

3. Fertilization: For lawns and shrubs, combine with irrigation and apply quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer as a top dressing, or carry out foliar spraying as needed.

4. Pruning: Cut off branches that dried out in winter and spring; evergreen hedges can be pruned.

5. Pest and disease control: (1) After the second molting, scale insects successively move into bark cracks, tree holes, the base of trunks, wall corners, and other places, secreting white waxy thin cocoons and pupating. They can be swept away with a hard bamboo broom, then buried deeply in a centralized manner or soaked. Alternatively, pesticide sprays such as fenitrothion can be used. (2) Longhorn beetles begin activity; a grafting knife or self-made steel wire can be used to remove larvae, but the wound should be as small as possible. (3) Prevention and control of other pests and diseases.

6. Maintenance within green spaces: Pay attention to removing weeds and climbing plants in large green spaces. Lawns should also be weeded and edged.

May: Temperatures rise sharply, and trees grow rapidly.

1. Watering: During the peak leaf-unfolding period, trees have a very high water demand and should be watered in a timely manner.

2. Pruning: Prune spent flowers. Street trees receive their first bud-thinning pruning.

3. Pest and disease control: Continue to focus on catching longhorn beetles. The first generation of slug moths hatches, but has not yet reached a harmful level; take corresponding measures according to the actual conditions in the maintenance area. Sooty mold caused by scale insects, aphids, and others has also entered its peak occurrence period (on crape myrtle, pittosporum, oleander, etc.). In mid-to-late May, spray 10-20 times diluted rosin mixture and 50% parathion emulsifiable concentrate at 1500-2000 times dilution to prevent and control diseases and kill pests. (Other pesticides such as insecticidal antibiotics and Huabao can also be used.)

June: High temperatures

1. Watering: Plants have a high water demand and must be watered in a timely manner; do not "rely on the weather."

2. Fertilization: Combine loosening the soil and weeding, fertilization, and watering to achieve the best results.

3. Pruning: Continue bud thinning and sprout removal for street trees. Carry out pruning of hedges, ball-shaped plants, and some flowering shrubs. {Maintenance measures for the southern plant date palm}.

4. Drainage work: During heavy rain, pay attention to drainage in low-lying areas.

5. Pest and disease control: In mid-to-late June, slug moths enter the peak hatching period; measures should be taken promptly, and currently 50% fenitrothion emulsifiable concentrate at 500-800 times dilution is basically used for spraying. (Or compound BT emulsifiable concentrate can be used for spraying.) Continue manual capture of longhorn beetles.

6. Do a good job in pre-flood and pre-typhoon inspection of trees; right, reinforce, and re-tie trees that are loose or leaning.

July: The highest temperatures; after mid-month, strong winds and heavy rain will occur.

1. Transplanting evergreen trees: During the rainy season, with sufficient moisture, conifers and bamboos can be transplanted, but pay attention to weather changes and water promptly once high temperatures occur.

2. Drainage: Drain promptly after heavy rain.

3. Top dressing: Apply quick-acting fertilizers such as nitrogen fertilizer dry before rain.

4. Street trees: Carry out typhoon-prevention bud-thinning pruning; all branches that conflict with power lines must be pruned, and tree stakes should be checked one by one; if looseness or instability is found, right and tie them immediately. Prepare in advance in terms of labor organization, materials, tools and equipment, and assign personnel to inspect at any time and handle dangers promptly.

5. Pest and disease control: Continue prevention and control of longhorn beetles and slug moths. For longhorn beetles, 50% fenitrothion at 1:50 dilution can be injected, (or fruit tree treasure, or Yuanke No. 3), then seal the opening, which can also achieve good results. Camphor tree nest borers should be promptly pruned out, and the pest nests destroyed to prevent another outbreak.

August: Still the rainy season

1. Drainage: After heavy rain, drain low-lying waterlogged areas promptly.

2. Typhoon prevention for street trees: Continue doing a good job in typhoon prevention for street trees.

3. Pruning: In addition to general summer pruning of trees, carry out shaping pruning of hedges.

4. Cultivation and weeding: Weeds also grow vigorously, so weed promptly, and fertilization can be combined with weeding.

5. Pest and disease control: Focus on catching longhorn beetles, and pay attention to catching longhorn beetles at the roots. Aphid damage and camphor tree nest borers should be promptly controlled. In humid weather, pay attention to powdery mildew and rot diseases, and take timely measures. September: Temperatures decline somewhat; do related work well for National Day.

1. Pruning: In preparation for city appearance work, thin buds below the third fork of street trees. Shape hedges. Weed within green spaces, edge lawns, promptly remove dead trees, and ensure trees have green branches and leaves and green spaces are clean and tidy.

2. Fertilization: For trees that grow weakly and whose branches are not sufficiently substantial, apply additional phosphorus and potassium fertilizers.

3. Pest and disease control: Shot hole disease (on cherry blossoms, peaches, plums, etc.) is at its peak; use 500% carbendazim at 1000 times dilution to prevent infection. Longhorn beetles begin to shift to the roots to cause damage; pay attention to catching longhorn beetles at the roots. Also promptly control carpenter moths on poplars and willows. Do a good job in preventing and controlling other pests and diseases.

4. Before the holiday, do a good job inspecting all kinds of greening facilities.

October: Temperatures drop; in late October it enters early winter, trees begin to shed leaves, and successively enter dormancy.

1. Prepare well for autumn tree planting; in late October, once cold-tolerant trees shed their leaves, planting can begin.

2. Green space maintenance: Promptly remove dead trees and water promptly. Do a good job in weeding and edging green spaces and lawns. Fertilize flowering plants that grow poorly.

3. Pest and disease control: Continue catching longhorn beetles at the roots. Also pay attention to observing and controlling camphor tree nest borers. November: The soil begins to freeze at night and thaw during the day, entering deep winter.

1. Tree planting: Continue planting cold-tolerant plants, completing before the soil freezes.

2. Soil turning: Turn the soil in green spaces to expose pests preparing to overwinter.

3. Watering: Water dry, compacted soil, completing before freezing.

4. Pest and disease control: Various pests prepare to overwinter in late November, so the control task is relatively light.

December: Low temperatures; winter maintenance work begins.

1. Winter pruning: Prune some evergreen trees and shrubs.

2. Eliminate overwintering pests and diseases.

3. Prepare for next year's adjustment work: After deciduous plants shed their leaves, observe the maintenance area and draw the positions to be adjusted.

Seven. Green space maintenance quality objectives

1 Greening maintenance technical measures are complete and management is proper, achieving no exposed yellow soil.

2 Garden plants

2.1 Growth is normal. Various plants in newly built green spaces reach normal form within three years; if plants or grass are injured or die due to poor management, the replacement seedlings must survive within one year.

2.2 Garden trees have basically complete crowns, with primary and secondary branches evenly distributed, appropriate in number, and reasonably pruned; the inner crown is not chaotic, with ventilation and light penetration. Flowering shrubs bloom promptly and normally, and are pruned promptly after flowering. Hedges and color blocks have normal branches and leaves, neat and uniform. Street trees have no missing plants, and there are no dead trees in green spaces.

2.3 Deciduous trees have normal new shoot growth, and leaf size and color are normal. Under general conditions, yellow leaves, scorched leaves, curled leaves, and leaves with insect excretions or insect webs must not exceed 5%, and the preservation rate of normal leaves is above 90%. Coniferous

Part Three: "Annual Greening Maintenance Plan"

Annual Greening Maintenance Plan

January

1. Carry out winter shaping and pruning of various deciduous trees, cutting off dead branches, overlapping branches, crossing branches, diseased and pest-infested branches, and lower side branches, to ensure that tree development tends to be reasonable, tree branch form is improved, and pest and disease breeding is reduced.

2. Appropriately thin trees that are too densely grown, which can reduce pests and diseases and increase growth.

3. Carry out winter plowing and soil turning, improve the soil, and apply winter fertilizer to all trees, ground cover, and lawns to ensure the nutrient needs of seedlings and lawns.

4. Winter is a favorable season for eliminating garden pests. In the loose soil under trees, dig out the pupae and cocoons of slug moths and burn them in a centralized manner.

5. As appropriate, scarify certain lawn types and prune 1-2 times. February

1. Carry out weeding, pruning, and fertilization of lawns.

2. Do a good job in pest and disease control, especially paying attention to powdery mildew on narrow-leaf mahonia and mealybugs on coral and Japanese fatsia.

3. In particular, strengthen freeze protection and insulation measures for trees, and do a good job in loosening soil and hilling soil around tree root systems.

4. Apply a top dressing (urea) to cool-season lawns once at the end of the month at 10 g/mu.

March

1. To prevent spring drought, water trees in a timely manner.

2. Promptly roll lawns and remove weeds, and clean up winter grass in tree beds and flower beds.

3. Pest and disease control: Strengthen observation and inspection, and do a good job in forecasting, reporting, and control. In particular, special attention should be paid to sooty mold and boxwood leaf roller moth. In mid-March, crape myrtle scale eggs hatch; from late March, pear rust occurs on crabapples and cool-season lawns; pay attention to prevention reports.

4. For local depressions and low-lying spots in lawns, carry out soil filling and sand covering, and carry out low pruning of winter ryegrass lawns to ensure the sprouting and growth of the underlying grass.

April

1. Do a good job in loosening soil, weeding, and pre-flowering fertilization for field-planted flowers and trees. In particular, apply dilute fertilizer to perennial flowers and spring-sown flowering plants; for lawns and shrubs, combine with irrigation and apply quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer as a top dressing, or carry out foliar spraying as needed.

2. Cut off branches that dried out in winter and spring; pruning of evergreen hedges can begin.

3. Pest and disease control: Mainly control aphids, sooty mold, and beetles. Keep relevant records.

May

1. This month is the peak leaf-unfolding period for trees, with a very high water demand, so watering should be timely.

2. Prune spring flowering shrubs such as osmanthus and hall crabapple, and promptly carry out bud thinning on plane trees, red-leaf plum, crape myrtle, and other trees.

3. Weed flower beds and shrub color blocks. At the same time, carry out weeding of lawns and prune lawn grass promptly to control its height.

4. Pest and disease control: Do a good job in forecasting, reporting, and control.

June

1. Water plants promptly to ensure sufficient water supply.

2. Loosen soil and weed tree beds and color-block shrubs, and carry out weeding of lawns.

3. Lawns should be pruned promptly, and their growth height controlled; pay attention to controlling the occurrence of large-scale pests and diseases. For lawns that grow poorly or lack fertilizer, apply a compound fertilizer once to help them pass the summer safely.

4. Pest and disease control: Do a good job in forecasting, reporting, and control.

July

1. In high-temperature weather, especially ensure that watering work for plants is implemented.

2. Carry out soil loosening and weeding for flower bed color-block shrubs, and at the same time do a good job in weeding ground cover. This month the weather is hot, with high temperatures and relatively high humidity; weeds grow quickly, so seize the opportunity to weed and remove grass to prevent grass overgrowth; continue intertillage weeding and loosening the soil.

