Planting, propagation methods and cultivation management of Ottelia alismoides

Growing Techniques Jan 1, 1970 0 views

Plant name: Ottelia alismoides. Also known as: water belt vegetable, water mustard, dragon-tongue grass. Habits: It likes strong light, a dry and well-ventilated environment, and can tolerate low temperatures of -20°C; it prefers well-drained soil, tolerates poor and dry conditions, and dislikes waterlogging. The plant is robust and requires only extensive management.

Plant name: Ottelia alismoides. Also known as: water belt vegetable, water mustard, dragon-tongue grass.

Habits: It likes strong light, a dry and well-ventilated environment, and can tolerate low temperatures of -20°C; it prefers well-drained soil, tolerates poor and dry conditions, and dislikes waterlogging. The plant is robust and requires only extensive management. Application: Ottelia alismoides often grows in ponds, streams or paddy fields. The tender leaves can be eaten as a vegetable. The whole plant can be used as feed. Propagation method: runner propagation; flowers and young plantlets grow together at the nodes of the runners, and a single runner has multiple nodes.

The concept of aquatic plants and their applications

Aquatic plants refer to plants that grow in water or moist soil, including herbaceous plants and woody plants. China has numerous water systems and very rich aquatic plant resources; there are more than 300 species of higher aquatic plants alone. In gardens, they can be divided into five major categories according to different forms and ecological habits:

1. Submerged plants: Their roots are anchored in the underwater soil, and the whole plant is submerged below the water surface. Common ones include Vallisneria natans, large water celery, Potamogeton crispus, Hydrilla verticillata, Antirrhinum, Potamogeton malaianus, Myriophyllum, Ottelia alismoides, Limnophila, Blyxa, Cabomba, etc.

2. Floating plants: Their stems and leaves or thalli float on the water surface, and their root systems hang suspended in the water and drift freely. Common ones include water hyacinth, duckweed, Nuphar, water hyacinth, etc.

3. Floating-leaved plants: Their roots grow in the underwater soil, the leaf stalks are slender, and the leaves float naturally on the water surface. Common ones include Nymphoides, water lily, Azolla, water caltrop, etc.

4. Emergent plants: Their stems and leaves extend above the water surface, and their roots and underground stems are buried in the mud. Common ones include yellow flag iris, Scirpus, cattail, Acorus calamus, bulrush, reed, lotus, Alisma, Monochoria, one species of Hygrophila, Scutellaria barbata, etc.

5. Waterside plants: Their root systems are often anchored in moist soil, tolerate water and moisture, and can withstand temporary submersion. Common ones include weeping willow, dawn redwood, pond cypress, bald cypress, bamboos, Chinese swamp cypress, purple loosestrife, water pepper, cotton rose, etc.

II. Functions of aquatic plants

1. Biodiversity function

Aquatic plant resources are very rich, with numerous varieties, gradually transitioning from terrestrial to submerged forms, and with rich layers. In addition, the plant shape, leaf shape and flower shape of aquatic plants each have their own characteristics. The formation of aquatic plant communities provides habitats for wild animals, water birds and insects. It is precisely because of the continuous reproduction and interaction of these aquatic animals and plants that water bodies become aquatic ecological environments full of life vitality.

2. Environmental beautification function

Aquatic plants have landscape-creating functions. In China's classical gardens, aquatic plants are one of the important materials for creating garden waterscapes. All kinds of water bodies rely on plants to configure rich and colorful waterscape views. Aquatic plants play the role of adding the finishing touch to waterscapes, decorating the water surface and banks with their free and easy posture, graceful lines and brilliant colors, and forming reflections in the water, making the water surface and water body lively and enhancing the beauty of the water body. Aquatic plants of different forms and colors can evoke various psychological responses and dramatic effects in people. The broad-leaved cattails and reeds standing in the water, their reflections in the sunlight or their hazy posture under thin mist, make people imagine freely; the reeds under the moon and the moonlight over the lotus pond, poetic in their tranquillity, give people a sense of mystery; while Acorus calamus, water lilies, arrowhead, water chestnut, purple loosestrife and others bloom competitively with beautiful flowers, and their enchanting colors give people a strong visual impact. Among the famous 72 scenes of the Chengde Mountain Resort and the 40 scenes of the Old Summer Palace, most are mainly based on aquatic plant landscaping, such as the scenic spots "Qu Shui He Xiang", "Ping Xiang Ban", "Ling He Shen Chu" and so on; the "Su Causeway in Spring Dawn", "Willow Waves and Oriole Song", "Winding Courtyard with Windblown Lotus" and others of Hangzhou West Lake are all famous because of aquatic plant landscaping.

In addition, on open water surfaces, floating beds and floating islands can also be arranged, and aquatic flowers can be cultivated on the islands to form a "water garden", adding scenery to the water surface. For example, the floating islands on the water surface of Beidou River in Ningbo break the original monotonous and dull water surface and bring vitality and energy to the water body.

3. Water purification function

Aquatic plants not only beautify the environment, but also purify water quality. Aquatic plants can perform photosynthesis, absorb CO2 from the environment, release O2 to improve water quality, and eliminate many polluting elements in water bodies. Therefore, aquatic plants have an important ecological restoration function. According to research: Scirpus can purify phenols in water; wild arrowhead has a removal rate of 75% for nitrogen in water and 65% for phosphorus; reeds have the ability to purify suspended solids, chlorides, organic nitrogen and sulfates in water, can absorb mercury and lead, and have a removal rate of 65% for phosphorus in water; water hyacinth, also known as water hyacinth, reproduces quickly and has strong pollution resistance, and can absorb nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and heavy metal ions; submerged plants can also promote the deposition of suspended solids and pollutants in water, and can reduce nutrients in water through absorption, transformation and accumulation, thereby inhibiting the production of planktonic algae in water bodies, while also preventing sediment resuspension and improving water transparency. In short, where aquatic plants flourish, water quality is clear, aquatic products are abundant, and the water body ecology is stable; where aquatic plants are lacking, water quality is turbid, aquatic animals are scarce, and the water body ecological environment is fragile. Aquatic plants have significant effects in beautifying waterscape views, purifying water quality and maintaining river ecological balance.

4. Riverbank protection and water source conservation function

By using plant root systems, which have strong soil-penetrating and soil-fixing ability, trees, shrubs and ground cover plants tolerant of water and moisture are planted on slopes and in the fluctuation zone (the water level variation zone between the highest and lowest water levels). On the one hand, this reduces surface runoff; on the other hand, it prevents or reduces erosion and scouring of riverbanks by water flow and waves, playing a role in soil fixation and slope protection. At the same time, the growth of plant roots, stems and leaves improves the soil, increases soil organic matter content, improves soil structure and properties, enhances soil water-holding capacity, and increases soil erosion resistance. Therefore, planting aquatic plants along banks can both conserve soil and water and play a role in soil fixation and bank protection, while also improving riverbank soil fertility and improving the ecological environment. Thus, planting plants to fix soil and protect banks is an effective and feasible form of ecological slope protection.

5. Economic benefits

Aquatic plants are good green manure and good forage grass. They are nutritionally rich and grow very quickly. The nitrogen and phosphorus in water are absorbed by them and converted into nutrients such as protein. According to research, every 100 grams of fresh grass contains 0.2-0.24 grams of nitrogen and 0.03-0.09 grams of phosphorus. From this it can be calculated that for every ton of grass grown in a lake, 2-2.4 kg of nitrogen can be absorbed. If the lake water is Class III water quality, with 5 grams of nitrogen per ton of water, one ton of fresh grass can absorb all the nitrogen in 800-1,000 tons of lake water, which can turn thousands of tons of lake water into Class I or Class II water, while one mu of water surface can produce dozens of tons of fresh grass and purify tens of thousands of tons of lake water. If these grasses are used to raise fish, ducks and geese, certain economic benefits can also be generated. Therefore, when planting aquatic plants, one may purposefully select some aquatic plants with relatively high use value, such as Azolla, water lettuce, alligator weed, water hyacinth and so on. Then release an appropriate amount of fish, shrimp and waterfowl in the water, harvest aquatic products in a timely manner, and keep the water body in a relatively stable ecological environment, thereby achieving both environmental and economic benefits.

III. Application prospects of aquatic plants

Thinking back to childhood, by the ponds in the countryside one could see lively reeds and Acorus calamus on the banks and aquatic plants floating on the water surface, with pond water so clear that the bottom was visible and fish swimming to and fro in the water; in the crevices of stones along the bank, one could reach in and catch snails and shrimp. Why was the river water naturally clear and transparent at that time? It was because aquatic plants and small aquatic organisms played a role in purifying water quality during their respective growth and reproduction processes. With the changes of the times, aquatic plants with water purification and landscaping functions have gradually been forgotten. In newly built water conservancy projects, their traces are no longer seen. Closed rubble revetments and concrete revetments built with the goal of controlling water flow have closed off the dream of restoring ecological rivers.
In recent years, Japan, Switzerland and other countries have proposed the application of "ecological engineering methods" to carry out "multi-natural" renovation and management of overly artificial river channels and water systems. Their basic concept is to follow natural laws and return places that belong to nature back to nature. Through ecological revetments and waterscape greening technology, they improve the comprehensive ecological and landscape benefits of waterscapes and provide living environments for animals and plants.

