High-yield planting techniques and cultivation management key points for goji berry

The goji berry tree is a multi-branched shrub plant of the genus Lycium in the Solanaceae family. It often grows on hillsides, wasteland, hilly land, saline-alkali land, roadsides and beside village houses. The famous producing areas of goji berry in China are Ningxia and Qinghai. Besides widespread wild growth, it is also cultivated in various places for medicinal use, as a vegetable or for landscaping. Now let us take a look at the high-yield cultivation techniques for goji berry trees!

Growth habits of the goji berry tree

Goji berry is a perennial shrub economic crop tolerant to drought, poor soil and saline-alkali conditions. Its economic lifespan reaches 15 years. Goji berry has strong adaptability, and can generally be cultivated in areas with an average annual temperature between 5 and 20°C. Goji berry likes sunlight and requires strong light. It has no strict requirements for soil, and can be planted in loam, sandy soil or barren saline-alkali soil. In terms of varieties, China mainly has Ningqi No. 1, Ningqi No. 2, Ningqi No. 3, Ningqi No. 4, as well as Mengqi No. 1 and other varieties.

Nursery construction for goji berry trees

1. Nursery site selection: The goji berry nursery site should be selected on flat sandy loam. A good drainage and irrigation system should be established to facilitate water diversion for irrigation during dry and rainless periods. The groundwater level of the nursery site is required to be below 1.5 m, and the soil salt content below 0.2%.

2. Applying sufficient base fertilizer: Goji berry is a highly fertilizer-tolerant plant. The growth quality of goji berry at the seedling stage is directly related to the base fertilizer applied before raising seedlings. For fertilizing the nursery site, decomposed farmyard manure is the main type, supplemented by chemical fertilizers. For base application, pig manure, chicken manure, cow manure or stable manure can all be used. For chemical fertilizers, diammonium phosphate and potassium sulfate are used. Before plowing, spread the fertilizer into the nursery site. The application rate of farmyard manure is 2500 to 4000 kg per mu, the amount of diammonium phosphate is 10 kg, and potassium sulfate is 5 kg.

3. Land preparation and deep plowing: After applying sufficient base fertilizer, deep plowing and leveling should first be carried out. The plowing depth is between 20 and 25 cm, which is beneficial to the root growth and development of the seedlings later. After plowing is completed, it can be properly aired for 2 to 3 days. Before raising seedlings, use a rake to level and break up the soil 1 to 2 times; the flatter the better, and the finer the soil the better. Then remove weeds, stones and other debris.

Seed propagation of goji berry trees

1. Making beds and opening furrows: Seed propagation is generally carried out in spring each year. Make the seedling land into flat beds 4 m long and 2 m wide. The bed surface should be flat and the soil should be fully fine and crumbly. Then, on the flat bed surface, stretch a line and open furrows along the line, opening a shallow furrow 2 cm deep every 40 cm as sowing holes.

2. Soil pest control: Before sowing, prepare fine sandy soil and a disinfectant agent; generally we choose a pesticide that kills viruses, insects, fungi and bacteria all together. If 80 kg of fine sandy soil is used per mu, the amount of pesticide used is 300 to 400 g. After preparation, pour the pesticide into 1 kg of water and stir evenly. Then pour the liquid into the fine sandy soil and mix evenly with a shovel. Next cover with plastic film and fumigate the soil for 24 hours so that the liquid penetrates into the soil. After sufficient time, uncover the film and take out the treated fine sandy soil for later use.

3. Seed dressing and sowing: When sowing, add fine river sand equivalent to 6 to 7 times the amount of seeds for seed dressing. Because goji berry seeds are small, using fine river sand for seed dressing can make sowing more uniform. When broadcasting the seeds, hold the basin in one hand and scatter the seeds with the other, trying to be careful and even. After sowing is completed, we also need to spread the treated fine sandy soil into the sowing holes, not too thick, in order to kill pests in the nursery land such as scarab beetles and cutworms that damage goji berry roots. Finally, tread firmly with the feet. Make the seeds and deep soil closely contact, and the sowing work is then complete.

4. Pushing aside soil and covering with film: Next, we need to push aside the soil on both sides of the sowing holes. The purpose of pushing aside these coarse-grained soils is to prevent them from rolling into the holes, pressing down the seeds and hindering seed germination. Leveling the soil in this way is also conducive to covering with film to raise the ground temperature. When covering with film, several people operate together; generally one to two people fix one end, another person lays the film, and one person shovels soil to press the edges, finally completing the film covering. In places with suitable temperatures, film covering is not needed when sowing.

Cutting propagation of goji berry trees

1. Cutting time: The cutting time for goji berry trees is generally from late March to early April in spring. The first thing before cutting is to determine the mother plant scion collection nursery. In the goji berry orchard, select a plot with good varieties, good growth and no pests or diseases as the mother plant scion collection nursery for hardwood cuttings.

2. Collection of cuttings: The collection of cuttings is also carried out in March to April. Select from the mother plants in the scion collection nursery branches about 0.5 to 1 cm thick and fully lignified. Cut them off with pruning shears. After collecting the scions, trim them into cuttings. When cutting, cut the end that will enter the soil and root at a 45-degree angle, and cut the top part that will grow and sprout flat. The length of the cuttings is about 13 cm. They should not be too long or too short, so as not to affect survival and rooting.

3. Cutting treatment: The cuttings used for propagation should be treated with the rooting hormone 1-naphthaleneacetic acid and alcohol. First, dissolve the rooting hormone 1-naphthaleneacetic acid in alcohol and dilute to 15 to 20 ppm. Place the soil-entering and rooting part of the cuttings into the rooting solution, with a soaking depth of about 3 to 4 cm. The soaking time is 24 hours.

4. Land preparation and ridge formation: Level the soil of the nursery land and break up the soil with a rake. On the seedbed, form cutting ridges according to the standard of 4 m long, 90 cm wide and 60 cm high. After forming them, use a shovel to open small ditches in the soil on both sides of the ridges, so as to press the heat-preserving film after cutting.

5. Cutting method: When cutting, place the soaked rooting part downward and insert it into the ditch. The plant spacing between cuttings should preferably be kept at about 15 cm. The exposed height of the cuttings above the soil is 1 to 2 cm. After inserting one row, immediately fill soil by hand, then tread the soil firmly with the feet. In order to increase the ground temperature and enable the cuttings to survive early, in northern regions after cutting, cover the ridge surface with degradable plastic film; in places with suitable temperatures, film covering is not needed. The greatest advantage of hardwood cutting propagation is that the seedlings can maintain the excellent traits of the mother plant, bear fruit early, and have high yield.

Seedling stage management of goji berry trees

1. Film breaking treatment: After the seedlings survive, the first thing is to break the film. For cutting seedlings, simply pierce the film at the cutting with the hand. For seed seedlings, use a hardwood branch to pierce the film at the place where buds are about to emerge, so as to avoid scalding the young seedlings when the temperature is high. Afterward, there is no need to uncover the plastic film; let it continue to play the role of increasing ground temperature. When the high-temperature season comes, the plastic film will degrade and rot into the soil.

2. Weeding and loosening soil: When the seedling height reaches about 30 cm, carry out the first loosening of soil and weeding, so as to prevent the grass from growing more vigorously than the young seedlings. Weeding work should grasp the principle of weeding early and weeding cleanly. Loosening the soil should be combined with weeding work; during this period, weeding and soil loosening should be carried out 2 to 3 times.

3. Timely bud removal: When lateral branches grow from the root part of the young seedlings, these lateral branches should be removed in time, so as to prevent them from competing for soil and fertilizer and hindering the growth of the main branch. Young buds can be removed by hand; for slightly older young branches, it is best to cut them off with pruning shears.

