Detailed Guide to the Planting and Propagation Methods of Abelia chinensis

Plant name: Abelia chinensis

Scientific name: A. chinensis R. Br.

Common names: Banbianlian, Shuixiancai, Kucai, Jiejiehua, Dazhong Banbianlian, Shuizhecai

Family and genus: Caprifoliaceae, Abelia

Cultivation and propagation: Abelia chinensis is mostly propagated by sowing and cuttings. Seeds are harvested after maturing in autumn, stored in sand, and sown in spring the following year; seedlings emerge 30-40 days after sowing and can be shipped out after 1 year of cultivation. For cuttings, hardwood branches can be used in spring; cut the branches into 10-15 cm long cuttings, insert them into a sand bed, maintain humidity, and move them into the seedling bed once roots have developed. In summer, softwood branches can be taken, keeping a pair of upper leaves, inserted into a full-light mist propagation bed, maintaining air humidity, and they will root in about 1 month. Transplanting of seedlings can be carried out after leaf fall or before bud break. To keep the seedlings growing vigorously, apply organic fertilizer to the soil before cultivation and appropriately prune the transplanted seedlings. Apply topdressing twice in each growing season, once in spring, and once before early-summer flowering with a phosphorus-potassium fertilizer. In dry seasons, water promptly to keep the soil moist. During the winter dormancy period, adjust and prune the tree shape according to tree vigor to maintain the tree form and renew the branches.

Abelia chinensis Abelia chinensis R. Br. Abelia chinensis gallery: how to grow Abelia chinensis / how to propagate Abelia chinensis

Maintenance measures for the southern plant date palm

Part One: "Organization of Southern Plants"

Frangipani

Frangipani, its flowers really resemble eggs, milky white on the outside and bright yellow in the center, just like egg white and yolk, and they look really cute. Its branches are thick and fleshy. The leaves are also large, and the flowers and leaves cluster at the branch tips. Frangipani blooms brilliantly in summer, giving people a feeling of purity and elegance, and it is very suitable for careful appreciation. After leaf fall, the bare trunk curves naturally and looks very beautiful. It is very suitable for planting in courtyards and on lawns. Frangipani likes a high-temperature, high-humidity, sunny environment with good drainage. It is robust by nature and can tolerate drought, but it fears cold and waterlogging. It likes to grow in acidic soil but is also alkali-resistant. For cultivation, deep, fertile, well-aerated acidic sandy loam rich in organic matter is best. Propagation uses the cutting method. When planting frangipani, attention should also be paid to pest and disease control. For example, if brown small spots appear on the leaves or even the leaves turn dark black, that is frangipani angular leaf spot, and at this time you should pay attention and take measures. Of course, there may also be other diseases, so frangipani needs your care and attention. In fact, besides white, frangipani also has red and yellow types, all of which can be used to extract essence for making high-grade cosmetics, soap, and food additives, with quite high prices and great commercial development potential; the fresh flowers can also be dried for making tea, commonly known as frangipani tea, which has the effect of treating heat dysentery and moistening the lungs and detoxifying. The frangipani tree is beautiful in form, with many branches on the stem, strange and varied, in countless postures; the leaves resemble those of loquat, and after falling in winter, semicircular leaf scars remain on the branch tips, rather like antlers decorated with beautiful spots, making it a top choice small tree for tropical landscaping, courtyard arrangement, and potted appreciation. The bark is thin and grayish green, rich in toxic white sap, which can be used externally to treat scabies, redness, and swelling. The wood is white, light and soft, and can be used to make musical instruments, tableware, or furniture. Frangipani flower language: nurturing hope, resurrection, rebirth, as simple and ordinary as life, so it can always be so close to people, without distance.

Yulan magnolia

Yulan magnolia is a tall deciduous tree, with dark gray bark, rough and cracked; small branches are slightly stout, grayish brown; winter buds and pedicels are densely covered with light grayish-yellow long silky hairs. Leaves are papery, obovate, broadly obovate, or obovate-elliptic, and the leaves on vigorous basal shoots are elliptic. Yulan magnolia flowers are very much like lotus flowers. When in full bloom, the petals spread in all directions, making the courtyard appear in sheets of blue-white with dazzling white light, and it has high ornamental value; together with waves of delicate fragrance that refresh the heart, it is truly an ideal flower type for beautifying courtyards. Yulan magnolia likes light and is relatively cold-tolerant, and can overwinter in the open ground. It loves dryness and avoids low humidity; waterlogged planting sites easily cause root rot. It likes fertile, well-drained, slightly acidic sandy soil, and can also grow in weakly alkaline soil. In the warmer south, it can bloom from December to January of the following year. Yulan magnolia has strong resistance to harmful gases. For example, if this flower is planted in a factory polluted by sulfur dioxide and chlorine gas, it has a certain resistance and sulfur-absorbing capacity. Using sulfur dioxide for artificial fumigation, 1 kg of dry leaves can absorb more than 1.6 g of sulfur. Therefore, Yulan magnolia is a very good pollution-resistant greening tree species for areas with atmospheric pollution. Yulan magnolia likes light; young trees are relatively shade-tolerant, not tolerant of strong light or west-facing sun. Too strong light or west-facing sun can easily scorch the trees. Yulan magnolia likes fertilizer. In addition to applying base fertilizer at planting, it should be fertilized every year thereafter. Sufficient fertilizer can make the plant grow vigorously, with lush green and thick leaves, not only producing many buds but also large flowers, a long flowering period, and rich fragrance. Yulan magnolia is a tree species with relatively strong disease resistance. Its main diseases include anthracnose, yellowing disease, and leaf scorch. Besides ornamental value, Yulan magnolia also has medicinal and edible value. Yulan magnolia flowers contain volatile oil, mainly citral, clove oil acid, etc., and also contain magnolia alkaloids, alkaloids, biond magnolia element, capric acid, rutin, oleic acid, vitamin A, and other components, and have a certain medicinal value. Yulan magnolia flowers are pungent and warm in nature and flavor, and have the effects of dispelling wind and cold, unblocking orifices, and dispersing lung qi and unblocking the nose. They can be used for headache, blood-stasis type dysmenorrhea, nasal congestion, acute and chronic sinusitis, allergic rhinitis, and other conditions. Modern pharmacological studies show that Yulan magnolia flowers have an inhibitory effect on common skin fungi.

Yulan magnolia flowers are rich in vitamins, amino acids, and various trace elements, and have the effects of dispelling wind and cold, and regulating qi and the lungs. They can be processed into snacks or brewed as tea. The flower language of Yulan magnolia represents gratitude. Yulan magnolia often blooms large white flowers amid lush greenery, and with that rich fragrance it gives people an indescribable temperament, truly fresh and lovely. Because the plant is tall and the flowers are borne relatively high, swaying in the wind and full of spirit, like a heavenly maiden scattering flowers, it is very lovely.

Maranta

Maranta is a herbaceous plant. Most varieties have underground rhizomes or tubers, leaves are solitary, relatively large, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, with pinnate veins arranged in two rows, entire. Maranta is a relatively good groundcover plant with diverse colors and is a very good foliage plant. Maranta is a tropical plant and likes a warm, humid, and brightly lit environment. It is not cold-tolerant or drought-tolerant and fears scorching sun. If exposed to direct sunlight, it will scorch the leaves, causing local scorching at the leaf edges, stopping the growth of new leaves, and turning the leaf color yellow. Therefore, shading should be noted in cultivation. Maranta is relatively sensitive to water. During the growing period, it should be watered sufficiently to keep the potting soil moist, but the soil should not be waterlogged, otherwise it will cause root rot and even plant death. Maranta is somewhat "delicate." It requires enough meticulous care for all 365 days. If the environment fluctuates greatly for a few days, it will leave "evidence of the crime" on the plant. This is the consensus of Maranta seedling traders and producers. Maranta plants do not have many pests and diseases, mainly scale insects, whiteflies, and others. Of course, it also has other values, such as medicinal value and dietary value. Maranta powder is almost entirely starch, contains no vitamins, and has a protein content of only 0.2%. It can be used as a thickener for soups, sauces, puddings, and desserts. Add water and boil to form a transparent, odorless, tasty paste. Maranta powder is fine in texture and, compared with other starches, can be cooked at lower temperatures and in shorter times, and is easy to digest. It is especially suitable for making custards and other egg products that cannot be overcooked, and is also suitable for making light-flavored, low-salt, and low-protein foods. Effects: clearing the lungs and stopping cough, clearing heat and promoting urination. Main indications: used to treat cough due to lung heat and painful urination due to damp-heat in the bladder.

Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum

Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum is an evergreen shrub or small tree. Bark is dark gray or light grayish brown, much branched. Young branches are reddish brown, densely covered with stellate hairs. Leaves are leathery, alternate, ovate or elliptic, 2-5 cm long, apex short-acute, base rounded and oblique, asymmetrical, both surfaces with stellate hairs, entire, dark red. Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum likes light and is slightly shade-tolerant, but in shade the leaf color easily turns green. It has strong adaptability and is drought-tolerant. It likes warmth and is cold-tolerant. It has strong budding and branching ability and is tolerant of pruning. It tolerates poor soil, but is suitable for growing in fertile, moist, slightly acidic soil. Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum has luxuriant branches and leaves, a graceful posture, is tolerant of pruning and wiring, and can be used for hedges or for making stump bonsai. During the flowering season, the whole tree is full of red flowers, extremely spectacular. Loropetalum is an evergreen plant, and new leaves are bright red. Different strains differ in leaf color and flower color at maturity, and leaf size also differs. In landscape applications, the main considerations are leaf color and leaf size, bringing about leaf color contrast and forming color contrast, and the flowering periods can also be staggered. Main pests: aphids, geometer moths, yellow noctuid moths, Daopan noctuid moths, large and small cutworms, and scarab beetles, etc. Common diseases of Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum: anthracnose, damping-off, and mosaic disease. Anthracnose: mainly harms old leaves and basal leaves. Because the leaves themselves are red, the disease spots appear

Black round spots, or nearly round spots, appear, causing early leaf drop. Damage is severe during the rainy season in July-August. The pathogen is Actinomycetes. The fungus overwinters as mycelium on diseased leaves and serves as the primary infection source for the following year's disease. When you find disease on the branches and leaves of Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum, you must treat it promptly.

Ornamental Peach

Ornamental peach is a variety of peach, a tree 3-8 m tall; crown broad and spreading; bark dark reddish-brown, rough and scaly when old; branchlets slender, hairless, glossy, green, turning red on the sunny side, with numerous small lenticels; winter buds conical, apex blunt, covered with short pubescence, usually 2-3 clustered together, with a leaf bud in the middle and flower buds on both sides. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, elliptic-lanceolate or obovate-lanceolate. Ornamental peach likes sunlight, is drought-tolerant, and does not tolerate humid environments. It prefers a warm climate, has good cold hardiness, and can overwinter safely in natural environments at minus 25°C. It requires fertile, well-drained soil. It dislikes waterlogging; if planted in waterlogged low-lying areas, seedlings are prone to dying. Landscape value: ornamental peach has large, brightly colored flowers and is beautiful when in bloom, with an ornamental period of up to 15 days. In landscaping it is widely used at lakesides, along streams, on both sides of roads, and in parks, etc. In small-scale greening projects such as courtyard landscaping accents and private gardens, it is also used for potted viewing, and is often used for cut flowers and for making bonsai. A common form is also the weeping ornamental peach. Ornamental peach has a wide range of landscaping uses and outstanding greening effects, showing particularly good results in the very year of planting. It can be planted in rows, in masses, or as specimens, showing particularly good greening effects in the same year. Ornamental peach is one of the commonly used colored nursery stock in landscaping, usually used together with plants such as purple-leaf plum and purple-leaf dwarf cherry. When combined with flowering shrubs, it creates a scene of a hundred flowers blooming together. Besides ornamental value, it also has medicinal value. The gum secreted from the peach trunk, commonly known as peach gum, can be used as an adhesive, etc. It is a polysaccharide substance that can yield arabinose, galactose, xylose, rhamnose, glucuronic acid, etc. upon hydrolysis. It is edible and also used medicinally, with effects of breaking blood stasis, harmonizing blood, and boosting qi. Diseases and pests often occur in summer and autumn. Its main diseases include: white rust and brown rot, shot hole disease, anthracnose, gummosis, and leaf curl. Main pests include aphids, red spiders, scale insects, and red-necked longhorn beetles.

Artificial plant communities

1. Satsuki azalea + Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum + Euonymus japonicus 'Aureo-marginatus' + thornless Ilex cornuta ball

These four plants have strong adaptability and are widely planted in Fuzhou. Three foliage-colored plants are planted linearly, giving rich leaf colors, and together with large-sized thornless Ilex cornuta balls, they form a neat, full, and clearly layered roadside greening color band effect.

2. Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum + Photinia × fraseri ball + Michelia figo + Acer palmatum

Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum itself is widely planted in Fujian and has good adaptability; both its leaf color and flower color are very beautiful, while the old leaves of the Photinia × fraseri ball are green and interspersed with red new leaves, setting each other off beautifully. The combination of the four plants is richly layered and forms a landscape road with vertical rhythm, spatial layering, and a strong sense of guidance.

3. Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum + Fatsia japonica + Phoenix canariensis + Plumeria rubra

In this combination of several plants, green is dominant; the leaves are both small and fine (Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum) and thick and large (Fatsia japonica, Plumeria rubra), while Phoenix canariensis adds a touch of tropical flavor. The layers are rich, and it has the effect of narrowing the space, making people feel close to it.

4. Phyllostachys edulis + Iris

Phyllostachys edulis is very suitable for planting in Fuzhou. It is a scattered bamboo, with spacing between the culms. Iris has an elegant posture and colorful, beautiful flowers. The two combined together have a very charming appeal.

5. Gardenia jasminoides 'Radicans' + Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum + Aucuba japonica + Osmanthus fragrans

Gardenia jasminoides 'Radicans' has leaves like a bird's tongue and a low plant form, so it can serve as the lowest layer of plants. The leaves of Aucuba japonica have yellow spots and it is a good foliage plant, while the tree Osmanthus fragrans has a delicate fragrance that refreshes the heart. The combination has spacing and density, changes in leaf color, and added floral fragrance.

6. Rhododendron pulchrum + Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum + Fagraea ceilanica + Canna indica

Rhododendron pulchrum has brilliant flowers, and with Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum and Fagraea ceilanica as a foil, it is even more moving. Canna indica has thick, large leaves, narrowing the space and making people feel close to it.

7. Groundcover lawn + Tagetes erecta + Photinia × fraseri + Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum ball + Osmanthus fragrans 'Dangui'

With green groundcover as the base, the bright yellow flowers of Tagetes erecta are extremely beautiful. Behind Tagetes erecta, Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum and red Photinia serve as a foil, and the Osmanthus fragrans 'Dangui' tree has a spreading form. The several plants set each other off and create rich variation.

8. Ophiopogon japonicus + Psidium guajava tree

Both Ophiopogon japonicus and Psidium guajava tree adapt very well in Fuzhou and grow normally. The leaves are fine and soft, making Ophiopogon japonicus very suitable as groundcover. The Psidium guajava tree has smooth yellow bark, an elegant posture, and relatively large leaves with well-spaced density, making it very suitable for an open woodland path.

9. Lawn + Agave americana var. marginata + pruned and shaped Ficus microcarpa + Senna bicapsularis

With green lawn as the base, Agave americana var. marginata has thick, large leaves with silver-yellow and green alternating colors, and it matches very harmoniously with the pruned and shaped Ficus microcarpa, while Senna bicapsularis has a beautiful posture and brilliant flower color. The combination of these several plants is richly layered, with color changes that are nevertheless harmonious.

10. Liriope platyphylla + Rhapis excelsa + Dypsis lutescens + Carica papaya tree

This plant arrangement is suitable for one side of a small building. Liriope platyphylla has fine, soft leaves, while Rhapis excelsa and Dypsis lutescens have thicker, larger leaves, and Carica papaya has large palmate leaves, with its fruit borne on the trunk, and its posture is very elegant.

