Common Pests and Diseases of Stock (Matthiola incana) and Their Control Techniques
Stock is native to southern Europe and the Mediterranean coast. It is often introduced in major cities in southern China, and in the north it is planted in garden flower beds or greenhouses for ornamental purposes. During cultivation it is often harmed by pests and diseases. Its main diseases include stock wilt, stock verticillium wilt, stock white rust, and stock mosaic virus. Let's take a look together below!
Downy Mildew
[Disease characteristics] Stock downy mildew was found in Shanghai Zhongshan Park. It causes leaves to wilt and droop, and even the entire plant to die. On the surface of infected leaves, light green spots appear, which later turn yellow, with no obvious edges, and become angular due to the restriction of leaf veins. On the corresponding underside of the leaves, white downy layers grow. Young shoots and all parts of the flowers can also be infected, causing stunting or deformity of the plant. The pathogen overwinters as oospores in the soil and in the residual tissues of diseased plants. It begins to germinate the following spring and carries out primary infection. Sowing too densely and poor drainage make severe outbreaks more likely.
[Control methods] Avoid prolonged continuous cropping and promptly remove diseased plants. A new fungicide developed by Shanghai Pesticide Factory, ethylic acid a3, at a concentration of 2-3 grams of the agent per liter of water.
Wilt
[Disease characteristics] Wilt is caused by Fusarium oxysporum. The main symptoms are stunted plant growth and wilting. On the leaves of young plants, obvious vein patterns appear, and on larger plants it causes symptoms such as leaf drooping.
[Control methods] Seeds can be soaked in warm water at 50-55°C for 10 minutes, which can kill the pathogens carried by the seeds. The soil used for planting stock should be disinfected before reuse. A 1000-fold potassium permanganate solution can be used as the agent. If severely infected plants are found, they should be immediately pulled up and burned to prevent transmission to other healthy plants.
Verticillium Wilt
[Disease characteristics] The symptoms are yellowing and wilting of the lower leaves of the plant. Diseased plants are severely stunted, and the vascular bundle tissues rapidly discolor.
[Control methods] Same as stock wilt.
Stock White Rust
[Disease characteristics] Caused by white rust. After stock plants are infected, the diseased parts turn yellow, and later turn brown. Chain-like colorless spores are produced beneath the leaf epidermis.
[Control methods] Stock white rust is also very serious on other cruciferous plants. If stock is placed together with other cruciferous plants, they will infect each other, so cruciferous weeds should be eradicated and the plants should be isolated from other cruciferous plants. Before disease occurs in stock plants, spray 3-4 degrees Baume lime sulfur mixture for prevention. During the growing season, according to the disease situation, spray 65% zineb wettable powder at 500-600 times dilution, or 250-300 times dilution of sodium dimethyldithiocarbamate for control.
Mosaic Virus
[Disease characteristics] Mosaic virus is caused by turnip mosaic virus, also known as cabbage virus No. 1. It is transmitted by 40-50 species of aphids, mainly green peach aphids and cabbage aphids, and can also be spread through sap. This virus can harm many cruciferous plants and other non-cruciferous plants. Therefore, it should be isolated from these plants.
Page break marker [Control methods] Isolate from other virus-source plants. Aphids should be eliminated promptly. The agents that can be used include the botanical insecticide 1.2% nicotine-matrine at 2000-4000 times dilution, or the systemic agent 10% imidacloprid at 2000 times dilution for spray control.
Stock Blight
[Disease characteristics] On stock leaves, the disease appears as large round spots, soft and rotting when moist, and bluish-white when dry, prone to cracking late. On stems, the disease appears water-soaked and dark green, and the diseased part is generally constricted, but the vascular bundles do not discolor, and the leaves above the affected part wilt. If several parts of the stem are affected, the whole plant quickly wilts and dries up. When seedlings are infected, the growing point often appears dark green and water-soaked, and after soft rot it dies, appearing as a dry tip.
[Control methods] In addition to selecting disease-resistant varieties and crop rotation cultivation management, medication for this disease emphasizes timeliness: apply the agent immediately when the central diseased plant is found.
Leaf Spot
[Disease characteristics] Leaf spot is caused by continuous cropping, dense planting, poor ventilation, and excessive humidity.