4. Reasonable fertilization: In order to make the young seedlings grow better, apply fertilizer once in mid-to-late May to promote root growth, preferably mainly phosphate fertilizer supplemented by nitrogen fertilizer. Apply 10 kg of diammonium phosphate and 5 kg of urea per mu, mix the fertilizers evenly, and broadcast them around the plants.

5. Timely irrigation: Irrigate after fertilizing; both flood irrigation and watering can be used, and thorough irrigation is best, to meet the growth needs of the high-temperature season. Use good water and fertilizer conditions to promote seedling growth. From summer to before winter, irrigation should be carried out 4 to 5 times.

6. Pruning and training: Too many branches will hinder the growth of the main trunk branch, so pruning should be carried out. When pruning, choose one robust branch as the main trunk and cut off all the rest. This ensures the main trunk is thick and strong, and uniform from top to bottom. For seedlings reaching 60 cm in height, the main trunk branch should be cut off. This is also called pinching, to control the seedling growth height and cultivate large seedlings and extra-grade seedling stock with a first layer of lateral branches. After pruning, apply fertilizer once to ensure the nutrient supply for the seedlings.

7. Pest and disease control: Pest and disease control at the goji berry seedling stage focuses on prevention and control, mainly using 2000 to 2500 times dilution of Jieman, and 1000 to 1500 times dilution of 10% imidacloprid. Around mid-October, spray once every seven days, continuously spraying 3 times, to control aphids, gall mites and rust mites.

8. Seedling overwintering: Goji berry seedlings in the nursery land have leaves turning yellow in late autumn, and leaves fall after frost, but no special management is needed; they can overwinter naturally in the nursery, waiting for emergence and field planting the following spring.

Field planting techniques for goji berry trees

1. Orchard site selection: When establishing an orchard, it is best to choose light loam, sandy loam and loam with deep soil and good aeration to establish the plantation. The soil organic matter content is best above 1%. The groundwater level should be kept below 1 m.

2. Orchard planning: After the goji berry orchard is selected, the first task is planning. The goji berry orchard should have a sound drainage and irrigation system. It should have main canals, branch canals and lateral canals for diverting water for irrigation, as well as drainage ditches. It should be possible to irrigate in the dry season and drain in the rainy season. Second, around the planting land, roads extending in all directions should be set up to facilitate transportation. Between plots, a protective forest network should also be set up to play a role in preventing wind and sand. Once the goji berry orchard is prepared, seedlings can be lifted and field planted.

3. Lifting seedlings and temporary planting: The planting time is generally after the soil thaws in spring, around late March to mid-March. When lifting seedlings, keep the main root intact and minimize damage to lateral roots. After lifting, immediately place them in a cool place, complete pre-planting treatment, and then plant. For seedlings that cannot be planted in time after lifting, dig a temporary planting trench 15 to 20 cm deep; the length and width of the temporary planting trench depend on the number of temporarily planted seedlings.

4. Pruning and soaking: Before field planting, the seedlings should be pruned once. Shorten the branches on the crown part to promote new branch growth after survival. Trim flat the roots damaged during seedling digging to prevent rot after planting and affecting survival. Cut off branches that dried up during overwintering. After pruning, prepare alcohol and rooting powder 1-naphthaleneacetic acid, or other rooting agents, dissolve 1-naphthaleneacetic acid in alcohol, then dilute to 15 to 20 ppm. Place the seedlings in to soak for 12 to 24 hours, then transplant.

5. Field planting method: Before planting, dig planting holes at fixed points according to plant spacing of 1.5 m and row spacing of 2 m. The planting holes are 40 cm long, 40 cm wide and 40 cm deep. Place the excavated topsoil and subsoil separately on the side. Then, in each planting hole, first apply 100 to 150 g of compound fertilizer, then fill in subsoil, mix the subsoil and fertilizer evenly, then fill in topsoil, about 5 cm thick, and then place the goji berry seedling. During operation, one person holds the seedling and one person fills soil, finally treading firmly with the feet. The planting depth should be consistent with the depth at which it grew in the original nursery. After planting, irrigate once in time.

Pest and disease control for goji berry trees

1. Goji berry gall mite

[Symptoms] Gall mite is also a kind of mite. Gall mites burrow into leaf tissue to suck sap. They harm tender stems and leaves. Damaged leaves form yellow-green, round raised galls, and the leaves become distorted and cannot grow. Fruit yield and quality decrease. June is generally the peak period of damage.

[Control] To control gall mite, mainly use 2000 to 2500 times dilution of Yingxiumanjing, spray on the leaf surface, preferably using ultra-low-volume spraying, to protect leaves from gall mite damage during leaf expansion and growth. If symptoms are found, spray once every seven days, continuously spraying 2 to 3 times.

2. Goji berry rust mite

[Symptoms] Goji berry rust mite mainly harms leaves and causes great harm to goji berry production. Rust mite is a mite that cannot be seen with the naked eye, mainly distributed on the underside of leaves and on both sides of the main leaf vein. The mites suck leaf sap. Damaged leaves become hard and thick, and in severe cases the whole tree turns rust-colored. The leaves lose their ability to photosynthesize. This causes leaf drop. It causes yield reduction.

[Control] In mid-to-late June each year, spray the leaf surface with pyridaben emulsifiable concentrate or 2000 to 2500 times dilution of Yingxiumanjing. Spray once every 7 days, continuously spraying 3 to 4 times for effective control.

3. Goji berry root rot

[Symptoms] Goji berry root rot mainly harms the plant roots and stem base. Aboveground, diseased plants show yellowing and wilting leaves. When the underground root and stem parts of diseased plants are dug up, the infected root fibers become dark brown, and the plant dies. Disease is usually more severe in fields with low-lying terrain and poor drainage.

[Control] After disease onset in mid-to-late August, use 30 times dilution of 70% mancozeb to drench the roots of diseased plants. When applying, push aside the surface soil and drench directly onto the diseased roots for the best effect. But when pushing aside soil, do not damage the root fibers. Drench once every 5 to 7 days, for a total of 3 to 4 drenchings, to effectively control root rot. In fields where the disease occurs frequently, crop rotation is advocated, which can fundamentally and effectively eliminate root rot.

4. Goji berry powdery mildew

[Symptoms] Goji berry powdery mildew occurs on goji berry leaves and harms the leaf tips and young fruits. The onset time is August and September each year. In severe cases, the upper surface of the leaves is covered with a layer of white powder, and the plant looks white from the outside. Finally, the leaves gradually turn yellow, become thinner, and fall off.

[Control] In plots prone to the disease, spray pesticide early for prevention. After onset, choose 1000 to 1200 times dilution of triadimefon for spraying control. When spraying, it must be sufficient and even. Generally spray again after 7 to 10 days, which can effectively control powdery mildew.