11. Acalypha wilkesiana + Duranta erecta + Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum

As a plant combination for a carpet flower bed, Acalypha wilkesiana has bright leaf color and serves as the edge, Duranta erecta has yellow-green leaf color, and Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum has dark purple leaf color. The combination of the three plants as a carpet flower bed is extremely attractive.

Part Two: "Maintenance Plan 4"

Landscaping Maintenance and Management Plan

Maintenance and management are very important in landscaping. It is long-term, repetitive work with relatively comprehensive technical requirements, including damage by people and animals, sanitation and cleaning, pruning of flowers, grasses, and trees, watering and fertilizing, pest and disease control, and planting of flower bed flowers, etc. The completion of landscaping green space does not mean the completion of the landscape. People often say "three parts planting, seven parts management." Only with high-quality, high-level maintenance and management can the landscape gradually take shape and become perfect.

Current characteristics of plants in the park:

1. The greening area is about 245419 million sq m, with a high greening coverage rate, and there are large numbers of trees and pruned shaped shrubs of different specifications and varieties. In the early stage, the growth has gradually taken shape. After careful investigation, the plant planting characteristics are roughly divided into two areas according to the original general layout plan:

1) Plaza area: The plant planting style in this area is relatively open. The plaza is mainly planted with rows of Ginkgo biloba, Phoebe zhennan, and large trees,

appropriately combined with low shrubs, and the overall space is relatively transparent.

2) Factory area: In this area, the plant varieties are complexly combined, with large and small trees, shrubs, and groundcover plants interplanted.

The entrance is mainly planted with relatively precious large plants (Phoenix canariensis, Jacaranda mimosifolia, Ficus microcarpa stump,

premium Osmanthus fragrans, etc.). Whether the office area courtyard can still maintain its elegant and refined, spacious and grand

scenery, and whether the hotel villa area courtyard can still carry forward its delicate, gentle, leisurely, and relaxed atmosphere,

all depend on later maintenance and management.

2. From the greening conditions in the vertical area, we can find the following problems: ① shaped shrubs grow poorly and have monotonous shapes; ② flowering shrubs have poor tree vigor, and flowering conditions (including number of flowers, flower size, color, and secondary flowering) are unsatisfactory; ③ lawns have many weeds, and in local areas turfgrass weeds show a trend of spreading rampantly; ④ there are pest and disease problems.

I. We plan to take the following rectification measures:

1. Promote three-dimensional horticulture and carry out varied shaping of hedges and shrubs. For flowering shrubs planted as accents, take growth-promoting measures to promote their growth and then shape them according to their form, which depends on the specific plant growth and plant shape; in local areas, hedges are highly regular, and the neat uniform strip shape undoubtedly makes a courtyard that should be free and leisurely appear mechanical and rigid. We can likewise try pruning them into wave shapes to match the relaxed and casual landscaping of the residential area, enlivening the atmosphere of the entire courtyard and creating a smoother living environment.

2. Immediately begin pest and disease control. For plants showing pest and disease characteristics, immediately carry out large-scale chemical control.

3、

4、

5. For lawn weeds, apply chemicals and increase the workload of manual removal. For different plants, implement different maintenance and management plans (mainly fertilizer supply: base fertilizer, topdressing, foliar fertilizer; different plants and different seasons all have different fertilization methods and fertilizer choices). Plant labeling. We classify and count all plants, then make green labels indicating their

family, genus, species, and growth habits, and label all plants in the area. This can

not only enrich employees' general knowledge of plants, but also add to the cultural atmosphere of the park, and with eye-catching labeling

can make greening receive more attention.

6. Greening maintenance is not a matter of a single day. While doing the rectification work well, we will likewise

adopt different maintenance and management measures for different plants at different times. We arrange our daily work by month

(detailed rules attached), striving to make our work bring the landscape effect in the blueprint into full play, and

we also ask Party A to offer more opinions so that our work can gradually become more perfect and complete.

7. Maintenance responsibilities

Within the contracted maintenance period, our company, in accordance with landscaping maintenance operating procedures and landscaping maintenance quality standards, organizes reasonably, maintains carefully, and sends professional horticulturists to organize, guide, and arrange management and protection work, and flexibly assigns no fewer than experienced workers according to the weather in each season and plant growth conditions, completing the maintenance and management tasks with guaranteed quality and quantity.

VI. Maintenance content

1. Management procedures: including watering, opening basins and earthing up, pruning, fertilizing, weeding, pruning and bud removal, pest and disease control, straightening, and replanting (nursery stock costs calculated separately), etc., the entire process. {Maintenance measures for the southern plant Phoenix canariensis}.

2. Management tools:

A. Flower shears, long shears, high-altitude shears, grass shovels, lawn mowers

B. Sprayers, buckets, dump carts, bamboo baskets

C. Shovels, hoes, saws, electric saws, ladders

D. Fuel, repair costs

3. Maintenance content:

A. Trees: apply organic fertilizer once a year, 0.25 kg of cake fertilizer per tree, topdress once, 0.1 kg of compound fertilizer mixed with urea per tree, using hole application, spraying, water-fertilizer, etc., then cover with soil, water thoroughly, with water penetration depth above 10 cm, timely prevent and control pests and diseases, maintain the trees' natural growth state, no shaping pruning needed, timely prune yellow branches, diseased and pest branches, shaded leggy branches, and drooping branches that obstruct vehicle passage, and timely clean up pruned material. Remove weeds around the tree roots once a week to ensure no weeds.

B. Shrubs, hedges, bagged seedlings: fertilize once a quarter, apply 10 kg of urea mixed with compound fertilizer per 667 sq m, using broadcast application and water-fertilizer, etc., water once within three hours after application, water once a day (except rainy days), with water penetration depth above 10 cm, timely prevent and control pests and diseases. For those pruned into round, square, or conical shapes, perform light pruning once a week and heavy pruning once a month, with smooth and attractive cut surfaces, timely remove pruned material, timely prune dead branches and diseased and pest branches, timely replant old, diseased, and dead plants, and remove weeds once a week.

C. Herbaceous plants: fertilize once a quarter, apply 10 kg of urea mixed with compound fertilizer per 667 sq m, using broadcast application and water-fertilizer, etc., water once within three hours after application, water once a day (except rainy days), with water penetration depth above 10 cm, timely prevent and control pests and diseases, prune spent flowers once a week and remove weeds once a week, timely prune dead and yellow branches.

D. Taiwan grass: fertilize once a quarter, apply 10 kg of urea mixed with compound fertilizer per 667 sq m, with even fertilization and thorough watering, with water penetration depth above 5 cm, timely prevent and control pests and diseases, timely replant withered, dead, and missing parts, with coverage rate above 98%, and prune 1-2 times a month.

(II) Specific arrangement of annual landscaping maintenance work:

January: the month with the lowest temperature in the whole year, when open-field trees are in a dormant state.

1. Winter pruning: fully carry out shaping and pruning work on deciduous trees; prune dead branches, damaged branches, diseased and pest branches, and branches that obstruct overhead lines and buildings on large and small trees.

2. Street tree inspection: timely inspect the binding and staking of street trees, and immediately rectify when loosened ties, wire embedded in bark, or unstable stakes are found.

3. Pest control: winter is a favorable season for eliminating landscape pests. You can dig up the pupae and cocoons of stinging moths in the loose soil under trees and burn them in a concentrated way. In mid-January, scale insects begin to become active, but at this time they move slowly, so we can adopt the method of scraping off the larvae on the trunks. Controlling pests in winter often yields twice the result with half the effort.

4. Green space maintenance: in green spaces, flower beds, and other places, pay attention to removing large weeds; lawns should be timely weeded and edged; in green spaces, pay attention to antifreeze watering.

February: the temperature rises somewhat compared with last month, and trees are still in a dormant state.

1. Maintenance is basically the same as in January.

2. Pruning: continue pruning dead and diseased branches of large and small trees. Finish pruning all kinds of trees before the end of the month.

3. Pest control: continue to focus on controlling stinging moths and scale insects.

March: the temperature continues to rise. After mid-month, trees begin to sprout, and in late month some trees (such as Camellia japonica) bloom.

1. Tree planting: spring is a favorable time for planting trees. After the soil thaws, immediately seize the opportunity to plant trees. Before planting large and small trees, do a good job of planning and design, dig (hoe) the tree pits in advance, and achieve digging, transporting, planting, and watering as you go. When planting shrubs, also achieve digging, transporting, and planting as you go, and water fully to improve the survival rate of nursery stock.

2. Spring irrigation: because spring is dry and windy with high evaporation, to prevent spring drought, water green spaces, etc. in a timely manner.

3. Fertilization: after the soil thaws, apply base fertilizer to plants and irrigate. {Maintenance measures for the southern plant Phoenix canariensis}.

4. Pest and disease control: this month is a critical time for pest and disease control. Some nursery stock showed sooty mold, and the box tree leaf roller also appeared (use pesticides such as fenitrothion spraying for control). For controlling stinging moths, the method of digging pupae can continue to be used.

April: the temperature continues to rise, and trees all sprout and bloom or unfold leaves and begin to enter a period of vigorous growth.

1. Continue planting trees: in early April, seize the time to plant trees that sprout late. Shrubs that died in winter (azaleas, Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum, etc.) should be timely removed and replanted, and newly planted trees should be watered fully.

2. Irrigation: continue to timely water the maintained green spaces.

3. Fertilization: for lawns and shrubs, combine with irrigation and apply quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer as topdressing, or carry out foliar spraying as needed.

4. Pruning: prune branches that dried up in winter and spring; evergreen hedges can be pruned.

5. Pest and disease control: (1) After the second molting, scale insects successively move into bark crevices, tree holes, tree trunk bases, wall corners, and other places, secreting white waxy thin cocoons and pupating. They can be swept away with a hard bamboo broom, then buried deeply in a concentrated way or soaked. Alternatively, pesticides such as fenitrothion can be sprayed. (2) Longhorn beetles begin to become active. You can use a grafting knife or self-made steel wire to remove the larvae, but the wound should be as small as possible. (3) Control work for other pests and diseases.

6. Maintenance in green spaces: pay attention to removing weeds and climbing plants in large green spaces. Lawns should also be weeded and edged.

May: the temperature rises sharply, and trees grow rapidly.

1. Watering: during the peak leaf expansion period, trees have a very large water requirement and should be watered in a timely manner.

2. Pruning: prune spent flowers. Street trees undergo their first bud-thinning pruning.

3. Pest and disease control: continue to focus on catching longhorn beetles. The first generation of stinging moths hatches, but has not yet reached a harmful level; make corresponding measures according to the actual situation in the maintenance area. Sooty mold caused by scale insects, aphids, etc. has also entered its peak period (on crape myrtle, Pittosporum tobira, Nerium oleander, etc.). In mid- and late May, spray 10?20 times rosin mixture and 50% parathion emulsion at 1500?2000 times solution to control diseases and kill pests. (Other pesticides such as insecticidal antibiotics and Huabao can also be used.)

June: high temperature

1. Watering: plants have a large water requirement and must be watered in a timely manner; do not "leave it to fate."

2. Fertilization: combine loosening soil and weeding, fertilizing, and watering to achieve the best effect.

3. Pruning: continue bud thinning and tiller removal on street trees. Carry out pruning on hedges, ball-shaped plants, and some flowering shrubs. {Maintenance measures for the southern plant Phoenix canariensis}.

4. Drainage work: in heavy rain weather, pay attention to drainage in low-lying areas.

5. Pest and disease control: in mid- and late June, stinging moths enter the peak hatching period, and measures should be taken promptly. At present, 50% fenitrothion emulsion at 500?800 times solution is basically used for spraying. (Or compound BT emulsion can be used for spraying.) Continue manual catching of longhorn beetles.

6. Do a good job of pre-flood and pre-typhoon inspection of trees, and straighten, reinforce, and re-tie loose and leaning trees.

July: the highest temperature, and after mid-month there will be strong winds and heavy rain.

1. Transplanting evergreen trees: during the rainy season, with sufficient moisture, conifers and bamboos can be transplanted, but pay attention to weather changes and water promptly once high temperatures occur.

2. Drainage: drain promptly after heavy rain.

3. Topdressing: apply quick-acting fertilizers such as nitrogen fertilizer dry before rain.

4. Street trees: carry out typhoon-prevention bud-thinning pruning, prune all branches that conflict with power lines, and inspect tree stakes one by one, immediately straightening and tying tightly any that are loose or unstable. In advance, make preparations in terms of labor organization, materials, tools and equipment, etc., and send people to inspect at any time, handling dangers promptly when found.

5. Pest and disease control: continue controlling longhorn beetles and stinging moths. To control longhorn beetles, 50% fenitrothion at 1:50 times solution can be injected (or fruit tree treasure, or Yuanke No. 3), then seal the opening, which can also achieve very good results. Camphor tree nest borers should be pruned promptly, and the nests destroyed to prevent harm again.

August: still the rainy season

1. Drainage: after heavy rain, drain low-lying waterlogged areas promptly.

2. Typhoon prevention work for street trees: continue doing a good job of typhoon prevention for street trees.

3. Pruning: in addition to general summer pruning of trees, carry out shaping pruning on hedges.

4. Cultivation and weeding: weeds also grow vigorously and must be removed promptly, and fertilization can be combined with weeding.

5. Pest and disease control: focus on catching longhorn beetles, and pay attention to catching longhorn beetles at the roots. Aphid damage and camphor tree nest borers should be controlled promptly. In humid weather, pay attention to powdery mildew and rot, and take measures promptly. September: the temperature declines somewhat; do related work well for National Day.

1. Pruning: in preparation for city appearance work, prune buds below the third-level branching of street trees. Shape-prune hedges. Weed in green spaces, edge lawns, promptly remove dead trees, and ensure trees have green branches and leaves and green spaces are clean and neat.

2. Fertilization: for some trees that grow weakly and have insufficiently plump branches, apply some phosphorus and potassium fertilizer as topdressing.

3. Pest and disease control: shot hole disease (on cherry blossoms, peaches, plums, etc.) is at its peak; use 500% carbendazim at 1000 times solution to prevent infection. Longhorn beetles begin to shift to damaging the roots; pay attention to catching longhorn beetles at the roots. Also promptly control wood borers on poplars and willows. Do a good job of controlling other pests and diseases.

4. Before the holiday, do a good job of inspecting all kinds of greening facilities.

October: the temperature drops. In late October, early winter begins, trees begin to shed leaves, and successively enter the dormant period.

1. Prepare well for autumn tree planting. In late month, once cold-hardy trees shed their leaves, planting can begin.

2. Green space maintenance: promptly remove dead trees and water promptly. Weed and edge green spaces and lawns well. Fertilize herbaceous flowers that grow poorly.

3. Pest and disease control: continue catching longhorn beetles at the roots. Also pay attention to observing and controlling camphor tree nest borers. November: the soil begins to freeze at night and thaw during the day, entering deep winter.

1. Tree planting: continue planting cold-hardy plants, completing before the soil freezes.

2. Turning soil: turn the soil in green spaces to expose pests preparing to overwinter.

3. Watering: water dry and compacted soil, completing before freezing.

4. Pest and disease control: various pests prepare for winter in the last ten days of the month, so control tasks are relatively light.

December: low temperatures, winter maintenance work begins.

1. Winter pruning: prune some evergreen trees and shrubs.

2. Eliminate overwintering pests and diseases.

3. Prepare for next year's adjustment work: after deciduous plants lose their leaves, observe the maintenance area and mark out the positions to be adjusted.

VII. Green space maintenance quality objectives

1 Green maintenance technical measures are complete and management is proper, achieving the goal of no bare yellow soil.

2 Landscape plants

2.1 Growth is normal. Various plants in newly built green spaces reach normal form within three years; if plants or grass are damaged or die due to poor management, the replacement seedlings must survive within one year.