[Control methods] Remove diseased plant residues to reduce sources of infection; select disease-resistant varieties; appropriately increase the application of phosphorus and potassium fertilizers to improve plant disease resistance; implement crop rotation; irrigate along the soil surface and avoid spraying water on the plants; spray 1% Bordeaux mixture or 25% carbendazim wettable powder at 300-600 times dilution, or 50% thiophanate-methyl at 1000 times dilution, or 80% mancozeb at 400-600 times dilution.
Damping-off
[Disease characteristics] Damping-off is mainly spread through soil and fertilizer, and is likely to occur under conditions of excessive humidity, excessively high soil temperature, overly dense sowing, and weak seedling growth.
[Control methods] Promptly pull out diseased plants; disinfect the soil; appropriately control watering before seedlings emerge; in the early stage of disease, irrigate with 50% amobam aqueous solution at 300-400 times dilution or 70% thiophanate-methyl wettable powder at 1000 times dilution.
Rot Disease
[Disease characteristics] Rot disease is mainly caused by high humidity, insufficient light, and poor ventilation.
[Control methods] Appropriately control moisture, ensure light transmission and ventilation.
Pest Control
[Damage characteristics] The main pest is aphids, which gather on leaves, young buds, and flower buds, piercing into plant tissues with their piercing-sucking mouthparts to suck sap, causing yellow or black spots on the affected parts. Affected leaves shrivel and fall off, and flower buds shrink or grow deformed. In severe cases, the plant may die. Aphids can secrete honeydew, leading to bacterial growth and inducing diseases such as sooty mold.
[Control methods] Eliminate them by clearing nearby weeds; spray 40% dimethoate or omethoate at 1000-1500 times dilution, or fenvalerate at 2000-3000 times dilution, or 80% dichlorvos at 1000 times dilution, etc.
How to Grow Stock: Common Pest and Disease Control
Stock has bright flower colors and a long flowering period. Moreover, stock is not only for ornamental use; it can also protect against ultraviolet radiation, clear heat and detoxify, and whiten and remove freckles. It is a very suitable plant for ornamental use in the home. Below, let's talk about how to grow stock and the common pest and disease control for stock.
How to Grow Stock
1. Selection of pots and substrate
Because stock has a small root system, the pot should not be too large when planting; choose a pot corresponding to the size of the plant. The substrate for pot cultivation should be loose, fertile, well-drained, neutral to slightly acidic growing soil.
2. Watering and fertilizing
The amount of watering should be determined according to the growing season. In winter and early spring, when temperatures are low, watering should not be too frequent; water only after the potting soil has dried, and keep relative humidity at around 40%. In summer, when temperatures are high, water more, and spray water around frequently, with relative humidity not less than 70%. In autumn, as the climate cools, watering should be reduced accordingly. During the growing season, apply dilute well-rotted cake fertilizer water or liquid fertilizer once every 2 weeks, but be careful not to apply excessive nitrogen fertilizer. After flower buds appear, apply 0.5% superphosphate 1-2 times to make the flower colors brighter. When watering and fertilizing, be careful not to get it on the leaves to avoid rot.
3. Temperature and light
The suitable temperature for stock growth is 18-24°C. In summer, the temperature must not exceed 30°C, so measures such as shading, cooling, and humidifying should be taken. It must not be exposed to direct strong light, but it also should not grow for too long under excessively shaded conditions, which would cause fewer flowers and pale colors, or even no flowering. For home flower growing, it can be placed in a place with scattered light and good ventilation. In winter, the temperature must not be lower than 10°C.
4. Pay attention to pest and disease control
During cultivation, it is prone to damage from root rot, crown rot, powdery mildew, aphids, mites, thrips, nematodes, and so on. Attention should be paid to ventilation and disinfection of the growing substrate before use. When the above pests and diseases are found, relevant agents should be sprayed promptly for control.
Common Pest and Disease Control of Stock
Stock is often harmed by pests and diseases. Its main diseases include stock wilt, stock verticillium wilt, stock white rust, and stock mosaic virus.
I. Downy Mildew
Stock downy mildew was found in Shanghai Zhongshan Park. It causes leaves to wilt and droop, and even the entire plant to die.