Examples of rapid propagation techniques for fruit tree plants

Examples of rapid propagation techniques for fruit tree plants

I. Rapid propagation of fruit tree plants;

1. Significance of rapid propagation of peach
At present, peaches are basically propagated by grafting, and the cultivation time is 1 to 2 years, so the propagation efficiency is not high, the promotion speed of excellent varieties is slow, and it is difficult to meet the urgent demand of the industry for new varieties. In addition, some peach varieties that require specific rootstocks for trait improvement or improved site adaptability, such as the replant-resistant rootstock GF677, need vegetative propagation, usually by tissue culture, which is costly and difficult to popularize. Some are also needed for cultivation models, such as the stumping system in meadow orchards, which requires rapid propagation of own-rooted seedlings for cultivation. In addition, the production of peach using rapid propagation own-rooted seedlings has the excellent characteristics of earlier fruiting and earlier high yield. The implementation of these technologies all requires a simple and practical rapid propagation technique to solve the special demand for seedlings in production. Here is a brief introduction to the application of plant non-test-tube cloning technology in peach trees and the rapid propagation operation procedure.
2. Mother plant cultivation and material pretreatment
Under conventional conditions, peach belongs to varieties that are relatively difficult to root and cultivate, which is related to plant species characteristics and periodic physiological conditions. Although there are many peach varieties, and the rooting difficulty and characteristics of each variety differ, the use of non-test-tube rapid propagation technology can minimize such differences and unify operating standards. Only by understanding the obstacle factors to peach rooting can a rapid propagation plan be formulated. The factors affecting peach rooting vary by variety, and variety differences ultimately manifest as differences in growth characteristics, resulting in differences in the physiological state of detached materials. Therefore, regardless of the variety, first manage the mother plant orchard under a unified standard model to reduce variety differences,

and obtain relatively consistent rooting results. In addition, differences in the mother plant at different growth stages, differences between dormancy and growth periods, and differences in branch age and leaf age all lead to physiological differences in detached materials, and these can also be solved through mother plant management and pretreatment. Here, corresponding strategies are formulated from analysis of peach varieties and strains. Northern strains of peach often have high chilling requirements and deeper winter dormancy, while southern varieties have shallow dormancy and low chilling requirements. The reason for deep or shallow dormancy is the ecological adaptability formed during evolution in different regions. It achieves the purpose of deep or shallow dormancy through the level of endogenous abscisic acid content. Endogenous abscisic acid can be artificially regulated through management and technical measures. For example, for rapid propagation during the dormant period after leaf fall, before rapid propagation, branches are best subjected to artificial chilling to break dormancy before rapid propagation; otherwise the survival rate is extremely low. For rapid propagation during the growing season, the factors affecting rooting are mainly differences caused by endogenous hormones and carbon source accumulation levels, manifested as different degrees of tenderness and positions of shoots. These can be achieved by pinching shoots in the mother plant orchard, or by increasing the application of pp333 chemical control measures, and can also be achieved by promoting growth with fertilizer and water and heavy pruning to promote sprouting to increase endogenous growth hormones, or by combining exogenous spraying of gibberellin and auxin to regulate plant growth and development. In short, cultivating mother plants with sufficient nutrition, robust shoots and dark green leaves is the key to achieving efficient rapid propagation of various varieties. In addition, some auxiliary measures can also be combined for detached materials to achieve moderate regulation. For example, treating cuts with magnetized water can increase the survival rate; VB treatment can accelerate the manifestation of endogenous hormones; sugar supplementation at the cut can increase the total sugar of young materials and promote activation of cut cells. For deeply dormant northern varieties, winter hardwood detached materials can also be combined with running water treatment to reduce endogenous abscisic acid and other rooting-inhibiting substances. High-concentration exogenous IBA treatment can also be used, such as 1000 ppm treatment for 1 to 2 hours, which can enable extremely difficult-to-root varieties to root. Usually, for relatively easy-to-root peach varieties, a 10 to 15 second quick dip is sufficient, while for growing-season rapid propagation of leafy detached materials, only 100 to 200 ppm indolebutyric acid treatment is needed to achieve ideal results.

3. Inoculation rapid propagation and seedbed management
Place the chemically treated detached materials into an intelligent seedbed with perlite as the substrate for rapid propagation. In early spring, the substrate temperature is low, which is the limiting factor affecting rooting. Start the heating wire laid at the bottom of the seedbed for automatic heating, controlling it above 15°C. Under such substrate temperature conditions, 5 days after inoculation of the detached materials, primary root primordia differentiate from secondary phloem parenchyma cells outside the cambium; primary roots form in 15 to 20 days; after hardening off on days 25 to 30, they can be transplanted. For rapid propagation of green branch detached materials in summer, the limiting high temperature of air temperature is 35°C. When it exceeds 35°C, automatic micro-spray cooling is carried out. Generally, after rapid propagation of green branch detached materials, root primordium development begins in 7 to 10 days, some root primordia protrude through the cortex to form roots in 10 to 15 days, roots are basically formed in 15 to 20 days, and after hardening off in 20 to 25 days they can be transplanted. During the rooting process, those that root quickly are mostly thick and robust materials with sufficient nutrient accumulation and materials with good leaf photosynthetic function, because during rooting a large amount of soluble sugar is needed to participate in metabolism to activate root primordium genes. Therefore, for some peach varieties that are relatively difficult to root, magnetized water treatment can be used to increase alpha-amylase activity, which has a good catalytic function for rooting. Combined with the comprehensive effects of a magnetized seedbed and magnetized misting, some varieties that are normally difficult to root in ordinary environments can also be effectively addressed.
In seedbed management, generally it is only necessary to start the expert mode of the intelligent control system. If some overly tender materials are encountered, forced supplementation of carbonated water and oxygen-enriched water can also be combined to promote rooting. In daily management, if fallen leaves or rotting materials are encountered, clean them up in time and disinfect the surroundings with electrolyzed functional water using local drenching to prevent cross-infection.

4. Technical summary
For peach, regardless of variety or strain, as long as its rooting characteristics are understood, limiting factors are analyzed, and corresponding operation processes and solutions are formulated, a rooting survival rate of more than 80% can be achieved. For some relatively difficult-to-root varieties, usually use seedlings with strong juvenility as mother plants to achieve propagation of seedlings from seedlings, which can activate rooting genes. Moreover, as the number of cycle generations increases, the rooting time becomes shorter and shorter. This rooting characteristic follows this rule whether in peach or other fruit trees. Conventional longan seedling cultivation usually uses grafting, which is slow and may show poor scion-rootstock compatibility with severe premature senescence. Air-layered seedlings have low transplant survival rates, cause too much damage to mother trees, and have low propagation coefficients. In response to the above problems, non-test-tube cloning technology was successfully developed, which can leave the nursery about 1 year earlier than grafted seedlings. It effectively improves the seedling cultivation speed and propagation coefficient, and greatly accelerates the demand for seedlings in the industrialized development of longan.
Longan belongs to extremely difficult-to-root varieties, mainly because it contains a large amount of rooting-inhibiting substances in the body, and its rooting type is callus rooting type, so it stays in the seedbed for a long time, generally about 60 to 80 days before it can be transplanted. Therefore, in management and production costs, it is more demanding than other seedlings. For difficult-to-root plants, a detached material collection orchard with seedlings as mother plants can be established, and fine management should be carried out to promote robust and vigorous branches as detached materials. When summer light is too strong, the mother plants also need shading treatment, that is, covering with shade netting, which is relatively effective in reducing rooting-inhibiting substances in the body. In addition, before rapid propagation, gene activation treatment of the mother trees is also needed, spraying foliar fertilizer or growth hormones on the leaf surface, so that the detached materials can be in a state of superior vigor during rapid propagation.

