A Detailed Guide to Jasmine Planting Techniques and Cultivation Management Methods
Jasmine belongs to the Oleaceae family, genus Jasminum, and is a perennial evergreen small shrub native to tropical and subtropical regions. Jasmine has emerald-green leaves, pure white jade-like flowers, and a delicate, gentle fragrance. It is hailed as the foremost of all fragrant flowers and has excellent ornamental value. It also has high economic value. Jasmine is the most important scenting flower for tea in our country. Using jasmine and tea leaves to scent jasmine tea makes the tea rich and refreshing, combining the fragrant floral scent. The tea absorbs the floral fragrance, the flowers enhance the tea, and the tea and floral fragrance merge into one. Jasmine tea is not only widely loved by the people of our country, but also stands unique in the international market and enjoys great renown. Jasmine is an important raw material for extracting essential oils, and jasmine can also be used medicinally. Our county cultivates it as a scenting flower for tea, bringing out relatively high economic benefits.
Garden Site Selection
Jasmine is native to subtropical regions and adapts to high temperatures and fertile soil environments. Its requirements for the ecological environment are: likes light and fears shade, likes fertilizer and fears poor soil, likes acid and fears alkaline, likes aeration and fears stuffiness. Therefore, when selecting a garden site, we should get as close as possible to its ecological environment, choosing land with sufficient sunlight, deep soil layers, fertile and slightly acidic soil, abundant water sources, good drainage and irrigation, and convenient transportation for planting jasmine. Since jasmine must be picked and transported to processing factories for sale every day after entering the flower-picking season, and the number of flower-picking days exceeds 200 days per year, the jasmine planting site should be within 10 kilometers of the jasmine factory to facilitate flower transport and sales.
Variety Selection
Jasmine belongs to the Oleaceae family, genus Jasminum, and is an evergreen climbing shrub. According to surveys, there are currently about 60 or more jasmine varieties in our country, among which the main cultivated varieties are single-petal jasmine, double-petal jasmine, and multi-petal jasmine, 3 types.
1. Single-petal jasmine: The plant is relatively short, 70-90 cm tall, with thin stems and branches, presenting a vine-like form, hence it is also called vine jasmine. The flower buds are slightly pointed and elongated, relatively small and light. Its yield is lower than double-petal jasmine but higher than multi-petal jasmine. It is not cold-tolerant, not waterlogging-tolerant, and has weak resistance to pests and diseases.
2. Double-petal jasmine is the main variety cultivated on a large scale in our country for scenting flower tea. The plant is 1-1.5 m tall, upright and clumping, with many branches, thick and hard stems and branches, dark green leaves, and relatively thick and glossy leaf texture. The flowers are larger than those of single-petal jasmine and multi-petal jasmine. The flower buds are pure white and oily, with obvious waxiness. The floral fragrance is relatively strong and intense, the growth is robust, and the adaptability is strong. The fresh flower yield (over 3 years) can reach more than 500 kg per mu.
3. Multi-petal jasmine: The branches have relatively obvious tumor-like protrusions. The leaves are dark green, the flowers are tightly clustered, relatively round and small, with a slightly notched top. Multi-petal jasmine takes too long to open, has a relatively faint fragrance, and lower yield, so it is generally not used as fresh flowers for scenting flower tea.
Jasmine Propagation Techniques
After flowering, jasmine generally does not set seed (seed set is rare), so production can only use vegetative propagation. Methods include cuttings, layering, division, and several others. Jasmine has strong regeneration ability. Using the cutting method, roots develop quickly and the seedling formation rate is high. Compared with layering and division methods, it has the advantages of simple operation and material savings, so it is widely adopted.
1. Layering propagation: Layering propagation uses branches sprouting from the lower part of the jasmine plant or shoots of a certain length, pressing their middle section into the soil so that they produce new roots. After being cut from the mother branch, they become independent new plants. The prerequisite is that there must be mother jasmine trees, and each mother clump can only have a few branches layered, which cannot meet the supply of a large number of seedlings. It is generally used for potted plants and filling gaps.
2. Division propagation: Jasmine is a clumping shrub, and the rhizome area can produce many adventitious roots. Plants over two years old often have several stems and branches, and these rooted stems can be used for division propagation. The prerequisite for this method is that there must be mother jasmine trees over two years old. Moreover, the propagation quantity is lower than layering and cuttings, and it cannot meet the needs of large-scale cultivation.