China is very rich in water resources, especially in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. This region is the main concentration area of freshwater lakes in China (accounting for about 60% of the country's total freshwater lake area), and most of them are shallow lakes. At present, these lakes generally suffer from eutrophication. In addition, with the widespread application of pesticides and chemical fertilizers, the water quality of rural inland rivers is also very seriously polluted, and a large amount of water quality purification urgently needs to be solved; the water quality pollution of urban inland rivers is even more serious, and artificial revetments are common. Recently, large cities such as Beijing, Shanghai, Suzhou, Hangzhou and Kunming have launched projects to rebuild and restore water body ecological environments, and have achieved certain results. Experiments have shown that aquatic plants play an important role in treating lake water, purifying water quality and restoring water body ecological environments.

Maintenance measures for the southern plant date palm

Part One: "Compilation of Southern Plants"

Plumeria

Plumeria, its flowers really resemble eggs: milky white on the outside and bright yellow in the center, just like egg white and egg yolk, and they look really cute. Its branches are thick and fleshy. The leaves are also large, and the flowers and leaves cluster at the tips of the branches. Plumeria blooms brilliantly in summer, giving people a feeling of purity and elegant temperament, and is very suitable for careful appreciation. After the leaves fall, the bare trunk bends naturally, and its form is very beautiful. It is very suitable for planting in courtyards and lawns. Plumeria likes a high-temperature, high-humidity environment with sufficient sunlight and good drainage. It is naturally robust and can tolerate drought, but it fears cold and dislikes waterlogging. It likes to grow in acidic soil, but is also resistant to alkalinity. For cultivation, deep, fertile, well-aerated acidic sandy loam rich in organic matter is best. Propagation uses the cutting method. When planting Plumeria, attention should also be paid to pest and disease control. For example, if small brown spots appear on the leaves or even the leaves turn dark black, that is because of Plumeria leaf spot disease, and at this time attention should be paid to taking measures. Of course, there may also be other diseases, so Plumeria needs your care and attention. In fact, in addition to white, Plumeria also has red and yellow types, all of which can be used to extract essence for making high-grade cosmetics, soap and food additives. The price is quite high, and it has great potential for commercial development; fresh flowers can also be dried and used to make tea, commonly known as Plumeria tea, which has the effects of treating heat dysentery and moistening the lungs to detoxify. The Plumeria tree has a beautiful tree form, with many branches on the stem, strange shapes and a thousand postures; the leaves resemble loquat leaves, and after they fall in winter, semicircular leaf scars remain on the branch tips, rather like deer antlers dotted with beautiful spots. It can be called the first-choice small tree for tropical landscaping, courtyard arrangement and potted appreciation. The bark is thin and grayish green, rich in toxic white sap, which can be used for external application to treat scabies, redness and swelling and other symptoms. The wood is white, light and soft, and can be used to make musical instruments, tableware or furniture. Plumeria flower language: nurturing hope, resurrection, rebirth, as simple and ordinary as life, so it can always be so close to people, without distance.

Magnolia

Magnolia is a tall deciduous tree, with dark gray bark, rough and cracked; the branchlets are slightly stout, grayish brown; the winter buds and flower stalks are densely covered with light gray-yellow long silky hairs. The leaves are papery, obovate, broadly obovate, or obovate-elliptic, and the vigorous branches and leaves at the base are elliptic. Magnolia flowers are very much like lotus flowers. When in full bloom, the petals spread in all directions, making the courtyard appear in patches of green and white, with dazzling white light, and they have high ornamental value; combined with waves of delicate fragrance that refresh the heart, they are truly an ideal flower type for beautifying courtyards. Magnolia likes light and is relatively cold-tolerant, and can overwinter in the open field. It loves dryness and dislikes low humidity; waterlogging at the planting site can easily cause root rot. It prefers fertile, well-drained, slightly acidic sandy soil, and can also grow in weakly alkaline soil. In the warmer south, it can bloom from December to January of the following year. Magnolia flowers have strong resistance to harmful gases. For example, if this flower is planted in a factory polluted by sulfur dioxide and chlorine gas, it has a certain resistance and sulfur-absorbing capacity. When artificially fumigated with sulfur dioxide, 1 kg of dry leaves can absorb more than 1.6 grams of sulfur. Therefore, Magnolia is a very good pollution-resistant greening tree species for areas with atmospheric pollution. Magnolia likes light; young trees are relatively shade-tolerant and not tolerant of strong light or west sunlight. Too strong light or west sunlight can easily scorch the trees. Magnolia likes fertilizer. In addition to applying base fertilizer at planting, fertilizer should be applied every year thereafter. Sufficient fertilizer can make the plant grow vigorously, with green and thick leaves, not only producing many flower buds, but also large flowers, a long flowering period and rich fragrance. Magnolia is a tree species with relatively strong disease resistance. Its main diseases include anthracnose, chlorosis and leaf scorch. Besides ornamental value, Magnolia also has medicinal and edible value. Magnolia flowers contain volatile oil, mainly citral, clove oil acid and so on, and also contain magnoflorine, alkaloids, yulan lactone, capric acid, rutin, oleic acid, vitamin A and other components, and have certain medicinal value. Magnolia flowers are pungent and warm in nature and flavor, and have the effects of dispelling wind and cold, opening the orifices, and diffusing the lungs and clearing the nose. They can be used for headaches, blood stasis-type dysmenorrhea, nasal congestion, acute and chronic sinusitis, allergic rhinitis and other symptoms. Modern pharmacological studies have shown that Magnolia flowers have an inhibitory effect on common dermatophytes.

Magnolia flowers are rich in vitamins, amino acids and various trace elements, and have the effects of dispelling wind and cold, and regulating qi and the lungs. They can be processed into snacks, or brewed as tea. The flower language of Magnolia represents gratitude. Magnolia often blooms large white flowers amid lush greenery, and with their fragrant scent they give people an indescribable temperament, truly fresh and lovely. Because the plant is tall and the flowering position is relatively high, they sway in the wind with a spirited appearance, like a heavenly maiden scattering flowers, very lovely.

Maranta

Maranta is an herbaceous plant. Most varieties have underground rhizomes or tubers. The leaves are solitary, relatively large, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, with veins arranged in a feather-like pattern, in two rows, and entire margins. Maranta is a relatively good ground cover plant with diverse colors, and is a very good foliage plant. Maranta is a tropical plant and likes a warm, humid and brightly lit environment. It is not cold-tolerant, nor drought-tolerant, and fears blazing sun exposure. If directly exposed to sunlight, the leaves will be scorched, causing local scorching at the leaf edges, stopping the growth of new leaves, and yellowing leaf color. Therefore, shading should be noted during cultivation. Maranta is relatively sensitive to water. During the growing period, it should be watered fully to keep the potting soil moist, but the soil should not be waterlogged, otherwise it will cause root rot and even plant death. Maranta is somewhat "delicate." It requires sufficient careful attention all 365 days. If there are a few days of major environmental fluctuation, it will leave "evidence of the crime" on the plant. This is the consensus of Maranta seedling merchants and producers. Maranta family plants do not have many pests and diseases, mainly scale insects, whiteflies and so on. Of course, it also has other values, such as medicinal value and dietary value. Maranta powder is almost entirely starch, contains no vitamins, and has a protein content of only 0.2%. It can be used as a thickener for soups, sauces, puddings and dessert pastries. Adding water and boiling produces a transparent, odorless and delicious paste. Maranta powder is fine in texture. Compared with other starches, it can be cooked at lower temperatures and in shorter times, and is easy to digest. It is especially suitable for custards and other egg products that cannot be overcooked, and is also suitable for making light-flavored, low-salt and low-protein foods. Effects: clears the lungs and stops cough, clears heat and promotes urination. Indications: used to treat cough due to lung heat and difficult painful urination due to damp-heat in the bladder.

Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum

Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum is an evergreen shrub or small tree. The bark is dark gray or light grayish brown, with many branches. The young branches are reddish brown, densely covered with stellate hairs. The leaves are leathery and alternate, ovate or elliptic, 2-5 cm long, with a short pointed apex, rounded and oblique base, asymmetrical, with stellate hairs on both sides, entire margins, dark red. Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum likes light and is slightly shade-tolerant, but in shade the leaf color easily turns green. It has strong adaptability and is drought-tolerant. It likes warmth and is cold-tolerant. It has strong sprouting and branching ability and is tolerant of pruning. It tolerates poor soil, but is suitable for growing in fertile, moist, slightly acidic soil. Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum has luxuriant branches and leaves, a graceful posture, is tolerant of pruning and tolerant of wiring, and can be used for hedges or for making stump bonsai. When it blooms, the whole tree is full of red flowers, extremely spectacular. Loropetalum is an evergreen plant, and its new leaves are bright red. Different strains have different leaf colors and flower colors at maturity, and leaf sizes also differ. In garden applications, the main considerations are leaf color and leaf size, creating color contrast through leaf color differences, and the flowering periods can also be staggered. Main pests: aphids, geometrid moths, yellow noctuid moths, armyworms, large and small cutworms, scarab beetles and so on. Common diseases of Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum: anthracnose, damping-off, mosaic disease. Anthracnose: mainly harms old leaves and basal leaves; because the leaves themselves are red, the lesions appear as

black round spots, or nearly round, causing early leaf fall, with serious damage in the rainy season from July to August. The pathogen is Actinonema. The fungus overwinters as mycelium on diseased leaves and is the initial infection source for the disease the following year. When you find disease on the branches and leaves of Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum, treatment must be carried out promptly.