On the surface of infected leaves, light green spots appear, which later turn yellow, with no obvious edges, and become angular due to the restriction of leaf veins. On the corresponding underside of the leaves, white downy layers grow. Young shoots and all parts of the flowers can also be infected, causing stunting or deformity of the plant. The pathogen overwinters as oospores in the soil and in the residual tissues of diseased plants. It begins to germinate the following spring and carries out primary infection. Sowing too densely and poor drainage make severe outbreaks more likely.
Control methods
Avoid prolonged continuous cropping and promptly remove diseased plants. A new fungicide developed by Shanghai Pesticide Factory, ethylic acid a3, at a concentration of 2-3 grams of the agent per liter of water.
II. Wilt
This disease is caused by Fusarium oxysporum. The main symptoms are stunted plant growth and wilting. On the leaves of young plants, obvious vein patterns appear, and on larger plants it causes symptoms such as leaf drooping.
Control methods
Seeds can be soaked in warm water at 50-55°C for 10 minutes, which can kill the pathogens carried by the seeds; the soil used for planting stock should be disinfected before reuse, and a 1000-fold potassium permanganate solution can be used as the agent; if severely infected plants are found, they should be immediately pulled up and burned to prevent transmission to other healthy plants.
III. Verticillium Wilt
The symptoms of this disease are yellowing and wilting of the lower leaves of the plant. Diseased plants are severely stunted, and the vascular bundle tissues rapidly discolor. The control method is the same as for stock wilt. Stock white rust: this disease is caused by white rust. After stock plants are infected, the diseased parts turn yellow, and later turn brown. Chain-like colorless spores are produced beneath the leaf epidermis.
Control methods
This disease is also very serious on other cruciferous plants. If stock is placed together with other cruciferous plants, they will infect each other, so cruciferous weeds should be eradicated and the plants should be isolated from other cruciferous plants; before disease occurs in stock plants, spray 3-4 degrees Baume lime sulfur mixture for prevention. During the growing season, according to the disease situation, spray 65% zineb wettable powder at 500-600 times dilution, or 250-300 times dilution of sodium dimethyldithiocarbamate for control.
IV. Mosaic Virus
This disease is caused by turnip mosaic virus, also known as cabbage virus No. 1. It is transmitted by 40-50 species of aphids, mainly green peach aphids and cabbage aphids, and can also be spread through sap. This virus can harm many cruciferous plants and other non-cruciferous plants. Therefore, it should be isolated from these plants.
Control methods
Isolate from other virus-source plants; aphids should be eliminated promptly. The agents that can be used include the botanical insecticide 1.2% nicotine-matrine at 2000-4000 times dilution, or the systemic agent 10% imidacloprid at 2000 times dilution for spray control.
V. Blight
On stock leaves, the disease appears as large round spots, soft and rotting when moist, and bluish-white when dry, prone to cracking late. On stems, the disease appears water-soaked and dark green, and the diseased part is generally constricted, but the vascular bundles do not discolor, and the leaves above the affected part wilt. If several parts of the stem are affected, the whole plant quickly wilts and dries up. When seedlings are infected, the growing point often appears dark green and water-soaked, and after soft rot it dies, appearing as a dry tip.
Control methods
In addition to selecting disease-resistant varieties and crop rotation cultivation management, medication for this disease emphasizes timeliness: apply the agent immediately when the central diseased plant is found.
VI. Leaf Spot
It is caused by continuous cropping, dense planting, poor ventilation, and excessive humidity.
Control methods
Remove diseased plant residues to reduce sources of infection; select disease-resistant varieties; appropriately increase the application of phosphorus and potassium fertilizers to improve plant disease resistance; implement crop rotation; irrigate along the soil surface and avoid spraying water on the plants; spray 1% Bordeaux mixture or 25% carbendazim wettable powder at 300-600 times dilution, or 50% thiophanate-methyl at 1000 times dilution, or 80% mancozeb at 400-600 times dilution.
VII. Damping-off
It is mainly spread through soil and fertilizer, and is likely to occur under conditions of excessive humidity, excessively high soil temperature, overly dense sowing, and weak seedling growth.
Control methods
Promptly pull out diseased plants; disinfect the soil; appropriately control watering before seedlings emerge; in the early stage of disease, irrigate with 50% amobam aqueous solution at 300-400 times dilution or 70% thiophanate-methyl wettable powder at 1000 times dilution.