3. Cutting propagation: The advantage is that raising seedlings in a seedbed occupies less land and has high land utilization. About 100,000 seedlings can be propagated per mu. Because cuttings are concentrated in the nursery, it is convenient for management and allows ample room for seedling selection, so the seedling quality is high and the growth is uniform. At the same time, it also meets the requirements for large-scale production seedlings, so it is widely used in production. The operation method of cutting propagation:
① Selecting cuttings: The cuttings used for propagation mainly come from branches cut during the annual heavy pruning. Choose strong-year branches that are free of pests and diseases and have a certain thickness. For the same branch, the middle and lower parts are best.
② Nursery selection: The soil should be loose and fertile, with sufficient water sources, convenient drainage and irrigation, and convenient transportation, preferably sandy soil or sandy loam.
③ Land preparation and bed formation: Before raising seedlings in the nursery, plow deeply and sun-bleach, harrow finely and level, and dig drainage and irrigation ditches around. Dig ditches and form beds according to a bed surface width of 120 cm, ditch width of 25 cm, and depth of 20 cm. The bed surface should be level and the soil particles fine. After thoroughly watering the seedbed, spray the seedbed with a pre-emergence herbicide—Duoheji 150 ml/mu diluted with water. For winter seedling raising, cover the bed with plastic film.
④ Cutting preparation and treatment: Collect the branches cut during the annual heavy pruning in a shaded place and organize labor to cut the cuttings. The operation method is: choose branches with 2-3 nodes and a length of about 10 cm, remove the leaves, cut the upper end flat about 1 cm from the axillary bud, and cut the lower end into a 45-degree slant about 1 cm from the axillary bud. Tie them in bundles of 80-100. Store the cut cuttings in a cool place while keeping them moist. Before cutting, treat the cuttings with chemicals. First soak them in a 1000-fold solution of Shibaoke for 3-5 minutes, remove and air-dry. Then soak them in 50 PPM rooting powder solution for 20-30 minutes. After removing, insert them into the seedbed at a spacing of 12 cm × 4 cm. When inserting, the top of the cutting should be about 3 cm above the soil surface. About 150,000 cuttings can be inserted per mu.
⑤ Management of the cutting seedbed: The cutting seedbed should be kept moist. On sunny days, pay attention to frequent weeding and keep the seedlings free from the phenomenon of weeds covering them. The seedlings in the seedbed are small and have few roots, so water and fertilizer should be applied, preferably with clear manure water. Apply thin fertilizer frequently, once every month. If pests or diseases are found in the seedbed, control them promptly. You can spray with Junhejing 1000-fold + Shachongdan 1000-fold once a month. After the seedlings grow for 6-8 months, have more than 2 branches, two layers of roots, and a height of more than 30 cm, they can leave the nursery.
Transplanting
1. Transplanting period: Spring and autumn are best.
2. Cultivation specifications: For convenient management, planting should be done on raised beds. The bed width should follow the principle of facilitating fertilization, earthing up, and harvesting. Generally, the bed width is 120 cm, bed height is 20 cm, and bed ditch width is 25 cm. Dig a planting ditch 30 cm wide and 10 cm deep on each side of the bed surface, with a plant spacing of 25 cm and row spacing of 60 cm, planting 4,000 plants per mu.
3. Transplanting method: Select seedlings with a plant height of more than 30 cm, more than two branches, two layers of roots, normal leaf color, robust plants, and no pests or diseases. Cut off branches and leaves above 25 cm and cut off excessively long roots. At the same time, dip the roots in a 0.1% Shibaoke + 0.3% calcium superphosphate solution for 3-5 minutes before planting. Plant them in the planting ditch at a plant spacing of 25 cm. They should be planted upright and straight, with the root system straight and combined with the soil, without voids, and the roots must not be exposed. Water thoroughly to settle the roots. The bed surface can be covered with bagasse, rice straw, sugarcane leaves, etc.
Pruning and Shortening of Jasmine
Jasmine grows and develops quickly. Planted in the same year, it can form buds and bloom in the same year. The yield is highest in the third and fourth years. After 6-7 years of planting, the plant begins to decline and the yield gradually decreases. To ensure continuous high and stable yields of jasmine year after year, pruning and shortening must be carried out every year, and once aging is found, renewal should be carried out.