Ornamental peach

Ornamental peach is a variety of peach, a tree, 3-8 m tall; the crown is broad and spreading; the bark is dark reddish brown, rough and scaly when old; the branchlets are slender, hairless, shiny, green, turning red on the sunny side, with many small lenticels; the winter buds are conical, blunt at the apex, covered with short pubescence, often clustered 2-3 together, with a leaf bud in the middle and flower buds on both sides. The leaves are oblong-lanceolate, elliptic-lanceolate, or obovate-lanceolate. Ornamental peach likes sunlight, is drought-tolerant, and is not tolerant of moist environments. It likes a warm climate, has good cold tolerance, and can overwinter safely in a natural environment at minus 25°C. It requires fertile, well-drained soil. It does not like waterlogging; if planted in low-lying waterlogged places, seedling death easily occurs. Garden value: Ornamental peach flowers are large and brightly colored, beautiful when blooming, with an ornamental period as long as 15 days. In landscaping, it is widely used around lakesides, streams, roadsides and parks, etc., and in small-scale greening projects such as courtyard greening accents and private gardens, and is also used for potted appreciation, and is often used for cut flowers and making bonsai. A common form is also weeping ornamental peach. Ornamental peach has a wide range of landscaping uses and outstanding greening effects, showing particularly good results in the year of planting. It can be planted in rows, in groups, or as specimens, and shows particularly good greening results in the same year. Ornamental peach is one of the commonly used colored nursery stock in landscaping, and is usually used together with plants such as purple-leaf plum and purple-leaf dwarf cherry. When combined with flowering shrubs, it forms a scene of a hundred flowers blooming together. Besides ornamental value, it also has medicinal value. The gum secreted from the peach trunk, commonly known as peach gum, can be used as an adhesive and so on. It is a polysaccharide substance, and hydrolysis can produce arabinose, galactose, xylose, rhamnose, glucuronic acid and so on. It is edible and also used medicinally, with the effects of breaking blood, harmonizing blood and boosting qi. Diseases and pests often occur in summer and autumn. Its main diseases include white rust and brown rot, shot hole disease, anthracnose, gummosis and leaf curl. Main pests include aphids, red spiders, scale insects, red-necked longhorn beetles and so on.

Artificial plant communities

1. Satsuki azalea + Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum + Euonymus japonicus 'Aureo-marginatus' + thornless holly ball

These four plants have strong adaptability and are relatively widely planted in Fuzhou. Three foliage-colored plants are planted linearly, giving rich leaf color, and together with large-sized thornless holly balls, they form a neat, full and clearly layered roadside greening color band effect.

2. Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum + Photinia × fraseri ball + Michelia figo + Japanese maple

Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum itself is widely planted in Fujian and has good adaptability, and both its leaf color and flower color are very beautiful, while the old leaves of the Photinia × fraseri ball are green and are accented by red new leaves. They set each other off and are extremely beautiful. The combination of the four plants has rich layers and forms a landscape road with longitudinal rhythm, spatial layering and a strong sense of guidance.

3. Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum + Fatsia japonica + Canary Island date palm + Plumeria

These plants are combined mainly with green as the dominant color, with leaves both small (Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum) and coarse and large (Fatsia japonica, Plumeria), while the Canary Island date palm adds a touch of tropical flavor. The layers are rich, and it has the effect of narrowing space, making people feel close to it.

4. Moso bamboo + iris

Moso bamboo is very suitable for planting in Fuzhou. It is a running bamboo, and the culms are spaced with gaps between dense and sparse. Iris has a graceful posture and gorgeous, varied flower colors. The two combined together have a very charming appeal.

5. Small-leaf gardenia + Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum + Aucuba japonica + Osmanthus

Small-leaf gardenia has leaves like sparrow tongues and a low plant form, and can be used as the lowest layer plant. Aucuba japonica has yellow spots on its leaves and is a relatively good foliage plant, while the tree Osmanthus has a delicate fragrance that refreshes the heart. The combination has both density and spacing, changes in leaf color, and the addition of floral fragrance.

6. Rhododendron pulchrum + Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum + Fagraea ceilanica + Canna

Rhododendron pulchrum has brilliant flowers, and with Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum and Fagraea ceilanica as a background, it is even more moving. Canna has coarse and large leaves, narrowing the space and making people feel intimate.

7. Ground cover lawn + marigold + Photinia × fraseri + Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum ball + Osmanthus fragrans 'Dangui'

With green ground cover as the base, marigold's bright yellow flowers are extremely beautiful. Behind the marigold, Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum and red Photinia serve as a background, and the Osmanthus fragrans 'Dangui' tree form spreads out. Several plants set each other off, with rich variation.

8. Ophiopogon japonicus + guava tree

Both Ophiopogon japonicus and guava tree adapt very well in Fuzhou and grow normally. The leaves are fine and soft, making Ophiopogon japonicus very suitable as ground cover. The guava tree has yellow, smooth bark and a graceful posture, with relatively large leaves arranged with both density and spacing, making it very suitable for open woodland paths.

9. Grassland + Agave americana 'Marginata' + pruned and shaped Ficus + Senna bicapsularis

With green grassland as the foundation, Agave americana 'Marginata' has coarse and large leaves, with silvery-yellow and green alternating leaf color, and is very coordinated when combined with pruned and shaped Ficus, while Senna bicapsularis has a beautiful posture and brilliant flower color. The combination of these plants has rich layers, and the colors change but remain coordinated.

10. Liriope + Rhapis excelsa + Areca palm + papaya tree

This plant configuration is suitable for one side of a small building. Liriope has fine and soft leaf shapes, while Rhapis excelsa and Areca palm have coarser and larger leaves, and papaya has large palmate leaves, with its fruit borne on the main trunk and a very graceful posture.

11. Acalypha wilkesiana + Duranta erecta + Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum

As a plant combination for pattern flower beds, Acalypha wilkesiana has bright leaf color and is used as the edge, Duranta erecta has yellow-green leaf color, and Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum has dark purple leaf color. The combination of the three plants as a pattern flower bed is extremely attractive.

Part Two: "Maintenance Plan 4"

Landscaping maintenance and management plan

Maintenance and management are very important in landscaping. It is a long-term, repeated task with relatively comprehensive technical requirements, including damage by people and livestock, sanitation and cleaning, pruning of flowers, grasses and trees, watering and fertilizing, pest and disease control, flower bed planting and so on. The completion of landscaped green space does not mean the completion of the landscape. People often say "three parts planting, seven parts management." Only with high-quality, high-level maintenance and management can the landscape gradually take shape and become perfect.

Current characteristics of plants in the park area:

1. The green area covers about 245419 ten-thousand sq m, with a high greening coverage rate. There are large numbers of trees of different specifications and varieties and pruned and shaped shrubs, and the initial growth has gradually taken shape. After careful investigation by us, the plant planting characteristics can be roughly divided into two areas according to the original master plan:

1) Plaza area: The plant planting style in this area is relatively open. The plaza is mainly planted with rows of ginkgo, zhennan and large trees,

with appropriate matching with low shrubs, and the overall space is relatively transparent.

2) Factory area: The plant varieties in this area are complexly matched, with large and small trees, shrubs and ground cover plants interplanted.

At the entrance, relatively precious large plants (Canary Island date palm, Jacaranda, small-leaf Ficus stumps,

top-grade Osmanthus, etc.) are dominant. Whether the office area courtyard can still maintain its elegant, clear and spacious

scenery, and whether the hotel villa area courtyard can still carry forward its delicate, gentle and relaxed atmosphere,

all depend on later maintenance and management.

2. From the greening conditions in the vertical area, we can find the following problems: ① The shaped shrubs are not growing well and their shapes are monotonous; ② The flowering shrubs have poor tree vigor, and their flowering conditions (including number of flowers, flower size, color, and secondary flowering) are unsatisfactory; ③ There are many weeds in the lawn, and in local areas the grass weeds have a tendency to spread rampantly; ④ There are pest and disease problems.

I. We plan to take the following rectification measures:

1. Promote three-dimensional horticulture and carry out varied and graceful shaping of hedges and shrubs. For flowering shrubs planted as accents, take growth-promoting measures to promote their growth and then shape them according to their form, which depends on the specific plant growth and plant shape; in some areas the hedges are highly regular, and the neat uniform long strips undoubtedly make the courtyard, which should be free and leisurely, appear mechanical and rigid. We can likewise try pruning them into wave shapes to match the relaxed and leisure landscaping of the residential area, enlivening the atmosphere of the entire courtyard and also creating a more smooth living environment.

2. Immediately begin pest and disease control. For plants showing pest and disease characteristics, immediately carry out large-scale chemical control.

3、

4、

5. For lawn weeds, apply chemicals and increase the workload of manual removal. For different plants, implement different maintenance and management plans (mainly fertilizer supply: base fertilizer, topdressing, foliar fertilizer; different plants and different seasons all have different fertilization methods and fertilizer choices). Plant labeling. We will classify and count all plants, then make green labels indicating their

family, genus and species, and growth habits, and label all plants in the area. This can

both enrich employees' common knowledge of plants and add to the cultural atmosphere of the park, and with eye-catching labels

bring more attention to the greening.

6. Greening maintenance is not a matter of one morning or one evening. While doing the rectification work well, we will likewise

adopt different maintenance and management measures for different plants at different times. We arrange our daily work by month

(detailed rules attached), striving to make our work bring the landscape effect in the blueprint to the extreme, and

likewise ask Party A to offer more opinions, so that our work can gradually become more perfect and complete.