3. Seriously do a good job in typhoon and flood prevention; reinforce and secure trees in the park to prevent lodging; for low-lying or seriously waterlogged places, promptly dredge and drain.

4. Pest and disease control: Do a good job in forecasting, reporting, and control.

August

1. Carry out summer pruning of evergreen trees, and carry out shaping pruning of hedges.

2. Lawn weeds grow vigorously, so weed and prune promptly to control lawn height, and fertilization can be combined with weeding. Timely supplementary and top-dressing fertilization is needed, mainly with P and K fertilizers, combined with N fertilizer; for small seedlings, shrubs, and herbaceous flowers, apply dilute fertilizer frequently; at the same time, pay attention to mastering the fertilization timing and climate.

3. In high-temperature weather, be sure to ensure daily watering and drought resistance work; do not choose 10:00-15:00 to do it, so as to avoid burning seedlings. (Including: tree bed maintenance, weed control, soil loosening, etc.)

4. Continue doing a good job in typhoon and flood prevention, further reinforce and secure large trees in residential areas to prevent lodging; and promptly dredge drainage ditches in low-lying and easily waterlogged places to prevent water accumulation for too long.

5. Pest and disease control: Do a good job in forecasting, reporting, and control.

September

1. Carry out shaping pruning of hedges. Weed within green spaces and promptly remove dead trees, so that trees have green branches and leaves and green spaces are clean and tidy.

2. Thin trees that are too densely grown, and at the same time carry out bud thinning work.

3. Lawns should be pruned, edged, and cleared of weeds promptly, and attention should be paid to pest and disease control.

4. Carry out weeding for flower beds and color-block shrubs, and at the same time do a good job in weeding ground cover, and collect flower seeds.

5. Pest and disease control: Do a good job in forecasting, reporting, and control.

October

1. Prune ball-shaped shrubs to ensure a beautiful appearance, neatness, and distinct layers. Prune the tree form of evergreen trees so that their growth and development tend to be reasonable and their tree posture and appearance are improved.

2. Strengthen management of newly planted flowering plants, promptly fill bare gaps, water, and fertilize those that grow poorly.

3. Pest and disease control: Do a good job in forecasting and reporting, actively prevent and control, and keep relevant records. November

1. Carry out thinning and pruning of evergreen trees and evergreen shrubs, mainly for ventilation and light penetration, reducing pests and diseases, and enhancing growth.

2. For flower beds, colored-block shrubs and green areas, carry out weeding and edging work, pull weeds promptly, and replant bare or sparse spots in good time. Adjust the trees in the partial layout as conditions require; some evergreen trees and a few deciduous species may be transplanted. Also begin cold-protection and warmth-preservation work; for trees with

poor cold resistance, wrap them with rice straw and mound soil around them.

3. Strengthen the maintenance and management of newly planted plants, pay attention to timely watering, and prune appropriately. For lawns, scarify and aerate as conditions require, and at the same time mow 2-3 times.

4. Carry out fertilization work in late this month, and combine it with increased application of organic fertilizer to turn over the soil in green areas.

5. Pest and disease control: do a good job of forecasting and early warning, actively prevent and control them, and keep relevant records. December

1. For colored-block shrubs and green areas, carry out weeding and edging work, and pull weeds promptly.

2. Thin out and prune evergreen and deciduous trees and shrubs, mainly removing stubs and dead branches, so that the trees grow better the following year (do not prune flowering shrubs that have already formed flower buds), and at the same time pay attention to cleaning off insect cocoons on trunks and branches.

3. Wrap southern plants such as sago palm and date palm with straw rope to ensure they overwinter safely.

4. Pest and disease control: do a good job of forecasting and early warning, actively prevent and control them, and keep relevant records.

Article Four: "Latest Common Plants Used in Southern Landscaping"

Common Garden Plants Used in Southern Landscaping

Evergreen trees:

Norfolk Island pine, slash pine, Chinese fir, Caribbean pine, Chinese weeping cypress, mahogany, West Indian mahogany, Sterculia lanceolata, Chinese saraca, sugar apple, longan, Dracontomelon duperreanum, Michelia macclurei, golden shower tree, Chinese arborvitae, Chinese juniper, dragon juniper, Fujian cypress, Buddhist pine, Japanese cedar, Buddhist pine, large-leaved podocarp, Michelia alba, southern magnolia, houpo magnolia, cinnamon, camphor tree, cinnamon, Gmelina hainanensis, Hainan ormosia, Taiwan acacia, Siamese senna, red camel's foot tree, camel's foot tree, Hong Kong orchid tree, almond, mango, Ormosia henryi, water banyan, Elaeocarpus hainanensis, avocado, Alstonia scholaris, Alexander palm, Chinese fan palm, fishtail palm, queen palm, rose apple, Syzygium hainanense, sapodilla, lemon-scented gum, river red gum, swamp mahogany, blue gum, cajeput tree, Irvingia malayana, Torreya grandis, Cephalotaxus fortunei, Indian rubber tree, banyan, small-leaved banyan, cluster fig, weeping fig, Ficus virens, sacred fig, horsetail tree, jackfruit, Acer cinnamomifolium, Castanopsis sclerophylla, Oriental white oak, candlenut, silk oak, Elaeocarpus apiculatus, Elaeocarpus sylvestris, sea hibiscus, Chinese holly, glossy privet, osmanthus, loquat, Albizia falcataria, royal palm, Caryota obtusa, Washingtonia, sugar palm, Canary date palm, bishop wood, rosewood, Dillenia turbinata, jackfruit, yellow sophora, jackfruit, large-leaved privet, Michelia chapensis, Heptapleurum octophyllum, Heteropanax fragrans

Deciduous trees:

Terminalia mantaly, Chinese swamp cypress, water elder, Chinese tallow tree, Japanese raisin tree, sand pear, soapberry, goldenrain tree, frangipani, bald cypress, pond cypress, tulip tree, white magnolia, Chinese parasol tree, sawtooth oak, cork oak, Chinese hackberry, Chinese elm, white oak, camptotheca, queen's crape myrtle, silk floss tree, flamboyant tree, peacock flower, Jacaranda mimosifolia, yellow sophora, chinaberry, Chinese mahogany, coral tree, cockspur coral tree, chestnut, silk tree, sweet acacia, Kalopanax septemlobus, sweetgum, weeping willow, Magnolia soulangeana, purple-leaf plum, ornamental peach, plum, papaya, Indian

rosewood, red-leaf plum

Evergreen shrubs:

sago palm, Chinese plum yew, Aglaia odorata, large-leaved box, Elaeagnus pungens, camellia sasanqua, sweet viburnum, gold-dust aucuba, Hypericum, Areca triandra, areca palm, Chuniophoenix hainanensis, Aglaia odorata, golden trumpet vine, Justicia gendarussa, red bottlebrush, Carmona retusa, gardenia, crown-of-thorns, poinsettia, Jasminum mesnyi, Aucuba japonica, Chinese holly, foreign azalea, Cordyline fruticosa, croton, red mulberry, golden-edge mulberry, Ficus microcarpa 'Golden Leaf', Senna obtusifolia, Rhododendron ovatum, Ardisia japonica, orange jasmine, Excoecaria cochinchinensis, Artabotrys hexapetalus, camellia, oil tea, large-leaved tea, oleander, yellow oleander, Allamanda cathartica, Serissa japonica, Michelia figo, Pittosporum tobira, Mahonia fortunei, heavenly bamboo, Fatsia japonica, Magnolia coco, hibiscus, Chinese lantern flower, Azalea, Yucca gloriosa, yucca, Hainan box, Licuala spinosa, Phoenix roebelenii, Caryota mitis, Rhapis humilis, bamboo palm,

Ficus microcarpa 'Golden', fiddle-leaf fig, willow-leaf fig, golden shrimp plant, Heptapleurum octophyllum, Duranta erecta 'Variegata', Duranta erecta 'Golden Leaves', Justicia gendarussa, golden-leaf privet, giant taro, Philodendron bipinnatifidum, Monstera deliciosa, Aspidistra elatior, Sansevieria trifasciata, Rhaphiolepis indica var. umbellata, Hibiscus rosa-sinensis 'Variegata', Euphorbia cotinifolia, small-leaved box, African jasmine, Brunfelsia pauciflora, Hamelia patens, crinum lily, spider lily, Calliandra haematocephala, Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum, Datura suaveolens, Mussaenda frondosa, Mussaenda erythrophylla, Rhododendron pulchrum, Rhododendron hybridum, Senna bicapsularis, Tecomaria capensis, rose myrtle, Ixora chinensis, Jasminum mesnyi, jasmine, Jatropha pandurifolia, Plumbago auriculata, Oxypetalum coeruleum, butterfly pea, heavenly bamboo, pepper tree, Excoecaria cochinchinensis,

Deciduous shrubs:

Cotton rose, bridal wreath spirea, Thunberg spirea, modern rose, Abelia chinensis, pomegranate, Callicarpa, Magnolia liliiflora, bush clover, Amur honeysuckle, Viburnum macrocephalum, rose of Sharon, redbud, dwarf flowering cherry, Spiraea prunifolia, pearl bush, butterfly tree, elderberry, fig, Sichuan pepper, trifoliate orange, butterfly bush, Chinese privet

Vines:

Monstera deliciosa, bougainvillea, Millettia reticulata, orange trumpet vine, Rangoon creeper, Akebia trifoliata, Japanese honeysuckle, wintercreeper, creeping fig, kiwi, Euonymus fortunei, Hong Kong climbing fig, Mucuna birdwoodiana, wax plant, Epipremnum pinnatum, pothos, star jasmine, Chinese ivy, English ivy, Schisandra chinensis, Boston ivy, Chinese trumpet creeper, passionflower, Lagerstroemia indica, Mucuna sempervirens, Thunbergia grandiflora

Artabotrys hexapetalus, Thunbergia grandiflora, Rangoon creeper, coral vine, Boston ivy, orange trumpet vine, Mucuna birdwoodiana, Clerodendrum speciosum, wisteria, creeping fig, cypress vine, morning glory, Ipomoea cairica, snake vine, Jasminum officinale, Aristolochia gigantea, garlic vine, wood rose, Bignonia chamberlaynii, passionflower

Bamboo:

Bambusa textilis, Bambusa chungii, moso bamboo, fernleaf bamboo, Henon bamboo, Bambusa vulgaris 'Vittata', Neosinocalamus affinis, hedge bamboo, bitter bamboo, Indocalamus tessellatus, Buddha belly bamboo, Dendrocalamus latiflorus, Bambusa textilis, Thai bamboo, Bambusa pervariabilis, square bamboo, green bamboo, Bambusa multiplex, Bambusa multiplex 'Alphonse Karr', red bamboo

Lawns and groundcover plants:

Bermuda grass, Chinese zoysia, fine-leaf zoysia, carpet grass, centipede grass, Paspalum distichum, Manila grass, zoysia grass, Guangdong evergreen, spiderwort, boat lily, mondo grass, Molineria capitulata, Liriope spicata, Reineckea carnea, Aspidistra elatior, black-eyed Susan vine, Acorus gramineus, autumn zephyr lily, Zephyranthes candida, Lycoris aurea, white butterfly, butterfly iris, red-flowered oxalis, Tradescantia zebrina,