When making detached materials, double-bud materials with 2 to 3 small leaves are best. Especially for varieties containing rooting-inhibiting substances, smaller is more suitable, but they should not be too small, such as single-bud material, because single-bud detached materials are too small and have poor adaptability and stress resistance to external environmental changes, which undoubtedly brings difficulty to long-term seedbed management. Double-bud materials with 2 to 3 small leaves are optimal. When making materials, it is the same as for other plants, but when collecting materials, semi-lignified materials must be selected, that is, materials that are light green, dark green and light brown. Lignification should not be too high; the higher the degree of lignification, the more inhibitory substances accumulate in the body.
Treat the prepared detached materials with 200 ppm IBA for 1 to 2 hours; it is best to prepare the rooting-promoting solution with magnetized water, as the effect will be better. Immediately propagate the treated materials in an intelligent rapid propagation seedbed with perlite as the substrate, and adjust the system settings. During the management period, in addition to routine management, spray the leaves with a certain 1 to 5 ppm IBA solution every 7 to 10 days. It can be added together with nutrient solution for supplementation, and 1 to 3 ppm sodium nitrophenolate can also be added as a cell activator mixed into the nutrients, playing a role in promoting cell activation and rapidly restoring division and differentiation. Under strong light and high temperature in summer, moderate shading with shade netting is also needed, preferably with 60% to 70% light transmittance, and oxygen-enriched water and carbonated water should also be supplemented periodically. After the above comprehensive technical measures, the rooting survival rate of longan can generally reach more than 80%. It is currently the propagation technique with the highest survival rate among all techniques used for asexual seedling cultivation of longan, and can be promoted and popularized in production.

The seedlings used when cultivating papaya, if produced from seeds through sowing and germination, are all called seedling plants. In papaya cultivation to date, no matter which variety is used, seedling plants are used. Because papaya has complex genetic factors, the trait expression of seedling plants among varieties differs greatly depending on the traits of the paternal and maternal plants at sowing. For example, Tainong No. 2 is a first-generation hybrid. When collecting seeds, if a bisexual plant is used as the paternal parent and a female plant as the maternal parent, then among the progeny seeds, 50% of seedling plants will be bisexual plants and 50% will be female plants. If the traits of the paternal and maternal plants are changed, the sex of the seedling plants after seed collection will vary greatly, with bisexual plants, female plants or male plants all likely to appear. Identification of the traits of these seedling plants still cannot be distinguished to date, and must wait until the flowering stage.

When ordinary farmers cultivate papaya, bisexual plants do not need artificial pollination to bear fruit, while female plants lack stamens and pollen themselves, so artificial pollination is necessary. Because the fresh fruit consumption market for papaya prefers bisexual fruits produced by bisexual plants (commonly known as spring fruits) and their price is higher, while female fruits produced by female plants (commonly known as mother fruits) are less welcomed by consumers and lower priced because of thin flesh and many seeds. Therefore, when planting the same papaya variety, increase the planting density by one time, and when the plants flower, cut down the female plants, leaving only bisexual plants. This not only saves pollination labor costs, but also allows production of the bisexual fruits needed by the consumer market.

The use of non-test-tube cloning can allow the traits of the mother plant to be known in advance, and can target rapid propagation of excellent mother plants and bisexual plants, greatly reducing production costs and improving fruit quality. It is currently the most effective papaya propagation technique, and its promotion and application will bring major practical significance to papaya production. The relevant rapid propagation techniques are briefly introduced as follows:
After selecting excellent papaya plants, remove the terminal bud between April and September. After an average of 25 days, lateral buds on the trunk immediately below the terminal bud cut will extend into 5 to 7 lateral branches 30 to 40 cm long. Cut these lateral branches from the base and retain 3 to 5 leaves. Treat the cut with IBA 2000 ppm, then rapid propagate in a substrate made by mixing vermiculite + perlite at 1:1. Start the intelligent system. Roots can generally form after an average of 20 days, and after another 10 days of rejuvenation they can be planted in the field.
After the lateral buds near the terminal bud are harvested, the section of trunk bearing the lateral buds can be cut off, and the buds below the cut can sprout and grow into lateral branches again. In this sequence, each plant can cultivate lateral branches four times from April to September, and the total average production of lateral branches is 24. However, when taking one leaf and one bud as material, it can be increased several times, but the cultivated seedlings are smaller in specification. When there are few mother plants, use one leaf and one bud. When the trunk is cut to about 30 cm above the ground, the trunk can be recultivated to continue cultivating lateral branches the following year. When lateral branches are cultivated from the trunk, the rapid propagation rooting rate can reach 100%, and the rooting time is relatively short. In autumn and winter, due to low temperatures, lateral branches are not easy to cultivate, and the average rooting rate is only 85%.
Because the rapid propagation seedlings from lateral branches cultivated from the same plant are asexually propagated, their characteristics are all the same as the mother plant. That is, if the mother plant is a bisexual plant, the rapid propagation seedlings taken from it are all bisexual plants, and female plants or male plants will no longer appear. In this way, production costs can be greatly reduced and economic benefits improved.
II. Rapid propagation of landscaping plants;
(I) Rapid propagation technique for Chinese tulip tree

Chinese tulip tree (also known as Chinese tulip tree) grows fast, has good timber, peculiar leaf shape and a straight trunk. The hybrid Chinese tulip tree bred by artificial hybridization has a beautiful tree shape, peculiar leaf shape, brilliant flowers, and golden autumn leaves. It has strong resistance to pests and diseases, its own litter causes no pollution, is fast-growing, has excellent timber, and has strong adaptability. It is a famous excellent timber and landscaping tree species in China. However, because the seed-setting rate is low, generally only 1% to 3%; cutting is difficult, with a rooting rate usually less than 30%; and seed treatment and other seedling techniques are improper, the seedling production rate is very low, seriously restricting the development of this excellent broadleaf tree species.

To solve this practical production problem, the use of plant non-test-tube cloning technology can achieve a survival rate of more than 93%. The relevant techniques are briefly introduced as follows: before sprouting in early spring, take 7 to 8 cm branch segments as detached materials, soak them in 200 ppm indolebutyric acid solution for 2 to 4 hours, and propagate in an intelligent seedbed. Generally, callus begins to form in 15 days, roots form in 25 to 30 days, and the survival rate reaches more than 95%.
In the growing season, take one leaf and one bud as detached material, treat with 100 ppm indolebutyric acid for 1 to 2 hours. Propagate in an intelligent seedbed, with leaves not overlapping as the standard. Roots generally form in 20 to 25 days, and transplanting can be done in 30 to 35 days. The root system is well developed and the survival rate is high, making it the most practical technique for Chinese tulip tree propagation.
(II) Rapid propagation technique for red maple
Red maple is usually propagated by seeds and grafting, with a long seedling propagation cycle, and traditional cutting is difficult to survive. However, using plant non-test-tube cloning technology can achieve a very high rooting survival rate, making it the most effective technique for rapid propagation of red maple. Red maple belongs to difficult-to-propagate varieties.
For the rapid propagation substrate, it is best to use vermiculite or perlite. Under full-light intelligent seedbed conditions, a relatively good rooting effect can be achieved. This is because under full-light conditions, the photosynthesis of red maple is not affected, and the transpiration of detached materials and water supply are in a balanced state. At the same time, naphthaleneacetic acid can strengthen the cellular tissue activity of detached materials, promote differentiation of root primordia in detached materials, and advance rooting.
Selection of detached materials and rapid propagation. The detached materials for red maple rapid propagation are required to be robust and thick, with a diameter of 0.5 to 1 cm. Semi-lignified is top grade, tender branches are medium, and old branches are inferior. Each segment is about 5 to 10 cm long, retaining 1 to 3 leaves. At the same time, the leaves should also be trimmed; for one leaf, 1/3 or 1/2 should be cut off. Cut the lower end of the detached material into a slanted opening. When necessary, the base cortex can be wounded, and soaked in 500 to 1000 ppm naphthaleneacetic acid for 5 to 0 seconds. One leaf and one bud branch segments of red maple can also be taken directly as detached materials, and the cut treated with 100 ppm indolebutyric acid for 2 hours. During operation, try to cut, treat and inoculate immediately. If the detached materials are far from the seedbed, the cut branches should be wrapped well with a wet towel to prevent water loss from the detached materials and avoid affecting rapid propagation survival.