7. Maintenance responsibilities

Within the contracted maintenance period, our company will, in accordance with landscaping maintenance operating procedures and landscaping maintenance quality standards, organize rationally, maintain carefully, and dispatch professional horticulturists to organize, guide and arrange management and protection work, and flexibly dispatch no fewer than experienced workers according to the weather in each season and plant growth conditions, to complete the maintenance and management tasks with guaranteed quality and quantity.

VI. Maintenance content

1. Management procedures: including watering, opening basins and earthing up, pruning, fertilizing, weeding, pruning and bud removal, pest and disease control, righting, and replanting (nursery stock costs calculated separately), and other complete processes. {Maintenance measures for the southern plant date palm}.

2. Management tools:

A. Flower shears, long shears, high-altitude shears, grass shovels, lawn mowers

B. Sprayers, buckets, dump carts, bamboo baskets

C. Shovels, hoes, saws, electric saws, ladders

D. Fuel, repair costs

3. Maintenance content:

A. Trees: apply organic fertilizer once a year, with 0.25 kg of cake fertilizer per tree, and topdress once, with 0.1 kg of compound fertilizer mixed with urea per tree, using hole application, spraying, water-soluble fertilizer, etc., then cover with soil and water thoroughly, with water penetration depth of more than 10 cm. Control pests and diseases promptly, maintain the natural growth state of the trees, with no need for shaping or pruning, and promptly cut off yellow branches, diseased and pest-infested branches, shaded vigorous branches and drooping branches that obstruct vehicle passage, and promptly clean up the pruned material. Remove weeds around the tree roots once a week to ensure no weeds.

B. Shrubs, hedges, bagged seedlings: fertilize once each quarter, applying 10 kg of urea mixed with compound fertilizer per 667 sq m, using broadcast application and water-soluble fertilizer, etc., watering once within three hours after application, watering once a day (except rainy days), with water penetration depth of more than 10 cm. Control pests and diseases promptly. For those pruned into round, square or conical shapes, carry out minor pruning once a week and major pruning once a month, with smooth and beautiful cut surfaces, promptly remove pruned material, promptly cut off dead branches and diseased and pest-infested branches, promptly replant old, diseased and dead plants, and remove weeds once a week.

C. Herbaceous plants: fertilize once each quarter, applying 10 kg of urea mixed with compound fertilizer per 667 sq m, using broadcast application and water-soluble fertilizer, etc., watering once within three hours after application, watering once a day (except rainy days), with water penetration depth of more than 10 cm. Control pests and diseases promptly, cut off spent flowers once a week, remove weeds once a week, and promptly cut off dead branches and yellow branches.

D. Taiwan grass: fertilize once each quarter, applying 10 kg of urea mixed with compound fertilizer per 667 sq m, with even fertilization and thorough watering, and water penetration depth of more than 5 cm. Control pests and diseases promptly, promptly replant wilted and dead missing parts, with coverage rate above 98%, and prune 1-2 times per month.

(II) Specific arrangements for one year of garden maintenance work:

January: the month with the lowest temperature in the whole year, when open-field trees are in a dormant state.

1. Winter pruning: fully carry out shaping and pruning work on deciduous trees; prune dead branches, damaged branches, diseased and pest-infested branches on large and small trees, and branches that obstruct overhead lines and buildings.

2. Street tree inspection: promptly inspect the tying and staking of street trees, and immediately rectify when loosened ties, wire embedded in bark, unstable stakes and other conditions are found.

3. Pest control: winter is a favorable season for eliminating garden pests. In the loose soil under trees, dig out and collect the pupae and cocoons of stinging moths and burn them in a concentrated way. In mid-January, scale insects begin to become active, but at this time they move slowly, and we can adopt the method of scraping off the larvae on tree trunks. Controlling pests in winter often achieves twice the result with half the effort.

4. Green space maintenance: in green spaces, flower beds and other places, attention should be paid to removing large weeds; lawns should be promptly weeded and edged; in green spaces, attention should be paid to antifreeze watering.

February: the temperature rises somewhat compared with last month, and trees are still in a dormant state.

1. Maintenance is basically the same as in January.

2. Pruning: continue pruning dead branches and diseased branches of large and small trees. Before the end of the month, finish pruning all kinds of trees.

3. Pest control: continue to focus on preventing stinging moths and scale insects.

March: the temperature continues to rise. After mid-month, trees begin to sprout, and in late month some trees (such as camellia) bloom.

1. Tree planting: spring is a favorable time for planting trees. After the soil thaws, promptly seize the opportunity to plant trees. Before planting large and small trees, complete planning and design, dig (excavate) the tree pits in advance, and ensure digging, transporting, planting and watering are done promptly. When planting shrubs, also ensure digging, transporting and planting are done promptly, and water fully to increase the seedling survival rate.

2. Spring irrigation: because spring is dry and windy with high evaporation, to prevent spring drought, water green spaces and other areas promptly.

3. Fertilization: after the soil thaws, apply base fertilizer to plants and irrigate. {Maintenance measures for the southern plant date palm}.

4. Pest and disease control: this month is a critical time for pest and disease control. Some nursery stocks have developed sooty mold, and the boxwood leaf roller has also appeared (use pesticides such as fenitrothion spraying for control). To control stinging moths, the method of digging out pupae can continue to be used.

April: the temperature continues to rise, and trees all sprout, bloom or unfold leaves and begin to enter the vigorous growth period.

1. Continue planting trees: in early April, promptly plant trees that sprout late, promptly pull out and replant shrubs that died in winter (azaleas, Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum, etc.), and water newly planted trees fully.

2. Irrigation: continue to water maintained green spaces promptly.

3. Fertilizing: For lawns and shrubs, combine with irrigation and apply a top dressing of quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer, or carry out foliar spraying as needed.

4. Pruning: Cut off branches that dried out in winter and spring; evergreen hedges can be pruned.

5. Pest and disease control: (1) After the second molting, scale insects gradually move into bark cracks, tree holes, the base of trunks, wall corners and other places, where they secrete a white waxy thin cocoon and pupate. They can be swept away with a stiff bamboo broom, then buried deep in a concentrated way or soaked. Alternatively, pesticides such as fenitrothion can be sprayed. (2) Longhorn beetles have begun their activity; larvae can be removed with a grafting knife or self-made steel wire, but the wound should be as small as possible. (3) Control of other pests and diseases.

6. Maintenance within green areas: Pay attention to the removal of weeds and climbing plants in large green areas. Lawn areas should also be weeded by hand and edged.

May: Temperatures rise sharply and trees grow rapidly.

1. Watering: During the peak leaf expansion period, trees have a very high water demand and should be watered in a timely manner.

2. Pruning: Prune spent flowers. Street trees receive their first bud-thinning and pruning.

3. Pest and disease control: Continue focusing on catching longhorn beetles. The first generation of nettle moths (Euproctis spp.) hatches but has not yet reached a harmful level; take corresponding measures according to the actual situation in the maintenance area. Sooty mold caused by scale insects, aphids, etc. also enters its peak period (on crape myrtle, pittosporum, oleander, etc.). In mid-to-late May, spray 10-20 times diluted rosin mixture and 50% parathion emulsion at 1500-2000 times dilution to control diseases and kill pests. (Other pesticides such as insecticidal antibiotics and Huabao can also be used.)

June: High temperatures

1. Watering: Plants have a high water demand and must be watered promptly; do not "leave it to the weather."

2. Fertilizing: Combine with loosening the soil and weeding, fertilizing and watering to achieve the best results.

3. Pruning: Continue bud-thinning and shoot-removal work on street trees. Carry out pruning on hedges, topiary balls and some flowering shrubs. {Maintenance measures for southern plants such as the date palm}.

4. Drainage work: During heavy rain, pay attention to drainage in low-lying areas.

5. Pest and disease control: In mid-to-late June, nettle moths enter their peak hatching period, and measures should be taken promptly; at present, spraying 50% fenitrothion emulsion at 500-800 times dilution is basically used. (Or spray compound BT emulsion.) Continue manual catching of longhorn beetles.

6. Do a good job of pre-flood and pre-typhoon inspection of trees; right, reinforce and re-tie trees that are loose or leaning.

July: Temperatures are at their highest, and strong winds and heavy rain will occur after mid-month.

1. Transplanting evergreen trees: During the rainy season, with sufficient moisture, conifers and bamboos can be transplanted, but pay attention to weather changes and water promptly once high temperatures occur.

2. Drainage: Drain promptly after heavy rain.

3. Top dressing: Apply quick-acting fertilizers such as nitrogen fertilizer dry before rain.

4. Street trees: Carry out typhoon-prevention bud-thinning and pruning; all branches that conflict with power lines must be pruned, and tree stakes must be checked one by one; if any are found to be loose or unstable, right them and tie them tightly immediately. Prepare labor organization, materials, tools and equipment in advance, and send people to inspect at any time, dealing with dangerous situations promptly.

5. Pest and disease control: Continue controlling longhorn beetles and nettle moths. For longhorn beetles, inject 50% fenitrothion at 1:50 dilution (or use Guoshubao, or Yuanke No. 3), then seal the hole; this can also achieve good results. For the camphor tree borer (Camphor shoot borer) on camphor trees, promptly prune off and destroy the pest nests to prevent further damage.

August: Still the rainy season

1. Drainage: After heavy rain, drain low-lying waterlogged areas promptly.

2. Typhoon-prevention work for street trees: Continue doing a good job of typhoon prevention for street trees.

3. Pruning: In addition to the general summer pruning of trees, carry out shaping pruning on hedges.

4. Cultivation and weeding: Weeds also grow vigorously, so weed promptly, and fertilizing can be combined with weeding.

5. Pest and disease control: Focus on catching longhorn beetles, and pay attention to catching longhorn beetles at the roots. Aphid damage and the camphor tree borer on camphor trees should be controlled promptly. In humid weather, pay attention to powdery mildew and rot diseases and take timely measures. September: Temperatures decline somewhat; do related work well in preparation for National Day.