Calathea roseopicta, arrowhead plant, Syngonium podophyllum 'White Butterfly', pothos, Tradescantia zebrina, sword fern, Pilea cadierei, Rhoeo spathacea, peace lily, silver-edge mondo grass, Lantana camara 'Red', Lantana camara 'Yellow', Lantana camara

'Purple', dusty miller, bleeding heart vine, shrimp plant, red firecracker flower, asparagus fern, evening primrose, beach morning glory, ivy, star jasmine, ginger lily, umbrella papyrus, papyrus, iris, purple loosestrife, narcissus, lotus, water lily, Wedelia trilobata, red-flowered oxalis, Arachis pintoi, dichondra, Alternanthera dentata, Alternanthera ficoides, coleus, Verbena tenuisecta, Alternanthera versicolor, autumn zephyr lily, Zephyranthes candida, amaryllis, lily, calla lily, periwinkle, centipede grass, Manila grass, Korean lawn grass, Bermuda grass, large-leaf carpet grass, Stenotaphrum secundatum 'Variegatum', bahia grass, Liriope muscari

Palms:

Royal palm, Washington palm, Dypsis decaryi, king palm, foxtail palm, Butia capitata, bottle palm, spindle palm, Middle Eastern date palm, Canary date palm, Bismarck palm, oil palm, Caryota obtusa, windmill palm, dragon scale palm, Chinese fan palm, queen palm, fishtail palm, queen palm, Washingtonia, Phoenix canariensis, Caryota mitis, Caryota maxima, areca palm, Areca triandra, traveler's palm, Rhapis excelsa,

Seasonal flowers

Pentas, African impatiens, wax begonia, scarlet sage, petunia, hybrid dianthus, ornamental kale, French marigold, African marigold, nasturtium, pansy, Torenia fournieri, cockscomb, pot marigold, globe amaranth, zinnia, Portulaca grandiflora, Portulaca oleracea, cosmos, cineraria, spider flower, daylily, lavender, purple loosestrife

Article Five: "Examples of Southern Plant Combinations"

Southern Plant Combinations

Philodendron bipinnatifidum + Cyperus alternifolius + Alpinia zerumbet 'Variegata'

Dracaena fragrans + Dracaena fragrans 'Colorama' + heavenly bamboo + sword fern + placed stones

Royal palm + Caryota obtusa + Phoenix roebelenii + canna + coleus + croton

Royal palm + Canary date palm head + Cordyline fruticosa 'Red' + red mulberry + Ixora chinensis

Royal palm + Alexander palm + areca palm + large-leaf bamboo palm + golden leaf

Article Six: "Commonly Used Garden Plants in Southern China"

Commonly Used Plants in Southern Courtyards

I. Palms:

1. Royal palm 2. Alexander palm 3. Washington palm 4. Silver date palm 5. Canary date palm 6. Areca triandra

7. Chinese fan palm 8. Washingtonia 9. areca palm 10. bamboo palm (fine-leaf bamboo palm) 11. Licuala spinosa 12. Phoenix roebelenii

II. Trees (street trees, shade trees):

1. Flamboyant tree 2. Kapok 3. Silk floss tree 4. Coral tree 5. Elaeocarpus apiculatus 6. Alstonia scholaris

7. Small-leaved banyan 8. Elaeocarpus hainanensis 9. Mango 10. Chinese mahogany 11. Cinnamon 12. Queen's crape myrtle

13. Rosewood 14. Frangipani 15. Terminalia catappa 16. Traveler's palm 17. Pandanus tectorius 18. Bishop wood

19. Star fruit 20. Olea europaea subsp. cuspidata 21. Golden shower tree 22. Albizia falcataria 23. Cajeput tree

24. Eucalyptus 25. Syzygium hainanense 26. Aphanamixis polystachya 27. Camel's foot tree 28. Mahogany

29. Banyan 30. Spathodea campanulata 31. Tabebuia chrysantha 32. Koelreuteria bipinnata

III. Flowering shrubs:

1. Four-season osmanthus 2. Bambusa multiplex 3. Tree fern 4. Ficus microcarpa 'Golden' 5. Bougainvillea

6. Yellow sophora 7. Red bottlebrush 8. Agave americana 'Marginata' 9. Hibiscus 10. Fagraea ceilanica 11. Ficus benjamina 'Variegata'

12. Hibiscus 13. Michelia figo 14. Lagerstroemia indica 15. Calliandra haematocephala 16. Tabernaemontana divaricata 17. Ixora chinensis

18. Furcraea selloa 19. Yucca 20. Orange trumpet vine 21. Yellow oleander 22. Polyscias

IV. Groundcover or colored blocks:

1. Pittosporum tobira 2. Monstera deliciosa 3. Pothos 4. Bird's nest fern 5. Red gem 6. Large-leaf Alternanthera 7. Heptapleurum octophyllum

8. Syngonium podophyllum 'White Butterfly' 9. Golden leaf 10. Cuphea ignea 11. Liriope 12. Calathea 13. Rhododendron pulchrum

14. Dwarf Chinese fan palm 15. Philodendron bipinnatifidum 16. Duranta erecta 'Variegata' 17. Spider lily 18. Tradescantia zebrina 19. Golden trumpet vine

20. Alpinia zerumbet 'Variegata' 21. Asparagus fern 22. Arachis pintoi 23. Ixora chinensis 24. Sword fern 25. Pachystachys lutea

26. White butterfly 27. Pilea cadierei 28. Dieffenbachia 29. Cordyline fruticosa 'Rainbow' 30. Croton 31. Mondo grass

32. Silver-edge grass 33. Jasmine 34. Calathea zebrina 35. Taiwan grass 36. Large-leaf carpet grass

37. Manila grass 38. Bermudagrass 39. Ryegrass 40. Tall fescue

There are also some commonly used plants:

1. Ficus religiosa 2. Banyan 3. Elaeocarpus hainanensis 4. Campanula 5. National Day flower 6. Golden shower tree

7. Siamese senna 8. Kigelia africana 9. Thai yellow large yellow flower ball 10. Melaleuca bracteata

11. Senna alata 12. Senna bicapsularis 13. Jatropha integerrima 14. Water banyan 15. Manglietia glauca

16. Hainan golden-dust 17. Pachira aquatica 'Variegata' 18. Hainan ormosia 19. Mahogany

20. Albizia falcataria 21. Cinnamomum bejolghota 22. Autumn osmanthus 23. Bay laurel 24. Washingtonia 25. Bambusa multiplex

26. Indian yellow (purple) sandalwood 27. Rosewood 28. Dianella ensifolia 29. Leizhou banyan 30. Markhamia

Commonly Used Garden Plants in Southern China

1. Evergreen trees

Norfolk Island pine, Cunningham's araucaria, Keteleeria, large-leaved araucaria, kauri, Masson pine, slash pine, camphor tree, Cinnamomum japonicum, Eucalyptus grandis x urophylla, cajeput tree, rose apple, Syzygium hainanense, bishop wood, Taiwan acacia, Acacia mangium, Acacia auriculiformis, rosewood, small-leaved banyan, large-leaved banyan, banyan, Ficus superba, Indian rubber tree, Ficus elastica 'Variegata', sacred fig, candlenut, mahogany, Dillenia, Alstonia scholaris, Terminalia catappa, Terminalia mantaly, jackfruit, Syzygium samarangense, Dracontomelon duperreanum, sapodilla, Chinese mahogany, horsetail tree, Michelia alba, Magnolia coco, Michelia macclurei, Elaeocarpus sylvestris, southern magnolia, sea hibiscus, mango, longan, lychee, olive, loquat, waxberry, pomelo, Elaeocarpus hainanensis, Buddhist pine, dragon juniper, Buddhist pine, osmanthus, four-season osmanthus, Michelia figo, Aglaia odorata, camellia, weeping fig, Irvingia malayana, Ficus tinctoria

2. Deciduous trees

Dawn redwood, pond cypress, bald cypress, Chinese swamp cypress, tulip tree, Chinese parasol tree, Bischofia polycarpa, Albizia falcataria, Albizia lebbek, Leucaena leucocephala, sweetgum, weeping willow, Kigelia africana, Anthocephalus chinensis, silk oak, Chinese hackberry, soapberry, Chinese pistache, chinaberry, Chinese tallow tree, Aleurites montana, ginkgo, Sterculia monosperma, persimmon, fig, mulberry, papaya, guava, red maple, sweet acacia

3. Palms

Alexander palm, royal palm, king palm, bottle palm, spindle palm, Dypsis decaryi, foxtail palm, queen palm, oil palm, sugar palm, Washingtonia robusta, Washington palm, Canary date palm, Middle Eastern date palm, Iraqi date palm, Chinese fan palm, Caryota obtusa, sugar palm, Phoenix loureiroi, Phoenix roebelenii, Areca triandra, Areca catechu, Areca, Caryota maxima, Caryota mitis, areca palm, windmill palm, banana, traveler's palm, Cordyline fruticosa, Rhapis excelsa, Rhapis humilis, Strelitzia nicolai, Philodendron melinonii, Alocasia macrorrhizos

4. Foliage shrubs

Ficus benjamina 'Golden Leaf', Ficus microcarpa 'Golden', fiddle-leaf fig, willow-leaf fig, Garcinia subelliptica, Thysanolaena maxima, Polyalthia longifolia, Pandanus tectorius, Pittosporum tobira, Hibiscus rosa-sinensis 'Variegata', sago palm, red bottlebrush, Cestrum nocturnum, Cotinus coggygria, golden shrimp plant, Fatsia japonica, Juniperus procumbens, Manihot esculenta 'Variegata', heavenly bamboo, Schefflera octophylla, Schefflera octophylla 'Variegata', pepper tree, Excoecaria cochinchinensis, red mulberry, Japanese lilac, Duranta erecta, Duranta erecta 'Variegata', Duranta erecta 'Golden Leaves', orange jasmine, croton, Croton hastatus, Croton hainanensis, Croton 'Aucubaefolius', Justicia gendarussa, Carmona retusa, small-leaved box, golden-leaf privet, crown-of-thorns, Furcraea selloa 'Yellow Stripe', Agave, Agave americana 'Marginata', yucca, Beaucarnea recurvata, Aspidistra elatior, Sansevieria trifasciata, cactus, giant taro, Philodendron bipinnatifidum, Monstera deliciosa, Alpinia zerumbet 'Variegata', Scaevola taccada, Rhaphiolepis indica var. umbellata, Breynia disticha, Phyllanthus ceylanicus, modern rose