For red maple, people previously generally believed that asexual propagation was difficult and had a low survival rate, so asexual propagation methods were rarely used to cultivate seedlings, and traditional grafting was mostly used. Experiments have proved that red maple propagation can use this asexual rapid propagation method. As long as the growth habits of red maple are satisfied and rooting conditions are created, the survival rate of its detached materials is at least more than 85%. The key to successful red maple rapid propagation is to meet the requirements of detached materials for full-day light, moisture, temperature and ventilation, and adopt a full-sun intelligent seedbed. The rapid propagation survival rate can reach more than 95%. After red maple rapid propagation roots, development is relatively fast, and after hardening off they can be transplanted to the field for rejuvenation cultivation.
III. Rapid propagation of economic crop plants;Many potato diseases use seed potato tubers as the source of infection, and propagation by tubers not only has a low propagation coefficient but also cannot meet growers' requirements for supplying good varieties. Using non-test-tube cloning technology, in addition to a high propagation rate, can also prevent various diseases transmitted by tubers. Especially for black scurf, which is difficult to eradicate with general control methods, disease-free plants can be cultivated by rapid propagation of branches and leaves. There are two technical routes for potato rapid propagation:
1. Stem propagation
Use terminal buds and stem segments for rapid propagation. They can be directly rapid propagated in an intelligent seedbed with vermiculite or perlite, or the air propagation rooting method can be used, and after rooting they can be transplanted to substrate, which gives a high survival rate and can prevent missing plants. The method is: in mid-March plant good seed tubers in a greenhouse; in mid-May cut terminal buds for rapid propagation, while promoting more lateral buds. When branches grow to about 10 cm, cut terminal bud stem segments about 5 cm long as detached materials for rapid propagation. Under intelligent seedbed conditions, roots can form in one week, field planting can be done in early June, harvest can be done in 80 days, and the yield per plant reaches about 600 g.
2. Leaf propagation
     (1) Method of directly producing tubers: that is, do not allow rooting, directly produce tubers, and then use small tubers as seed potatoes. In late January, from mother plants planted in the greenhouse in late November of the previous year, take one leaf and one bud material and inoculate it into a perlite seedbed, bury the axillary bud into the substrate, and leave the leaf on the bed surface. After about 20 days, small tubers form at the leaf axil. This method relies on nutrients contained in the leaf itself after separation from the mother plant and on external light, carbon dioxide and water to produce tubers. To enlarge the tubers, nutrient solution supplementation to the leaves is needed to increase the nutrients contained in the tubers. This method of directly producing tubers with leaves can also be used for stem propagation, but considering obtaining more detached materials from one stem, the leaf propagation method is more practical.

(2) Method of field planting after rooting: directly plant rooted plants into the nursery field. The operation is basically the same as stem propagation. The initial growth period after planting is later than that of stem propagation, because it has fewer roots and the plant volume is relatively small. But afterward, the growth and development conditions are the same as stem propagation; both send out strong lateral branches from the stem base. Harvest in 80 days, with 4 tubers per plant, about 500 g.
The yield per plant of potato rapid propagation seedlings differs depending on the degree of rooting. Those with good rooting survive quickly after planting, have early stem and leaf growth and development, and can reach a plant yield of more than 600 g. Therefore, to increase the yield of rapid propagation seedlings, striving for more roots and early survival is indeed the key, so combining chemical treatment during rapid propagation has a promoting effect.
Experiments studied the effects of mixed use of different concentrations of naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), indolebutyric acid (IBA), and gibberellin (GA3) on potato rapid propagation survival. The results showed that the treatment with NAA 50 ppm + IBA 50 ppm + GA3 50 ppm was the best combination, with the highest survival rate, best rooting, and strongest growth.
In rapid propagation, whether stem propagation or leaf propagation, within 10 to 20 days, three situations all appear: first, only tubers form at the axillary bud part at the base of the detached material and no roots form; second, both roots and tubers form; third, only roots form and no tubers grow.
The reason these three phenomena occur in detached materials is related to substances such as plant hormones. For example, if the first situation is found during stem propagation, the tuber can be cut off during transplanting, and sometimes roots can also form; when the second situation is encountered, the tuber should also be cut off, and then it can grow smoothly. Because netted melon seeds are expensive, in order to reduce seed costs, sow and raise seedlings in advance. When the melon seedlings grow to a certain height, take one leaf and one bud or leafy melon vines as detached materials, treat the cut with 100 ppm indolebutyric acid for 1 hour, and rapid propagate in an intelligent seedbed with perlite as the substrate.

Roots generally form in 8 to 9 days. After supplementing with nutrient solution to strengthen the seedlings, the seedlings can be transplanted and field planted, with a survival rate of 100%. If an asexual rapid propagation system is established and multi-generation cycle technology is used, factory seedling cultivation can be carried out year-round, greatly reducing seedling costs. This is currently the lowest-investment factory seedling technique for netted melon. Trial cultivation in 2002 showed that rapid propagation seedlings have uniform growth vigor, and fruiting traits, yield and quality are no different from seed-sown seedlings. It is a relatively economical new seedling technique for netted melon seedling production.
(III) Rapid propagation techniques for cucumber, watermelon and tomato
These three varieties all belong to extremely easy-to-root varieties. In an intelligent rapid propagation seedbed, without any chemical treatment, a 100% rooting survival rate can be achieved. During operation, it is only necessary to cut leafy stems and vines and rapid propagate them into a seedbed with perlite as the substrate, then start the system. Roots generally begin to emerge in 3 to 4 days, and in 7 to 10 days a well-developed root system forms and they can be transplanted to the field. Most of these detached materials have already formed root primordia while on the plant, so once they encounter a suitable

environment, roots immediately form. In watermelon, at the fastest, roots emerge the next day. These varieties have important value and production significance when used in production. Using multi-generation cycle technology, one seed can produce hundreds of thousands or even millions of seedlings, greatly reducing seed costs. Moreover, rapid propagation seedlings have more developed root systems than seed seedlings, the fruiting and bearing period is greatly advanced, and both yield and quality are improved. It is an important technology to be popularized and promoted in future production.
IV. Rapid propagation of medicinal plants;

Because Taxus media contains extractable anti-cancer drugs, it has become an important medicinal material currently being developed on a large scale across the country, and the demand for seedlings is growing. Traditional cutting propagation alone is difficult to meet production needs; generally only one batch can be cultivated per year, while using non-test-tube cloning technology can cultivate at least 5 to 6 batches, and both the survival rate and seedling quality are greatly improved. More importantly, rapid propagation seedlings can be transplanted year-round, field planted year-round, and developed year-round.

