How to double-crop cauliflower in spring wheat fields? Cultivation techniques for double-cropping cauliflower after spring wheat
Yield and output value
Cauliflower yields an average of 1500-2000 kg, with an output value of 500-600 yuan.
Main varieties
Beijing Holland Snowball 80 days, Jinxuan 31-9-8, Japanese Snow Mountain 80 days. Beijing Holland Snowball 80 days is suitable for autumn vegetable cultivation. This variety has strong growth, a compact plant type, a plant height of about 50 cm, a natural spread of 60 cm, and is heat-resistant and waterlogging-tolerant. The curd is round and white with good quality, and each curd weighs 0.4-0.8 kg.
Cultivation points
① Raise seedlings at the right time. Choose a plot with high, dry terrain, good drainage, and fertile soil for the seedbed. Apply sufficient base fertilizer to the seedbed and water it thoroughly. Sow from June 15-20, with a sowing rate of 30-50 g per mu. In hot weather, pay attention to shading. Strictly prevent cabbage caterpillars and underground pests during the seedling stage. Water frequently every day to keep the seedbed moist.
② Transplant at the right time and plant at a reasonable density. When the seedlings grow to 3-5 true leaves from July 15-20, they can be transplanted. Before transplanting, water the seedbed thoroughly. Transplanting in the afternoon gives good results, and water should be applied while transplanting. The row spacing is 50-55 cm, the plant spacing is 40-50 cm, and 2500-3000 plants are kept per mu. During transplanting, plant large, medium, and small seedlings separately for easier management.
③ Apply more manure and timely topdressing and irrigation. Apply 3000-5000 kg of farmyard manure and 10 kg of diammonium phosphate per mu. At the rosette stage, apply 15 jin of standard nitrogen fertilizer per mu, and at the heading stage, apply 15 kg of urea per mu, combining timely watering with topdressing.
④ Frequently cover the curd and harvest at the right time. After the curd forms, carefully cover the curd to keep it white and tender. Old leaves can be used to cover the curd. When the flower branches at the base are slightly loose, it is the harvest period.
⑤ Short-term storage. Short-term storage can use seasonal price differences to increase value. For smaller curds, the planting method can be used to extend the growth period and increase yield.
How to grow sesame? Key points of plastic film mulching cultivation techniques for sesame
Plastic film mulching cultivation technology is a common planting method in crop cultivation, with effects such as increasing soil temperature, preventing soil compaction, and preventing nutrient loss. In sesame cultivation, using plastic film mulching can increase sesame yield per mu and is the key to achieving high-yield sesame cultivation. So, how to grow sesame? The key points of plastic film mulching cultivation techniques for sesame are introduced below.
Photo: Sesame cultivation
1. Sow early at the right time
One of the main reasons plastic film sesame achieves high yield is that the warming and heat-preserving effects of the film allow an earlier sowing date, thereby making fuller use of light and heat resources and tapping the high-yield potential of sesame. Therefore, plastic film sesame must be sown early at the right time, and the suitable sowing period is late April to early May. Although summer sesame also has a large yield-increasing effect when mulched with plastic film, its high-yield potential is limited and its economic benefit is also relatively low. Of course, growing only one season of spring sesame a year is not cost-effective. In order to increase the multiple cropping index and improve planting benefits, overwintering short-season vegetables (spinach, green vegetables, yellow-heart cabbage, edible-pod peas, early garlic scapes, etc.) can be planted before sesame, and intercropping and relay intercropping can also be used. When planting wheat, wheat and overwintering vegetables can be strip-intercropped in an appropriate form. After the early spring vegetables are harvested, plastic film sesame is planted. After the wheat is harvested, summer cotton, sweet potato, peanut, and other crops are relay-intercropped.
2. Select excellent medium- and late-maturing sesame varieties with high yield potential
After plastic film mulching, the effective growth period of sesame is extended. Therefore, it is suitable to plant some excellent medium- and late-maturing sesame varieties with waterlogging tolerance, disease resistance, and high yield potential, such as Yuzhi No. 5, No. 7, No. 8, and sesame hybrids. Only by selecting medium- and late-maturing sesame varieties can the growing season be fully used and sesame yield be increased.