5. Flowering shrubs

African jasmine, Brunfelsia pauciflora, Murraya paniculata, rose of Sharon, hibiscus, Chinese lantern flower, Malvaviscus arboreus, poinsettia, Calliandra haematocephala, bougainvillea, large-flowered gardenia, hydrangea, Pachystachys coccinea, Melastoma, Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum, Datura suaveolens, Mussaenda frondosa, Mussaenda erythrophylla, Allamanda, Rhododendron hybridum, Senna bicapsularis, Tecomaria capensis, rose myrtle, Ixora chinensis, Spiraea thunbergii, Jasminum mesnyi, jasmine, crinum lily,

spider lily, crab claw flower, dwarf canna, Reinwardtia indica, Jatropha pandurifolia, Plumbago auriculata, Oxypetalum coeruleum, butterfly pea

6. Groundcover

Calathea roseopicta, arrowhead plant, Syngonium podophyllum 'White Butterfly', pothos, Tradescantia zebrina, sword fern, Pilea cadierei, Rhoeo spathacea, peace lily, mondo grass, silver-edge mondo grass, Lantana camara 'Red', Lantana camara 'Yellow', Lantana camara 'Purple', dusty miller, bleeding heart vine, shrimp plant, red firecracker flower, asparagus fern, evening primrose, beach morning glory, ivy, star jasmine, ginger lily, umbrella papyrus, papyrus, iris, purple loosestrife, narcissus, lotus, water lily, Wedelia trilobata, red-flowered oxalis, Arachis pintoi, dichondra, Alternanthera dentata, Alternanthera ficoides, coleus, Verbena tenuisecta, Alternanthera versicolor, autumn zephyr lily, Zephyranthes candida, amaryllis, lily, calla lily, periwinkle, centipede grass, Manila grass, Korean lawn grass, Bermuda grass, large-leaf carpet grass, Stenotaphrum secundatum 'Variegatum', bahia grass, Liriope muscari

7. Vines

Thunbergia grandiflora, Rangoon creeper, coral vine, Boston ivy, orange trumpet vine, Mucuna birdwoodiana, Clerodendrum speciosum, wisteria, creeping fig, cypress vine, morning glory, Ipomoea cairica, snake vine, Jasminum officinale, Aristolochia gigantea, garlic vine, wood rose, Bignonia chamberlaynii, passionflower

Article Seven: "Document on Common Plant Combinations in Southern China"

Practical Plant Combination Table — A Brief Table of Common Plant Combinations

Aquatic plants:

Wetland plants: Hankow willow, weeping willow, cotton willow, sand willow, Artemisia selengensis willow, Chinese willow, small-leaved poplar, Liaoning poplar, sand cypress, Chinese juniper, Chinese arborvitae, dawn redwood, chinaberry, Chinese wingnut, Chinese ash, forsythia, elm, Siberian elm, Chinese elm, Chinese tallow tree, cherry blossom, eucommia, goldenrain tree, cotton rose, rose of Sharon, oleander, Boston ivy, grape, wisteria, Amorpha fruticosa, tamarisk, buttercup, Halerpestes ruthenica, Halerpestes lancifolia, swamp willow-leaf, willow-leaf weed, Stachys palustris, Stachys chinensis, mint, Lindernia, veronica, watercress, Scirpus triqueter, Schoenoplectus mucronatus, Scirpus planiculmis, Cyperus serotinus, Cyperus glomeratus, Cyperus sanguinolentus, Juncus articulatus, Juncus bufonius, Juncus minimus, Juncus gracillimus, Polygonum aviculare, Polygonum lapathifolium, Polygonum orientale, Polygonum caespitosum, Polygonum lapathifolium, Polygonum hydropiper, Polygonum minus, Polygonum perfoliatum, Polygonum senticosum, Polygonum thunbergii, Polygonum macrophyllum, Japanese knotweed, cogongrass, Calamagrostis, Calamagrostis langsdorffii, Beckmannia syzigachne, Polypogon monspeliensis, Arundinella anomala, Miscanthus sacchariflorus, Job's tears, Hemarthria, wet-loving ground orchid,

Emergent plants: softstem bulrush, reed, lotus root, arrowhead, Carex rhynchophysa, Alisma orientale, lotus, purple loosestrife, cattail, Monochoria vaginalis, Monochoria korsakowii, sweet flag, pickerelweed, rice, Kandelia obovata, narcissus, water dropwort, wild rice stem, taro, Marsilea quadrifolia, reed, Chinese water chestnut, Scirpus yagara, Juncus, Typha angustifolia, Cyperus alternifolius, Typha latifolia

Floating plants: duckweed, water hyacinth, water lily, gorgon nut, Victoria amazonica, Nuphar japonicum, water hyacinth, Nymphoides peltata, water shield, Utricularia aurea, floating fern, Nymphoides cristata,

Submerged plants: hornwort, Ottelia alismoides

Colored-leaf plants:

Red or purple: sweetgum, lacquer tree, Japanese maple, Amur maple, Oriental bittersweet, red oak, sugar maple, Chinese tallow tree, staghorn sumac, Chinese sumac, mountain ash, heavenly bamboo, winged euonymus, hawthorn, Chinese pistache, Chinese wingnut, barberry, Carpinus hupeana, Boston ivy

Golden yellow or yellow-brown: ginkgo, persimmon, goldenrain tree, tulip tree, Chinese parasol tree, elm, walnut, Catalpa, dawn redwood, crape myrtle, Chinese elm, Phoebe, wild jujube, kiwi, horse chestnut, Sorbus alnifolia, wintersweet, pomegranate, yellow sophora, witch hazel, soapberry, sweet acacia

Aromatic plants:

Aromatic plants that can be planted in residential areas include: mint, basil, lemon balm, German chamomile, lemongrass, sage, dandelion, pot marigold, thyme, borage, scented geranium, mallow and other herbaceous plants; and lavender, rosemary, gardenia, rose, lemon verbena and other shrubs.

Examples of woody plant combinations with fragrance in turn through the four seasons: plum blossom and orange blossom in spring; gardenia and Michelia alba in summer; osmanthus in autumn and wintersweet in winter.

Pollution-resistant and exhaust-resistant plants: black locust, Paulownia, lacebark pine, Chinese juniper, sweet viburnum, Photinia, Pittosporum tobira, Fatsia japonica, etc.

Nitrogen-fixing plants: Robinia, Lonicera, Albizia, Amorpha fruticosa, Caragana, Glycine, Lespedeza, Melilotus, Pisum, Phaseolus, Myrica, Elaeagnus, Cycas

Nectar-source, bird-attracting and butterfly-attracting plants: dwarf yew, Buddhist pine, Torreya grandis, Japanese holly, camphor tree, waxberry, glossy privet, Ternstroemia, Viburnum, Aucuba japonica, Mahonia fortunei, firethorn, box, Pittosporum tobira, Fatsia japonica, etc., Buddleja davidii, Chinese pistache, and other fragrant-flower plants (such as plants of the Rutaceae citrus genus)

Perennial (herbaceous) flowers: torch lily (red-hot poker), lupine, blue fescue, Astilbe, coreopsis, Lysimachia, oregano, Hibiscus moscheutos, red-flowered mint, Variegated Trachelospermum, Delosperma, Helleborus, Lycoris, daylily, iris, spiderwort, hosta, Canna 'Variegata', Canna 'Red Leaf', Aster novi-belgii, Farfugium japonicum, Bletilla striata, perennial verbena

Flowers and trees of the four seasons:

Spring: various cherry blossoms (early cherry, late cherry, weeping cherry, etc.), various crabapples (Malus micromalus, Malus spectabilis, Malus halliana, etc.), Magnoliaceae (southern magnolia, white magnolia, Magnolia soulangeana, Magnolia liliiflora, red magnolia, Michelia figo, Michelia maudiae, etc.), redbud, red-leaf

plum, peach blossom, camellia, winter jasmine, lilac, etc.

Summer: crape myrtle, rose of Sharon, hydrangea, Michelia figo, summer azalea, pomegranate (flower), gardenia, Chinese trumpet creeper, silk tree, sweet acacia. Autumn: osmanthus, crape myrtle, rose of Sharon, flowering pomegranate, cotton rose, Chinese trumpet creeper, etc.

Winter: honeysuckle, heavenly bamboo, plum blossom, Michelia figo, camellia, camellia sasanqua, etc.

Classification diagram of common landscaping tree species:

(I) Evergreen conifers

1. Trees: deodar cedar, Korean pine, Japanese black pine, dragon juniper, Masson pine, Chinese juniper, sago palm, Norfolk Island pine, Japanese cedar, Torreya grandis

2. Shrubs: (Buddhist pine), Platycladus orientalis, Sabina chinensis, creeping juniper, Japanese cedar, five-needle pine

(II) Deciduous conifers (no shrubs):

Trees: dawn redwood, golden larch, pond cypress, bald cypress

(III) Evergreen broadleaf trees:

1. Trees: camphor tree, southern magnolia, glossy privet, windmill palm

2. Shrubs: sweet viburnum, large-leaved box, box, box, Chinese holly, orange tree, Photinia, Pittosporum tobira, osmanthus, oleander, yellow jasmine, winter jasmine, gold-dust aucuba, heavenly bamboo, Serissa japonica, small-leaved privet, Fatsia japonica, gardenia, Distylium racemosum, camellia, Hypericum, azalea, yucca (pineapple flower, arrow hemp), sago palm (iron tree), Mahonia fortunei

(4) Deciduous broadleaf trees:

1. Tree species: weeping willow, upright willow, Chinese wingnut, dragon-claw willow, Chinese tallow tree, pagoda tree, Chinese parasol tree (Chinese parasol

tree), London plane (French plane), pagoda tree (Chinese scholar tree), twisted pagoda tree, silk tree, ginkgo, chinaberry (chinaberry tree), catalpa

2. Shrub species: cherry blossom, white magnolia, peach blossom, wintersweet, crape myrtle, redbud, lacquer tree, green maple, purple-leaf plum, Chaenomeles speciosa, pendulous crabapple, bigleaf hydrangea, lacecap hydrangea, forsythia (golden bells), cotton rose, rose of Sharon (hibiscus), mountain mahogany (osmanthus tree), pomegranate

(5) Bamboo species: Ci-xiao bamboo, moso bamboo, mao bamboo, black bamboo, Guanyin bamboo, phoenix-tail bamboo, Buddha-belly bamboo, golden-striped green bamboo

(6) Vines: wisteria, Chinese fleecevine, Boston ivy (Japanese creeper, climbing ivy), English ivy, grape vine, winter creeper

(7) Flowers: purslane, tatarian aster, scarlet sage, canna, Joyweed, kale (ornamental cabbage), chrysanthemum, orchid

(8) Lawn: velvet grass, zoysia grass, dwarf lilyturf, evergreen grass, tall fescue, Manila grass, clover, centipede grass

Detailed Table of Commonly Used Plant Arrangements

Table of General Commonly Used Street Trees

Name Scientific name Family Tree form Characteristics

Camphor tree Cinnamomun camphcra Camphor family Spherical Evergreen large tree, leaves alternate, triplinerved, doubly aromatic, berries spherical.

London plane Platanus x acerifolia Plane family Oval Prefers warmth, resistant to pollution, tolerates pruning. Large crown with dense shade, suitable as a street tree and courtyard shade tree.