Generally take leafy branch segments 3 to 5 cm long as detached materials. When materials are scarce, they can be even smaller, even 1 to 2 cm is acceptable. Treat the cut with 100 ppm indolebutyric acid for 2 hours, and rapid propagate in a rapid propagation seedbed intelligently controlled by computer. Callus forms in 7 to 10 days, rooting begins in 25 days, and hardening off and transplanting can be done in 35 to 40 days, with a survival rate of more than 90%. In addition, it has been found in production that electric field treatment has an extremely obvious effect on improving the root-shoot ratio, accelerating rooting speed and cultivating strong seedlings. The application of non-test-tube cloning technology to Taxus media is the most ideal technique for realizing the industrialized development of yew, unmatched by any other method. Honeysuckle has long been a major bulk Chinese medicinal material highly valued by the pharmaceutical industry, and is also a daily drink that can be made into tea. With deepening research and development, its uses are becoming wider and wider. Especially after SARS, a boom in developing honeysuckle was set off across the country. Mountain farmers who rely on cultivating honeysuckle to become rich and earn foreign exchange have further stimulated enthusiasm for industrialized development, while seedling cultivation relying only on grafting and cutting can no longer supply the needs of mountain farmers developing honeysuckle bases. Using non-test-tube cloning technology can not only greatly increase the propagation coefficient of traditional honeysuckle varieties that are easy to root by cutting, but can also successfully rapid propagate the excellent variety Honeysuckle King, which traditionally could only be cultivated by grafting.
At present, there are many honeysuckle varieties used in production and cultivation, most of which are easy to rapid propagate. Generally, without any chemical treatment, an extremely high survival rate can be obtained, and roots can form in 10 to 15 days, with full transplanting and field planting in 20 to 25 days. However, some varieties cannot survive by traditional cutting and can only rely on grafting, and the grafting survival rate is also not high. This may be related to the excessively high chlorogenic acid content in high-yield varieties, which is the technical difficulty in propagating Honeysuckle King at present. To address this problem, a propagation system using non-test-tube cloning technology can solve it, and it has now been applied on a large scale in production. The techniques are summarized as follows:
Honeysuckle King is a variant of common honeysuckle, showing extremely high yield per plant and relatively weak growth vigor, often producing too many flowers and affecting vegetative growth. In the rapid propagation process, this variety often shows overly developed callus, few and slow roots, and during rapid propagation often shows early leaf fall. In response to these problems, we conducted a comprehensive analysis and formulated corresponding measures, greatly improving the rapid propagation survival rate and basically meeting the technical requirements in production. Originally, when Honeysuckle King was grafted, later-stage incompatibility with the rootstock would appear, producing "strangled-neck" seedlings, which are easy to break at the graft union in strong winds. This became the main factor limiting the development of this high-yield variety, while traditional cutting could not survive. These phenomena indicate that there are genetic differences between this variant and the original common variety, which is proved by graft incompatibility. In addition, this variety has too many flowers, leading to excessively high chlorogenic acid content in the body, and overly weak growth causes a sharp rise in endogenous abscisic acid content. The combination of these three aspects becomes the comprehensive physiological factors making it difficult to root.

First, in terms of mother plant management, the main management goal should be to cultivate strong seedlings with vigorous vegetative growth. The flower quantity and chlorogenic acid content can be reduced through moderate shading cultivation and increased nitrogen fertilizer application. The flower quantity can also be reduced by spraying 40~100ppm gibberellin during the flower bud differentiation stage, because plants with more flowers accumulate less leaf nutrition and also greatly increase the chlorogenic acid content. Chlorogenic acid is the main indicator for measuring the quality of honeysuckle, but it is also the main factor causing difficulty in propagating and rooting the King of Honeysuckle. By reducing light intensity, the chlorogenic acid content in the branches, leaves, and flowers of the plant can be reduced. In addition, increasing nitrogen fertilizer application can reduce the chlorogenic acid content by 32.99%~6.78%, while increasing phosphorus fertilizer application will greatly increase the flower quantity and also greatly increase the chlorogenic acid content, reaching 8.68%~14.44% or more. These studies indicate that the mother plant garden must adopt a management method of applying less phosphorus fertilizer and more nitrogen fertilizer. Such fertilization management measures can also increase the endogenous growth hormones in the plant and reduce abscisic acid. Therefore, mother plant management should be exactly opposite to conventional management aimed at production, as this is more conducive to rooting.

In addition to adopting special management of the mother plant garden, leaf premature senescence and abscission problems may also occur during rapid propagation. To address this problem, growth hormones can be sprayed on the leaf surface in stages during mother plant management or the rapid propagation period, to prolong leaf age and prevent abscission. Production findings show that detached materials whose leaves remain intact will sooner or later root, while defoliated materials immediately stop developing. When supplementing nutrient solution during rapid propagation, 1~5ppm indolebutyric acid or 1ppm sodium nitrophenolate can be added to the nutrient solution, which has a certain effect on prolonging leaf age and improving survival rate.

After the above comprehensive technical management, rapid propagation operations can be carried out. Take branch segments with 1~2 leaves as detached materials, treat the cut ends with 200ppm IBA for 1~2 hours, and then rapidly propagate them in an intelligent seedbed with perlite. In addition to conventional management techniques, it is best to combine carbonated water and oxygen-enriched water supplementation techniques. This measure is particularly effective for difficult-to-root plants. In addition, aeroponic rapid propagation, also called mist multiplication, can be used, exposing the cut ends to nutrient-enriched mist, which results in faster rooting. According to experiments, King of Honeysuckle propagated rapidly with perlite substrate takes 30~45 days to root, while with aeroponic propagation, that is, mist multiplication, it roots in 22 days, and the survival rate can reach over 80%. However, aeroponic propagation also has a disadvantage: a specialized hardening area still needs to be established for transplanting and hardening, because most roots formed in mist are aerial roots and require a period of acclimation to adapt to the soil environment.
Honeysuckle has a wide range of applications, among which making honeysuckle dew is one of its uses and one of the most widely applied. Using plant non-tissue-culture rapid propagation technology to propagate seedlings has greatly increased the yield of honeysuckle and also promoted the process of industrialized development of honeysuckle.
V. Rapid propagation of flowering plants;Miniature rose is currently an excellent raw material for mini potted flower production, hydroponic flower production, and test-tube flower production, and is also an excellent variety for courtyard and balcony landscaping and beautification. In addition to traditional cuttings, the fastest and most efficient method of propagation is the use of non-tissue-culture rapid propagation technology. It can use one-leaf-one-bud detached materials to expand into several thousand commercial seedlings in one year through multi-generation cycle technology, and the operation is simple and convenient, with short rooting time and high survival rate. Take a leafy branch segment, one leaf and one bud, or a shoot tip with flower buds from a miniature rose plant as detached material, treat the cut end with 100ppm IBA for 1~2 hours, and rapidly propagate in an intelligent seedbed with perlite as substrate. Under normal conditions, rooting begins in 7~10 days, transplanting can be done in 15~20 days, and the rooting survival rate can reach over 95%. Using miniature rose as material for rapid propagation of micro-materials with buds, after rooting, inoculate them into an agar substrate environment in a test tube for growth, thus producing a test-tube rose that can grow and bloom in a test tube. It is currently a premium product among test-tube flowers at home and abroad, and also the best gift for Valentine's Day.