1. Topping and shortening: Young jasmine (6 months old) has a small plant frame and few branches, so it is necessary to cultivate a high-yield tree shape as soon as possible. Therefore, topping is needed to destroy apical growth dominance and promote more branching, forming more flower buds. According to surveys, compared with no topping, topping results in sprouting and budding 7-10 days earlier and 2-3 times more new branches. When topping, if flower buds are present, it should still be done, mainly for newly planted young trees. Shortening is done in early to mid-February each year before budding by cutting back leggy branches, retaining 3-4 pairs of leaves, weakening the apical dominance of leggy branches, and promoting early budding. After entering the flower-picking season, after each bunch of flowers is picked, shortening should be carried out once. Shortening should be done according to the growth position and density of the branches as appropriate. In principle, each jasmine clump should maximize the light-receiving surface, so that the main branches and branch branches are evenly distributed, ventilated, and air-permeable. Each shortening should remove about two-thirds of the total number of branches.
2. Winter pruning: In addition to topping and shortening, pruning is also a main technical measure for high-yield and high-quality jasmine cultivation. Pruning is carried out after mid-December each year or before late January of the following year. First do heavy pruning, that is, perform a large flat cut 20-25 cm above the ground to form a neat crown. In pruning each year afterward, raise the cut about 3 cm above the previous year's pruning surface. When pruning, also cut off dead branches, weak branches, diseased branches, and branches trailing on the ground. Pruning can reduce nutrient consumption and make the main branches and new buds grow vigorously. The pruned branches can be used for cutting propagation. The unusable parts should be burned centrally. After pruning, combine with intertillage and fertilization management.
3. Summer pruning: Summer pruning of jasmine is an agricultural technical measure to create a well-ventilated and well-lit environment for jasmine. At the same time, according to the jasmine market situation, artificially regulate the peak flowering period to avoid low-price periods and improve flower-growing benefits. The branch age for jasmine pruning is jasmine trees planted for more than one year. In early June each year, use heavy pruning shears, electric hedge shears, and other tools to cut the jasmine flat at 50-60 cm above the ground, cutting off all upper branches and leaves, so that the jasmine tree forms a neat crown. Clear away the cut branches and leaves, then remove all diseased branches, dead branches, trailing branches, and lower slender weak branches. After pruning, timely carry out intertillage and loosening of the soil, apply 40 kg of jasmine special fertilizer per mu and 15 kg of potassium sulfate compound fertilizer, and promptly control pests and diseases.
4. Renewal: After 6-7 years of planting, jasmine plants decline in growth and development ability. Some jasmine gardens or individual plants may also show early aging due to poor management and slow growth, and should also be renewed. The specific method is: use heavy pruning shears to cut off all parts more than 3-5 cm above the ground, or perform a large flat cut at ground level, then immediately fertilize and earth up to promote the aboveground part to re-sprout branches.
Fertilizer and Water Management
Jasmine is an economic crop whose purpose is harvesting fresh flower buds. The flower-picking period in our county is 9 months each year (about more than 200 days). The entire flower-picking period requires sufficient fertilizer input.
1. Water management: After jasmine seedlings are planted, water thoroughly to settle the roots. Afterward, according to jasmine's water requirements, maintain soil moisture content between 60-70%. Too much water will cause root rot and yellow leaves, and in severe cases black roots and death. Drought will cause leaves to wilt and flowers to shrink. Therefore, pay attention to irrigation during drought, and dig drainage ditches during rainy days to prevent water accumulation. Once the flower trees show slightly curled leaves, water should be applied promptly or running water irrigation should be used.
2. Soil management: Intertillage and weeding are meant to create a breathable, water-retaining, loose, and weed-free environment for jasmine trees. Intertillage and weeding should be carried out more than 6-7 times throughout the year. Deep plowing should be done appropriately far from the seedling base, and shallow plowing near it, generally about 7 cm into the soil. After intertillage in dry seasons, spread a layer of bagasse, sugarcane leaves, rice straw, etc. on the bed surface, which has the effect of preventing weeds and resisting drought.
Pest and Disease Control
The main jasmine diseases include southern blight and branch blight. The main pests include jasmine bud borer (flower heart worm), tobacco whitefly, leaf roller, thrips, red spider mite, etc.