Maple Liquidamdar formosana Hance. Witch hazel family Conical Deciduous tree, bark gray and smooth, leaves triangular, slow-growing, beautiful tree form

Flamboyant tree Delonix regia Raffin Caesalpinia family Umbrella-shaped Sun-loving, prefers warm hot climates, not cold-tolerant, fast-growing, pollution-resistant, wind-resistant; flowers red and beautiful, flowering May to August

Silk tree Albizia julibrissin Mimosa family Umbrella-shaped Flowers pink, June to July, suitable as a courtyard shade ornamental tree, street tree

Sweet acacia Albizia farnesiana Wild. Mimosa family Umbrella-shaped Deciduous sub-tree, fast-growing, dense branches and leaves, flowers golden yellow, excellent tree vigor

Weeping willow Salix babylonica Linn. Willow family Umbrella-shaped Deciduous sub-tree, suitable for low-temperature areas, grows luxuriantly and rapidly, beautiful tree form

Banyan tree Ficus retusa Linn.. Mulberry family Spherical Deciduous tree, broad crown, fast-growing, strong canopy density, suitable for various pruning styles

Camphor tree Cinnamomum camphora Ness. Camphor family Spherical Evergreen tree, broad crown, large and rounded, robust growth, beautiful tree form

Chinese fan palm Livitonia chinensis R.Br. Palm family Umbrella-shaped Single upright trunk, leaf surface dark green, robust growth, very beautiful posture

Longan tree Euphoria longana Lanark. Soapberry family Round Evergreen tree with round crown, strong canopy density, relatively slow growth, very beautiful posture

Chinaberry (chinaberry tree) Melia azedarach Linn. Melia family Umbrella-shaped Deciduous tree, fast-growing, irregular crown, slightly umbrella-shaped, flowers pale purple

Chinese parasol tree Sterculia platanifolia L. Sterculia family Umbrella-shaped Evergreen tree, broad leaves, fast-growing, upright when young, crown spreading when old

Paper mulberry Broussonetia papyrifera Vent. Mulberry family Umbrella-shaped Evergreen tree, leaves huge and soft-thin, branches spreading in all directions, umbrella-shaped crown, beautiful posture

Formosan alder Alnus formosana Makino. Beech family Umbrella-shaped Evergreen tree, tolerant of moisture and heat, unsuitable for dry land and hard soil, tall and beautiful tree form

Ash tree Faxinus insularis Hemsl. Olive family Umbrella-shaped Evergreen tree, robust tree vigor, fast-growing, beautiful tree form and leaf shape Norfolk Island pine Araucaria cuninghamii Araucaria family Conical Evergreen conifer, sun-loving, prefers warm hot climates, not cold-tolerant, fertilizer-loving, fast-growing, narrow conical crown, graceful posture

Qinghai spruce Picea carassifolia Pine family Tower-shaped Evergreen conifer, neutral, shallow-rooted, suitable for the northwest region

Korean pine Pinus koraiensis Pine family Tower-shaped Evergreen conifer, weakly sun-loving, prefers cool moist climates and acidic soil, needles blue-green

Chinese juniper (juniper) Sabina chinensis Cypress family Conical Evergreen conifer, sun-loving, young trees slightly shade-tolerant, tolerant of drought and poor soil, cold-tolerant, slightly moisture-tolerant, tolerates pruning, good dust-proofing and sound-insulating effect

Southern magnolia Magnolia grandiflora L. Magnolia family Oval Evergreen tree, flowers large white and fragrant, beautiful tree form,

Taiwan acacia Acacia confusa Merr. Legume family Umbrella-shaped Evergreen tree, bark smooth when young, rough when old, trunk mostly curved, strong growth vigor

Date palm Phoenix dactylifera L. Palm family Pinnate Evergreen broadleaf tree, trunk branching, strong heat resistance, robust growth, beautiful posture

Canary Island date palm (Canary date palm) Phoenix dactylifera Palm family Pinnate Evergreen broadleaf tree, trunk stout, tall and majestic, pinnate leaves dense and spreading,

Royal palm (king coconut) Oreodoxa regia H.B.K. Palm family Umbrella-shaped Single upright trunk, can reach 18m in height, slightly swollen in the middle, pinnate compound leaves, very strong vitality, great ornamental value

Ginkgo Ginkgo biloba Ginkgo family Umbrella-shaped Deciduous broadleaf tree, autumn leaves yellow, cold-tolerant, deep-rooted, not tolerant of waterlogging, resistant to various toxic gases

Chinese tulip tree (Chinese tulip poplar) Liriodendron chinense Magnolia family Umbrella-shaped Deciduous broadleaf tree, prefers warm moist climates, relatively strong resistance, fertile acidic soil, fast-growing, long-lived, leaf shape like a mandarin jacket, flowers yellow-green, large and beautiful.

Chinese white poplar Populus tomentosa Willow family Umbrella-shaped Deciduous broadleaf tree, prefers cool temperate climates, pollution-resistant, deep-rooted, fast-growing, relatively long-lived; tree form upright, trunk straight, bark gray-white

Lombardy poplar Populus nigra var. italica Willow family Narrow cylindrical Deciduous broadleaf tree, cold-tolerant and drought-tolerant, slightly tolerant of saline-alkali and waterlogging, fast-growing

Chinese elm Ulmus parvifolia Elm family Umbrella-shaped Deciduous broadleaf tree, prefers warm moist climates, tolerant of drought and poor soil, deep-rooted, fast-growing, long-lived, resistant to smoke dust and toxic gases, strong dust retention capacity

Box elder (ash-leaved maple) Acer negundo Maple family Umbrella-shaped Deciduous broadleaf tree, prefers fertile soil and cool moist climates, tolerant of smoke dust, tolerant of dry cold, tolerant of light saline-alkali, tolerates pruning, autumn leaves yellow{Maintenance measures for the southern plant date palm}.

Table of Characteristics of Commonly Used Landscape Trees

Name Scientific name Family Tree form Characteristics

Camphor tree Cinnamomun camphcra Camphor family Spherical Evergreen large tree, leaves alternate, triplinerved, doubly aromatic, berries spherical.

London plane Platanus x acerifolia Plane family Oval Prefers warmth, resistant to pollution, tolerates pruning. Large crown with dense shade, suitable as a street tree and courtyard shade tree.

Southern magnolia Magnolia grandiflora L. Magnolia family Oval Evergreen tree, flowers large white and fragrant, beautiful tree form,

White magnolia Magnolia denudata Magnolia family Umbrella-shaped Quite cold-tolerant, afraid of waterlogging. Flowers large pure white, blooms March to April. Suitable for courtyard viewing.

Chinese tulip tree (Chinese tulip poplar) Liriodendron chinense Magnolia family Umbrella-shaped Deciduous broadleaf tree, prefers warm moist climates, relatively strong resistance, fertile acidic soil, fast-growing, long-lived, leaf shape like a mandarin jacket, flowers yellow-green, large and beautiful.

Chinese arborvitae Thuja orientalis Linn Cypress family Conical Evergreen tree, tree form neat when young, mostly curved when old, strong growth, long-lived, beautiful tree form

Ash tree Faxinus insularis Hemsl. Olive family Round Evergreen tree, robust tree vigor, fast-growing, beautiful tree form and leaf shape Java bishopwood Bischoffia javanica Blanco Spurge family Round Evergreen tree, very beautiful when young leaves sprout, robust growth, beautiful tree form

Weeping willow Salix babylonica Linn. Willow family Umbrella-shaped Deciduous sub-tree, suitable for low-temperature areas, grows luxuriantly and rapidly, beautiful tree form

Chinese incense cedar Calocedrus macrolepis Kurz Cypress family Umbrella-shaped Evergreen tree, bark gray-brown, with irregular longitudinal fissures; branchlets alternate, green when young, flattened.

Royal palm Roystonea regia Palm family Umbrella-shaped Single upright trunk, can reach 18m in height, slightly swollen in the middle, pinnate compound leaves, very strong vitality, great ornamental value

Japanese euonymus Euonymus japonica Spindle tree family Oval Prefers warm moist climates, resistant to toxic gases. Grown for foliage. Suitable for hedges and foundation planting.

Maple Liquidamdar formosana Hance. Witch hazel family Conical Deciduous tree, bark gray and smooth, leaves triangular, slow-growing, beautiful tree form

Chinese wingnut Pterocarya stenoptera Walnut family Umbrella-shaped Strong adaptability, tolerant of waterlogging, fast-growing. Suitable as a courtyard shade tree, street tree, bank-protection tree

Creeping juniper Sabina procumbens Cypress family Evergreen creeping low shrub, branches and trunk creeping along the ground, leaves needle-like. Slow-growing, unique tree form style, branches and leaves emerald green and smooth. Suitable for ground cover and beautification around courtyard stones, ponds, sand pits, slopes, etc.{Maintenance measures for the southern plant date palm}.

Sky flower Duranta repens Verbena family Round Evergreen shrub. Suitable for large potted plants, flower troughs, hedges. Golden dewdrop is mainly grown for foliage, widely used, can be used as ground cover, pruned into shapes, formed into patterns or used to emphasize color combinations, dazzling and eye-catching. Chinese holly Ilex cornuta Holly family Round Resistant to toxic gases, slow-growing. Green leaves and red berries, very beautiful. Suitable for foundation planting. Paper mulberry Broussonetia papyrifera Vent. Mulberry family Umbrella-shaped Evergreen tree, leaves huge and soft-thin, branches spreading in all directions, beautiful posture

Chinese elm Ulmus parvifolia Elm family Umbrella-shaped Deciduous broadleaf tree, prefers warm moist climates, tolerant of drought and poor soil, deep-rooted, fast-growing, long-lived, resistant to smoke dust and toxic gases, strong dust retention capacity

Chinese juniper Juniperus Chinensis Linn Cypress family Conical Evergreen medium tree, branches dense, dark green, robust growth, suitable for pruning, beautiful tree form

Japanese pittosporum Pittosporum tobira Pittosporum family Round White flowers fragrant, blooms in May. Suitable for foundation planting, as hedges or potted plants. Date palm Phoenix dactylifera Linn Palm family Umbrella-shaped Trunk tillering, can reach 20-25m in height, leaves gray-white with arching curvature, robust growth, beautiful tree form

Hankow willow Salix matsudana Willow family Umbrella-shaped Suitable as a courtyard shade tree, street tree, bank-protection tree

Silk tree Albizia julibrissin Mimosa family Umbrella-shaped Flowers pink, June to July, suitable as a courtyard shade ornamental tree, street tree

Japanese black pine Pinus Thumbergii Porl. Pine family Conical Evergreen tree, bark gray-brown, branchlets orange-yellow, needles hard in pairs, long-lived

Purple-leaf plum Prunus cerasifera. F.arropurpurea Rose family Umbrella-shaped Deciduous small tree, branchlets smooth, red-brown, leaves ovate, entirely purple-red, blooms pale pink small flowers in April, drupe purple. Suitable for both solitary planting and group planting, as a backdrop.