(1) Stem-cutting induction method: Phalaenopsis is a monopodial plant, growing upward from an upright stem and continuing endlessly. Although there are 1~3 latent buds in the leaf axils along the stem, most cannot sprout into plants. However, after the plant grows larger, between the lower clustered leaves and clustered roots, use a sterilized knife or scissors to cut it off. The upper part with roots is planted into a new pot or heeled in to continue growing, while the lower part with the rhizome is given appropriate water, and before long 1~3 new buds can sprout (depending on plant characteristics and management methods). If the stem is too long, it can also be cut into multiple segments. As long as each segment is 3 cm or more in length and has more than one root, each node can produce 1~2 buds. Cut off the small buds with a blade and propagate them in an intelligent seedbed; generally, they can root and be transplanted in 10~15 days.
(2) Chemical stimulation method: This chemical is available for sale in flower markets. Its main ingredient is cytokinin, and it is oily and waxy. When using, dip a toothpick into the agent and apply it to the dormant bud points. The chemical can penetrate and stimulate sprouting. Once the bud body grows out smoothly, it can be cut off for rapid propagation.
(3) Flower stalk tiller buds: Many varieties of Phalaenopsis have the habit of sprouting tiller buds at the base of the flower stalk, at non-flowering stalk nodes, and at the tip. Native species such as P. lueddemanniana, P. schillerana, P. equestris, etc., after tiller buds sprout at the front end of the flower stalk, are cut off and propagated in an intelligent seedbed. Once they grow and develop roots, they can be transplanted to become new individuals. If the variety does not have stalk tillering ability, a bud-inducing agent containing plant hormones can be applied to the nodes of the Phalaenopsis flower stalk, using chemical stimulation to achieve the purpose of propagating new seedlings. Before applying the agent, first remove the bracts covering the flower stalk nodes with a blade. Be careful when removing the bracts to avoid breaking the bud body. After removing the bracts, apply the bud-inducing agent. When using a plant hormone bud-inducing agent, it is best to do so during the plant's growth period, and the effect is better when the temperature is above 20°C.
VI. Rapid propagation of economic forest plants;Oil tea is an important oil plant and also an important economic plant for farmers in mountainous areas. However, long-term seed sowing and seedling cultivation have caused mixed varieties, serious degeneration, decreased yield, and late fruiting period, greatly affecting the industrialized development of oil tea.
Under facility greenhouse conditions, annual rapid propagation and multi-generation cycling of oil tea can be implemented, with relatively high production efficiency and relatively guaranteed rooting survival rate. This is unmatched by other grafting and cutting methods and is an indispensable new seedling cultivation technology for the current industrialized development of oil tea. The key technical points are introduced as follows: Detached materials should be selected from 1-year-old robust, already lignified, full axillary buds, intact leaves, and pest-free branches on superior mother trees, cut into detached materials about 4 cm long with one bud and one leaf. Collection should preferably be done in the early morning. After collection, bundle 50~100 detached materials per bundle and pay attention to moisture retention. Before rapid propagation, treat the detached materials with ABT rooting powder to promote cut-end healing and rapid rooting. During rapid propagation, the detached materials should be inserted upright, with buds and leaves exposed above the substrate, leaves facing upward, and plant and row spacing of about 5 cm X 15 cm, with non-overlapping leaves as the standard. After inoculation operations are completed, immediately turn on the intelligent system.
Practice has shown that treating oil tea detached materials with ABT No. 1 rooting powder results in significantly higher survival rate and current-year sprouting rate than treatment with 200 ppm naphthalene acetic acid; the number of roots and root length are also greater and longer than with naphthalene acetic acid treatment. The survival rate can reach over 85%. After adopting multi-generation cycling technology of propagating seedlings from seedlings, the survival rate can be further improved and rooting time further shortened. Usually, for first-generation seedlings, callus tissue forms in 10~15 days, root primordia form in 20~25 days, and root systems form and are transplanted to the field in 30~45 days. If the seedling-from-seedling operation is adopted, juvenility and rooting genes will be activated, and rooting time can be shortened to 20~25 days, with higher efficiency and faster speed. Therefore, when rapidly propagating oil tea seedlings, the construction of a rejuvenated mother plant garden is extremely important.

In addition, for chemical treatment, high-concentration ABT No. 1 quick dipping is preferable, with high operational efficiency and good survival rate. Comparing high-concentration ABT No. 1 rooting powder solution quick dipping with low-concentration slow soaking, the former is superior to the latter in survival rate and root number. The best combined treatment is 500 ppm ABT No. 1, quickly dipped for 10 seconds and then rapidly propagated. Treating oil tea detached materials with ABT No. 2 rooting powder also results in better survival rate and root number than treatment with 200 ppm naphthalene acetic acid. Comparing the quick-dip method with the slow-soak method, high-concentration quick dipping also has a better effect than low-concentration chemical slow soaking. For ABT rooting powder, a 200 ppm concentration solution, quick dipped for 20 seconds, is preferable. Comparing ABT No. 1 rooting powder with ABT No. 2 rooting powder, the survival rate of oil tea detached materials treated with ABT No. 1 is significantly higher than with 200 ppm ABT No. 2, but the effect produced by the same concentration of ABT No. 2 is not significantly different from that of naphthalene acetic acid treatment. Therefore, considering comprehensively, for non-tissue-culture cloning seedling cultivation of oil tea, ABT No. 1 rooting powder should be selected, and the higher concentration (500ppm) quick-dip method should be used.
II. Applications of oil tea
Honghua Daguo oil tea is an evergreen small tree of the Theaceae family, with a tree height of 3-6 m. It is a rare and precious woody oil tree. The tea oil is orange-yellow, clear and transparent, aromatic, contains more unsaturated fatty acids than peanut oil and rapeseed oil, and does not contain erucic acid, behenic acid, aflatoxin, or other carcinogenic substances. Regular consumption of oil tea can reduce human blood lipid and cholesterol levels, and has preventive and therapeutic effects on hypertension, stroke, cerebral thrombosis, cancer, and other diseases. It is a pure natural green health edible oil with good quality.
For example, the recently very popular Tibetan Secret Weight-Loss Tea is one of the applications of oil tea. It fully reflects the position of oil tea applications in the market and has also greatly developed the role of oil tea as an economic crop.
VII. Rapid propagation of endangered plants;Baishanzu fir is a rare endangered plant. Because traditional propagation methods have a very low survival rate, it has always been a major technical difficulty for forestry workers trying to save this germplasm resource. However, using plant non-tissue-culture cloning technology can achieve a fairly high survival rate. The relevant techniques are briefly introduced as follows: Detached materials come from Baishanzu, Qingyuan County, Zhejiang Province. Cut the detached materials into leafy branch segments 3~5 cm long, treat the cut ends with 1000ppm indolebutyric acid for 8~10 hours, and then propagate them in an intelligent seedbed. According to observation, in 25~30 days the cortex swells and begins to form callus tissue; in 45 days some root primordia in papilla form grow out; in 60~70 days most have grown root systems 1~2 cm long, and the checked survival rate reaches over 90%.

Golden camellia contains more than ten trace elements with important health value for the human body, such as natural organic germanium, selenium, manganese, molybdenum, vanadium, and zinc, as well as tea polyphenols and essential amino acids. It has health functions such as preventing cancer, inhibiting tumor growth, lowering blood cholesterol, reducing cholesterol, preventing atherosclerosis, delaying aging, and improving immune function. It is a raw material plant for health beverages with great development value. In addition, golden camellia has waxy golden flowers, golden petals and jade stamens, bright and delicate, dotted among green leaves and jade-like branches, with outstanding grace. It is known as a "superstar" among flowers, the "queen of the tea family," and the "giant panda" of the plant kingdom, and is a national first-class protected rare plant. In addition to its extremely high ornamental value, golden camellia is the finest among camellias.

Guangxi golden camellia is a first-class protected plant. Rapid propagation experiments were conducted on golden camellia and Camellia liberofilamenta. For the former, treated with rooting powder (ABT) No. 1 at 200ppm, 1-year-old detached materials on perlite substrate had a survival rate of 0 for leafless cuttings, and a survival rate of 85.0%~87.8% for cuttings with 1 leaf, while the control was 72.0%; the survival rate of 2-year-old materials was 20.5%. For the latter, on perlite substrate, treated with rooting powder No. 1 at 150ppm, 1-year-old detached materials had the highest survival rate on perlite, at 97.5%. Therefore, in production it is recommended to use 1-year-old seedlings as mother plants for multi-generation cyclic multiplication by propagating seedlings from seedlings, which can achieve good seedling cultivation results.