1. Southern blight
Southern blight (flower-rotting disease) is a disease caused by fungal infection. Main manifestations: first, the base stem and lower root system near the ground spread and expand, forming a white silky membrane layer, gradually forming white and yellow oilseed-like particles, namely sclerotia. This is the main symptom for identifying southern blight. After the seedling becomes diseased, the cortex of the stem and roots at the affected area rots, and the plant's nutrient transport is blocked; the leaves wither and fall off, and finally the whole plant dies.
Control method: Strict quarantine to eliminate sources of inoculum, do a good job in garden drainage, and spray with 1000-fold Shibaoke during the flowering period for control. Severely diseased plants should be dug out and burned. Disinfect the original soil with Junhejing before replanting.
2. Branch blight
It occurs more in spring and autumn, especially most severely in autumn, and has a great impact on yield after autumn. This disease first produces small brown spots at the base of the current year's new branches. At this time, the upper part of the branch still maintains normal growth. As the lesions expand, when the nutrient transport of a certain side branch is endangered, the upper branches and leaves begin to wither, then become withered brown diseased branches. When the lesion expands to the entire cortex at the base of the branch, all branches and leaves above the affected area die.
Control method: Prune dead branches promptly to prevent spread and infection. Spray with 1000-fold chlorothalonil after flower picking for control.
3. Main jasmine pests
The main insects harming jasmine include jasmine bud borer (flower heart worm), tobacco whitefly, leaf roller, thrips, red spider mite, etc.
Control methods: ① Winter pruning, garden cleaning, and elimination of overwintering sources. Combine with flower picking to remove damaged flower buds and damaged branch tips. ② After each batch of flowers is picked, combine topping and shortening to remove diseased and insect-damaged branches and burn them centrally. ③ For chemical control, use high-efficiency, low-toxicity, low-residue pesticides such as Tiantai, high-efficiency Dagongchen, Yibianjing, and Kemanite.
Harvesting, Storage, and Transportation of Jasmine
The purpose of planting jasmine is to pick fresh flowers of good quality and large quantity for flower tea processing. Therefore, in addition to strengthening management, the last key measure lies in timely and reasonable harvesting, storage, and transportation of fresh flowers.
1. Standards for fresh flower harvesting: The flower buds are mature and can open and release fragrance that evening (still wrapped and ready to open). The specific requirements are: each flower bud is mature, plump and full, pure white in color, single flowers with short stems, no pest- or disease-damaged flowers, no unopened raw flowers, no opened flowers, and no stems, leaves, or other debris.
2. Picking method: Clamp the flower stalk between the tips of the thumb and index finger, with the palm facing diagonally upward, and apply a little force with the index finger, and the flower bud can be picked.
3. Storage and transportation method: When picking flowers, use bamboo baskets or cloth bags to hold the flowers, avoiding direct sunlight. After gathering the picked fresh flowers, pack them in bamboo baskets or nylon mesh bags and transport them promptly to the purchasing location.
How to Plant Jasmine: Jasmine Planting Techniques
Jasmine is an upright or climbing shrub, with branchlets sparsely pubescent. The fruit is spherical, about 1 cm in diameter, and purple-black when mature. The flowering period is May to August, and the fruiting period is July to September. It is native to India and Pakistan. China introduced it long ago and has widely cultivated it. Today, the editor will briefly introduce jasmine planting methods for everyone.
Cultivation
Jasmine planting: Potted jasmine should be watered morning and evening every day in midsummer. If the air is dry, supplementary misting is needed. During the winter dormant period, watering should be controlled. If the potting soil is too wet, it will cause root rot or leaf drop. During the growing period, apply thin cake fertilizer once a week. After repotting in spring, frequently pinch the tips for shaping. After the peak flowering period, heavy pruning is needed to facilitate the sprouting of new branches, making the plant neat and robust and blooming abundantly.
Fertilization
Jasmine planting - fertilization: From June to September during the flowering period, frequently apply liquid fertilizer containing more phosphorus, preferably once every 2-3 days. The fertilizer can be well-rotted soybean cake and fishy water fertilizer liquid, or ammonium sulfate and calcium superphosphate. Generally, if the chemical fertilizer components are mixed too strongly, it will burn the jasmine plant to death. For potted jasmine, the culture soil should be rich in organic matter and have good water permeability and aeration. Generally, 4 parts garden soil, 4 parts compost, and 2 parts river sand or rice husk ash can be used, plus an appropriate amount of fully rotted dried cake residue, chicken and duck manure, etc., and sift out the powder and coarse particles, using coarse particles to line the bottom and cover the surface.