Washington fan palm Washingtonia filifera Wend. Palm family Umbrella-shaped Single cylindrical trunk, enlarged at the base, up to 4-8m tall, leaf blade fan-shaped round, robust growth, beautiful tree form{Maintenance measures for the southern plant date palm}.

Pagoda tree Sophora japonica Legume family Umbrella-shaped Branches and leaves dense, crown broad, suitable as a courtyard shade tree, street tree

Scrambled egg tree Cassia glauca Lam. Legume family Round Deciduous tree, even-pinnate compound leaves, flowers yellow, fast-growing, beautiful tree form

Box elder (ash-leaved maple) Acer negundo Maple family Umbrella-shaped Deciduous broadleaf tree, prefers fertile soil and cool moist climates, tolerant of smoke dust, tolerant of dry cold, tolerant of light saline-alkali, tolerates pruning, autumn leaves yellow

Japanese maple Acer palmatum Maple family Umbrella-shaped Leaf shape elegant, autumn leaves red. Suitable for courtyard viewing and potted plants.

Golden larch Pseudolarix amabilis Rehd. Pine family Oval tower-shaped Evergreen tree, branches and leaves spreading, leaves linear, alternate on long shoots, leaflets radial, tree form vigorous and upright.

Bottle palm Hyophorbe amaricaulis Mart. Palm family Umbrella-shaped Trunk about 3 m tall, base oval and enlarged, forming a wine bottle shape, very beautiful posture

Mandarin tree Citrus reticulata Rue family Round Flowers white, fruit yellow-green, fragrant. Suitable for group planting.

Chinaberry Melia azedarch Linn. Melia family Round Deciduous tree, bark gray-brown, bipinnate odd-pinnate compound leaves, flowers purple, fast-growing

Snowbush Serissa serissoides Madder family Round Evergreen small shrub. Leaf color dark green, flowers snow-white, slightly pale pink. Branches and leaves slender, good texture, suitable for potted plants, low hedges, ground cover, flower beds, pruned shapes.

Dragon juniper Juniperus chinensis var. Kaituka, Hort Cypress family Upright tower-shaped Evergreen medium tree, branches dense, dark green, robust growth, very long-lived, very beautiful tree form

Dragon-claw pagoda tree S. j. cv. Pendula Legume family Umbrella-shaped Branches drooping, suitable for courtyard viewing, opposite planting or row planting

Dragon-claw willow S. m. cv. Tortuosa Willow family Round Branches twisted like a dragon roaming, suitable as a courtyard shade tree, ornamental tree

Pygmy date palm Phehix Roebelenii Brien. Palm family Umbrella-shaped Trunk upright, 2m tall, petioles thin and small, leaflets alternate or opposite, an excellent variety with beautiful leaves

Buddhist pine Podocaarpus macrophyllus D. Don Podocarpus family Long conical Evergreen tree, plain and elegant charm, can be pruned as high-grade bonsai material, or shaped into round, conical, layered forms for courtyard landscaping beautification.

Masson pine Pinus massoniana Lamb. Pine family Umbrella-shaped Evergreen tree, trunk bark red-brown, winter buds brown, large trees majestic

Sacred bamboo Nandina domestica Barberry family Umbrella-shaped Branches and leaves elegant, red berries in autumn and winter; courtyard viewing, can be group planted or potted. Hoop pine Araucaria ecelsa Br. Araucaria family Conical Evergreen coniferous tree, branches whorled, lower ones drooping, leaves dark green, beautiful tree form, robust growth

Glossy privet Ligustrum lucidum Olive family Oval Flowers white, blooms in June. Suitable as hedges or street trees.

Chinese fan palm Livistona chinensis R. Br. Palm family Umbrella-shaped Trunk upright can reach 6-12m tall, leaves round, petiole margins spiny, grows luxuriantly, elegant posture

Dwarf oriental arborvitae Junlperus chinensis cv. Globosa. Cypress family Broadly round Shrub, no main trunk, branches clustered.

Green maple Acer serrulatum Maple family Umbrella-shaped conical Deciduous tree. Trunk upright. Tree form light and graceful, can be grown into elegant shaped bonsai, an elegant street tree, landscape tree, forest bathing tree.

Boxleaf holly B. bodinieri Box family Oval Branches and leaves fine and dense, suitable for courtyard viewing. Can be group planted, used as hedges or potted. Japanese cedar Cryptomeria japonica D. Don Cedar family Conical, oval, round Evergreen tree. Branches whorled, graceful

Chapter Eight: "Cultivation and Maintenance of Palm Family Plants"

The palm family is a very distinctive group of evergreen plants in the monocotyledon class, with stems single or clustered, upright or climbing; leaves clustered at the top of the stem, well-developed root system, tolerant of drought, tolerant of poor soil, strong resistance to pests and diseases, and outstanding for creating tropical-style garden landscapes. This edition will introduce their introduction, transplanting and disease control content.

Brief Introduction to the Introduction Process

There are 183 genera and about 2400 species of palm family plants worldwide, widely distributed in tropical and subtropical humid regions of the world. High temperature and high humidity are important conditions for the normal growth and development of most palm plants. A few palm plants have unique adaptability to adverse environments, such as the silver date palm (wild date palm) distributed in extremely arid areas at the edge of deserts, and quite a few palm species that can tolerate long-term water immersion, such as the swamp palm. Most palm plants are rich in fibers, with tough stems and well-developed root systems, and have strong wind resistance, such as the false betel nut and Chinese fan palm.

Since the 1940s, in the construction of numerous tropical and subtropical cities around the world, the landscape effect of palm plants has been recognized, and they have been used as key varieties for urban greening and beautification, such as Miami in the United States, Jakarta in India, Bangkok in Thailand, as well as Cape Town in South Africa and Singapore, etc.

Some landscape companies in Guangdong began the work of introducing and applying palm plants since the early 1980s. Over the following more than twenty years, southern provinces and regions such as Guangxi, Fujian and Yunnan, as well as later Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Shanghai, Chongqing and Yunnan and other regions, all successively set off a boom in introducing, producing and applying palms.

Several units led by Guangdong Palm Landscape Company, based on plant geography and ecology theories, through observational research on the growth conditions and mortality rates of introduced and acclimatized palm family plants, found that plants native to the Northern Hemisphere generally have cold tolerance potential because they experienced ancient glacial climates, while species native to high latitudes and high altitudes in the Southern Hemisphere also have relatively strong cold tolerance. Through research on the cold tolerance and cold tolerance mechanisms of palm plants, researchers found that the main factors affecting introduction and acclimatization are: temperature, light, humidity, moisture and soil, etc. The most significant effect of the temperature factor is governing the growth and development of plants; winter low temperature is the leading factor affecting the success or failure of palm plant introduction and acclimatization; through research on salt tolerance and shade tolerance of palms, researchers screened out a batch of varieties with relatively strong saline-alkali tolerance and shade tolerance; at the same time, through the control of pests and diseases such as palm phytophthora disease, coconut leaf beetle and red palm weevil, the incidence of palm pests and diseases was greatly reduced. In addition, researchers also studied the mechanism of palm seed germination, summarized and invented palm seed germination acceleration technology, mastered the full-crown transplanting and large-specification container seedling cultivation technology of palm plants, and did fruitful work on soil improvement, winter cold protection and conservation and other technologies.

At present, researchers have screened and promoted about 80 species of palm plants in South China, including royal palm, Chinese fan palm, bamboo palm, southern coconut palm, fishtail palm, etc.; palm family plants successfully applied in Shanghai and surrounding areas mainly include Butia palm, woolly Washington palm, Canary Island date palm, Washington palm and more than ten other species, and the related research technology has been appraised by experts as reaching the world's advanced level.

Taking the Washington palm as an example

Discussing the occurrence and control of phytophthora disease

Damage and general symptoms of palm phytophthora disease

This disease often occurs and causes damage on palm plants such as royal palm, large Chinese fan palm, Washington palm, Mexican fan palm, Canary Island date palm, etc. Diseased plants cannot normally produce new central leaves, new leaves shrink and dry up, and in severe cases the entire plant withers in patches. The pathogen of phytophthora disease is caused by Phytophthora, which can be identified through incubator culture. The pathogen mainly overwinters in soil or on diseased plant residues. The pathogen spreads through watering, rain splashing, air flow, etc.

Occurrence pattern of Washington palm phytophthora disease

This disease occurs during high temperature and high humidity periods between summer and autumn. Early drought followed by rain or poor management after transplanting, such as heavy watering, soil moisture content

suddenly increasing, poor ventilation, or plants located in windy positions, are prone to infection. The disease is severe in low-lying, poorly drained, and continuous cropping plots. In addition, this disease is often related to severe root damage caused during seedling digging and long-distance transportation.

When it occurs, the base of the unexpanded young central leaf rots, leaves turn gray-green and droop, and can be pulled out with slight force. Dissecting the stem, one can see paste-like secretions at the growth point or even the entire central part of the plant with a foul odor, and the infected tissue can grow white mold-like substances. Severely diseased plants also often show root damage, with the main symptoms being blackened, rotted roots, and a strange

odor. This disease mainly occurs at the seedling stage and in nurseries, and is less common in adult trees planted in green spaces.

Symptoms

In recent years, the damage has been relatively severe in nursery areas. In the early stage of the disease, yellow-brown water-soaked lesions first appear near the ground, the lesions rapidly expand, slightly sunken, and when moist the surface is densely covered with white cotton-like mold, and the diseased part rots and smells foul. When the disease occurs on leaves, the diseased part is yellow-brown, and white mold grows under moist conditions. When the disease occurs on stems, it is initially dark green, then expands, becomes moist and soft, and in the later stage the upper part shows withering. This disease can harm the entire palm plant. Sometimes purulent liquid exudes when the root system and stem are cut open, and in severe cases the edges of young leaf veins carry large amounts of gray-black mycelium. Phytophthora disease is a vascular bundle disease, and in severe cases the entire plant wilts, droops, dries up, and eventually dies, with a high fatality rate.

According to investigations, the peak period of this disease is mostly during high temperature and high humidity periods, that is, the optimal temperature is 27°C to 35°C. For example, in 2006, the disease period in coastal areas near the Pearl River Delta was July to October, Xiamen August to November, Shanghai June to September (also occurring in early spring), and the western mountainous areas of the Pearl River Delta August to November, but in all places the disease can be seen within 1 to 2 months after typhoons and rainstorms, sometimes occurring sporadically, sometimes appearing in patches.

Control methods

I. Preventive cultivation measures

1. Pay attention to ventilation, drying and drainage in the nursery. In autumn and winter each year, appropriately prune leaves, and dig trenches and earth up the planting site, etc., to keep the nursery land dry. At ordinary times, increase the application of potassium fertilizer, and also apply quicklime, superphosphate, etc. separately, to enhance the density of plant tissues and resistance to infection, and improve the disease resistance of plants.

2. Choose a good plot, and select loam or sandy loam plots with high terrain and good drainage for planting.

3. Implement crop rotation. For land where Washington palms have been planted, rotation of three to four years or more is required.