2.2 Landscape trees have basically complete crowns, with main and lateral branches evenly distributed, appropriate in number, and reasonably pruned; the inner canopy is not tangled, allowing ventilation and light penetration. Flowering shrubs bloom promptly and normally, and are pruned promptly after flowering. Hedges and color-block plants have normal foliage and are neat and uniform. Street trees have no missing individuals, and there are no dead trees in the green space.

2.3 Deciduous trees have normal new shoot growth, and leaf size and color are normal. Under general conditions, yellow leaves, scorched leaves, curled leaves, and leaves with insect honeydew or insect webs must not exceed 5%, and the preservation rate of normal leaves must be above 90%. Coniferous

Part Three: "Annual Greening Maintenance Plan"

Annual Greening Maintenance Plan

January

1. Carry out winter shaping and pruning of various deciduous trees, cutting off dead branches, overlapping branches, crossing branches, pest-infested branches, and lower lateral branches, to ensure that tree development tends toward rationality, improve branch morphology, and reduce the breeding of pests and diseases.

2. Appropriately thin out trees that are too densely growing, which can reduce pests and diseases and increase growth vigor.

3. Carry out winter plowing and turning of the soil to improve the soil, and apply winter fertilizer to all trees, ground cover, and lawns to ensure the nutrient needs of seedlings and lawns.

4. Winter is a favorable season for eliminating landscape pests. You can dig up the pupae and cocoons of stinging moths in the loose soil under trees and burn them in a concentrated manner.

5. As conditions warrant, scarify individual lawn types and mow 1-2 times. February

1. Carry out lawn raking, mowing, and fertilization work.

2. Do a good job in pest and disease control, especially paying attention to powdery mildew on narrow-leaved mahonia and the wax scale on coral and Japanese aralia.

3. In particular, strengthen freeze-proofing and heat-preservation measures for trees, and do a good job loosening and mounding soil around tree root systems.

4. Apply one topdressing of fertilizer (urea) to cool-season lawns at the end of the month at 10g/mu.

March

1. To prevent spring drought, water trees in a timely manner.

2. Promptly roll and weed lawns, and clean up winter grass in tree beds and flower beds.

3. Pest and disease control: strengthen observation and patrol, and do a good job in forecasting, reporting, and control. Pay special attention to sooty mold and the boxwood leaf roller. In mid-March, crape myrtle scale eggs hatch; from late March, pear rust occurs on crabapple species and cool-season lawns, so pay attention to preventive reporting.

4. Add soil and cover with sand on local depressions and low-lying spots in lawns, and mow winter ryegrass lawns low to ensure the sprouting and growth of the underlying grass.

April

1. Do a good job in loosening soil, weeding, and pre-flowering fertilization for planted flowers and trees. In particular, apply light fertilizer to herbaceous perennials and spring-sown flowering plants, and combine irrigation with topdressing quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer for lawns and shrubs, or carry out foliar spraying as needed.

2. Cut off branches that dried out in winter and spring, and begin pruning evergreen hedges.

3. Pest and disease control: mainly control aphids, sooty mold, and beetles. Keep relevant records.

May

1. This month is the peak period for tree leaf expansion, and water demand is very high, so watering should be done in a timely manner.

2. Prune spring flowering shrubs such as osmanthus and hall crabapple, and promptly carry out bud removal on London plane, red-leaf plum, crape myrtle, and other trees.

3. Weed flower beds and shrub color blocks. At the same time, carry out lawn raking and promptly mow lawn grass to control its height.

4. Pest and disease control: do a good job in forecasting, reporting, and control.

June

1. Water plants in a timely manner to ensure sufficient water supply.

2. Loosen soil and weed tree beds and color-block shrubs, and carry out lawn raking.

3. Lawns should be mowed in a timely manner, and their growth height should be controlled, while paying attention to controlling the occurrence of large-scale pests and diseases. Apply one round of compound fertilizer to lawns with poor growth or nutrient deficiency so they can safely pass the summer.

4. Pest and disease control: do a good job in forecasting, reporting, and control.

July

1. In high-temperature weather, especially ensure that watering work for plants is carried out.

2. Carry out soil loosening and weeding for flower beds and color-block shrubs, and at the same time do a good job in raking ground cover. This month the weather is hot, with high temperatures and relatively high humidity, and weeds grow quickly, so seize the opportunity to carry out weeding and raking to prevent weeds from becoming overgrown; continue intertillage weeding and loosening the soil.

3. Earnestly do a good job in typhoon and flood prevention, reinforce and secure trees in the garden to prevent lodging; promptly clear and drain low-lying or severely waterlogged areas.

4. Pest and disease control: do a good job in forecasting, reporting, and control.

August

1. Carry out summer pruning of evergreen trees, and carry out shaping pruning of hedges.

2. Lawn weeds grow vigorously, so weed and mow in a timely manner, control lawn height, and combine weeding with fertilization. Timely supplementary and topdressing fertilizer is needed, mainly P and K fertilizers, combined with N fertilizer; for small seedlings, shrubs, and herbaceous flowers, apply light fertilizer frequently, and at the same time pay attention to grasping the fertilization period and climate well.

3. Under high-temperature weather, daily watering and drought relief work must be ensured, and it must not be chosen from 10:00 to 15:00 to avoid burning seedlings. (Including: tree bed maintenance, weed control, soil loosening, etc.)

4. Continue to do a good job in typhoon and flood prevention, further reinforce and secure large trees in residential areas to prevent lodging; and promptly clear drainage ditches in low-lying and easily waterlogged places to prevent water from accumulating for too long.

5. Pest and disease control: do a good job in forecasting, reporting, and control.

September

1. Carry out shaping pruning of hedges. Weed green spaces and promptly clean up dead trees, so that tree branches are green and leaves are lush, and the green space is clean and tidy.

2. Thin out trees that are too densely growing, and at the same time carry out bud removal work.

3. Lawns should be mowed, edged, and cleared of weeds in a timely manner, and attention should be paid to pest and disease control.

4. Carry out weeding for flower beds and color-block shrubs, and at the same time do a good job in raking ground cover, and collect flower seeds.

5. Pest and disease control: do a good job in forecasting, reporting, and control.

October

1. Prune spherical shrubs to ensure beautiful appearance, neatness, and distinct layers. Prune the tree form of evergreen trees so that their growth and development tend toward rationality and their tree posture and appearance are improved.

2. Strengthen management of newly planted flowering plants, promptly fill in bare gaps, water, and fertilize poorly growing ones.

3. Pest and disease control: do a good job in forecasting and reporting, actively control, and keep relevant records. November

1. Carry out branch thinning and pruning of evergreen trees and evergreen shrubs, mainly for ventilation and light penetration, reducing pests and diseases, and enhancing growth vigor.

2. Do a good job in raking and edging flower beds, color-block shrubs, and green spaces, promptly pull out weeds, and promptly replant bare gaps. As conditions warrant, adjust trees in partial layouts, and some evergreen trees and a few deciduous tree species may be transplanted. Also begin cold-proofing and heat-preservation work, and for trees with

poor cold resistance, wrap them with rice straw and mound soil.

3. Strengthen maintenance and management of newly planted plants, pay attention to timely watering, and prune appropriately. As conditions warrant, scarify and aerate lawns, and at the same time mow 2-3 times.

4. Carry out fertilization work in the last ten days of this month, and combine increased application of organic fertilizer with soil turning in green spaces.

5. Pest and disease control: do a good job in forecasting and reporting, actively control, and keep relevant records. December

1. Do a good job in raking and edging color-block shrubs and green spaces, and promptly pull out weeds.

2. Carry out branch thinning and pruning of evergreen and deciduous trees and shrubs, mainly removing residual stumps and dead branches, in order to make next year's tree growth better (flowering shrubs that have already formed flower buds must not be pruned), and at the same time pay attention to cleaning insect cocoons on trunks and branches.

3. Wrap sago palm, date palm, and other southern plants with straw rope to ensure they safely overwinter.

4. Pest and disease control: do a good job in forecasting and reporting, actively control, and keep relevant records.

Part Four: "Latest Commonly Used Plants in Southern Landscapes"

Commonly Used Landscape Plants in the South

Evergreen trees:

Norfolk Island pine, slash pine, Chinese fir, Caribbean pine, Chinese weeping cypress, mahogany, large-leaved mahogany, Sterculia lanceolata, Chinese saraca, sugar apple, longan, cherapu, Michelia macclurei, golden shower tree, Chinese arborvitae, Chinese juniper, dragon juniper, Fokien cypress, Buddhist pine, Japanese cedar, Buddhist pine, long-leaved Buddhist pine, white champaca, southern magnolia, houpo magnolia, burmann cinnamon, camphor tree, cinnamon, bitter ginseng, Hainan ormosia, Taiwan acacia, siamese senna, red camel's foot tree, camel's foot tree, Hong Kong orchid tree, almond, mango, ormosia, water banyan, water stone banyan, avocado, blackboard tree, false betel nut, Chinese fan palm, fishtail palm, queen palm, rose apple, Hainan rose apple, sapodilla, lemon-scented gum, river red gum, swamp mahogany, blue gum, cajun paperbark, butterfly fruit, Chinese Torreya, Chinese plum yew, Indian rubber fig, banyan, small-leaved fig, large-fruited fig, weeping fig, yellow banyan, sacred fig, horsetail beefwood, jackfruit, camphor-leaf maple, tanbark oak, blue Japanese oak, candlenut, silver birch, sharp-leaved elaeocarpus, large-leaved elaeocarpus, mahoe, winterberry, glossy privet, osmanthus, loquat, albizia, royal palm, fish-tail palm, cotton palm, sugar palm, long-leaved date palm, autumn maple, red sandalwood, large-flowered dillenia, jackfruit, yellow cassia, jackfruit, large-leaved privet, Leshan michelia, schefflera, heteropanax

Deciduous trees:

small-leaved terminalia, Chinese swamp cypress, water wintermelon, Chinese tallow, honey tree, sand pear, soapberry, entire-leaved goldenrain tree, frangipani, bald cypress, pond cypress, Chinese tulip tree, white magnolia, Chinese parasol tree, sawtooth oak, cork oak, Chinese hackberry, Chinese elm, white oak, happy tree, large-leaved crape myrtle, beautiful silk floss tree, flame tree, peacock flower, blue jacaranda, yellow cassia, chinaberry, Chinese mahogany, coral tree, cockspur coral tree, chestnut, silk tree, sweet acacia, Kalopanax septemlobus, sweetgum, weeping willow, Magnolia soulangeana, purple-leaf plum, peach, plum, papaya, Indian

red sandalwood, red-leaf plum

Evergreen shrubs:

sago palm, Chinese plum yew, orchid tree, large-leaved boxwood, dense-flowered elaeagnus, camellia sasanqua, sweet viburnum, spotted aucuba, St. John's wort, three-stamen areca, areca palm, bottle palm, four-season orchid tree, golden trumpet, small-leaved Justicia, red bottlebrush, Fukien tea, gardenia, crown of thorns, poinsettia, Yunnan jasmine, aucuba, Chinese holly, azalea, bright-leaved cordyline, croton, red mulberry, golden-edged mulberry, golden-leaf fig, smooth senna, red-stemmed rhododendron, ardisia, orange jasmine, red-backed excoecaria, climbing ylang-ylang, camellia, oil tea, large-leaved tea, oleander, yellow oleander, small-flowered golden trumpet, snow-in-summer, banana shrub, pittosporum, mahonia, heavenly bamboo, Japanese aralia, magnolia coco, hibiscus, Chinese lantern flower, red azalea, snake plant, yucca, South China boxwood, licuala palm, soft-leaved date palm, short-spiked fishtail palm, dwarf lady palm, bamboo palm,

golden banyan, fiddle-leaf fig, willow-leaf fig, golden-veined Justicia, schefflera, variegated golden dewdrop, yellow-leaf golden dewdrop, Justicia, golden-leaf privet, giant taro, bird's nest fern, Swiss cheese plant, cast-iron plant, snake plant, thick-leaved rhaphiolepis, variegated hibiscus, purple copperleaf, small-leaved boxwood, African jasmine, yesterday-today-and-tomorrow, Chinese ixora, spider lily, spider lily, beautiful laurel, red fringe flower, large-flowered datura, white paper fan, red paper fan, hairy azalea, Western rhododendron, dual-pod senna, hard-stemmed trumpet vine, downy rose myrtle, Chinese ixora, Yunnan jasmine, jasmine, fiddle-leaf coral, blue plumbago, blue star flower, butterfly pea, heavenly bamboo, pepperwood, red-backed excoecaria,

Deciduous shrubs:

cotton rose, bridal wreath spirea, rhombic-leaved spirea, modern rose, abelia, pomegranate, beautyberry, purple magnolia, lespedeza, honeysuckle, Chinese snowball, rose of Sharon, redbud, dwarf flowering cherry, bridal wreath, pearl bush, butterfly tree, elderberry, fig, Sichuan pepper, trifoliate orange, butterfly bush, Chinese privet

Vines:

Swiss cheese plant, bougainvillea, Millettia reticulata, firecracker vine, rangoon creeper, three-leaf akebia, honeysuckle, wintercreeper, climbing fig, kiwifruit, creeping euonymus, Hong Kong rhaphidophora, Mucuna birdwoodiana, wax flower, dragon-tail plant, pothos, star jasmine, Chinese ivy, English ivy, southern magnolia vine, Boston ivy, Chinese trumpet creeper, passionflower, crape myrtle, Mucuna sempervirens, large-flowered thunbergia

climbing ylang-ylang, large-flowered thunbergia, rangoon creeper, coral vine, Boston ivy, firecracker vine, white flower Mucuna, beautiful clerodendrum, wisteria, climbing fig, cypress vine, morning glory, maple-leaf morning glory, snake vine, jasmine, large-flowered Dutchman's pipe, garlic vine, wood rose, lilac vine, passionflower

Bamboo:

Bambusa textilis, Bambusa chungii, moso bamboo, fernleaf bamboo, bamboo, golden stripe bamboo, Neosinocalamus affinis, hedge bamboo, bitter bamboo, indocalamus, Buddha belly bamboo, Ma bamboo, Bambusa textilis, Thai bamboo, bamboo, square bamboo, green bamboo, Guanyin bamboo, small qinsi bamboo, red bamboo

Lawns and ground cover plants:

Bermuda grass, Chinese lawngrass, fine-leaved lawngrass, carpet grass, centipede grass, jointed paspalum, Manila grass, lawngrass, Guangdong evergreen, purple spiderwort, oyster plant, lilyturf, large-leaved curculigo, dwarf lilyturf, Japanese sacred lily, cast-iron plant, black-eyed Susan, Acorus gramineus, autumn zephyr lily, pink zephyr lily, golden spider lily, white butterfly, butterfly flower, red-flowered oxalis, inch plant,

purple-backed arrowroot, arrowhead plant, white butterfly arrowhead plant, pothos, inch plant, sword fern, aluminum plant, small oyster plant, peace lily, silver-edged lilyturf, red-flowered lantana, yellow-flowered lantana, purple-flowered lantana

lantana, dusty miller, bleeding heart vine, shrimp plant, firecracker flower, asparagus fern, beach evening primrose, beach morning glory, ivy, star jasmine, ginger lily, umbrella plant, papyrus, iris, purple loosestrife, narcissus, lotus, water lily, three-lobed wedelia, red-flowered oxalis, Brazilian peanut vine, dichondra, purple amaranth, round-leaved amaranth, coleus, fine-leaved verbena, red-green herb, autumn zephyr lily, pink zephyr lily, amaryllis, lily, calla lily, periwinkle, centipede grass, Manila grass, Korean lawngrass, Bermuda grass, large-leaved carpet grass, variegated blunt grass, bahia grass, dwarf lilyturf