Photo: Sesame cultivation
3. Apply more fertilizer and pay attention to fertilization techniques
Plastic film sesame has a long growth period, rapid growth and development, and tall plants, so more fertilizer must be applied to meet its nutrient needs. At the same time, because plastic film sesame is more likely to lodge and is very prone to fertilizer deficiency and premature aging in the late growth period, plastic film sesame places great emphasis on fertilization techniques. The fertilization principles are: apply more phosphorus and potassium fertilizer, and control the amount of nitrogen fertilizer. Under this principle, apply high phosphorus, high potassium, and supplementary nitrogen, with nitrogen:phosphorus:potassium close to 1:1:1. When the sesame yield per mu is above 200 kg, apply about 20 kg of each. In terms of fertilization methods, base fertilizer should be the main method, supplemented by flowering topdressing and foliar topdressing. Use all phosphorus and potassium fertilizer and half of the total nitrogen as base fertilizer, and the remaining half of the nitrogen fertilizer as topdressing. The timing, amount, and method of topdressing should be determined according to the sesame seedling condition and weather. For weak seedlings, apply early and more; for strong seedlings, apply an appropriate amount, late, or not at all. In drought, topdressing can be combined with irrigation; when soil moisture is good, fertilizer solution can be injected into holes on the ridge surface (or applied with a topdressing gun). At the same time, foliar topdressing can be carried out together with disease and pest control. In addition, under high-yield sesame conditions, the application of trace element fertilizers such as boron, zinc, and manganese should be considered.
4. Chemical regulation
Before sowing, soak seeds with 100 mg/kg-150 mg/kg (ppm) mepiquat chloride or spray 150 mg/kg (ppm) mepiquat chloride at the seedling stage to promote rooting and control seedling growth. At the flower bud stage, spray plant growth regulators such as Yemianbao and Panshibao, and combine with spraying 0.1%-0.2% borax, 0.1% urea, and 1% monopotassium phosphate to promote flowering and increase capsule number.
Photo: Sesame cultivation
5. Water to prevent drought and prevent disease to protect leaves
Plastic film mulching has a certain effect in preventing waterlogging and resisting drought, but it is not absolute. Especially when long-term continuous drought severely inhibits the growth of plastic film sesame, or even causes early topping, watering must be done in time. In addition, in order to extend the photosynthetic function period of plastic film sesame stems and leaves as much as possible, at the full flowering stage and topping stage of sesame, spray 500-700 times 40% carbendazim solution once or twice to control sesame leaf disease.
[Editor's concluding remarks]Using plastic film mulching cultivation technology to grow sesame is an important reason for achieving high sesame yield. The above has introduced the key points of plastic film mulching cultivation techniques for sesame, and I hope it will be helpful to everyone!
Wheat field intercropping and multiple cropping models
Because different regions differ in geographical location, natural resources, production conditions, and so on, crop rotation arrangements and crop layouts should be adapted to local conditions. Based on experience from various places, the wheat-based intercropping and multiple cropping models include the following:
1. Wheat-grain intercropping and multiple cropping. There are three forms: wheat-grain replanting multiple cropping, wheat-grain relay intercropping, and wheat-grain strip two-crop relay intercropping.
(1) Wheat-grain replanting multiple cropping. That is, a two-crop-a-year planting system, with autumn crops planted after wheat harvest. Most of the central-southern Hebei wheat region in our province uses this model.
(2) Wheat-grain relay intercropping. Two-crop relay intercropping of wheat and corn. On the premise of ensuring that wheat yield does not decrease that year, it can increase corn yield by 10%-20%. This model is suitable for wheat regions in our province with a frost-free period of 210-230 days and an active accumulated temperature above 4700°C.