Soil Replacement
Jasmine planting - soil replacement: Potted jasmine should generally have its soil replaced once a year. When repotting, remove part of the old soil and residual roots around the jasmine root system, replace with new culture soil, and improve the soil aggregate structure and nutrients again, which is beneficial to jasmine growth. After repotting, water thoroughly as when potting, so as to facilitate close contact between roots and soil and restore growth. Before repotting, prune the jasmine once, leaving only about 10 cm of the previous year's branches, and cut off diseased and dead branches and overly dense and thin branches. During the growing period, frequently thin out overly dense old leaves, which can promote axillary bud sprouting and produce more new branches and more flower buds.
Care
After jasmine planting, you must learn to care for it. Jasmine greatly likes fertilizer. As long as care is proper, potted jasmine can bloom three times a year. If fertilizer is insufficient and nutrients are inadequate, it will no longer bloom after blooming once. If management is in place, it can bloom continuously from the end of May to the beginning of November. The key is pruning, sunlight, and control of fertilizer and water. In early June, jasmine successively produces early flowers. The flower-picking method is to pick the flower together with the leafy young branch to encourage new branches to grow again and make branches and leaves luxuriant. At this time, apply dilute fertilizer water twice a week and keep the potting soil moist.
Jasmine is pure, rich, fresh, and long-lasting. Its flower language expresses loyalty, respect, purity, chastity, simplicity, exquisiteness, and charm. Many countries regard it as the flower of love. Between young men and women, jasmine flowers are given to each other to express steadfast love. It is also passed among people as the flower of friendship. Putting a jasmine garland around a guest's neck so that it hangs to the chest expresses respect and friendliness and has become a courteous custom of hospitality. Today, the editor's introduction to jasmine planting methods ends here.
Jasmine Planting: Jasmine Planting, Jasmine Planting, Methods for Growing Potted Jasmine Well
Jasmine planting, what processes are involved in jasmine planting? This is a question of great concern to friends who like growing jasmine. Jasmine is easy to plant in soil, but relatively difficult in pots. To obtain an effect similar to soil planting, effort must be put into cultivation techniques. What are the jasmine planting techniques? What are the methods for growing potted jasmine well?
1. Soil: The soil should be loose and fertile with good drainage, preferably mainly sandy soil. The soil can be mixed by yourself using one part each of leaf mold, fine sand, and garden soil. The growing medium prepared in this way is good for germination and gives a long lifespan.
2. Watering: In winter and spring, the amount of watering should be determined according to the ambient temperature. The lower the temperature, the less watering is better, keeping the pot slightly moist. In summer, growth is vigorous and the demand for water is high. At hot noon, it is also necessary to spray water on the plant leaves. However, in summer, attention should also be paid to preventing waterlogging.
3. Fertilization: Fertilizing jasmine should mainly be done from late spring to early autumn. In addition to applying several heavy fertilizer applications before flowering and after flowering, at other times apply thin fertilizer frequently, about once a week. Only with sufficient fertilizer can jasmine produce vigorous branches, oily green leaves, and fragrance that greets the nose.
4. Light: It is best to place jasmine in full sun. If conditions do not permit, it should still receive no less than 4 hours of sunlight per day. Jasmine should preferably be placed outdoors. If placed inside a glass window, it will have a certain impact on the plant's photosynthesis.
5. Temperature control: To grow potted jasmine well, temperature control is especially important. During vigorous growth, it should be placed in an environment of 25-30 degrees. In winter and spring, jasmine grows slowly or basically does not grow, so placing it at a temperature of 5-10 degrees is sufficient. This is very critical to ensure normal growth of jasmine in summer and autumn and to prevent death in severe cold seasons.
6. Pruning: Jasmine has strong growth vigor, so reasonable pruning is very important. Usually in winter, old branches should be removed from jasmine to preserve nutrients and encourage more new buds in old age. In summer, after jasmine begins to bloom abundantly, the already faded branches should also be shortened, because jasmine flowers are borne at the tips of the branches. After such treatment, jasmine grows more vigorously and its lifespan will also be somewhat longer.
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