Palms:

royal palm, Washington palm, triangle palm, king palm, foxtail palm, Butia palm, bottle palm, club palm, Middle Eastern date palm, Canary Island date palm, Bismarck palm, oil palm, fish-tail palm, windmill palm, dragon-scale palm, Chinese fan palm, queen palm, fishtail palm, queen palm, cotton palm, beautiful date palm, short-spiked fishtail palm, long-spiked fishtail palm, areca palm, three-stamen areca, traveler's palm, lady palm,

Seasonal flowers

star flower, African impatiens, four-season begonia, scarlet sage, petunia, hybrid dianthus, ornamental kale, French marigold, African marigold, nasturtium, pansy, wishbone flower, cockscomb, pot marigold, globe amaranth, zinnia, moss rose, purslane, cosmos, cineraria, cleome, daylily, lavender, purple loosestrife

Part Five: "Examples of Southern Plant Arrangements"

Southern Plant Arrangements

bird's nest fern + umbrella plant + variegated galangal

large horsetail tree + seven-color horsetail tree + heavenly bamboo + sword fern + placed stone

royal palm + fish-tail palm + beautiful date palm + canna + coleus + croton

royal palm + Canary Island date palm head + red cordyline + red mulberry + Chinese ixora

royal palm + false betel nut + areca palm + large-leaved lady palm + golden leaf

Part Six: "Commonly Used Landscape Plants in the South"

Commonly Used Plants in Southern Courtyards

I. Palms:

1. Royal palm 2. False betel nut 3. Washington palm 4. Silver date palm 5. Canary Island date palm 6. Three-stamen areca

7. Chinese fan palm 8. Cotton palm 9. Areca palm 10. Lady palm (fine-leaved lady palm) 11. Golden mountain palm 12. Soft-leaved date palm

II. Trees (street trees, shade trees):

1. Flame tree 2. Kapok 3. Beautiful silk floss tree 4. Coral tree 5. Sharp-leaved elaeocarpus 6. Blackboard tree

7. Small-leaved fig 8. Water stone banyan 9. Mango 10. Chinese mahogany 11. Burmann cinnamon 12. Large-leaved crape myrtle

13. Red sandalwood 14. Frangipani 15. Terminalia tree 16. Traveler's palm 17. Red-spined pandanus 18. Autumn maple

19. Star fruit 20. Sharp-leaved osmanthus 21. Golden shower tree 22. Albizia 23. Cajun paperbark

24. Eucalyptus 25. Hainan rose apple 26. Large-leaved mountain neem 27. Camel's foot tree 28. Mahogany

29. Banyan 30. Flame tree 31. Yellow-flowered trumpet tree 32. Double-feathered goldenrain tree

III. Flowering shrubs:

1. Four-season osmanthus 2. Fine-leaved bamboo 3. Tree fern 4. Yellow banyan 5. Bougainvillea

6. Yellow cassia 7. Red bottlebrush 8. Golden-edged sisal 9. Hibiscus 10. Fagraea 11. Variegated banyan

12. Hibiscus rosa-sinensis (Chinese hibiscus), 13. Michelia figo (banana shrub), 14. Campsis grandiflora (Chinese trumpet creeper), 15. Calliandra haematocephala (powder puff tree), 16. Tabernaemontana divaricata (crepe jasmine), 17. Renanthera coccinea (scorpion orchid)

18. Furcraea foetida (Mauritius hemp), 19. Yucca, 20. Pyrostegia venusta (orange trumpet vine), 21. Thevetia peruviana (yellow oleander), 22. Polyscias (aralia)

IV. Ground cover or color blocks:

1. Pittosporum tobira, 2. Monstera deliciosa, 3. Epipremnum aureum (pothos), 4. Asplenium nidus (bird's nest fern), 5. Alternanthera dentata 'Ruby', 6. Houttuynia cordata (large-leaf houttuynia), 7. Schefflera octophylla (ivy tree)

8. Syngonium podophyllum (arrowhead plant), 9. Duranta erecta 'Golden Leaves', 10. Cuphea hyssopifolia (cigar flower), 11. Anthurium 'Fine Leaf', 12. Calathea 'Three Star', 13. Rhododendron pulchrum (hairy azalea)

14. Livistona rotundifolia (dwarf fan palm), 15. Philodendron bipinnatifidum (tree philodendron), 16. Duranta erecta 'Variegata' (variegated golden dewdrop), 17. Chlorophytum comosum (spider plant), 18. Tradescantia zebrina (inch plant), 19. Allamanda cathartica (soft-stem allamanda)

20. Alpinia zerumbet 'Variegata' (variegated shell ginger), 21. Asparagus densiflorus (asparagus fern), 22. Arachis pintoi (golden peanut), 23. Ixora finlaysoniana (fine-leaf ixora), 24. Nephrolepis cordifolia (sword fern), 25. Pachystachys lutea (golden shrimp plant)

26. Syngonium podophyllum 'White Butterfly', 27. Pilea cadierei (aluminum plant), 28. Dieffenbachia (dumb cane), 29. Cordyline fruticosa 'Rainbow', 30. Codiaeum variegatum (croton), 31. Ophiopogon japonicus (dwarf lilyturf)

32. Acorus gramineus 'Variegatus' (silver-edge grass), 33. Jasminum sambac (jasmine), 34. Calathea zebrina (zebra plant), 35. Zoysia matrella (Taiwan grass), 36. Axonopus compressus (carpet grass)

37. Zoysia matrella 'Manila' (Manila grass), 38. Cynodon dactylon (Bermuda grass), 39. Lolium perenne (ryegrass), 40. Festuca arundinacea (tall fescue)

There are also some commonly used plants:

1. Ficus religiosa (sacred fig, bodhi fig), 2. Ficus altissima (lofty fig), 3. Elaeocarpus hainanensis (Hainan water stone elm), 4. Campanula (bellflower), 5. Koelreuteria bipinnata (National Day flower), 6. Cassia fistula (golden shower tree)

7. Senna siamea (Siamese cassia), 8. Kigelia africana (sausage tree), 9. Thailand yellow large golden flower ball, 10. Melaleuca bracteata (golden foliage melaleuca)

11. Senna alata (candle bush), 12. Senna bicapsularis (double-podded senna), 13. Euphorbia milii (crown of thorns, daily cherry), 14. Syzygium nervosum (water banyan), 15. Manglietia glauca (grey magnolia)

16. Hainan sajin, 17. Pachira aquatica variegata (variegated money tree), 18. Ormosia pinnata (Hainan red bean), 19. Swietenia mahagoni (mahogany)

20. Albizia falcataria (Moluccan albizia), 21. Cinnamomum cassia (sandalwood cinnamon), 22. Osmanthus fragrans var. semperflorens (autumn osmanthus), 23. Laurus nobilis (bay laurel), 24. Washingtonia filifera (elder palm), 25. Bambusa multiplex 'Fernleaf' (fine-leaf bamboo)

26. Dalbergia sissoo (Indian yellow/purple sandalwood), 27. Pterocarpus indicus (rosewood), 28. Dianella ensifolia (flax lily), 29. Ficus concinna (Leizhou banyan), 30. Markhamia stipulata (cat-tail tree)

Commonly used garden plants in southern China

1. Evergreen trees

Norfolk Island pine (Araucaria heterophylla), Cunningham's araucaria (Araucaria cunninghamii), Keteleeria (Keteleeria fortunei), large-leaf araucaria (Araucaria bidwillii), kauri (Agathis dammara), masson pine (Pinus massoniana), slash pine (Pinus elliottii), camphor tree (Cinnamomum camphora), Japanese cinnamon (Cinnamomum japonicum), giant tail eucalyptus (Eucalyptus grandis x urophylla), paperbark tree (Melaleuca leucadendra), rose apple (Syzygium jambos), Hainan rose apple (Syzygium hainanense), autumn maple (Bischofia javanica), Taiwan acacia (Acacia confusa), ear-pod acacia (Acacia auriculiformis), ear-pod acacia (Acacia auriculiformis), rosewood (Pterocarpus indicus), small-leaf banyan (Ficus microcarpa), large-leaf banyan (Ficus virens), lofty fig (Ficus altissima), bird banyan (Ficus virens var. sublanceolata), Indian rubber fig (Ficus elastica), variegated Indian rubber fig (Ficus elastica 'Variegata'), sacred fig (Ficus religiosa), candlenut (Aleurites moluccanus), mahogany (Swietenia mahagoni), Dillenia (Dillenia indica), devil's tree (Alstonia scholaris), Indian almond (Terminalia catappa), small-leaf Indian almond (Terminalia mantaly), jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus), wax apple (Syzygium samarangense), dragon plum (Dracontomelon duperreanum), sapodilla (Manilkara zapota), China berry (Melia azedarach), horsetail tree (Casuarina equisetifolia), white magnolia (Michelia alba), night-closing flower (Magnolia coco), firepower nan (Michelia macclurei), small-leaf elaeocarpus (Elaeocarpus sylvestris), southern magnolia (Magnolia grandiflora), yellow hibiscus (Hibiscus tiliaceus), mango (Mangifera indica), longan (Dimocarpus longan), lychee (Litchi chinensis), olive (Canarium album), loquat (Eriobotrya japonica), bayberry (Myrica rubra), pomelo (Citrus maxima), Hainan water stone elm (Elaeocarpus hainanensis), Buddhist pine (Podocarpus macrophyllus), Chinese juniper (Sabina chinensis), Buddhist pine (Podocarpus nagi), osmanthus (Osmanthus fragrans), four-season osmanthus (Osmanthus fragrans var. semperflorens), banana shrub (Michelia figo), milan (Aglaia odorata), camellia (Camellia japonica), weeping fig (Ficus benjamina), butterfly fruit (Cleidiocarpon cavaleriei), oblique-leaf fig (Ficus pandurata)

2. Deciduous trees

Dawn redwood (Metasequoia glyptostroboides), pond cypress (Taxodium ascendens), bald cypress (Taxodium distichum), Chinese swamp cypress (Glyptostrobus pensilis), tulip tree (Liriodendron chinense), Chinese parasol tree (Firmiana simplex), double-flowered maple (Bischofia polycarpa), Moluccan albizia (Albizia falcataria), large-leaf albizia (Albizia lebbeck), silver albizia (Leucaena leucocephala), sweetgum (Liquidambar formosana), weeping willow (Salix babylonica), sausage tree (Kigelia africana), anthocephalus (Anthocephalus chinensis), silver birch (Grevillea robusta), Chinese hackberry (Celtis sinensis), soapberry (Sapindus mukorossi), Chinese pistache (Pistacia chinensis), chinaberry (Melia azedarach), Chinese tallow (Sapium sebiferum), tung tree (Vernicia fordii), ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba), sterculia (Sterculia nobilis), persimmon (Diospyros kaki), fig (Ficus carica), mulberry (Morus alba), papaya (Carica papaya), guava (Psidium guajava), red maple (Acer palmatum 'Atropurpureum'), acacia (Acacia farnesiana)

3. Palms

False betel nut palm (Archontophoenix alexandrae), royal palm (Roystonea regia), king palm (Roystonea oleracea), bottle palm (Hyophorbe lagenicaulis), club palm (Hyophorbe verschaffeltii), triangle palm (Neodypsis decaryi), foxtail palm (Wodyetia bifurcata), queen palm (Syagrus romanzoffiana), oil palm (Elaeis guineensis), sugar palm (Arenga pinnata), large silk palm (Washingtonia robusta), Washington palm (Washingtonia filifera), Canary Island date palm (Phoenix canariensis), Middle East date palm (Phoenix dactylifera), Iraq honey date (Phoenix dactylifera), Chinese fan palm (Livistona chinensis), fish-tail palm (Caryota obtusa), sugar palm (Arenga pinnata), spiny date palm (Phoenix loureiroi), soft-leaf date palm (Phoenix roebelenii), three-stamen betel palm (Areca triandra), green palm (Areca sp.), fragrant palm (Areca sp.), long-spike fish-tail palm (Caryota ochlandra), short-spike fish-tail palm (Caryota mitis), areca palm (Dypsis lutescens), windmill palm (Trachycarpus fortunei), banana (Musa basjoo), traveller's palm (Ravenala madagascariensis), ti plant (Cordyline fruticosa), bamboo palm (Rhapis excelsa), fine-leaf bamboo palm (Rhapis humilis), Nicola bird of paradise (Strelitzia nicolai), red-stem philodendron (Philodendron erubescens), false taro (Alocasia macrorrhizos)

4. Foliage shrubs

Golden-leaf weeping fig (Ficus benjamina 'Golden Leaves'), golden banyan (Ficus microcarpa 'Golden Leaves'), fiddle-leaf fig (Ficus lyrata), willow-leaf fig (Ficus salicifolia), Garcinia subelliptica (common garcinia), variegated reed bamboo (Arundo donax 'Variegata'), weeping polyalthia (Polyalthia longifolia), red-spine pandanus (Pandanus utilis), Pittosporum tobira, variegated hibiscus (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis 'Variegata'), sago palm (Cycas revoluta), red bottlebrush (Callistemon rigidus), woody night jasmine (Cestrum nocturnum), pretty smoke tree (Cotinus coggygria), golden-vein justice (Justicia betonica), Japanese aralia (Fatsia japonica), creeping juniper (Juniperus procumbens), variegated cassava (Manihot esculenta 'Variegata'), nandina (Nandina domestica), Schefflera octophylla, variegated Schefflera octophylla, pepper tree (Zanthoxylum beecheyanum), red-back excoecaria (Excoecaria cochinchinensis), red mulberry (Acalypha wilkesiana), Japanese lilac (Syringa japonica), Duranta erecta, variegated Duranta erecta, yellow-leaf Duranta erecta, orange jasmine (Murraya paniculata), croton (Codiaeum variegatum), halberd-leaf croton (Codiaeum variegatum var. pictum), Hainan croton (Codiaeum variegatum), golden-spotted croton (Codiaeum variegatum 'Aucubaefolium'), Gendarussa vulgaris (justicia), Fukien tea (Carmona retusa), small-leaf boxwood (Buxus sinica var. parvifolia), golden-leaf privet (Ligustrum sinense 'Aureum'), crown of thorns (Euphorbia milii), yellow-striped Furcraea (Furcraea foetida 'Marginata'), agave (Agave americana), silver-edge agave (Agave americana 'Marginata'), yucca (Yucca), bottle palm (Beaucarnea recurvata), cast-iron plant (Aspidistra elatior), snake plant (Sansevieria trifasciata), cactus (Opuntia), calla lily (Alocasia macrorrhizos), tree philodendron (Philodendron bipinnatifidum), Monstera deliciosa, variegated shell ginger (Alpinia zerumbet 'Variegata'), beach naupaka (Scaevola taccada), thick-leaf rhaphiolepis (Rhaphiolepis indica), colorful leaf Breynia (Breynia disticha), Ceylon phyllanthus (Phyllanthus myrtifolius), Chinese rose (Rosa chinensis)

5. Flowering shrubs

African jasmine (Fagraea ceilanica), yesterday-today-and-tomorrow (Brunfelsia pauciflora), rare jasmine (Jasminum sp.), rose of Sharon (Hibiscus syriacus), Chinese hibiscus (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis), lantern flower (Ceropegia), Chinese lantern (Abutilon), poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima), powder puff (Calliandra haematocephala), bougainvillea (Bougainvillea spectabilis), large-flower gardenia (Gardenia jasminoides 'Grandiflora'), hydrangea (Hydrangea macrophylla), red bract flower (Pachystachys coccinea), wild peony (Melastoma candidum), red-flower loropetalum (Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum), large-flower datura (Datura suaveolens), white paper fan (Mussaenda frondosa), red paper fan (Mussaenda erythrophylla), yellow allamanda (Allamanda cathartica), western azalea (Rhododendron hybridum), double-podded senna (Senna bicapsularis), hard-stem trumpet creeper (Tecomaria capensis), downy rose myrtle (Rhodomyrtus tomentosa), ixora (Ixora chinensis), phoenix-tail pearl (Spiraea), Yunnan yellow jasmine (Jasminum mesnyi), jasmine (Jasminum sambac), crinum lily (Crinum asiaticum),

spider lily (Hymenocallis littoralis), crab claw flower (Schlumbergera truncata), dwarf canna (Canna indica), rock sea-lavender (Limonium), fiddle-leaf coral (Jatropha pandurifolia), blue snowflower (Plumbago auriculata), blue star flower (Oxypetalum coeruleum), butterfly bush (Buddleja)