4. Strengthen field management, increase the application of organic fertilizer, promote robust plant growth with deep roots and lush leaves, and improve resistance. Implement high-ridge (bed) cultivation. Appropriately control watering during the rainy season, drain water promptly after rain, so that the ground dries after rain; water promptly during drought, and strictly prohibit flood irrigation when watering, and carry out watering on sunny afternoons or evenings.

5. Achieve prevention first, comprehensive control. Pay attention to observation at ordinary times, often prune dead branches and fallen leaves, and when diseased plants are found, clean them up promptly, bury them deeply or burn them, and disinfect the diseased holes with lime.

II. Chemical control

One or two months before the onset of the disease in summer and during the disease period, use 64% oxadixyl mancozeb wettable powder (1:500 to 600), 80% fosetyl aluminum (1:400), or other hymexazol-type such as kameitong, that is, soil fungicide (usual dosage 600 to 700 times), lime sulfur mixture (1:1:100), dexon (500 times), etc. for control. Specific control methods: when transplanting Washington palms, first spray the planting site and Washington palm roots with 600 to 700 times soil fungicide solution, or first dig pits and expose them to the sun for sterilization on continuous sunny days, or sprinkle lime powder for disinfection, or use 500 times dexon solution for soil disinfection.

After typhoons, promptly spray oxadixyl mancozeb (better) or fosetyl aluminum (prone to developing drug resistance), add 0.4% washing powder and pour into the heart or spray for both prevention and treatment. 80% mancozeb 700 times solution can also be sprayed, once every 7 to 10 days, spraying two or three times consecutively, which can effectively prevent and control the occurrence of phytophthora disease. After taking this measure, the Washington palms and woolly Washington palms at the Shanghai base of Guangdong Palm Landscape Company have dropped from a disease incidence of 20% in 2004 to below 10%.

Control experience

The control effect of using carbendazim and the like is not obvious. If all leaves of a plant are cut off in the early stage of disease and it is transplanted elsewhere for replanting, about 30% can successively revive after 2 to 3 years, but the growth is relatively poor.

It is understood that this disease rarely occurs in high-temperature dry areas such as Los Angeles, so this disease is related to high temperature and high humidity, and the infection route is through surface water, groundwater and rainwater, etc. When the plant's root system, trunk, leaves, etc. are damaged, the pathogen invades and multiplies in large numbers when moisture is sufficient, ultimately causing blockage of the vascular conducting tissue, and the plant wilts and dies from water loss. The heart rot disease introduced in some literature is actually also phytophthora disease, only occurring at the central leaf part.

This disease is different from anthracnose, which occurs on leaves, presenting water-soaked small spots at onset that later expand into larger lesions and are easily detected; it can generally be controlled with fungicides such as carbendazim. As for leaf spot disease, it refers to diseases that occur on leaves, with common pathogens including Phyllosticta and Pestalotiopsis, often causing leaf blight, but anthracnose and leaf spot disease rarely cause plant death. Transplanting techniques for large single-trunk seedlings

Preparation before transplanting

1. Root pruning should be carried out on the seedlings to be transplanted in advance. After root pruning, the soil ball size should be twice the ground diameter, and the root pruning depth should be 50 cm to 60 cm. Stones and broken roots should be removed from the root-pruned soil and backfilled promptly, with good moisture retention: the purpose is to toughen the seedlings' adaptability and encourage new root growth. After root pruning, it is best to keep them for more than 30 days, and transplant only when new roots begin to sprout. If stock-piled (heeled-in) seedlings are used, the effect is even better.

2. Digging holes and preparing the soil. Dig holes at the planting site 20 days before transplanting; the hole specification is generally 1.5 times the soil ball. The soil dug from the holes should be exposed to the sun in the open air for a period. For backfill soil, it is best to use a pre-prepared mixed soil: pond mud + farmyard manure or mushroom soil + an appropriate amount of matured phosphate fertilizer + an appropriate amount of river sand, with sand : mud at 4 : 6.

Planting time

In the Pearl River Delta region, transplanting can be done year-round, with spring and autumn being the best; summer and winter should be avoided as much as possible, especially January and July. Most palm family plants prefer warmth and moisture. In summer, temperatures are high, seedlings lose water quickly through evaporation, and excessive water loss easily affects survival; in winter, temperatures are low, some places even have frost, and strong north winds easily cause frostbite or even death of seedlings.

Transplanting seedlings

Some large single-trunk palm family seedlings have relatively thick stems, and transplanting them involves a heavy workload; the seedlings are very easily injured. Therefore, when transplanting, the trunk should be wrapped with gunny sacks or rice straw, especially the green wrapped-trunk portion at the boundary between the trunk and the leaf sheaths. This both protects the trunk and retains moisture and provides sun protection. In addition, when lifting the seedlings, combine this with pruning leaves, removing old leaves and retaining 40% to 45% of the leaves (specifically depending on the tree's vigor). At the same time, cut off 1/5 of the leaves together with their petioles to minimize water evaporation.

Planting

It is best to plant seedlings on the same day they are dug; if too much time passes, the seedlings lose a great deal of water and dehydration easily affects survival. If they cannot all be planted the same day, they should be covered with shade netting and a small amount of water sprayed on the leaf surfaces every day, with good shading and moisture retention.

1. Backfilling soil Once the seedling is positioned, backfill soil immediately. When the backfill reaches half the height of the soil ball, first compact the loose soil. After backfilling is complete, shape the soil mound into a "water storage basin" that is slightly higher around the edges and slightly lower in the middle, to facilitate watering and moisture retention.

2. Watering After backfilling, immediately water thoroughly to settle the roots. Before watering, first use bamboo poles or similar tools to poke and firm the loose soil around the soil ball until the loose soil no longer sinks.

3. Fixing/support There are many kinds of supports; using three bamboo poles to form a triangular support is the most economical and practical one. The tying height should be at 2/3 of the trunk.

Post-planting management

1. Moisture retention Spray the leaves and trunk wrapping materials twice a day, except on rainy days, just enough to wet the leaves and trunk wrapping materials. Do not water at the roots, because excess water will flow downward and accumulate, causing root rot. Cover the area around the tree base with rice straw for sun protection, to prevent excessive soil temperature fluctuations from causing soil compaction, and to keep the soil around the soil ball loose, moist and aerated, which is beneficial for new root sprouting.

2. Wind protection Because transplanted large single-trunk palm plants are generally tall and are often affected by thunderstorms and strong winds after transplanting, the supports should be checked regularly after planting to see whether they have loosened. Especially after strong winds, if the trunk is found to be leaning, it should be straightened and re-tied promptly.

3. Topdressing About one month after planting, urea solution can be used as a foliar topdressing by spraying, with topdressing about once every half month. After the first new leaf emerges and matures, use fully decomposed peanut bran for hole fertilization. Dig the holes in a ring-shaped trench outside the edge of the soil ball; the trench width and depth should each be 30 cm, and the fertilizer must be mixed evenly with the backfill soil.

4. Pest and disease control Newly transplanted large single-trunk palm family seedlings are relatively weak in vigor and highly susceptible to pests and diseases, especially the tender leaves and heart leaves. For insect control, 5% methamidophos plus 5% omethoate can be applied. At present, the invasive pest "coconut leaf beetle" (Brontispa longissima) causes quite serious damage to palm family plants. Adults and larvae gather in the overlapping spaces of the not-yet-unfolded heart leaves and gnaw the leaf flesh, causing some or all of the newly emerging leaves to wither and die; affected plants grow slowly and may even die. The following control methods can all achieve very good control results: ① 81% malathion emulsifiable concentrate at 1000 times dilution; ② cypermethrin at 500 times dilution; ③ use "Yejiaqing" (coconut beetle control agent). Based on practical operation, the author believes that the simplest, most convenient and longest-lasting method is to hang a packet of "Yejiaqing" on the heart leaves in conjunction with tying during planting.

For large single-trunk palm family seedlings, about one month after planting, whether they have survived can be roughly determined based on whether their leaves remain green, but to truly determine survival, one generally must wait until after one growing season and use whether new shoots and new roots have emerged as the standard. After the author adopted the above transplanting techniques in construction, the transplant survival rate increased from the original 75% to more than 90%, and the above techniques are highly practical and worth promoting and applying.

Transplanting techniques for seedlings, large trees and clumping seedlings

Key techniques for transplanting seedlings

Palm family plants are most suitable for transplanting during a period after they germinate and take root. At this time the seedlings are relatively small and can be transplanted with the seed, and because they have few fibrous roots, the root system is not easily damaged during transplanting. When using nutritional bags to grow seedlings, the size depends on the time for which the seedlings will be cultivated. Generally speaking, 1-year-old seedlings are suitable for 16 cm x 18 cm containers, and 2-year-old seedlings for 19 cm x 20 cm; nutritional bags that are too small are not conducive to rapid seedling growth. The nutritional soil is prepared by using loose topsoil, burnt soil and wheat bran, mixed evenly in a 5 : 2 : 1 ratio with a small amount of phosphate fertilizer, and then bagged. First fill half the bag with the mixed soil, then place the seedling, then hold the seedling upright and fill the bag full, compacting it so that the seedling root system is in close contact with the mixed soil, and water thoroughly. Palm family plants must not be planted too deep, otherwise seedling growth will be affected. If planted too deep, the seedling should be lifted upward so that the root system spreads out.

Key techniques for transplanting large trees

Palm family plants are cultivated in nurseries for 5 to 10 years, and most require several rounds of bed-to-bed transplanting, so selecting widely spaced, vigorous seedlings results in a higher survival rate.

Reducing damage to the root mass Palm plant root systems are tender in tissue and have many lateral roots and capillary roots. When lifting and digging, keep as large a soil ball as possible and prevent it from loosening and cracking. Minimize the degree of root mass damage so as to maintain normal respiration and water absorption capacity and improve the transplant survival rate. During construction, lines should be set and holes positioned accurately to avoid rework and prevent the soil ball from loosening.

Leaf pruning The amount of foliage retained at transplanting should be comprehensively determined according to different species, the climate at transplanting time, and the transplanting and maintenance conditions.

Generally, about 40% of the original leaf count should be retained. Retaining too many leaves will cause the leaves to yellow and wither due to excessive water evaporation; retaining too few leaves makes it difficult for the plant to recover and lengthens the cycle, and the initial landscape effect is also poor.

Protecting the plant's stem and its pseudostem During the processes of digging, transporting, loading and unloading the plant, the stem should be protected from damage, and the pseudostem portion should not be squeezed or bent; this is the guarantee of the plant's health and rapid recovery.

Soil at the new planting site Palm family plants suffer damage to root tips during transplanting, and within one month after transplanting it is very difficult for new root tips to sprout, so their water absorption capacity is weak. At this time, if the soil has good permeability and aeration, it is beneficial to seedling survival, so when planting, large holes should be dug and attention paid to the quality of the imported soil, adding peat soil and compound fertilizer to facilitate the recovery of palms after planting.