1. Pruning: In preparation for city appearance work, thin buds below the third branching level of street trees. Shape-prune hedges. Weed within green areas, edge lawns, promptly remove dead trees, and ensure trees have green branches and leaves and green areas are clean and tidy.

2. Fertilizing: For some trees that grow weakly and have insufficiently plump branches, apply additional phosphorus and potassium fertilizers.

3. Pest and disease control: Shot hole disease (on cherry blossoms, peaches, plums, etc.) is at its peak; use 500% carbendazim at 1000 times dilution to prevent infection. Longhorn beetles begin to shift to damaging the roots; pay attention to catching longhorn beetles at the roots. Also promptly control wood borers (cossid moths) on poplars and willows. Do a good job of controlling other pests and diseases.

4. Before the holiday, do a good job of inspecting all kinds of greening facilities.

October: Temperatures drop; in late October early winter begins, trees start to shed leaves and gradually enter dormancy.

1. Prepare well for autumn tree planting; in late October, once cold-tolerant trees shed their leaves, planting can begin.

2. Green area maintenance: Remove dead trees promptly and water promptly. Hand-weeding and edging of green areas and lawns should be done well. Fertilize flowering plants that are growing poorly.

3. Pest and disease control: Continue catching longhorn beetles at the roots. Also pay attention to observing and controlling the camphor tree borer on camphor trees. November: The soil begins to freeze at night and thaw by day, entering deep winter.

1. Tree planting: Continue planting cold-tolerant plants, completing before the soil freezes.

2. Turning the soil: Turn the soil in green areas to expose pests preparing to overwinter.

3. Watering: Water dry, compacted soil, completing before freezing.

4. Pest and disease control: Various pests prepare to overwinter in late November, so the control task is relatively light.

December: Low temperatures; winter maintenance work begins.

1. Winter pruning: Prune some evergreen trees and shrubs.

2. Eliminate overwintering pests and diseases.

3. Prepare well for next year's adjustment work: After deciduous plants shed their leaves, observe the maintenance area and map out the positions to be adjusted.

VII. Green Area Maintenance Quality Objectives

1 Greening maintenance technical measures are complete and management is proper, achieving no bare yellow soil.

2 Garden plants

2.1 Growth is normal. Various plants in newly built green areas reach normal form within three years; if plants or grass are damaged or die due to poor management, the replacement seedlings must survive within one year.

2.2 Garden trees have basically complete crowns, with main and side branches evenly distributed, appropriate in number, and reasonably pruned; the inner canopy is not messy and is ventilated and light-transmitting. Flowering shrubs bloom promptly and normally, and are pruned promptly after flowering. Hedges and color blocks have normal branches and leaves and are neat and uniform. Street trees have no missing individuals, and there are no dead trees in green areas.

2.3 Deciduous trees have normal new shoot growth and normal leaf size and color. Under general conditions, yellow leaves, scorched leaves, curled leaves, and leaves with insect urine or insect webs must not exceed 5%, and the preservation rate of normal leaves is above 90%. Coni-

Section Three: "Annual Greening Maintenance Plan"

Annual Greening Maintenance Plan

January

1. Carry out winter shaping and pruning on various deciduous trees, cutting off dry branches, overlapping branches, crossing branches, diseased and pest-infested branches, and lower side branches, to ensure tree development trends toward the reasonable, improve branch form, and reduce the breeding of pests and diseases.

2. Appropriately thin trees that are too densely grown, which can reduce pests and diseases and increase growth vigor.

3. Carry out winter plowing and soil turning to improve the soil, and apply winter fertilizer to all trees, ground cover and lawns to ensure the nutrient needs of seedlings and lawns.

4. Winter is a favorable season for eliminating garden pests. In the loose soil under trees, dig out nettle moth pupae and cocoons and burn them in a concentrated way.

5. As appropriate, scarify certain types of lawns and prune 1-2 times. February

1. Carry out hand-weeding, pruning and fertilizing of lawns.

2. Do a good job of pest and disease control, especially paying attention to powdery mildew on Mahonia fortunei and the globular scale on coral trees and Fatsia japonica.

3. In particular, strengthen freeze-proofing and heat-preservation measures for trees, and do a good job of loosening soil and hilling soil around tree roots.

4. Apply one top dressing (urea) to cool-season lawns at the end of the month at 10g/mu.

March

1. To prevent spring drought, water trees promptly.

2. Roll lawns and remove weeds promptly, and clean up winter grass in tree beds and flower beds.

3. Pest and disease control: Strengthen observation and inspection, and do a good job of forecasting, reporting and control. Pay special attention to sooty mold and the boxwood leaf roller. In mid-March, eggs of the crape myrtle scale hatch; from late March, pear rust occurs on crabapples and cool-season lawns; pay attention to prevention reporting.

4. For local sunken or low-lying spots appearing in lawns, add soil and cover with sand; carry out low pruning on winter ryegrass lawns to ensure the germination and growth of the underlying grass.

April

1. Do a good job of loosening soil, weeding and pre-flowering fertilizing for field-planted flowers and trees. In particular, apply thin fertilizer to herbaceous perennials and spring-sown flowering plants; for lawns and shrubs, combine with irrigation and apply a top dressing of quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer, or carry out foliar spraying as needed.

2. Cut off branches that dried out in winter and spring; pruning of evergreen hedges can begin.

3. Pest and disease control: Mainly control aphids, sooty mold and beetles. Keep relevant records.

May

1. This month is the peak leaf expansion period for trees, with a very high water demand, so water promptly.

2. Prune spring flowering shrubs such as osmanthus and Malus halliana, and promptly carry out bud-thinning work on plane trees, red-leaf plum, crape myrtle and other trees.

3. Hoe weeds in flower beds and shrub color blocks. At the same time, carry out hand-weeding of lawns and promptly prune lawn grass to control its height.

4. Pest and disease control: Do a good job of forecasting, reporting and control.

June

1. Water plants promptly to ensure a sufficient water supply.

2. Loosen soil and hoe weeds in tree beds and color-block shrubs, and carry out hand-weeding of lawns.

3. Prune lawns promptly and control their growth height, and pay attention to controlling the occurrence of large-scale pests and diseases. Apply one application of compound fertilizer to lawns that are growing poorly or are short of fertilizer, so they can pass the summer safely.

4. Pest and disease control: Do a good job of forecasting, reporting and control.

July

1. In high-temperature weather, especially ensure that plant watering work is implemented.

2. Carry out soil loosening and hoeing of flower beds and color-block shrubs, and at the same time do a good job of hand-weeding ground cover. This month the weather is hot, with high temperatures and relatively high humidity; weeds grow quickly, so seize the opportunity to hoe and hand-weed to prevent grass from becoming overgrown, and continue cultivation, weeding and loosening the soil.

3. Do a good job of typhoon and flood prevention work; reinforce and secure trees in the garden to prevent lodging; for low-lying areas or places with severe water accumulation, promptly dredge and drain.

4. Pest and disease control: Do a good job of forecasting, reporting and control.

August

1. Carry out summer pruning of evergreen trees, and carry out shaping pruning of hedges.

2. Lawn weeds grow vigorously, so weed and prune promptly, control lawn height, and fertilizing can be combined with weeding. Timely supplementary and top-dressing fertilization is needed, mainly with P and K fertilizers, combined with N fertilizer; for small seedlings, shrubs and herbaceous flowers, apply thin fertilizer frequently, and at the same time pay attention to mastering the fertilization period and climate.

3. Under high-temperature weather, be sure to ensure daily watering and drought-relief work; it must not be chosen between 10:00 and 15:00 to avoid burning seedlings. (Including: tree bed maintenance, weed control, soil loosening, etc.)

4. Continue doing a good job of typhoon and flood prevention; further reinforce and secure large trees in residential areas to prevent lodging; and for low-lying and water-prone places, promptly dredge drainage channels to prevent water from accumulating for too long.

5. Pest and disease control: Do a good job of forecasting, reporting and control.

September

1. Carry out shaping pruning of hedges. Weed within green areas and promptly remove dead trees, so that trees have green branches and leaves and green areas are clean and tidy.

2. Thin trees that are too densely grown, and at the same time carry out bud-thinning work.

3. Prune lawns promptly, edge them, remove weeds, and pay attention to pest and disease control.

4. Carry out hoeing of flower beds and color-block shrubs, and at the same time do a good job of hand-weeding ground cover, and collect flower seeds.

5. Pest and disease control: Do a good job of forecasting, reporting and control.

October

1. Prune spherical shrubs to ensure a beautiful appearance, neatness and distinct layers. Prune the tree form of evergreen trees so that their growth and development trend toward the reasonable and their tree posture and appearance are improved.

2. Strengthen management of newly planted flowering plants, promptly fill gaps and water, and fertilize those growing poorly.

3. Pest and disease control: Do a good job of forecasting and reporting, actively control, and keep relevant records. November

1. Carry out thinning and pruning of evergreen trees and evergreen shrubs, mainly for ventilation and light transmission, reducing pests and diseases, and enhancing growth vigor.