6. Ground cover

Purple-back calathea (Stromanthe sanguinea), arrowhead plant (Syngonium podophyllum), white butterfly arrowhead (Syngonium podophyllum 'Albolineatum'), pothos (Epipremnum aureum), inch plant (Tradescantia zebrina), sword fern (Nephrolepis cordifolia), aluminum plant (Pilea cadierei), small mussel shell (Rhoeo spathacea), peace lily (Spathiphyllum), dwarf lilyturf (Ophiopogon japonicus), silver-edge dwarf lilyturf (Ophiopogon japonicus 'Variegatus'), red-flower lantana (Lantana camara), yellow-flower lantana (Lantana camara), purple-flower lantana (Lantana camara), silver-leaf cineraria (Senecio cineraria), bleeding glory-bower (Clerodendrum thomsoniae), shrimp flower (Justicia brandegeeana), firecracker flower (Crossandra infundibuliformis), asparagus fern (Asparagus densiflorus), beach evening primrose (Oenothera drummondii), beach morning glory (Ipomoea pes-caprae), ivy (Hedera helix), star jasmine (Trachelospermum jasminoides), ginger lily (Hedychium coronarium), umbrella plant (Cyperus alternifolius), papyrus (Cyperus papyrus), iris (Iris), purple loosestrife (Lythrum), narcissus (Narcissus), lotus (Nelumbo nucifera), water lily (Nymphaea), trident wedelia (Wedelia trilobata), red-flower oxalis (Oxalis corymbosa), Brazilian peanut vine (Arachis pintoi), dichondra (Dichondra repens), purple amaranth (Iresine herbstii), round-leaf bloodleaf (Iresine lindenii), coleus (Coleus), fine-leaf verbena (Verbena tenuisecta), red-green grass (Alternanthera bettzickiana), autumn zephyr lily (Zephyranthes candida), pink zephyr lily (Zephyranthes carinata), amaryllis (Hippeastrum), lily (Lilium), calla lily (Zantedeschia aethiopica), periwinkle (Catharanthus roseus), centipede grass (Eremochloa ophiuroides), Manila grass (Zoysia matrella), Korean velvet grass (Zoysia tenuifolia), Bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon), carpet grass (Axonopus compressus), variegated blunt grass (Stenotaphrum secundatum 'Variegatum'), bahia grass (Paspalum notatum), dwarf mondo grass (Ophiopogon japonicus)

7. Vines

Large-flower old duck beak (Thunbergia grandiflora), rangoon creeper (Quisqualis indica), coral vine (Antigonon leptopus), Boston ivy (Parthenocissus tricuspidata), orange trumpet vine (Pyrostegia venusta), white-flower oil hemp vine (Mucuna birdwoodiana), beautiful clerodendrum (Clerodendrum speciosissimum), wisteria (Wisteria sinensis), climbing fig (Ficus pumila), cypress vine (Ipomoea quamoclit), morning glory (Ipomoea nil), maple-leaf morning glory (Ipomoea cairica), snake vine (Aristolochia), jasmine (Jasminum officinale), large-flower Dutchman's pipe (Aristolochia gigantea), garlic vine (Mansoa alliacea), wood rose (Merremia tuberosa), connecting vine (Clytostoma callistegioides), passionflower (Passiflora caerulea)

Section 7: "Document on Common Plant Configuration in Southern China"

Practical Plant Configuration Table ——— A Concise Table of Common Plant Configurations

Aquatic plants:

Wetland plants: Hankow willow (Salix matsudana), weeping willow (Salix babylonica), cotton willow (Salix), sand willow (Salix psammophila), Artemisia willow (Salix viminalis), soap willow (Salix wallichiana), small-leaf poplar (Populus simonii), Liaoning poplar (Populus maximowiczii), sand cypress (Sabina vulgaris), Chinese juniper (Sabina chinensis), oriental arborvitae (Platycladus orientalis), dawn redwood (Metasequoia glyptostroboides), chinaberry (Melia azedarach), Chinese wingnut (Pterocarya stenoptera), white wax (Fraxinus chinensis), forsythia (Forsythia suspensa), elm (Ulmus pumila), cut-leaf elm (Ulmus laciniata), Chinese elm (Ulmus parvifolia), Chinese tallow (Sapium sebiferum), cherry blossom (Prunus serrulata), eucommia (Eucommia ulmoides), goldenrain tree (Koelreuteria paniculata), cotton rose (Hibiscus mutabilis), rose of Sharon (Hibiscus syriacus), oleander (Nerium oleander), Boston ivy (Parthenocissus tricuspidata), grape (Vitis vinifera), wisteria (Wisteria sinensis), false indigo (Amorpha fruticosa), tamarisk (Tamarix chinensis), buttercup (Ranunculus), water hyacinth (Butomus umbellatus), long-leaf alkali grass (Puccinellia), marsh willow-leaf (Lysimachia), willow-leaf lettuce (Lactuca), marsh woundwort (Stachys palustris), Chinese woundwort (Stachys chinensis), mint (Mentha), marsh cress (Rorippa), speedwell (Veronica), watercress (Nasturtium officinale), Scirpus, water wool flower (Scirpus), flat-stem Scirpus, water nutgrass (Cyperus), flower-spike water nutgrass, globe-spike flat sedge, red-scale flat sedge, jointed rush (Juncus articulatus), small-flower rush (Juncus), small rush (Juncus), fine rush (Juncus), knotgrass (Polygonum aviculare), common knotweed (Polygonum), red knotweed (Polygonum orientale), clustered knotweed (Polygonum), dock-leaf knotweed (Polygonum lapathifolium), willow-leaf thorn knotweed, small arrow-leaf knotweed, Chinese knotweed (Polygonum perfoliatum), thorn knotweed (Polygonum), halberd-leaf knotweed, large halberd-leaf knotweed, Japanese knotweed (Polygonum cuspidatum), cogongrass (Imperata cylindrica), reed grass (Calamagrostis), large-leaf grass (Calamagrostis), Beckmannia, long-awn club grass, wild ancient grass (Arundinella), silvergrass (Miscanthus sacchariflorus), Job's tears (Coix lacryma-jobi), whip grass (Hemarthria), wet flat bud

Emergent plants: water onion (Scirpus validus), reed (Phragmites australis), lotus root (Nelumbo nucifera), arrowhead (Sagittaria sagittifolia), broad-leaf swamp grass (Carex), water plantain (Alisma plantago-aquatica), lotus (Nelumbo nucifera), purple loosestrife (Lythrum), cattail (Typha), duck-tongue grass (Monochoria vaginalis), rain lily (Monochoria korsakowii), sweet flag (Acorus calamus), pickerelweed (Pontederia cordata), rice (Oryza sativa), water pen (Kandelia obovata), narcissus (Narcissus), water celery (Oenanthe javanica), wild rice stem (Zizania latifolia), taro (Colocasia esculenta), four-leaf clover (Marsilea quadrifolia), reed (Phragmites australis), water chestnut (Eleocharis dulcis), three-edge bulrush (Scirpus yagara), needle rush (Eleocharis), water candle (Typha), umbrella sedge (Cyperus), broad-leaf cattail (Typha latifolia)

Floating plants: duckweed (Lemna minor), water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes), water lily (Nymphaea), gorgon nut (Euryale ferox), Victoria water lily (Victoria amazonica), spatterdock (Nuphar), water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes), water shield (Brasenia schreberi), water shield (Brasenia schreberi), yellow bladderwort (Utricularia), floating fern (Salvinia), keel-petal water shield,

Submerged plants: hornwort (Ceratophyllum demersum), water plantain (Ottelia alismoides)

Colorful-leaf plants:

Red or purple: sweetgum (Liquidambar formosana), lacquer tree (Toxicodendron vernicifluum), Japanese maple (Acer palmatum), Amur maple (Acer ginnala), Oriental bittersweet (Celastrus orbiculatus), red oak (Quercus rubra), Tang maple (Acer), Chinese tallow (Sapium sebiferum), staghorn sumac (Rhus typhina), Chinese sumac (Rhus chinensis), mountain ash (Sorbus), nandina (Nandina domestica), spindle tree (Euonymus), hawthorn (Crataegus), Chinese pistache (Pistacia chinensis), Chinese wingnut (Pterocarya stenoptera), barberry (Berberis), Hubei hornbeam (Carpinus hupeana), Boston ivy (Parthenocissus tricuspidata)

Golden yellow or yellow-brown: ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba), persimmon (Diospyros kaki), goldenrain tree (Koelreuteria paniculata), tulip tree (Liriodendron chinense), Chinese parasol tree (Firmiana simplex), elm (Ulmus), walnut (Juglans regia), catalpa (Catalpa), dawn redwood (Metasequoia glyptostroboides), crape myrtle (Lagerstroemia indica), Chinese elm (Ulmus parvifolia), nanmu (Phoebe zhennan), wild jujube (Ziziphus jujuba var. spinosa), kiwifruit (Actinidia), horse chestnut (Aesculus), water elm mountain ash (Sorbus), wintersweet (Chimonanthus praecox), pomegranate (Punica granatum), yellow locust (Sophora japonica), witch hazel (Hamamelis), soapberry (Sapindus mukorossi), acacia (Acacia farnesiana)

Aromatic plants:

Aromatic plants that can be planted in residential areas include: herbs such as mint (Mentha), basil (Ocimum basilicum), lemon balm (Melissa officinalis), German chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla), lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus), sage (Salvia), dandelion (Taraxacum), pot marigold (Calendula officinalis), thyme (Thymus), borage (Borago officinalis), scented geranium (Pelargonium graveolens), mallow (Malva); and shrubs such as lavender (Lavandula), rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis), gardenia (Gardenia jasminoides), rose (Rosa), lemon verbena (Aloysia citrodora).

Woody plants that release fragrance in turn through the four seasons, for example: plum blossom (Prunus mume) and orange blossom (Citrus) in spring; gardenia (Gardenia jasminoides) and white magnolia (Michelia alba) in summer; osmanthus (Osmanthus fragrans) in autumn and wintersweet (Chimonanthus praecox) in winter.

Pollution-resistant and exhaust-resistant plants: black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia), paulownia (Paulownia), lacebark pine (Pinus bungeana), Chinese juniper (Sabina chinensis), coral tree (Viburnum odoratissimum), photinia (Photinia), Pittosporum tobira, Japanese aralia (Fatsia japonica), etc.

Nitrogen-fixing plants: Robinia, Lonicera, Albizia, Amorpha fruticosa, Caragana, Glycine, Lespedeza, Melilotus, Pisum, Phaseolus, Myrica, Elaeagnus, Cycas

Nectar-source, bird-attracting and butterfly-attracting plants: dwarf yew (Taxus cuspidata), Buddhist pine (Podocarpus macrophyllus), Chinese torreya (Torreya grandis), Japanese holly (Ilex crenata), camphor tree (Cinnamomum camphora), bayberry (Myrica rubra), privet (Ligustrum lucidum), thick-skinned tsubaki (Ternstroemia gymnanthera), viburnum (Viburnum), Japanese aucuba (Aucuba), mahonia (Mahonia), firethorn (Pyracantha), boxwood (Buxus), Pittosporum tobira, Japanese aralia (Fatsia japonica), etc., butterfly bush (Buddleja davidii), Chinese pistache (Pistacia chinensis), and other fragrant-flower plants (such as Citrus plants of the Rutaceae family)

Perennial (herbaceous perennial) flowers: torch lily (Kniphofia), lupine (Lupinus), blue fescue (Festuca glauca), astilbe (Astilbe), coreopsis (Coreopsis), moneywort (Lysimachia nummularia), oregano (Origanum vulgare), large-flower hibiscus (Hibiscus moscheutos), red-flower mint (Mentha), five-color star jasmine (Trachelospermum jasminoides), thistle-leaf ice plant (Delosperma), hellebore (Helleborus), lycoris (Lycoris), daylily (Hemerocallis), iris (Iris), spiderwort (Tradescantia), hosta (Hosta), variegated canna (Canna indica 'Variegata'), red-leaf canna (Canna indica 'Red Leaf'), Dutch aster (Aster novi-belgii), large Wu Fengzi grass (Clerodendrum), bletilla (Bletilla striata), perennial verbena

Flowers and trees of the four seasons:

Spring: various cherry blossoms (early cherry, late cherry, weeping cherry, etc.), various crabapples (Malus micromalus, Malus halliana, Chaenomeles speciosa, etc.), Magnoliaceae (Magnolia grandiflora, Magnolia denudata, Magnolia soulangeana, Magnolia liliiflora, Magnolia 'Red', Michelia figo, Michelia maudiae, etc.), redbud (Cercis chinensis), red-leaf

plum, peach blossom, camellia, winter jasmine, lilac, etc.

Summer: crape myrtle (Lagerstroemia indica), rose of Sharon (Hibiscus syriacus), hydrangea (Hydrangea macrophylla), Michelia figo, summer azalea, pomegranate (flower), gardenia (Gardenia jasminoides), trumpet creeper (Campsis grandiflora), silk tree (Albizia julibrissin), acacia (Acacia farnesiana) Autumn: osmanthus (Osmanthus fragrans), crape myrtle (Lagerstroemia indica), rose of Sharon (Hibiscus syriacus), flowering pomegranate, cotton rose (Hibiscus mutabilis), trumpet creeper (Campsis grandiflora), etc.

Winter: honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica), nandina (Nandina domestica), plum blossom (Prunus mume), Michelia figo, camellia (Camellia japonica), sasanqua camellia (Camellia sasanqua), etc.