VIII. Rot Disease
It is mainly caused by high humidity, insufficient light, and poor ventilation.
Control methods
Appropriately control moisture, ensure light transmission and ventilation.
IX. Pests
The main pest is aphids, which gather on leaves, young buds, and flower buds, piercing into plant tissues with their piercing-sucking mouthparts to suck sap, causing yellow or black spots on the affected parts. Affected leaves shrivel and fall off, and flower buds shrink or grow deformed. In severe cases, the plant may die. Aphids can secrete honeydew, leading to bacterial growth and inducing diseases such as sooty mold.
Control methods
Eliminate them by clearing nearby weeds; spray 40% dimethoate or omethoate at 1000-1500 times dilution, or fenvalerate at 2000-3000 times dilution, or 80% dichlorvos at 1000 times dilution, etc.
The above is an introduction to how to grow stock and the common pest and disease control of stock. We hope it can help everyone. For more home knowledge, please stay tuned.
Pest and Disease Control Techniques for Stock
Stock is native to southern Europe and the Mediterranean coast. It is often introduced in major cities in southern China, and in the north it is planted in garden flower beds or greenhouses for ornamental purposes. During cultivation it is often harmed by pests and diseases. Its main diseases include stock wilt, stock verticillium wilt, stock white rust, and stock mosaic virus. Let's take a look together below!
Downy Mildew
[Disease characteristics] Stock downy mildew was found in Shanghai Zhongshan Park. It causes leaves to wilt and droop, and even the entire plant to die. On the surface of infected leaves, light green spots appear, which later turn yellow, with no obvious edges, and become angular due to the restriction of leaf veins. On the corresponding underside of the leaves, white downy layers grow. Young shoots and all parts of the flowers can also be infected, causing stunting or deformity of the plant. The pathogen overwinters as oospores in the soil and in the residual tissues of diseased plants. It begins to germinate the following spring and carries out primary infection. Sowing too densely and poor drainage make severe outbreaks more likely.
[Control methods] Avoid prolonged continuous cropping and promptly remove diseased plants. A new fungicide developed by Shanghai Pesticide Factory, ethylic acid a3, at a concentration of 2-3 grams of the agent per liter of water.
Wilt
[Disease characteristics] Wilt is caused by Fusarium oxysporum. The main symptoms are stunted plant growth and wilting. On the leaves of young plants, obvious vein patterns appear, and on larger plants it causes symptoms such as leaf drooping.
[Control methods] Seeds can be soaked in warm water at 50-55°C for 10 minutes, which can kill the pathogens carried by the seeds. The soil used for planting stock should be disinfected before reuse. A 1000-fold potassium permanganate solution can be used as the agent. If severely infected plants are found, they should be immediately pulled up and burned to prevent transmission to other healthy plants.
Verticillium Wilt
[Disease characteristics] The symptoms are yellowing and wilting of the lower leaves of the plant. Diseased plants are severely stunted, and the vascular bundle tissues rapidly discolor.
[Control methods] Same as stock wilt.
Stock White Rust
[Disease characteristics] Caused by white rust. After stock plants are infected, the diseased parts turn yellow, and later turn brown. Chain-like colorless spores are produced beneath the leaf epidermis.
[Control methods] Stock white rust is also very serious on other cruciferous plants. If stock is placed together with other cruciferous plants, they will infect each other, so cruciferous weeds should be eradicated and the plants should be isolated from other cruciferous plants. Before disease occurs in stock plants, spray 3-4 degrees Baume lime sulfur mixture for prevention. During the growing season, according to the disease situation, spray 65% zineb wettable powder at 500-600 times dilution, or 250-300 times dilution of sodium dimethyldithiocarbamate for control.
Mosaic Virus
[Disease characteristics] Mosaic virus is caused by turnip mosaic virus, also known as cabbage virus No. 1. It is transmitted by 40-50 species of aphids, mainly green peach aphids and cabbage aphids, and can also be spread through sap. This virus can harm many cruciferous plants and other non-cruciferous plants. Therefore, it should be isolated from these plants.
Page break marker [Control methods] Isolate from other virus-source plants. Aphids should be eliminated promptly. The agents that can be used include the botanical insecticide 1.2% nicotine-matrine at 2000-4000 times dilution, or the systemic agent 10% imidacloprid at 2000 times dilution for spray control.