2. Do a good job of hand-weeding and edging in flower beds, color-block shrubs and green areas, promptly pull out weeds, and promptly replant bare spots. As appropriate, adjust trees in some local layouts, and some evergreen trees and a few deciduous tree species can be transplanted. Also begin cold-proofing and warmth work; for trees with poor cold resistance,

wrap them with straw and hill up soil.

3. Strengthen maintenance management of newly planted plants, pay attention to timely watering, and prune appropriately. As appropriate, scarify and aerate lawns, and prune 2-3 times at the same time.

4. Carry out fertilizing work in late November, and carry out green area soil turning combined with increasing organic fertilizer application.

5. Pest and disease control: Do a good job of forecasting and reporting, actively control, and keep relevant records. December

1. Do a good job of hand-weeding and edging in color-block shrub areas and green areas, and promptly pull out weeds.

2. Carry out thinning and pruning of evergreen and deciduous trees and shrubs, mainly removing residual stumps and dead branches, in order to make next year's tree growth better (do not prune flowering shrubs that have already formed flower buds), and at the same time pay attention to cleaning pest cocoons on trunks and branches.

3. Wrap sago palms, date palms and other southern plants with straw rope to ensure they overwinter safely.

4. Pest and disease control: Do a good job of forecasting and reporting, actively control, and keep relevant records.

Section Four: "Latest Common Plants for Southern Landscapes"

Common Garden Plants for Southern Landscapes

Evergreen trees:

Norfolk Island pine, slash pine, Chinese fir, Caribbean pine, Chinese weeping cypress, mahogany, big-leaf mahogany, Sterculia lanceolata, Chinese saraca, sugar apple, longan, Dracontomelon duperreanum, Michelia macclurei, golden shower tree, Chinese arborvitae, Chinese juniper, dragon juniper, Fujian cypress, Buddhist pine, Japanese cedar, Taiwan nageia, long-leaf nageia, white champaca, southern magnolia, houpo magnolia, Cinnamomum burmannii, camphor tree, cinnamon, Gmelina arborea, Hainan ormosia, Taiwan acacia, ironwood, Bauhinia blakeana, Bauhinia purpurea, Bauhinia variegata, almond, mango, Ormosia henryi, Cleistocalyx operculatus, Elaeocarpus hainanensis, avocado, Alstonia scholaris, false betel nut palm, Chinese fan palm, fishtail palm, queen palm, rose apple, Syzygium hainanense, sapodilla, lemon-scented gum, Eucalyptus exserta, swamp mahogany, blue gum, cajeput, Aleurites moluccanus, Torreya grandis, Cephalotaxus fortunei, Indian rubber fig, Ficus altissima, small-leaf fig, Ficus auriculata, Ficus benjamina, Ficus virens, sacred fig, beefwood, jackfruit, Acer cinnamomifolium, Castanopsis sclerophylla, Cyclobalanopsis glauca, candlenut, silk oak, Elaeocarpus apiculatus, Elaeocarpus sphaericus, sea hibiscus, Ilex rotunda, glossy privet, osmanthus, loquat, Albizia falcataria, royal palm, Caryota obtusa, Washingtonia filifera, Arenga pinnata, Phoenix loureiroi, Bischofia javanica, rosewood, Dillenia indica, Artocarpus heterophyllus, Cassia surattensis, jackfruit tree, big-leaf privet, Michelia chapensis, Schefflera octophylla, Heteropanax fragrans

Deciduous trees:

Terminalia mantaly, Chinese swamp cypress, Chinese Alangium, Chinese tallow, Hovenia dulcis, sand pear, soapberry, whole-leaf goldenrain tree, frangipani, bald cypress, pond cypress, Chinese tulip tree, white magnolia, Chinese parasol tree, sawtooth oak, cork oak, Chinese hackberry, Chinese elm, white oak, camptotheca, big-leaf crape myrtle, Ceiba speciosa, flamboyant tree, Caesalpinia pulcherrima, Jacaranda mimosifolia, Cassia surattensis, chinaberry, Chukrasia tabularis, coral tree, cockspur coral tree, chestnut, silk tree, sweet acacia, Kalopanax septemlobus, sweetgum, weeping willow, Magnolia soulangeana, purple-leaf plum, ornamental peach, plum, papaya, Indian

rosewood, red-leaf plum

Evergreen shrubs:

Sago palm, Chinese plum yew, Aglaia odorata, big-leaf boxwood, Elaeagnus pungens, camellia sasanqua, Hainan coral tree, Aucuba japonica var. variegata, Hypericum, three-stamen areca, areca palm, Caryota mitis, Chuniophoenix, four-season Aglaia odorata, golden trumpet vine, Gendarussa vulgaris, bottlebrush, Carmona retusa, gardenia, crown of thorns, poinsettia, Jasminum mesnyi, Aucuba chinensis, Chinese holly, Azalea, Cordyline fruticosa, croton, Acalypha wilkesiana, Acalypha wilkesiana 'Marginata', Ficus microcarpa 'Golden Leaf', Senna tora, Rhododendron ovatum, Ardisia japonica, Murraya paniculata, Excoecaria cochinchinensis, Artabotrys hexapetalus, Camellia japonica, Camellia oleifera, big-leaf tea, oleander, yellow oleander, small-flower golden trumpet, Serissa japonica, Michelia figo, Pittosporum tobira, Mahonia, Nandina domestica, Fatsia japonica, Magnolia coco, Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, Chinese lantern flower, Rhododendron simsii, Yucca gloriosa, Yucca, Hainan boxwood, Licuala, Phoenix roebelenii, Caryota mitis, Rhapis humilis, Rhapis excelsa,

Golden Ficus, Fiddle-leaf Fig, Willow-leaf Fig, Golden Nerve Acanthus, Schefflera, Variegated Duranta, Yellow-leaf Duranta, Bailian (Buddleja asiatica), Golden-leaf Privet, Giant Taro, Philodendron selloum, Monstera, Aspidistra, Snake Plant, Rhaphiolepis indica, Variegated Hibiscus, Euphorbia cotinifolia, Little-leaf Boxwood, African Jasmine, Brunfelsia, Hamelia, Crinum Lily, Spider Lily, Calliandra, Red-leaf Loropetalum, Datura, White Mussaenda, Red Mussaenda, Azalea, Western Azalea, Senna bicapsularis, Hard-stem Trumpet Vine, Rose Myrtle, Ixora, Yunnan Yellow Jasmine, Jasmine, Jatropha pandurifolia, Blue Snowflower (Plumbago), Blue Star Flower (Oxypetalum), Butterfly Pea, Nandina, Pepper Tree (Zanthoxylum), Red-back Excoecaria,

Deciduous shrubs:

Cotton Rose Hibiscus, Bridal Wreath Spiraea, Reeves Spiraea, Modern Rose, Glossy Abelia, Pomegranate, Beautyberry, Purple Magnolia, Lespedeza, Amur Honeysuckle, Hydrangea, Rose of Sharon, Redbud, Dwarf Flowering Cherry, Spiraea prunifolia, Pearl Bush, Butterfly Tree, Elderberry, Fig, Sichuan Pepper, Trifoliate Orange, Butterfly Bush, Small-leaf Privet

Vines:

Monstera, Bougainvillea, Millettia reticulata, Firecracker Vine, Rangoon Creeper, Three-leaf Akebia, Honeysuckle, Fortune's Euonymus, Climbing Fig, Kiwi, Creeping Euonymus, Hong Kong Rhaphidophora, Mucuna Birdwoodiana, Hoya, Epipremnum pinnatum, Pothos, Star Jasmine, Chinese Ivy, English Ivy, Southern Schisandra, Boston Ivy, Trumpet Vine, Passionflower, Multi-flowered Lagerstroemia, Evergreen Mucuna, Large-flowered Thunbergia

Artabotrys, Large-flowered Thunbergia, Rangoon Creeper, Coral Vine, Boston Ivy, Firecracker Vine, White-flowered Mucuna, Clerodendrum speciosum, Wisteria, Climbing Fig, Cypress Vine, Morning Glory, Maple-leaf Morning Glory, Snake Vine, Jasminum officinale, Large-flowered Dutchman's Pipe, Garlic Vine, Wood Rose, Bignonia unguis-cati, Passionflower

Bamboo:

Bambusa textilis, Bambusa chungii, Moso Bamboo, Fernleaf Bamboo, Henon Bamboo, Bambusa vulgaris 'Vittata', Bambusa emeiensis, Bambusa multiplex, Pleioblastus amarus, Indocalamus, Buddha Belly Bamboo, Dendrocalamus latiflorus, Bambusa textilis, Thai Bamboo, Bambusa pervariabilis, Chimonobambusa quadrangularis, Green Bamboo, Bambusa multiplex 'Alphonse Karr', Bambusa multiplex 'Riviereorum', Red Bamboo

Lawn and Ground Cover Plants:

Bermuda Grass, Chinese Zoysia, Fine-leaf Zoysia, Carpet Grass, Centipede Grass, Paspalum distichum, Manila Grass, Zoysia, Guangdong Evergreen (Aglaonema), Spiderwort, Oyster Plant (Rhoeo), Liriope, Large-leaf Curculigo, Liriope spicata, Reineckea, Aspidistra, Black-eyed Susan, Acorus gramineus, Zephyr Lily, Pink Zephyr Lily, Golden Spider Lily, White Butterfly (Syngonium), Butterfly Iris, Red Oxalis, Tradescantia zebrina,