Classification diagram of common greening tree species:

(I) Evergreen conifers

1. Tree category: deodar cedar (Cedrus deodara), Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis), Japanese black pine (Pinus thunbergii), Chinese juniper (Sabina chinensis), masson pine (Pinus massoniana), Chinese juniper (Sabina chinensis), sago palm (Cycas revoluta), Norfolk Island pine (Araucaria heterophylla), Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica), Chinese torreya (Torreya grandis)

2. Shrub category: (Buddhist pine, Podocarpus macrophyllus), oriental arborvitae (Platycladus orientalis), Calocedrus macrolepis, creeping juniper (Juniperus procumbens), Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica), five-needle pine (Pinus parviflora)

(II) Deciduous conifers (no shrubs):

Tree category: dawn redwood (Metasequoia glyptostroboides), golden larch (Pseudolarix amabilis), pond cypress (Taxodium ascendens), bald cypress (Taxodium distichum)

(III) Evergreen broadleaf trees:

1. Tree category: camphor tree (Cinnamomum camphora), southern magnolia (Magnolia grandiflora), privet (Ligustrum lucidum), windmill palm (Trachycarpus fortunei)

2. Shrub category: coral tree (Viburnum odoratissimum), large-leaf boxwood (Euonymus japonicus), small-leaf boxwood (Buxus sinica var. parvifolia), sparrow-tongue boxwood (Buxus bodinieri), Chinese holly (Ilex cornuta), orange tree (Citrus), photinia (Photinia), Pittosporum tobira, osmanthus (Osmanthus fragrans), oleander (Nerium oleander), yellow jasmine (Jasminum), winter jasmine (Jasminum nudiflorum), golden-spotted coral tree (Aucuba japonica 'Variegata'), nandina (Nandina domestica), snow-in-June (Serissa japonica), small-leaf privet (Ligustrum quihoui), Japanese aralia (Fatsia japonica), gardenia (Gardenia jasminoides), mosquito mother (Distylium racemosum), camellia (Camellia japonica), St. John's wort (Hypericum), azalea (Rhododendron), yucca (Yucca) (pineapple flower, arrow hemp), sago palm (Cycas revoluta) (iron tree), mahonia (Mahonia)

(IV) Deciduous broadleaf trees:

1. Tree category: weeping willow (Salix babylonica), straight willow (Salix), Chinese wingnut (Pterocarya stenoptera), dragon-claw willow (Salix matsudana 'Tortuosa'), Chinese tallow (Sapium sebiferum), pagoda tree (Sophora japonica), green paulownia (Chinese parasol

tree), plane tree (Platanus orientalis), pagoda tree (Sophora japonica), coiled pagoda tree (Sophora japonica var. pendula), silk tree (Albizia julibrissin), ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba), chinaberry (Melia azedarach), catalpa (Catalpa ovata)

2. Shrub category: cherry blossom (Prunus serrulata), white magnolia (Magnolia denudata), peach blossom (Prunus persica), wintersweet (Chimonanthus praecox), crape myrtle (Lagerstroemia indica), redbud (Cercis chinensis), maple (Acer), green maple (Acer), red-leaf plum (Prunus cerasifera 'Atropurpurea'), Chaenomeles speciosa, hanging bell crabapple, hydrangea (Hydrangea macrophylla), hemp-leaf spiraea (Spiraea), golden bell flower (Forsythia) (golden strip), cotton rose (Hibiscus mutabilis), rose of Sharon (Hibiscus syriacus), mountain hemp (Alchornea) (cinnamon garden tree), pomegranate (Punica granatum)

(V) Bamboo category: hedge bamboo (Bambusa multiplex), timber bamboo (Phyllostachys bambusoides), moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis), black bamboo (Phyllostachys nigra), Guanyin bamboo (Bambusa multiplex var. riviereorum), fernleaf bamboo (Bambusa multiplex 'Fernleaf'), Buddha belly bamboo (Bambusa ventricosa), golden bamboo (Bambusa vulgaris 'Vittata')

(VI) Vines: wisteria (Wisteria sinensis), star jasmine (Trachelospermum jasminoides), Boston ivy (Parthenocissus tricuspidata) (creeper, wall tiger), ivy (Hedera helix), grape vine (Vitis vinifera), fortune's euonymus (Euonymus fortunei)

(VII) Flowers: sun rose (Portulaca grandiflora), longevity chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum), scarlet sage (Salvia splendens), canna (Canna indica), five-color amaranth (Alternanthera), cabbage (ornamental kale), chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum), orchid (Orchidaceae)

(VIII) Lawn: velvet grass (Zoysia tenuifolia), Japanese lawngrass (Zoysia japonica), dwarf lilyturf (Ophiopogon japonicus), four-season green grass (Lolium perenne), tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea), Manila grass (Zoysia matrella), clover (Trifolium), dichondra (Dichondra repens)

Detailed table of common plant configurations

Table of commonly used street trees

Name Scientific name Family Tree shape Characteristics

Camphor tree Cinnamomun camphcra Lauraceae Spherical Evergreen large tree, alternate leaves, three-veined, aromatic, spherical berries.

Plane tree Platanus x acerifolia Platanaceae Oval Prefers warmth, pollution-resistant, tolerates pruning. Large crown with dense shade, suitable as street tree and courtyard shade tree.

Maple Liquidamdar formosana Hance. Hamamelidaceae Conical Deciduous tree, bark grey and smooth, triangular leaves, slow-growing, beautiful tree form

Flamboyant tree Delonix regia Raffin Fabaceae Umbrella Sun-loving, prefers warm hot climate, not cold-tolerant, fast-growing, pollution-resistant, wind-resistant; beautiful red flowers, flowering period May to August

Silk tree Albizia julibrissin Mimosaceae Umbrella Pink flowers, June to July, suitable as courtyard ornamental tree and street tree

Acacia Albizia farnesiana Wild. Mimosaceae Umbrella Deciduous sub-tree, fast-growing, densely branched and leafy, golden-yellow flowers, excellent tree vigor

Weeping willow Salix babylonica Linn. Salicaceae Umbrella Deciduous sub-tree, suitable for low-temperature land, grows luxuriantly and rapidly, beautiful tree form

Banyan Ficus retusa Linn. Moraceae Spherical Deciduous tree, broad crown, fast-growing, strong canopy density, suitable for various forms of pruning

Camphor tree Cinnamomum camphora Ness. Lauraceae Spherical Evergreen tree, broad crown, large and round, strong growth, beautiful tree form

Chinese fan palm Livitonia chinensis R.Br. Arecaceae Umbrella Single upright trunk, dark green leaves, strong growth, very beautiful posture

Longan tree Euphoria longana Lanark. Sapindaceae Round Evergreen tree with round crown, strong canopy density, slow growth, very beautiful posture

Chinaberry (bead tree) Melia azedarach Linn. Meliaceae Umbrella Deciduous tree, fast-growing, irregular crown, somewhat umbrella-shaped, pale purple flowers

Chinese parasol tree Sterculia platanifolia L. Sterculiaceae Umbrella Evergreen tree, broad leaves, fast-growing, upright when young, crown spreading when old

Paper mulberry Broussonetia papyrifera Vent. Moraceae Umbrella Evergreen tree, huge soft thin leaves, branches spreading in all directions, umbrella-shaped crown, also beautiful posture

Alder Alnus formosana Makino. Fagaceae Umbrella Evergreen tree, tolerant of moisture and heat, unsuitable for dry land and hard soil, tall and beautiful tree posture

Ash tree Faxinus insularis Hemsl. Oleaceae Umbrella Evergreen tree, strong growth, fast-growing, beautiful tree posture and leaf shape Norfolk Island pine Araucaria cuninghamii Araucariaceae Conical Evergreen conifer, sun-loving, prefers warm hot climate, not cold-tolerant, fertilizer-loving, fast-growing, narrow conical crown, beautiful posture

Qinghai spruce Picea carassifolia Pinaceae Tower-shaped Evergreen conifer, neutral, shallow-rooted, suitable for northwest regions

Korean pine Pinus koraiensis Pinaceae Tower-shaped Evergreen conifer, weak sun-loving, prefers cool humid climate and acidic soil, blue-green needles

Chinese juniper (juniper) Sabina chinensis Cupressaceae Conical Evergreen conifer, sun-loving, young trees slightly shade-tolerant, drought and barren-tolerant, cold-tolerant, slightly moisture-tolerant, pruning-tolerant, good dust-proof and sound-insulation effect

Southern magnolia Magnolia grandiflora L. Magnoliaceae Oval Evergreen tree, large white fragrant flowers, beautiful tree form,

Acacia tree Acacia confusa Merr. Fabaceae Umbrella Evergreen tree, bark smooth when young, rough when old, trunk mostly curved, strong growth

Date palm Phoenix dactylifera L. Arecaceae Pinnate Evergreen broadleaf tree, branching trunk, strong heat resistance, strong growth, also beautiful posture

Long-leaf date palm (Canary Island date palm) Phoenix dactylifera Arecaceae Pinnate Evergreen broadleaf tree, thick trunk, tall and majestic, dense spreading pinnate leaves,

Royal palm (king coconut) Oreodoxa regia H.B.K. Arecaceae Umbrella Single upright trunk, height up to 18m, slightly swollen in the middle, pinnate compound leaves, very strong vitality, great ornamental value

Ginkgo Ginkgo biloba Ginkgoaceae Umbrella Deciduous broadleaf tree, yellow autumn leaves, cold-tolerant, deep-rooted, intolerant of waterlogging, resistant to various toxic gases

Tulip tree (Chinese tulip tree) Liriodendron chinense Magnoliaceae Umbrella Deciduous broadleaf tree, prefers warm humid climate, fairly strong resistance, fertile acidic soil, fast-growing, long-lived, leaves shaped like a mandarin jacket, yellow-green flowers, large and beautiful.

Chinese white poplar Populus tomentosa Salicaceae Umbrella Deciduous broadleaf tree, prefers cool climate, pollution-resistant, deep-rooted, fast-growing, fairly long-lived; regular tree form, straight trunk, grey-white bark

Lombardy poplar Populus nigra var. italica Salicaceae Narrow cylindrical Deciduous broadleaf tree, cold and drought-tolerant, slightly salt-alkali and waterlogging-tolerant, fast-growing

Chinese elm Ulmus parvifolia Ulmaceae Umbrella Deciduous broadleaf tree, prefers warm humid climate, drought and barren-tolerant, deep-rooted, fast-growing, long-lived, resistant to smoke dust and toxic gases, strong dust-retention capacity

Box elder (ash-leaf maple) Acer negundo Aceraceae Umbrella Deciduous broadleaf tree, prefers fertile soil and cool humid climate, smoke dust-tolerant, dry cold-tolerant, slightly salt-alkali-tolerant, pruning-tolerant, yellow autumn leaves {Maintenance measures for the southern plant date palm}.

Table of commonly used landscape tree characteristics

Name Scientific name Family Tree shape Characteristics

Camphor tree Cinnamomun camphcra Lauraceae Spherical Evergreen large tree, alternate leaves, three-veined, aromatic, spherical berries.

Plane tree Platanus x acerifolia Platanaceae Oval Prefers warmth, pollution-resistant, tolerates pruning. Large crown with dense shade, suitable as street tree and courtyard shade tree.

Southern magnolia Magnolia grandiflora L. Magnoliaceae Oval Evergreen tree, large white fragrant flowers, beautiful tree form,

White magnolia Magnolia denudata Magnoliaceae Umbrella Quite cold-tolerant, fears waterlogging. Large pure white flowers, blooms March to April. Suitable for courtyard viewing.

Tulip tree (Chinese tulip tree) Liriodendron chinense Magnoliaceae Umbrella Deciduous broadleaf tree, prefers warm humid climate, fairly strong resistance, fertile acidic soil, fast-growing, long-lived, leaves shaped like a mandarin jacket, yellow-green flowers, large and beautiful.

Oriental arborvitae Thuja orientalis Linn Cupressaceae Conical Evergreen tree, neat tree form when young, mostly curved when old, strong growth, long-lived, beautiful tree posture

Ash tree Faxinus insularis Hemsl. Oleaceae Round Evergreen tree, strong growth, fast-growing, beautiful tree posture and leaf shape Autumn maple Bischoffia javanica Blanco Euphorbiaceae Round Evergreen tree, very beautiful when young leaves sprout, strong growth, beautiful tree posture

Weeping willow Salix babylonica Linn. Salicaceae Umbrella Deciduous sub-tree, suitable for low-temperature land, grows luxuriantly and rapidly, beautiful tree form

Calocedrus macrolepis Calocedrus macrolepis Kurz Cupressaceae Umbrella Evergreen tree, bark grey-brown, irregular longitudinal fissures; branchlets alternate, green when young, flat.

King coconut Roystonea regia Arecaceae Umbrella Single upright trunk, height up to 18m, slightly swollen in the middle, pinnate compound leaves, very strong vitality, great ornamental value

Large-leaf boxwood Euonymus japonica Celastraceae Oval Prefers warm humid climate, resistant to toxic gases. Foliage ornamental. Suitable for hedges and foundation planting.

Maple Liquidamdar formosana Hance. Hamamelidaceae Conical Deciduous tree, bark grey and smooth, triangular leaves, slow-growing, beautiful tree form

Chinese wingnut Pterocarya stenoptera Juglandaceae Umbrella Strong adaptability, moisture-tolerant, fast-growing. Suitable as courtyard shade tree, street tree, bank-protection tree

Sabina procumbens (creeping savin juniper), Cupressaceae family. An evergreen prostrate dwarf shrub, with branches spreading and creeping along the ground; the leaves are needle-like. Slow-growing, with a uniquely styled tree form and fresh green, flowing foliage. Suitable for ground cover and for landscaping around courtyard rocks, ponds, sand pits and slopes. {Maintenance measures for the southern plant date palm}.

Duranta repens (golden dewdrop), Verbenaceae family, rounded form. Evergreen shrub. Suitable for large containers, flower troughs and hedges. The yellow-leaf form of Duranta repens is grown mainly for its foliage and has a wide range of uses; it can be used as ground cover, trimmed into shapes, used to form patterns or to emphasize color combinations, and is eye-catching and striking. Ilex cornuta (Chinese holly), Aquifoliaceae family, rounded form. Resistant to toxic gases, slow-growing. Green leaves and red berries, very beautiful. Suitable for foundation planting. Broussonetia papyrifera Vent., Moraceae family, umbrella-shaped form. Evergreen tree, with huge, soft, thin leaves and branches spreading in all directions; its posture is also beautiful

Ulmus parvifolia (Chinese elm), Ulmaceae family, umbrella-shaped form. Deciduous broadleaf tree; prefers a warm, humid climate, tolerant of drought and poor soil, deep-rooted, fast-growing, long-lived, resistant to smoke, dust and toxic gases, with a strong dust-retention capacity

Juniperus chinensis Linn (Chinese juniper), Cupressaceae family, conical form. Evergreen medium-sized tree, with densely growing branches, dark green, vigorous growth, suitable for pruning, beautiful tree form

Pittosporum tobira (Japanese pittosporum), Pittosporaceae family, rounded form. Fragrant white flowers, blooming in May. Suitable for foundation planting, as a hedge or in containers. Phoenix dactylifera Linn (date palm), Arecaceae family, umbrella-shaped form. Trunk tillering, height up to 20~25 m, leaves grayish-white with arched curvature, vigorous growth, beautiful tree form

Salix matsudana (Hankow willow), Salicaceae family, umbrella-shaped form. Suitable as a shade tree, street tree and bank-protection tree

Albizia julibrissin (silk tree), Mimosaceae family, umbrella-shaped form. Flowers pink, June~July; suitable as a shade and ornamental tree and street tree

Pinus thunbergii Parl. (Japanese black pine), Pinaceae family, conical form. Evergreen tree, bark grayish-brown, twigs orange-yellow, needles hard and borne two per bundle, long-lived

Prunus cerasifera f. atropurpurea (purple-leaf plum), Rosaceae family, umbrella-shaped form. Deciduous small tree, twigs smooth, red-brown, leaves ovate, entirely purplish-red, bearing small pale pink flowers in April, drupe purple. Suitable both as a specimen and in mass planting, and as a background foil.

Washingtonia filifera Wend. (desert fan palm), Arecaceae family, umbrella-shaped form. Single cylindrical trunk, enlarged at the base, up to 4~8 m tall, leaf blade fan-shaped and round, vigorous growth, beautiful tree form {Maintenance measures for the southern plant date palm}.

Sophora japonica (Japanese pagoda tree), Fabaceae family, umbrella-shaped form. Dense branches and leaves, broad crown; suitable as a shade tree and street tree

Cassia glauca Lam., Fabaceae family, rounded form. Deciduous tree, even-pinnate compound leaves, yellow flowers, rapid growth, beautiful tree form

Acer negundo (box elder), Aceraceae family, umbrella-shaped form. Deciduous broadleaf tree; prefers fertile soil and a cool, humid climate, tolerant of smoke and dust, dry cold and mild salinity-alkalinity, tolerant of pruning; autumn leaves yellow

Acer palmatum (Japanese maple), Aceraceae family, umbrella-shaped form. Elegant leaf shape, autumn leaves red. Suitable for garden viewing and container growing.

Pseudolarix amabilis Rehd. (golden larch), Pinaceae family, ovate-tower-shaped form. Evergreen tree, with well-spaced branches and leaves, leaves linear, alternate on long shoots, small leaves radiating; the tree form is sturdy and upright.

Hyophorbe amaricaulis Mart. (bottle palm), Arecaceae family, umbrella-shaped form. Trunk about 3 m tall, base oval and swollen, forming a bottle shape, very beautiful in posture

Citrus reticulata (mandarin orange), Rutaceae family, rounded form. Flowers white, fruit yellow-green, fragrant. Suitable for group planting.