Brief Introduction to Plant Rapid Propagation Technology

The so-called plant non-tissue-culture efficient rapid propagation technology is also plant cloning technology. Some also call it plant non-tissue-culture rapid propagation technology, plant rapid propagation technology, plant full-light mist propagation seedling technology, full-light mist cutting technology, micro-material or micro-tissue cutting seedling technology, mist propagation seedling technology, mist cutting seedling technology, or foolproof cloning. Whether it is called plant rapid propagation or plant cloning, the principles and methods are the same.

The key to plant cloning technology (plant rapid propagation technology) is misting. More than ten years ago, authoritative institutions promoted full-light mist propagation seedling technology, which was actually what later some called plant non-tissue-culture efficient rapid propagation technology, and is now more often called plant cloning, foolproof cloning, and other fashionable terms. The complete misting equipment developed in the past was mechanical, with costs as high as tens of thousands of yuan, and it was prone to rusting and damage, so after a period no one used it anymore. However, since the introduction of Israeli micro-sprinkler (head) technology, the micro-misting problem was smoothly solved at low cost, and thus plant cloning technology (plant rapid propagation technology) was rapidly promoted and popularized nationwide.

Another obstacle to the promotion of plant rapid propagation technology (plant cloning technology) was the problem of automatic controllers. Imported temperature and humidity control equipment was easy to use but expensive. The so-called agricultural intelligent computer systems, apart from being even more expensive, were always immature and full of problems in use, often causing seedling failure. Only after using them for two years did the author have no choice but to develop a domestic seedling propagation instrument, whose low price and rich practical functions were quickly appreciated by peers nationwide.

The current investment in plant cloning technology (plant non-tissue-culture efficient rapid propagation technology) is only more than 2,000 yuan. Vigorously promoting plant cloning technology and plant rapid propagation technology benefits the country and the people.

Compared with plant tissue culture test-tube rapid propagation and traditional seedling technology, plant foolproof cloning technology has the following advanced features:

1. It uses one-leaf-one-bud plant explants as propagation unit materials, directly inoculated in field sand beds or nutrient bags, forming seedlings in one step until supplied to production, without any need for movement, and with a high survival rate.

2. Whether in the south or north, at different latitudes, in different soils, and under different climates, this method can be used for continuous rapid propagation throughout the year. From the second generation onward, most varieties can reach 6-12 generations. This rapid propagation technology can be used to start production on any of the 365 days of the year, expanding the time and space for technological application.

3. Technical operations are easy to promote. After a period of training, qualified ordinary laborers can inoculate 3000--5000 unit materials per day (8 hours). Long-term promotion practice has proven: first, the quality requirements for production technical personnel are not high, the technical training period is short, adaptability is extremely broad, and it is easy to promote; second, personal operation speed is faster than both tissue culture rapid propagation and conventional seedling cultivation. If organization and management are proper, and other conditions are met, each base can rapidly inoculate 200,000--1,000,000 unit propagation materials per day, and the technology is easy to promote on a large scale, which test-tube rapid propagation technology cannot match.

  4. Ordinary personnel who have undergone a period of planned training can participate in rapid propagation operations, and inoculation speed is extremely fast (several times faster than tissue culture test-tube rapid propagation inoculation speed; from the second generation onward, most plants exceed both conventional seedling operation speed and test-tube rapid propagation operation speed. This greatly saves labor costs and improves labor efficiency).

      5. Each technical worker who has undergone a period of qualified training can produce and manage 20,000-100,000 seedlings per month. Each core worker plus a certain number of auxiliary workers can produce at least 300,000 seedlings every half year, creating extremely high economic benefits.

6. For most plants, after being cultured to the second generation using plant foolproof cloning technology, complete regenerated plants can be obtained in 4-11 days, with a regenerated plant rate of over 90%, truly achieving efficient rapid propagation. Some families and genera have special rooting and propagation conditions, such as Dacrycarpus imbricatus, spruce, yew, Cinnamomum porrectum, rock cinnamon, Chinese orchid, peony, etc., which take longer to root. But they are still faster than test-tube rapid propagation and conventional seedling cultivation, and the comprehensive rapid propagation efficiency is higher.

7. For most plants from the second generation onward, each regenerated plant propagates one generation every 30-60 days, with a multiplication coefficient of 2-15 times per generation (efficient geometric progression multiplication based on the original plant quantity base). This advantage is even more prominent than tissue culture test-tube rapid propagation. The later the generation, the more germplasm resource materials are propagated, and the faster the propagation speed.

      8. There are few technical steps and the time used is short, greatly saving comprehensive production costs and improving personnel production efficiency. Starting propagation from micro-materials can directly cultivate plants that grow under natural conditions, without any transplanting. For most plants, only 15-60 days of cultivation are needed before they can be used for production and cultivation, and the plants all show early flowering and fruiting and good yield performance. (For example, tomato begins rooting in 4 days and flowers and fruits in 20 days; goji blooms and fruits in the nursery field in the same year; virus-free potato one-leaf-one-bud materials can differentiate small tubers from inoculation to 40 days, and when cultivated in the same year can directly harvest large virus-free potatoes in the field. The field yield of virus-free potato seedlings in the same year can reach 3 to 4 tons, which not only saves farmers 300 jin of seed potatoes per mu, but also allows farmers to plant original seed potatoes every year. Cut rose does not need transplanting; from inoculation of one leaf, it blooms in 70 days, with large and bright flowers, and the flowering cycle is longer than plants cultivated by other methods. Coniferous tree species such as yew, North American redwood, western Sichuan spruce, Japanese larch, etc. generally require 4 months for mountain planting. The first generation generally begins rooting in 20-40 days, and after the second generation the rooting time is shortened by about one third. However, many coniferous tree species are very difficult to tissue culture and basically cannot be produced on a large scale. Conventional cuttings also have slow rooting and low survival rates. As a result, seedlings of these varieties have always been propagated by seed, and offspring traits vary greatly.

9. Mature seedlings cultivated by this method have high purity, no pests or diseases, well-developed and complete root systems, root length above 25 cm, root number of 3-6, plump mature buds, stem height of 20-60 cm, and survival rate above 90% when planted in production fields. For coniferous tree species, 5 cm-15 cm, the survival rate for mountain planting is generally as high as over 95%.

10. Green seedlings directly inoculated and cultured in nutrient bags during the plant growing season have high purity, no pests or diseases, grow more than 3-5 leaves, have plump axillary buds, strong branching ability, well-developed root systems, and high hardening quality. The survival rate when planted in production fields reaches over 95%.

11. For many plants, the first generation is already normal. Large-scale rapid propagation production can begin immediately. However, some difficult-to-propagate plants can only reach the indicators required by this technology from the second generation. For these seedlings, the main goal pursued in the first generation is to obtain as many original basic seedlings as possible, laying a good foundation for normal production after the second generation. Plant foolproof cloning technology can be used for the vast majority of plants that could be propagated by plant tissue culture shoot-tip rapid propagation and conventional cutting seedling technology, or plants for which neither of the above two technologies is suitable; it can be used to fix hybrid vigor in plant breeding work; it can be used for special transgenic plant seedling engineering, new space-bred plants, various new germplasm materials, or rapid propagation promotion and protection of endangered economic plants, forest seedling cultivation, seed engineering, and seed industrialization; it can be used for selection, purification, and large-scale production utilization of natural mutant plants, superior individual plants, and polyploid superior clones; it can be used for isolated expansion and propagation of virus-free original seedlings; it can be used for introduction and diffusion of new varieties at home and abroad, hybrid breeding, and so on. In these aspects, this technology has optimal technical performance and relatively infinite market potential.

Honeysuckle Lonicera Japonica Honeysuckle illustrated guide: how to grow honeysuckle / how to propagate honeysuckle