(3) Wheat-grain strip two-crop relay intercropping. The planting method is mostly to use 1.3-1.7 m as one planting strip, with wheat occupying 0.7-1 m, planting 4-6 rows of wheat, leaving 0.6-0.7 m as a relay intercropping row, and relay intercropping two rows of autumn grain 40-50 days before wheat harvest, generally mainly corn, but sorghum, sweet potato, and other crops can also be relay intercropped. This method slightly reduces yield compared with flat-sown wheat, but relay intercropping corn and other crops has great potential for increasing yield and income. This planting model is "autumn as the main crop, ensuring autumn and striving for summer," which can turn areas originally difficult for double cropping into double-cropping planting, and is suitable for promotion in the cooler eastern Hebei wheat region (including northern Langfang and all of Tangshan and Qinhuangdao).
2. Wheat, autumn grain, and green manure intercropping and relay intercropping. This is a method of adding green manure crops on the basis of wheat-autumn grain intercropping and relay intercropping to combine land use with land maintenance. This model is suitable for areas with low production conditions and yield levels, or with more land and fewer people and extensive farming, and takes developing green manure crops as an effective way to enrich the soil. There are two methods: two grains and one manure, and two grains and two manures.
(1) Two grains and one manure. It is suitable for development in areas with severe spring drought, concentrated summer rain, and lack of irrigation conditions. The relay intercropping method is mostly to use 2.5 m as one planting strip, with wheat occupying 1.7 m and sowing 10-12 rows, and corn occupying 0.7-0.8 m, with 2 rows of corn relay intercropped in early to mid-May. After wheat harvest, replant legume green manure crops, such as sesbania and beans. In this method, the first crop of wheat occupies less area than flat sowing, allowing concentrated fertilization; the middle crop of corn is relay intercropped early, resisting disasters and ensuring stable harvest; the third crop of green manure is turned under before wheat planting to benefit soil maintenance.
(2) Two grains and two manures. This model requires two conditions: first, the heat can both produce a certain amount of green manure fresh matter and allow timely turning under for planting autumn grain crops; second, there must be a certain amount of rainfall to ensure normal sowing, or irrigation conditions. Generally, with a 2-2.4 m bed strip, hairy vetch is planted in the reserved gap in wheat, the vetch is turned under and corn is relay intercropped, and after wheat harvest, Crotalaria, sesbania, or mung bean is replanted. After corn harvest, the green manure is turned under as base fertilizer for wheat. Generally, grain yield increases by 15%-30% that year. The green manure varieties intercropped in the first half of the year have strict requirements. According to the identification trial of shade-tolerant and fast-growing varieties for wheat relay intercropping green manure by the Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences in Nanpi County, hairy vetch is best, growing quickly in early spring, with high grass yield, reaching more than 1250 kg per mu, and easy to turn under; next is common vetch. For corn intercropping green manure in the second half of the year, mung bean, whose natural plant height is lower than the corn ear position, is best.
3. Wheat-oil relay intercropping. Mainly refers to wheat-peanut relay intercropping. This is a planting model in peanut-producing areas for achieving a double harvest of grain and oil. It is divided into flat relay intercropping and furrow relay intercropping. Flat relay intercropping mostly intercrops peanuts during the wheat flowering stage, with 7000-8000 hills per mu and 2 seeds per hill. Furrow relay intercropping involves planting wheat at the bottom of the furrow and peanuts on the ridge, with peanuts relay intercropped 20 days before wheat harvest. Generally, the ridge spacing is about 0.8 m, with 3 rows of wheat planted at the bottom of the furrow, and 2 rows of peanuts relay intercropped on top of the ridge in spring. Although relay intercropped peanuts have a slightly lower yield than one crop of spring planting, about 300 kg more wheat can be harvested.
To solve the problem of competition for land between grain and oil crops and long-term continuous cropping of peanuts, the eastern Hebei peanut-producing area of Hebei Province has also created a wheat-oil-bean planting model, namely strip rotation of wheat, peanuts, and soybeans. In areas with poor soil and water conservancy conditions, peanut is used as the main strip, with a strip width of 1 m. Ridges are made and furrows are formed. Peanuts occupy 0.7 m and are planted on the ridge