Calathea roseopicta, Syngonium, White Butterfly Syngonium, Pothos, Tradescantia zebrina, Boston Fern, Pilea, Small Oyster Plant, Peace Lily, Silver-edge Liriope, Red Lantana, Yellow Lantana, Purple Lantana,

Silver Ragwort, Bleeding Glory-bower, Shrimp Plant, Red Firecracker, Asparagus Fern, Beach Evening Primrose, Beach Morning Glory, Ivy, Star Jasmine, Ginger Lily, Umbrella Plant, Papyrus, Iris, Purple Loosestrife, Narcissus, Lotus, Water Lily, Trilobed Wedelia, Red Oxalis, Brazilian Peanut Vine, Dichondra, Purple Amaranth, Round-leaf Amaranth, Coleus, Fine-leaf Verbena, Alternanthera, Zephyr Lily, Pink Zephyr Lily, Amaryllis, Lily, Calla Lily, Periwinkle, Centipede Grass, Manila Grass, Korean Zoysia, Bermuda Grass, Large-leaf Carpet Grass, Variegated Axonopus, Bahia Grass, Dwarf Liriope

Palms:

Royal Palm, Washington Palm, Triangle Palm, King Palm, Foxtail Palm, Butia Palm, Bottle Palm, Club Palm, Middle East Date Palm, Canary Island Date Palm, Bismarck Palm, Oil Palm, Fishtail Palm (Caryota), Palm, Dragon-scale Palm, Chinese Fan Palm, Queen Palm, Fishtail Palm, Queen Palm, Mexican Fan Palm, Needle Palm, Short-spike Fishtail Palm, Long-spike Fishtail Palm, Areca Palm, Three-stamen Betel Nut, Traveler's Palm, Rhapis Palm,

Seasonal Flowers

Star Flower (Pentas), African Impatiens, Four-season Begonia, Scarlet Sage, Petunia, Hybrid Dianthus, Ornamental Kale, French Marigold, African Marigold, Nasturtium, Pansy, Summer Torenia, Cockscomb, Calendula, Globe Amaranth, Zinnia, Portulaca grandiflora, Portulaca, Cosmos, Cineraria, Spider Flower, Daylily, Lavender, Purple Loosestrife

Chapter 5: "Examples of Southern Plant Arrangements"

Southern Plant Arrangements

Philodendron selloum + Umbrella Plant + Variegated Galangal

Large Horse-tail Iron + Rainbow Horse-tail Iron + Nandina + Boston Fern + Placement Stone

Royal Palm + Fishtail Palm (Caryota) + Needle Palm + Canna + Coleus + Croton

Royal Palm + Canary Island Date Palm head + Red Iron + Red Mulberry (Acalypha) + Ixora

Royal Palm + False Betel Nut (Archontophoenix) + Areca Palm + Large-leaf Rhapis + Golden Leaf

Chapter 6: "Commonly Used Southern Landscape Plants"

Commonly Used Plants for Southern Gardens

I. Palms:

1. Royal Palm 2. False Betel Nut (Archontophoenix) 3. Washington Palm 4. Silver Date Palm 5. Canary Island Date Palm 6. Three-stamen Betel Nut

7. Chinese Fan Palm 8. Mexican Fan Palm 9. Areca Palm 10. Rhapis Palm (Fine-leaf Rhapis) 11. Queen Palm 12. Soft-leaf Phoenix

II. Trees (Street Trees, Shade Trees):

1. Flame Tree 2. Kapok 3. Silk Floss Tree 4. Coral Tree 5. Pointed-leaf Elaeocarpus 6. Alstonia

7. Small-leaf Banyan 8. Water Stone Banyan 9. Mango 10. Chinaberry 11. Cinnamomum 12. Large-leaf Tabebuia

13. Rosewood 14. Frangipani 15. Tropical Almond 16. Traveler's Palm 17. Red Screw Pine 18. Autumn Maple (Bischofia)

19. Star Fruit 20. Pointed-leaf Osmanthus 21. Golden Shower Tree 22. Albizia 23. Paperbark

24. Eucalyptus 25. Hainan Syzygium 26. Large-leaf Aphanamixis 27. Bauhinia 28. Mahogany

29. Mountain Fig 30. Flame Tree 31. Yellow Trumpet Tree 32. Goldenrain Tree

III. Flowering Shrubs:

1. Four-season Osmanthus 2. Fine-leaf Bamboo 3. Tree Fern 4. Yellow Ficus 5. Bougainvillea

6. Yellow Cassia 7. Red Bottlebrush 8. Golden-edge Sisal 9. Hibiscus 10. Fagraea 11. Variegated Ficus

12. Hibiscus 13. Michelia 14. Trumpet Vine 15. Calliandra 16. Tabernaemontana 17. Dragon Ixora

18. Agave 19. Yucca 20. Firecracker Vine 21. Yellow Oleander 22. Polyscias

IV. Ground Cover or Color Blocks:

1. Pittosporum 2. Monstera 3. Pothos 4. Bird's Nest Fern 5. Red Gem 6. Large-leaf Polygonum 7. Schefflera

8. Little Angel 9. Golden Leaf 10. Cuphea 11. Fine-leaf Frog Orchid 12. Calathea 13. Azalea

14. Dwarf Fan Palm 15. Philodendron selloum 16. Variegated Duranta 17. Spider Lily 18. Tradescantia zebrina 19. Soft-branch Allamanda

20. Variegated Galangal 21. Asparagus Fern 22. Golden Peanut 23. Fine-leaf Ixora 24. Boston Fern 25. Yellow Shrimp Plant

26. White Butterfly (Syngonium) 27. Pilea 28. Dieffenbachia 29. Rainbow Cordyline 30. Croton 31. Liriope

32. Silver-edge Grass 33. Jasmine 34. Velvet Calathea 35. Taiwan Grass 36. Large-leaf Carpet Grass

37. Manila Grass 38. Bermuda Grass 39. Ryegrass 40. Tall Fescue

Some other commonly used plants:

1. Bodhi Ficus 2. Mountain Fig 3. Water Stone Banyan 4. Bell Flower 5. National Day Flower 6. Golden Shower Tree

7. Siamese Senna 8. Sausage Tree 9. Thailand Yellow Large Yellow Flower Ball 10. Golden Melaleuca

11. Winged Cassia 12. Twin-pod Senna 13. Dwarf Crown of Thorns 14. Water Banyan 15. Grey Manglietia

16. Hainan Spotted Gold 17. Variegated Money Tree 18. Hainan Ormosia 19. Mahogany

20. Albizia 21. Sandalwood Cinnamon 22. Autumn Osmanthus 23. Bay Laurel 24. Mexican Fan Palm 25. Fine-leaf Bamboo

26. Indian Yellow (Purple) Sandalwood 27. Rosewood 28. Dianella 29. Leizhou Ficus 30. Cat-tail Tree

Commonly Used Southern Landscape Plants

1. Evergreen Trees

Norfolk Island Pine, Cunningham's Araucaria, Keteleeria, Large-leaf Araucaria, Kauri, Masson Pine, Slash Pine, Camphor Tree, Japanese Cinnamon, Giant Eucalyptus, Paperbark, Rose Apple, Hainan Syzygium, Autumn Maple (Bischofia), Taiwan Acacia, Maqian Acacia, Ear-pod Acacia, Rosewood, Small-leaf Banyan, Large-leaf Banyan, Mountain Fig, Bird Fig, Indian Rubber Fig, Variegated Indian Rubber Fig, Bodhi Tree, Candlenut, Mahogany, Dillenia, Alstonia, Tropical Almond, Small-leaf Tropical Almond, Jackfruit, Wax Apple, Indian Mango, Sapodilla, Chinaberry, Casuarina, White Magnolia, Night-fragrant Magnolia, Michelia macclurei, Small-leaf Elaeocarpus, Southern Magnolia, Yellow Hibiscus, Mango, Longan, Lychee, Olive, Loquat, Waxberry, Pomelo, Water Stone Banyan, Buddhist Pine, Dragon Juniper, Bamboo-leaf Pine, Osmanthus, Four-season Osmanthus, Michelia, Milan, Camellia, Weeping Ficus, Butterfly Fruit, Slant-leaf Ficus

2. Deciduous Trees

Dawn Redwood, Pond Cypress, Bald Cypress, Chinese Swamp Cypress, Tulip Tree, Chinese Parasol Tree, Bischofia, Albizia, Large-leaf Silk Tree, Silver Wattle, Sweetgum, Weeping Willow, Sausage Tree, Anthocephalus, Silver Oak, Hackberry, Soapberry, Chinese Pistache, Chinaberry, Chinese Tallow, Wood Tung, Ginkgo, Sterculia, Persimmon, Fig, Mulberry, Papaya, Guava, Red Maple, Acacia

3. Palms

False Betel Nut (Archontophoenix), Royal Palm, King Palm, Bottle Palm, Club Palm, Triangle Palm, Foxtail Palm, Queen Palm, Oil Palm, Sugar Palm, Large Washingtonia, Washington Palm, Canary Island Date Palm, Middle East Date Palm, Iranian Date Palm, Chinese Fan Palm, Fishtail Palm (Caryota), Sugar Palm, Scaly Phoenix, Soft-leaf Phoenix, Three-stamen Betel Nut, Green Palm, Fragrant Palm, Long-spike Fishtail Palm, Short-spike Fishtail Palm, Areca Palm, Palm, Banana, Traveler's Palm, Cordyline, Rhapis Palm, Fine-leaf Rhapis, Nicolai Bird of Paradise, Red-stem Philodendron, False Taro