Melia azedarach Linn. (chinaberry), Meliaceae family, rounded form. Deciduous tree, bark grayish-brown, bipinnate odd-pinnate compound leaves, flowers purple, rapid growth

Serissa serissoides (snowbush), Rubiaceae family, rounded form. Evergreen small shrub. Leaf color dark green, flowers snow-white, slightly pale pink. Branches and leaves slender, fine texture; suitable for containers, low hedges, ground cover, flower beds and trimmed shapes.

Juniperus chinensis var. Kaizuka Hort (Kaizuka juniper), Cupressaceae family, upright tower-shaped form. Evergreen medium-sized tree, branches densely growing, dark green, vigorous growth, very long-lived, very beautiful tree form

S. j. cv. Pendula (weeping pagoda tree), Fabaceae family, umbrella-shaped form. Branches pendulous; suitable for garden viewing, planted in pairs or in rows

S. m. cv. Tortuosa (dragon-claw willow), Salicaceae family, rounded form. Branches twisted like a roaming dragon; suitable as a shade tree and ornamental tree

Phoenix roebelenii Brien. (pygmy date palm), Arecaceae family, umbrella-shaped form. Trunk upright, 2 m tall, petioles thin and small, leaflets alternate or opposite; an excellent variety with beautiful leaves

Podocarpus macrophyllus D. Don (yew plum pine), Podocarpaceae family, long-conical form. Evergreen tree, with a plain and elegant demeanor; can be pruned as high-grade bonsai material, or shaped into round, conical or tiered forms for garden landscaping and beautification.

Pinus massoniana Lamb. (Masson pine), Pinaceae family, umbrella-shaped form. Evergreen tree, trunk bark red-brown, winter buds brown, large trees majestic in posture

Nandina domestica (heavenly bamboo), Berberidaceae family, umbrella-shaped form. Elegant branches and leaves, red berries in autumn and winter; for garden viewing, can be group-planted or grown in containers. Araucaria excelsa Br. (Norfolk Island pine), Araucariaceae family, conical form. Evergreen coniferous tree, branches whorled, the lower ones drooping, leaves dark green, beautiful tree form, vigorous growth

Ligustrum lucidum (glossy privet), Oleaceae family, ovate form. Flowers white, blooming in June. Suitable as a hedge or street tree.

Livistona chinensis R. Br. (Chinese fan palm), Arecaceae family, umbrella-shaped form. Trunk upright, up to 6~12 m tall, leaves round, petiole margins spiny, lush growth, elegant posture

Juniperus chinensis cv. Globosa (dwarf Japanese garden juniper), Cupressaceae family, broad-rounded form. Shrub, without a main trunk, branches growing in clusters.

Acer serrulatum (Taiwan maple), Aceraceae family, umbrella-shaped conical form. Deciduous tree. Trunk upright. Tree form light and graceful; can be trained into a noble-shaped bonsai, and serves as an elegant street tree, landscape tree and forest-bathing tree.

B. bodinieri (Chinese boxwood), Buxaceae family, ovate form. Branches and leaves fine and dense; suitable for garden viewing. Can be group-planted, used as a hedge or grown in containers. Cryptomeria japonica D. Don (Japanese cedar), Taxodiaceae family, conical, ovate, rounded forms. Evergreen tree. Branches whorled, graceful

Chapter Eight: "Cultivation and Maintenance of Arecaceae Plants"

The Arecaceae family is a highly distinctive group of evergreen plants within the monocotyledon class; their stems are solitary or clustered, upright or climbing; the leaves are clustered at the top of the stem, and the root system is well developed, tolerant of drought and poor soil, with strong resistance to pests and diseases, making them outstanding for creating tropical-style garden landscapes. This section introduces their introduction, transplanting and disease control.

Brief Introduction to the Introduction Process

There are 183 genera and about 2,400 species of Arecaceae plants worldwide, widely distributed in the tropical and subtropical humid regions of the world. High temperature and high humidity are important conditions for the normal growth and development of most palm plants, while a few palm plants have unique adaptability to adverse environments, such as the silver date palm (wild date palm) distributed in the extremely arid areas on the edge of deserts, and quite a few palm species that can withstand long-term waterlogging, such as the swamp palm. Most palm plants are rich in fiber, with tough stems and well-developed root systems, and have strong wind resistance, such as Archontophoenix and Livistona chinensis.

Since the 1940s, in the urban construction of numerous tropical and subtropical cities around the world, the landscape value of palm plants has been recognized, and they have been used as key species for urban greening and beautification, such as in Miami in the United States, Jakarta in India, Bangkok in Thailand, as well as Cape Town in South Africa and Singapore.

Some landscaping companies in Guangdong began the work of introducing and applying palm plants in the early 1980s. Over the following more than twenty years, in the southern provinces and regions such as Guangxi, Fujian and Yunnan, as well as later in Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Shanghai, Chongqing and Yunnan, a wave of introducing, producing and applying palms was set off one after another.

Several units led by the Guangdong Palm Landscape Company, based on the theories of plant geography and ecology, through observational research on the growth and mortality rates of introduced and acclimatized Arecaceae plants, found that plants native to the Northern Hemisphere generally possess cold-tolerance potential because they experienced ancient glacial climates, while species native to high latitudes and high altitudes in the Southern Hemisphere also have relatively strong cold tolerance. Through research on the cold tolerance and cold-tolerance mechanisms of palm plants, researchers found that the main factors affecting introduction and acclimatization are: temperature, light, humidity, moisture and soil, among others. The most significant effect of the temperature factor is to govern the growth and development of plants; low winter temperatures are the dominant factor affecting the success or failure of palm plant introduction and acclimatization; through research on the salt tolerance and shade tolerance of palms, researchers screened out a number of varieties with relatively strong saline-alkaline tolerance and shade tolerance; at the same time, through the control of pests and diseases such as palm Phytophthora blight, coconut leaf beetle and red palm weevil, the incidence of palm pests and diseases was greatly reduced. In addition, researchers also studied the mechanism of palm seed germination, summarized and invented techniques for accelerating palm seed germination, mastered the techniques for whole-crown transplanting of palm plants and the cultivation of large-specification container seedlings, and carried out fruitful work on techniques such as soil improvement and winter cold protection and conservation.

At present, researchers have screened and promoted about 80 species of palm plants in South China, including royal palm, Chinese fan palm, lady palm, southern palm and fishtail palm; in Shanghai and surrounding areas, the Arecaceae plants successfully applied mainly include Butia palm, fuzzy Washington palm, Canary Island date palm and Washington palm, more than ten species in total, and the related research techniques have been appraised by experts as reaching the world's advanced level.

Taking the Washington palm as an example

On the Occurrence and Control of Phytophthora Blight

Damage and General Symptoms of Palm Phytophthora Blight

This disease often occurs and causes damage on palm plants such as royal palm, large Chinese fan palm, Washington palm, elder palm and Canary Island date palm; on affected plants the heart leaf cannot emerge normally, new leaves shrivel and dry up, and in severe cases the whole plant wilts in patches. The pathogen of Phytophthora blight is caused by Phytophthora, and can be detected by incubation in an incubator. The pathogen mainly overwinters in the soil or on diseased plant residues. The fungus spreads through watering, rain splash and air movement.

Occurrence Pattern of Phytophthora Blight on the Washington Palm

This disease occurs during the high-temperature, high-humidity period between summer and autumn. Drought followed by rain, or poor management after transplanting, such as heavy watering causing the soil moisture content

to rise suddenly, poor ventilation, or plants located in wind-gap positions, are prone to infection. The disease is severe in low-lying, poorly drained and continuously cropped plots. In addition, the disease is often related to severe root injury caused when the seedlings are dug out and then transported over long distances.

When it occurs, the base of the unexpanded young heart leaf rots, and the leaves turn grayish-green and droop; with a slight pull they can be pulled out. Dissecting the stem, one can see that the growing point, or even the entire heart of the plant, has a paste-like exudate with a foul odor, and white mold-like material can grow on the affected tissue. On severely affected plants, the roots are also often seen to be damaged, with the main symptoms being blackened, rotted roots and an abnormal smell

odor. This disease occurs mainly at the seedling stage and in nurseries, and adult trees planted in green areas are less affected.

Symptoms

In recent years, the damage in nursery sites has been relatively severe. In the early stage of the disease, yellow-brown water-soaked lesions first appear near the ground, the lesions rapidly expand, become slightly sunken, and when humid the surface is densely covered with white cottony mold, and the diseased part rots and smells foul. When it occurs on leaves, the diseased part is yellow-brown, and white mold grows under humid conditions. When it occurs on the stem, it is initially dark green, then expands, becomes moist and softens, and in the later stage the upper part shows wilting. This disease can harm the entire palm plant. Sometimes a purulent liquid oozes from the roots and stem when cut open, and in severe cases the veins at the edges of young leaves carry large amounts of gray-black mycelium. Phytophthora blight is a vascular bundle disease; in severe cases the whole plant wilts, droops and dries up until it dies, with a high fatality rate.

According to surveys, the peak period of this disease is mostly the high-temperature, high-humidity period, that is, the optimum temperature is 27°C to 35°C. For example, in 2006, the disease period in the coastal areas near the Pearl River Delta was July to October, in Xiamen August to November, in Shanghai June to September (also occurring in early spring), and in the mountainous areas of western Pearl River Delta August to November; however, in all places the disease can be seen within 1 to 2 months after typhoons and rainstorms, sometimes occurring sporadically, sometimes appearing in patches.

Control Methods

I. Preventive Cultivation Measures

1. Pay attention to ventilation, dryness and drainage in the nursery; leaves can be moderately pruned each autumn and winter, and pits can be opened and soil mounded in the planting area to keep the nursery land dry. Normally, potassium fertilizer can be applied additionally, and quicklime and superphosphate can also be applied separately, to enhance the tissue density and infection resistance of the plants and improve their disease resistance.

2. Choose a good plot; loam or sandy loam land with high terrain and good drainage should be selected for planting.

3. Implement crop rotation; land that has been planted with Washington palms should be subjected to crop rotation of three to four years or more.

4. Strengthen field management, apply more organic fertilizer, promote robust plant growth with deep roots and lush leaves, and improve resistance. Implement high-ridge (bed) cultivation. Appropriately control watering during the rainy season, drain water promptly after rain so that the ground dries after the rain; water promptly in case of drought, and strictly prohibit flood irrigation when watering, carrying it out on sunny afternoons or evenings.

5. Achieve prevention first and integrated control. Observe carefully at ordinary times, regularly prune dead branches and fallen leaves, promptly remove diseased plants when found, bury them deeply or burn them, and disinfect the disease holes with lime.

II. Chemical Control

One to two months before the onset of the disease in summer and during the disease period, use 64% Sandofan wettable powder (1:500 to 600), 80% fosetyl-aluminum (1:400), or other hymexazol-type products such as Kameitong, that is, soil fungicide (usual dosage 600 to 700 times), lime-sulfur mixture (1:1:100), and Dexon (500 times) for control. Specific control methods: when transplanting Washington palms, first spray the planting site and the roots of the Washington palm with 600 to 700 times soil fungicide solution, or on consecutive sunny days first dig the pit and expose it to the sun for sterilization, or sprinkle lime powder for disinfection; 500 times Dexon solution can also be used for soil disinfection.

After a typhoon, promptly spray Sandofan (better) or fosetyl-aluminum (prone to developing resistance), adding 0.4% washing powder, into the heart or as a spray for both prevention and treatment. 80% mancozeb 700 times solution can also be sprayed, once every 7 to 10 days, for two or three consecutive sprays, which can effectively prevent and control the occurrence of Phytophthora blight. After adopting this measure, the Washington palms and fuzzy Washington palms at the Shanghai base of the Guangdong Palm Landscape Company have dropped from a disease incidence of 20% in 2004 to below 10%.

Experience in Control

The control effect of using carbendazim and similar products is not obvious. In the early stage of the disease, if all the leaves are cut off and the plant is transplanted elsewhere, about 30% can gradually revive after 2 to 3 years, but their growth is poor.

It is understood that this disease rarely occurs in hot, dry areas such as Los Angeles; therefore, this disease is related to high temperature and high humidity, and the infection route is through surface water, groundwater and rainwater. When the plant's root system, trunk and leaves are damaged, the pathogen invades and multiplies massively when moisture is sufficient, ultimately causing blockage of the vascular conducting tissue, and the plant wilts and dies from water loss. The heart rot disease described in some literature is actually also Phytophthora blight, only occurring at the heart leaf site.

This disease is different from anthracnose, which occurs on leaves; when it occurs, small water-soaked spots appear, then expand into larger lesions, and it is easily found, and generally carbendazim and similar agents can control it. As for leaf spot disease, it refers to diseases occurring on leaves, with common pathogens such as Phyllosticta and Pestalotiopsis, often causing leaf blight, but anthracnose and leaf spot disease rarely cause plant death. Transplanting Techniques for Large Single-Stemmed Seedlings

Preparations Before Transplanting

1. Root-prune the seedlings to be transplanted in advance; after root pruning, the soil ball size is twice the ground diameter, and the root pruning depth is 50 cm to 60 cm. Stones and broken roots should be removed from the root-pruned soil and it should be backfilled promptly, with good moisture retention: the purpose is to exercise the adaptability of the seedling and induce new roots. After root pruning, it is best to keep them for more than 30 days, and transplant only when the new roots begin to sprout. If stored bare-root seedlings are used, the effect is even better.

2. Dig the holes and prepare the soil. Dig the holes 20 days before transplanting at the planting site, and the hole specification is generally 1.5 times the soil ball. Let the soil from the holes be exposed to the sun for a period, and the backfill soil is best a pre-prepared mixed soil: pond mud + farmyard manure or mushroom soil + an appropriate amount of matured phosphate fertilizer + an appropriate amount of river sand, with sand:soil at 4:6.

Planting Time

In the Pearl River Delta region, transplanting can be done throughout the year, with spring and autumn being the best, and summer and winter should be avoided as much as possible, especially January and July. Most Arecaceae plants like warmth and moisture; in summer the temperature is high, seedlings evaporate water quickly, which easily causes excessive water loss and affects survival; in winter the temperature is low, and some places even have frost, and strong north winds can easily cause frostbite or even death of the seedlings.

Moving the Seedlings

Some large single-stemmed Arecaceae seedlings have relatively thick trunks, the workload of moving the seedlings is large, and the seedlings are very prone to injury; therefore, when moving the seedlings, the trunk should be wrapped with gunny sacks or straw, especially the green wrapped-trunk portion at the boundary between the trunk and the petiole. First, it protects the trunk; second, it retains moisture and blocks the sun. In addition, when lifting the seedlings, combine this with pruning the leaves, removing old leaves and retaining 40% to 45% of the leaves (specifically according to the strength of the tree). At the same time, cut off the leaves together with the petiole by 1/5, to minimize water evaporation as much as possible.

Planting

It is best to plant the seedlings the same day they are dug; if too much time passes, the seedlings evaporate a lot of water and are prone to water loss affecting survival. If they cannot all be planted the same day, they should be covered with shade netting and sprayed with a small amount of water on the leaf surface every day, with good shading and moisture retention.

1. Backfilling soil. Once the seedling is positioned, backfill the soil. When the backfill reaches half the height of the soil ball, first compact the loose soil. After backfilling is complete, make the soil mound into a "water storage basin" that is slightly higher around the edge and slightly lower in the middle, to facilitate watering and moisture retention.

2. Watering. Immediately after backfilling, water thoroughly to settle the roots; before watering, first use bamboo poles or similar to tamp the loose soil around the soil ball until the loose soil no longer sinks.

3. Fixing. There are many kinds of supports; using three bamboo poles to form a triangular support is the most economical and practical one. The tying height is at 2/3 of the trunk.