Maintenance Within one month after planting, the plant has poor adaptability and the seedlings should be carefully maintained; be sure to replenish water in a timely manner and provide appropriate shade, striving to have new leaves sprouting within three months. If continuous rainy weather occurs for several days after transplanting, palm seedlings will recover relatively well, because rainy days can avoid the adverse effects of harsh sun exposure and other factors.

Key techniques for transplanting large clumping seedlings

Clumping species of palm family plants have multiple growth points. After growing into a multi-trunk clumping state, they can grow new roots relatively quickly after transplanting. However, clumping palms also have disadvantages such as heavy trunks and large leaf areas causing high water evaporation, and poor wind permeability making them susceptible to damage from strong winds. Therefore, in addition to handling them according to single-trunk palm transplanting, the following technical measures should be added:

1. Implement the "hairy root method" for transplanting, that is, after digging up a relatively large soil ball, use a small shovel to remove part of the soil along the outer edge of the soil ball, retain more fibrous roots and a moderate soil ball, and then immediately wrap it with a lightweight moisture-retaining material, so as to reduce the weight of the soil ball while ensuring survival. For example, this method can be used for transplanting slower-recovering clumping palms such as the fishbone palm (Caryota) and the three-stamen areca (Areca triandra).

2. Implement bare-root heeling-in or potting for centralized maintenance until new roots sprout and the plant stabilizes before formal planting. This method is suitable for robust clumping palms such as the areca palm (Dypsis lutescens), the strange wrinkle-seed palm, and the Hawaiian palm (Chamaedorea), and can reduce transport costs and facilitate construction.

In short, for the transplanting of large seedlings and large trees of palm family plants, to put it briefly, five aspects should be done well, namely: select vigorous seedlings; dig good soil balls and transport them carefully; prune leaves appropriately; ensure good aeration and drainage at the planting site; and do a good job of post-planting maintenance, sun protection and moisture retention. The sign of successful transplanting of large seedlings and large trees is being able to retain most of the leaves within half a year after planting and to sprout new leaves, among which sprouting three healthy new leaves is complete transplanting success.

Drainage: First understand the hydrological conditions of the planting site, and try to place the very bottom of the soil ball at a position above the site's year-round groundwater level by 100-150 CM and with deep, fertile soil; at the same time, a drainage layer for the root system of the underground soil ball and a surface runoff diversion network should be well constructed to prevent water accumulation in the soil ball after planting; if the hydrological conditions cannot meet the requirements, the method of planting with a raised soil ball can be adopted, that is, first pile up the planting site using loose media mixed with fertile soil or coarse sand, try to meet the above requirements, then place the plant on the soil mound, and fill and bury the soil ball with mixed loose soil or planting soil mixed with humus soil; remove debris from the soil around the planting site, or appropriately improve the soil with loose media, so as to achieve loose and breathable conditions for the plant's root area; strengthen inspections during the rainy season, promptly clear drainage facilities and appropriately loosen the soil at the roots, so as to prevent waterlogging and drain accumulated water. Moisture retention: After planting, immediately water once to settle the roots, ensuring that the soil ball roots are moist and closely combined with the surrounding soil, promoting root development; then water thoroughly three more times and cover the soil ball promptly to prevent the surface soil from cracking. In hot summer, also spray water more on the ground and tree canopy to increase environmental humidity and reduce transpiration; leaf-surface moisture retention treatments include a. newly planted seedlings should have their leaves appropriately pruned to reduce the transpiration area of the leaves; b. appropriately spray antitranspirants on the leaves to inhibit the plant's physiological metabolism and reduce physiological water loss; c. under clear weather conditions, spray atomized water on the leaves as much as possible to strengthen the leaves' absorption of water and weaken transpiration; check the moisture status of the soil ball and roots at any time and replenish water in a timely manner to ensure the moisture of the soil ball and the permeability of root respiration. Fertilization: After planting, in addition to maintaining moisture for the plant, appropriately spray low-concentration foliar fertilizer to strengthen post-planting nutritional supplementation; frequently check the root sprouting status of the plant, and if new roots are found growing, consider increasing root fertilization, generally choosing the season when the monthly average temperature is above 20°C, applying mainly organic fertilizer as much as possible, with an appropriate addition of compound fertilizer high in P and K, to promote balanced nutrition for the plant and ensure its rapid recovery and healthy growth. Pest and disease control: Spray pesticides to control pests and diseases before the seedlings leave the nursery, and after arriving at the site, the plants also need to be sprayed for pest and disease control before unloading from the truck, and ensure continuous pesticide application three times at intervals of one week to ten days within one month after planting; afterward, a reasonable pest and disease control plan still needs to be formulated. Special

Part Nine: "Maintenance Plan"

Starlight (Nanjing) Optoelectronics Co., Ltd. Landscaping

Main

ten

ance

Plan

Nanjing Gensen Flowers and Trees Co., Ltd.

October 8, 2010

Project Overview

"Starlight (Nanjing) Optoelectronics Co., Ltd." is located at No. 31 Hengfei Road, Nanjing Economic and Technological Development Zone, with a factory green space area of 28,186 sq m. The landscaping plant arrangement in the factory area is relatively reasonable, rich in color, with obvious seasonal changes, forming a clearly layered, natural ecological plant community that basically displays the natural landscape of the plants. The arrangement of flowering shrubs and hedges among the factory buildings gives each factory area a different landscape style. Dozens of plant varieties are planted in the factory area, including camphor trees, southern magnolias, zelkova trees, osmanthus, and crape myrtles, among which there is a tree-lined avenue composed of large-specification camphor trees, and a gatehouse scenic spot composed of varieties such as ancient red maples, fruiting pomegranates, Xifu crabapples, ginkgos, and Canary Island date palms.

In view of the existing situation of the factory area's landscaping landscape, we believe that the initial construction of the landscaping was relatively extensive, with insufficient understanding of plant habits, especially the replacement of planting soil in the green areas was not in place, and in some areas the garbage soil was not replaced, resulting in poor plant growth.

Landscaping maintenance plan schedule

January (Minor Cold, Major Cold)

1. Shaping and pruning of fruit trees.

2. Frequently check cold-protection equipment, facilities and seedling cold-protection wrapping materials.

3. Plow the land for winter cultivation and apply sufficient winter fertilizer.

4. Cut off dead, damaged, diseased and pest-infested branches and leaves, and thoroughly remove overwintering bagworm cases, slug moth cocoons and overwintering pests.

February (Start of Spring, Rain Water)

1. Continue winter pruning of deciduous trees and fruit trees.

2. Continue cutting off diseased and pest-infested branches, and pay attention to observing the occurrence of pests and diseases (such as cottony cushion scale, globular scale, etc.).

3. Continue collecting manure and making compost, preparing culture soil, and continue applying winter fertilizer to various deciduous trees. March (Awakening of Insects, Spring Equinox)

The weather gradually warms, and many pests and diseases are about to occur. Maintain and repair various insect- and disease-control equipment and prepare medicines. Pay attention to the occurrence of aphids and globular scale, and achieve timely control. April (Pure Brightness, Grain Rain)

1. Do a good job in the control of pests such as scale insects, mites, cutworms, grubs, and mole crickets, as well as powdery mildew and rust disease.

2. Do a good job in loosening the soil, weeding, and pre-flowering fertilization. Apply light fertilizer weekly to perennial flowers and spring-sown herbaceous flowers.

3. Do a good job in tree bud removal and pruning. Remove excess tender buds and improperly positioned branches at any time.

4. Clear and repair the drainage system.

May (Start of Summer, Grain Full)

1. Carry out post-flowering pruning of spring-flowering shrubs and hedge trimming; according to technical operation requirements, carry out bud removal and pruning of trees, and at any time prune and remove root sprouts from the base of seedlings that develop them.

2. Continue strengthening tree maintenance and management, do a good job in replanting, thinning and finalizing seedlings, increase topdressing, and apply light fertilizer frequently.

3. This month the temperature gradually rises, and pests and diseases cause heavy damage to trees and flowers. Attention should be paid to pest forecasting and doing a good job in pest and disease prevention.

4. Carry out lawn mowing and continue removing weeds from the lawn.

June (Grain in Ear, Summer Solstice)

1. This month enters the plum rain season, with high temperatures and high humidity; replanting should be carried out promptly.

2. Carry out post-flowering pruning and fertilization of flowering shrubs, and pinch and prune some spring-sown herbaceous flowers.

3. Continue removing weeds and continue mowing.

4. Do a good job in pest and disease control. This month focus on controlling pests such as bagworms, slug moths, tussock moths, inchworms, and tortoise wax scale, and diseases such as leaf spot disease, anthracnose, and sooty mold.

July (Minor Heat, Major Heat)

1. This month the weather is hot and weeds grow quickly; continue intertillage and weeding and loosening the soil.

2. Pests such as bagworms, slug moths, longhorn beetles, tortoise wax scale, armored scale, second-generation cottony cushion scale, and mites occur in large numbers, and attention should be paid to their control; at the same time, continue controlling anthracnose, powdery mildew, leaf spot disease, etc.

3. During the dog days the temperature is high; when there is little rain, irrigation is needed to combat drought. This month is also a month with relatively many rainstorms, so attention should be paid to preventing waterlogging.

4. This month enters the typhoon and tidal flood season; do a good job in typhoon and flood prevention, check frequently, and promptly straighten wind-toppled trees.

August (Start of Autumn, End of Heat)

1. Continue intertillage and weeding and loosening the soil.

2. Continue doing a good job in drought prevention and drainage to ensure normal seedling growth.

3. This month seedlings grow vigorously, so topdressing should be applied in a timely manner; for small seedlings, apply light fertilizer frequently.

4. Continue doing a good job in typhoon and flood prevention, and promptly straighten wind-toppled trees when found.

5. Continue doing a good job in pest and disease control, and conscientiously control the main pests harmful to trees (bagworms, second-generation slug moths, longhorn beetles, mites, etc.) and main diseases (powdery mildew, anthracnose, leaf spot disease, etc.).

September (White Dew, Autumn Equinox)

1. Continue doing a good job in pest elimination and disease control; in particular, frequently check the occurrence of aphids, wood borers, etc., and once found, control them immediately.

2. Continue intertillage and weeding, continue removing lawn weeds, carry out lawn mowing, and carry out shaping and pruning of topiary balls, hedges, etc.

3. Continue doing a good job in pest and disease control. In particular, check the situation of pests and diseases that occur more frequently, such as aphids, bagworms, slug moths, brown spot disease and sooty mold on flowering shrubs, and control them in a timely manner.

October (Cold Dew, Frost Descent)

1. Do a good job in pest and disease control, eliminating various adults and eggs.

2. Continue intertillage and weeding.

3. After seedlings stop growing, check the survival rate, get a clear picture of the assets, and ensure the smooth progress of winter and spring landscaping work.

November (Start of Winter, Minor Snow)

1. Do a good job in cold protection, whitewashing some trees, or wrapping them with straw rope.

2. Carry out winter tree pruning, cutting off diseased branches and dead branches; branches with eggs as well as competing branches, over-