Post-Planting Management

1. Moisture retention. Spray the leaves and the trunk wrapping material twice a day, except on rainy days, to the extent that the leaves and trunk wrapping material are moistened. Do not water the roots, because excess water will flow downward and accumulate, causing root rot. Cover the area around the tree base with straw to block the sun, prevent excessive soil temperature differences from causing soil compaction, and keep the soil around the soil ball loose, moist and aerated, which is conducive to the sprouting of new roots.

2. Wind protection. Because transplanted large single-stemmed palm plants are generally tall and are often affected by thunderstorms and strong winds after transplanting, the supports should be checked regularly after planting to see whether they have come loose; especially after strong winds, if the trunk is found to be tilted, it should be promptly straightened and re-tied.

3. Topdressing. About one month after planting, urea water can be used as a foliar topdressing by spraying, with topdressing about once every half month. After the first new leaf grows and matures, use fully decomposed peanut bran for hole fertilization. Dig the holes by opening a ring-shaped trench outside the edge of the soil ball, with the trench width and depth each 30 cm, and the fertilizer must be mixed evenly with the backfill soil.

4. Pest and disease control. Newly transplanted large single-stemmed Arecaceae seedlings are relatively weak in vigor and very susceptible to pests and diseases, especially the young leaves and heart leaf. For insect control, 5% methamidophos plus 5% omethoate can be applied. At present, the invasive pest "coconut leaf beetle" is doing quite serious harm to Arecaceae plants; adults and larvae concentrate in the overlapping spaces of the not-yet-unfolded heart leaf and gnaw the leaf flesh, causing part or all of the newly emerged leaves to die, and affected plants grow slowly or even die. The control methods include the following: ① 81% malathion emulsion 1000 times solution; ② cypermethrin 500 times solution; ③ using "Yejiaqing", all of which can achieve good control effects. Based on actual practice, the author believes that the simplest, most convenient and long-lasting method is to hang a packet of "Yejiaqing" on the heart leaf during planting in combination with tying.

For large single-stemmed Arecaceae seedlings, about one month after planting, whether they have survived can be roughly determined based on whether their leaves remain green; however, to truly determine survival, one generally has to wait until after one growing season, using whether new shoots and new roots have emerged as the standard. After the author adopted the above transplanting techniques in construction, the transplanting survival rate increased from the original 75% to above 90%, and the above techniques are highly operable and it is necessary to promote their application.

Transplanting Techniques for Seedlings, Large Trees and Clustered Seedlings

Key Techniques for Transplanting Seedlings

Palm plants are most suitable for transplanting during the period after they germinate and take root. At this time the seedlings are relatively small, can be transplanted with the seed, and moreover have few fibrous roots, so the root system is not easily damaged when moving the seedlings. Use nutrition bags for raising seedlings, with the size depending on the cultivation time of the seedlings; generally speaking, 1-year-old seedlings are best in 16 cm × 18 cm containers, and 2-year-old seedlings in 19 cm × 20 cm; nutrition bags that are too small are not conducive to rapid seedling growth. The nutrient soil is prepared with loose topsoil, burned soil and wheat bran, mixed evenly in a 5:2:1 ratio with a small amount of phosphate fertilizer, and then put into bags. First fill half the bag with the mixed soil, then place the seedling, then straighten the seedling and fill it full, then compact it so that the seedling root system is closely attached to the mixed soil, and water thoroughly. Palm plants must not be planted too deep, otherwise it will affect seedling growth. If too deep, lift the seedling upward so that the seedling root system spreads out.

Key Techniques for Transplanting Large Trees

Arecaceae plants are cultivated in nurseries for 5 to 10 years, and most need to be transplanted to separate beds several times; therefore, selecting strong seedlings grown at wide spacing gives a relatively high survival rate.

Reduce damage to the root mass. Palm plant root tissue is tender, with many lateral roots and capillary roots; when digging them out, bring as large a soil ball as possible and prevent it from loosening and cracking. Minimize the degree of damage to the root mass so as to maintain normal respiration and water absorption capacity and improve the transplanting survival rate. During construction, lines should be laid out and holes positioned accurately to avoid rework and prevent the soil ball from loosening.

Leaf pruning. The amount of leaves retained at transplanting should be comprehensively determined according to the different species, the climate at transplanting, and the transplanting and maintenance conditions.

Generally, about 40% of the original number of leaves should be retained. Retaining too many leaves will cause the leaves to turn yellow due to heavy water evaporation; retaining too few leaves makes it difficult for the plant to recover and prolongs the cycle, and the initial landscape effect is also poor.

Protect the plant's stem and its pseudostem. During the processes of digging out, carrying, loading and unloading the plant, the stem should be protected from damage, and the pseudostem should not be squeezed or bent; this is the guarantee of the plant's health and its rapid recovery.

Soil at the new planting site. Palm plants suffer damage to the root tips during transplanting, and it is difficult for new root tips to sprout within one month after transplanting, so their water absorption capacity is weak. At this time, if the soil has good permeability and aeration, it is conducive to seedling survival; therefore, when planting, large holes should be dug and attention paid to the quality of the imported soil, adding peat soil and compound fertilizer to facilitate the recovery of the palm after planting.

Maintenance. Within one month after planting, the plant has poor adaptability, and the seedlings should be carefully maintained, with timely water supplementation and appropriate shading, striving to have new leaves sprout within three months. If there is continuous rainy weather for several days after transplanting, palm seedlings will recover relatively well, because rainy days can avoid the effects of adverse factors such as scorching sun exposure.

Key Techniques for Transplanting Large Clustered Seedlings

Clustered species of Arecaceae plants have multiple growing points, and after growing into a multi-stemmed clustered state, they can grow new roots relatively quickly after transplanting. However, clustered palms also have disadvantages such as heavy trunks, large leaf area causing high water evaporation, and poor ventilation making them susceptible to damage from strong winds. Therefore, in addition to handling them according to single-stemmed palm transplanting, the following technical measures should be added:

1. Implement the "hairy root method" transplanting, that is, after digging out a relatively large soil ball, use a small shovel to remove part of the soil along the outer edge of the soil ball, retain more fibrous roots and a moderate soil ball, and immediately wrap it with a light moisture-retaining material, to reduce the weight of the soil ball while ensuring survival. For example, this method can be used for transplanting clustered palms that recover relatively slowly, such as the fishtail palm and the three-stemmed areca palm.

2. Implement bare-root temporary planting or potting for centralized maintenance until new roots sprout and the plant is stable before formal planting. This method is suitable for robust clustered palms such as areca palm, Ptychosperma elegans and Hawaiian palm, and can reduce transport costs and facilitate construction.

In short, for the transplanting of large seedlings and large trees of Arecaceae plants, in brief, five aspects should be done well, namely: selecting strong seedlings; digging the soil ball well and transporting and planting carefully; moderately pruning the leaves; ensuring good aeration and drainage at the planting site; and doing a good job of post-planting maintenance for sun protection and moisture retention. The sign for judging the success of transplanting large seedlings and large trees is being able to retain most of the leaves and sprout new leaves within half a year after planting, among which sprouting three healthy new leaves is complete transplanting success

Drainage: first understand the hydrological conditions of the planting site, try to place the very bottom of the soil ball at a position 100-150CM above the year-round groundwater level of the planting site and with thick fertile soil, and at the same time make a drainage layer for the soil ball root system underground and a surface runoff drainage network, to prevent water accumulation in the soil ball after planting; if the hydrological conditions cannot meet the requirements, the method of planting the soil ball on a raised mound can be used, that is, first pile up the planting site with loose medium mixed with fertile soil or coarse sand, try to meet the above requirements, then place the plant on the soil mound, and fill and bury the soil ball with mixed loose soil or planting soil mixed with humus soil; remove debris from the soil around the planting site, or appropriately improve the soil with a loose medium, to achieve the condition of loose and breathable roots for the plant; strengthen inspections during the rainy season, promptly dredge drainage facilities and appropriately loosen the soil around the roots, to facilitate waterlogging prevention and drainage. Moisture retention: immediately after planting, water once to settle the roots, ensuring that the root area of the soil ball is moist and closely combined with the surrounding soil, to promote root development; then water thoroughly three more times and promptly cover the soil ball well to prevent the surface soil from cracking. In hot summer, also spray water more on the ground and the canopy to increase environmental humidity and reduce transpiration; leaf moisture retention treatments include a. newly planted seedlings should have their leaves appropriately pruned to reduce the transpiration area of the leaves; b. appropriately spray antitranspirants on the leaves to inhibit the plant's physiological metabolism and reduce the plant's physiological water loss; c. under sunny weather conditions, spray atomized water on the leaves as much as possible to strengthen the leaves' absorption of water and weaken transpiration; check the moisture status of the soil ball and roots at any time and replenish water in time, ensuring the moisture of the soil ball and the permeability of root respiration. Fertilization: in addition to keeping the plant moist after planting, appropriately spray low-concentration foliar fertilizer to strengthen post-planting nutritional supplementation; frequently check the root sprouting status of the plant, and if new roots are found to have grown, consider increasing root fertilization, generally choosing the season when the monthly average temperature is higher than 20°C, applying mainly organic fertilizer as much as possible, with an appropriate additional application of compound fertilizer with high P and K content, to promote balanced nutrition of the plant and ensure its rapid recovery and healthy growth. Pest and disease control: spray pesticide to control pests and diseases before the seedlings leave the nursery, and after arriving at the site, the plants also need to be sprayed with pesticide before unloading, and ensure three consecutive pesticide applications at intervals of one week to ten days within one month after planting, after which a pest and disease control plan still needs to be reasonably formulated. Special

Chapter Nine: "Maintenance Plan"

Landscaping of Styron (Nanjing) Optoelectronics Co., Ltd.

Main

ten

ance

Plan

Nanjing Gensen Flowers and Trees Co., Ltd.

October 8, 2010

Project Overview

"Styron (Nanjing) Optoelectronics Co., Ltd." is located at No. 31 Hengfei Road, Nanjing Economic and Technological Development Zone, with a factory green area of 28,186 sq m. The plant configuration in the factory area is relatively reasonable, rich in color, with obvious seasonal changes, forming a plant community with distinct layers and natural ecology, basically displaying the natural landscape of plants; the arrangement of flowering shrubs and hedges among the factory buildings gives each factory area a different landscape style. Dozens of plant species such as camphor, southern magnolia, zelkova, osmanthus and crape myrtle are planted in the factory area, among which there is a tree-lined avenue composed of large-specification camphor trees, and a guardhouse landscape composed of varieties such as ancient red maple, fruiting pomegranate, Malus spectabilis, ginkgo and Canary Island date palm.

In view of the existing situation of the factory greening landscape, we believe that the initial greening construction was relatively extensive, with insufficient understanding of plant habits, especially the replacement of planting soil in the greening land was not in place, and in some areas the garbage soil was not replaced, resulting in poor plant growth.

Greening Maintenance Plan Arrangement

January (Minor Cold, Major Cold)

1. Shaping and pruning of fruit trees.

2. Frequently check cold-protection equipment, facilities and seedling cold-protection wrappings.

3. Turn the soil for winter plowing, and apply sufficient winter fertilizer.

4. Cut off dead, damaged and pest- or disease-infested branches and leaves, and thoroughly remove overwintering scale insect cysts, slug moth cocoons and lurking overwintering pests.

February (Start of Spring, Rain Water)

1. Continue the winter pruning of deciduous trees and fruit trees.

2. Continue cutting off pest- and disease-infested branches, and pay attention to observing the occurrence of pests and diseases (such as cottony cushion scale, globular scale, etc.).

3. Continue collecting manure and making compost, prepare growing medium, and continue applying winter fertilizer to various deciduous trees. March (Awakening of Insects, Spring Equinox)

The weather gradually warms up, and many pests and diseases are about to occur. Maintain and repair various insect-and-disease control equipment and prepare chemicals. Pay attention to the occurrence of aphids and globular mealybugs, and achieve timely control. April (Pure Brightness, Grain Rain)

1. Do a good job in the prevention and control of pests such as scale insects, mites, cutworms, grubs, mole crickets, and diseases such as powdery mildew and rust.

2. Do a good job in loosening the soil, weeding, and fertilizing before flowering. Apply light fertilizer weekly to perennial flowers and spring-sown herbaceous flowers.

3. Do a good job in bud removal and pruning of trees. Remove excess young buds and improperly positioned branches at any time.

4. Dredge and repair the drainage system.

May (Beginning of Summer, Lesser Fullness)

1. Carry out post-bloom pruning and hedge pruning on spring-flowering shrubs. According to technical operation requirements, carry out bud removal and pruning on trees, and prune and remove root suckers from the roots of seedlings at any time.

2. Continue to strengthen tree maintenance and management, do a good job in filling gaps, thinning, and finalizing seedlings, increase additional fertilizer, and apply light fertilizer frequently.

3. This month the temperature gradually rises, and pests and diseases cause great harm to trees and flowers. Attention should be paid to pest forecasting and prediction, and pest and disease prevention work should be done well.

4. Carry out lawn mowing and continue to remove weeds from the lawn.

June (Grain in Ear, Summer Solstice)

1. This month enters the plum rain season, with high temperature and high humidity, so replanting should be carried out promptly.

2. Carry out post-bloom pruning and fertilizing on flowering shrubs, and pinch and prune some spring-sown herbaceous flowers.

3. Continue to remove weeds and continue mowing.

4. Do a good job in pest and disease control. This month focus on controlling pests such as bagworms, slug moths, tussock moths, inchworms, and soft scale insects, as well as leaf spot disease, anthracnose, and sooty mold.

July (Minor Heat, Major Heat)

1. This month the weather is hot and weeds grow quickly. Continue intertillage and weeding, and loosen the soil.

2. Pests such as bagworms, slug moths, longhorn beetles, soft scale insects, armored scale insects, the second generation of cottony cushion scale, and mites occur in large numbers. Attention should be paid to their control, and at the same time continue to control anthracnose, powdery mildew, leaf spot disease, etc.

3. During the dog days with high temperatures, irrigate to resist drought when there is little rain. This month is also a month with more rainstorms, so attention should be paid to preventing waterlogging.

4. This month enters the season of typhoons and tidal floods. Do a good job in typhoon and flood prevention, inspect frequently, and promptly right wind-thrown trees.

August (Beginning of Autumn, End of Heat)

1. Continue intertillage and weeding, and loosen the soil.

2. Continue to do a good job in drought prevention and drainage to ensure the normal growth of seedlings.

3. This month seedlings grow vigorously, so fertilizer should be applied promptly; for small seedlings, apply light fertilizer frequently.

4. Continue to do a good job in typhoon and flood prevention, and promptly right wind-thrown trees when found.

5. Continue to do a good job in pest and disease control. Carefully control the main pests harmful to trees (bagworms, second-generation slug moths, longhorn beetles, mites, etc.) and main diseases (powdery mildew, anthracnose, leaf spot disease, etc.).

September (White Dew, Autumn Equinox)

1. Continue to do a good job in eliminating pests and diseases; in particular, frequently inspect the occurrence of aphids, wood-boring moths, etc., and once found, control them immediately.

2. Continue intertillage and weeding, continue to remove weeds from the lawn, carry out lawn mowing, and carry out shaping and pruning of topiary and hedges.

3. Continue to do a good job in pest and disease control. In particular, inspect the conditions of pests and diseases that occur more frequently, such as aphids, bagworms, slug moths, brown spot disease, and sooty mold on flowering shrubs, and control them promptly.

October (Cold Dew, Frost's Descent)

1. Do a good job in pest and disease control, and eliminate various adult insects and eggs.

2. Continue intertillage and weeding.

3. After seedlings stop growing, check the survival rate, get a clear picture of the stock, and ensure the smooth progress of winter and spring greening work.

November (Beginning of Winter, Minor Snow)

1. Do a good job in cold protection, whitewash some trees, or wrap them with straw rope.

2. Carry out winter tree pruning, cut off diseased branches and dead branches; branches with insect eggs as well as competing branches and over-