4. Foliage Shrubs

Golden-leaf Weeping Ficus, Golden Ficus, Fiddle-leaf Fig, Willow-leaf Fig, Garcinia, Variegated Arundo, Drooping Polyalthia, Red Screw Pine, Pittosporum, Variegated Hibiscus, Sago Palm, Red Bottlebrush, Woody Night Jasmine, Smoketree, Golden Nerve Acanthus, Fatsia, Creeping Juniper, Variegated Cassava, Nandina, Schefflera, Variegated Schefflera, Pepper Tree (Zanthoxylum), Red-back Excoecaria, Red Mulberry (Acalypha), Japanese Lilac, Duranta, Variegated Duranta, Yellow-leaf Duranta, Orange Jasmine, Croton, Sword-leaf Croton, Hainan Croton, Spotted Croton, Bailian (Buddleja asiatica), Fukien Tea, Little-leaf Boxwood, Golden-leaf Privet, Crown of Thorns, Yellow-stripe Agave, Agave, Silver-edge Agave, Yucca, Bottle Palm, Aspidistra, Snake Plant, Cactus, Giant Taro, Philodendron selloum, Monstera, Variegated Shell Ginger, Scaevola, Rhaphiolepis indica, Variegated Breynia, Ceylon Phyllanthus, Rose

5. Flowering Shrubs

African Jasmine, Brunfelsia, Hamelia, Rose of Sharon, Hibiscus, Chinese Lantern, Sleeping Hibiscus, Poinsettia, Calliandra, Bougainvillea, Large-flowered Gardenia, Hydrangea, Red Bract Flower, Melastoma, Red-leaf Loropetalum, Datura, White Mussaenda, Red Mussaenda, Yellow Allamanda, Western Azalea, Senna bicapsularis, Hard-stem Trumpet Vine, Rose Myrtle, Ixora, Fern-leaf Pearl Bush, Yunnan Yellow Jasmine, Jasmine, Crinum Lily,

Spider Lily, Crab Claw Flower, Dwarf Canna, Stone Flax, Jatropha pandurifolia, Blue Snowflower (Plumbago), Blue Star Flower (Oxypetalum), Butterfly Pea

6. Ground Cover

Calathea roseopicta, Syngonium, White Butterfly Syngonium, Pothos, Tradescantia zebrina, Boston Fern, Pilea, Small Oyster Plant, Peace Lily, Liriope, Silver-edge Liriope, Red Lantana, Yellow Lantana, Purple Lantana, Silver Ragwort, Bleeding Glory-bower, Shrimp Plant, Red Firecracker, Asparagus Fern, Beach Evening Primrose, Beach Morning Glory, Ivy, Star Jasmine, Ginger Lily, Umbrella Plant, Papyrus, Iris, Purple Loosestrife, Narcissus, Lotus, Water Lily, Trilobed Wedelia, Red Oxalis, Brazilian Peanut Vine, Dichondra, Purple Amaranth, Round-leaf Amaranth, Coleus, Fine-leaf Verbena, Alternanthera, Zephyr Lily, Pink Zephyr Lily, Amaryllis, Lily, Calla Lily, Periwinkle, Centipede Grass, Manila Grass, Korean Zoysia, Bermuda Grass, Large-leaf Carpet Grass, Variegated Axonopus, Bahia Grass, Dwarf Liriope

7. Vines

Large-flowered Thunbergia, Rangoon Creeper, Coral Vine, Boston Ivy, Firecracker Vine, White-flowered Mucuna, Clerodendrum speciosum, Wisteria, Climbing Fig, Cypress Vine, Morning Glory, Maple-leaf Morning Glory, Snake Vine, Jasminum officinale, Large-flowered Dutchman's Pipe, Garlic Vine, Wood Rose, Bignonia unguis-cati, Passionflower

Chapter 7: "Southern Common Plant Arrangement Document"

Practical Plant Arrangement Table — Concise Table of Common Plant Arrangements

Aquatic Plants:

Wetland Plants: Hankow Willow, Weeping Willow, Cotton Willow, Sand Willow, Artemisia Willow, Soap Willow, Small-leaf Poplar, Liaoning Poplar, Sand Juniper, Chinese Juniper, Oriental Arborvitae, Dawn Redwood, Chinaberry, Chinese Wingnut, Ash, Forsythia, Elm, Cut-leaf Elm, Chinese Elm, Chinese Tallow, Cherry Blossom, Eucommia, Goldenrain Tree, Cotton Rose Hibiscus, Rose of Sharon, Oleander, Boston Ivy, Grape, Wisteria, False Indigo, Tamarisk, Buttercup, Water Hyacinth Cress, Long-leaf Alkali Buttercup, Marsh Willow-leaf, Willow-leaf Herb, Marsh Betony, Chinese Betony, Mint, Lindernia, Speedwell, Watercress, Scirpus, Water Woolflower, Flat-stem Scirpus, Water Nutgrass, Spiked Water Nutgrass, Globe-spike Pycreus, Red-scale Pycreus, Jointed Rush, Small-flower Rush, Small Rush, Fine Rush, Knotgrass, Common Smartweed, Red Smartweed, Clustered Smartweed, Dock-leaf Smartweed, Willow-leaf Thorn Smartweed, Small Arrow-leaf Smartweed, Polygonum perfoliatum, Thorn Smartweed, Halberd-leaf Smartweed, Large Halberd-leaf Smartweed, Japanese Knotweed, Lalang Grass, Reed Grass, Large-leaf Calamagrostis, Beckmannia, Long-awn Stickseed, Wild Arundo, Amur Silvergrass, Job's Tears, Hemarthria, Wetland Ligularia,

Emergent Plants: Water Onion, Reed, Lotus Root, Arrowhead, Broad-leaf Caldesia, Alisma, Lotus, Purple Loosestrife, Cattail, Duck-tongue Grass, Monochoria, Sweet Flag, Pickerelweed, Rice, Water Pen (Kandelia), Narcissus, Water Celery, Wild Rice Stem, Taro, Marsilea, Reed, Water Chestnut, Scirpus, Needle Rush, Water Torch (Typha), Umbrella Sedge, Broad-leaf Cattail

Floating Plants: Duckweed, Water Hyacinth, Water Lily, Euryale, Victoria Water Lily, Spatterdock, Water Hyacinth, Water Shield, Water Shield (Brasenia), Yellow Bladderwort, Floating Fern, Dragon-bone-petal Water Shield,

Submerged Plants: Hornwort, Water Plantain

Colorful-leaf Plants:

Red or Purple: Sweetgum, Lacquer Tree, Japanese Maple, Amur Maple, Oriental Bittersweet, Red Oak, Trident Maple, Chinese Tallow, Staghorn Sumac, Sumac, Mountain Ash, Nandina, Euonymus, Hawthorn, Chinese Pistache, Chinese Wingnut, Barberry, Hubei Hornbeam, Boston Ivy

Golden Yellow or Yellow-brown: Ginkgo, Persimmon, Goldenrain Tree, Tulip Tree, Chinese Parasol Tree, Elm, Walnut, Catalpa, Dawn Redwood, Crape Myrtle, Chinese Elm, Nanmu, Wild Jujube, Kiwi, Horse Chestnut, Water Elm Mountain Ash, Wintersweet, Pomegranate, Yellow Cassia, Witch Hazel, Soapberry, Acacia

Aromatic Plants:

Aromatic plants suitable for residential areas include: Mint, Basil, Lemon Balm, German Chamomile, Lemongrass, Sage, Dandelion, Calendula, Thyme, Borage, Scented Geranium, Mallow and other herbaceous plants; Lavender, Rosemary, Gardenia, Rose, Lemon Verbena and other shrubs.

Woody plants with fragrance rotating through the four seasons, for example: Plum blossom and Orange blossom in spring; Gardenia and White Magnolia in summer; Osmanthus in autumn and Wintersweet in winter.

Pollution-resistant and exhaust-resistant plants: Black Locust, Paulownia, White-bark Pine, Sabina, Coral Tree, Photinia, Pittosporum, Fatsia, etc.

Nitrogen-fixing plants: Robinia, Lonicera, Albizia, False Indigo, Caragana, Glycine, Lespedeza, Melilotus, Pisum, Phaseolus, Myrica, Elaeagnus, Cycas

Nectar-source, bird-attracting, butterfly-attracting plants: Dwarf Yew, Buddhist Pine, Torreya, Japanese Holly, Camphor, Waxberry, Privet, Ternstroemia, Viburnum, Aucuba, Mahonia, Firethorn, Boxwood, Pittosporum, Fatsia, etc., Large-leaf Butterfly Bush, Chinese Pistache, and other fragrant-flower plants (such as Citrus plants of the Rutaceae family)

Perennial (herbaceous) Flowers: Torch Lily (Red-hot Poker), Lupine, Blue Fescue, Astilbe, Coreopsis, Lysimachia, Oregano, Large-flowered Hibiscus, Red-flower Mint, Variegated Star Jasmine, Thistle-leaf Mesembryanthemum, Hellebore, Lycoris, Daylily, Iris, Spiderwort, Hosta, Variegated Canna, Red-leaf Canna, Dutch Aster, Large Wu Feng Zi Grass (Cacalia), Bletilla, Perennial Verbena

Four-season Flowering Trees:

Spring: Various Cherry Blossoms (Early Cherry, Late Cherry, Weeping Cherry, etc.), various Crabapples (Midget Crabapple, Chinese Crabapple, Hall Crabapple, etc.), Magnoliaceae (Southern Magnolia, Yulan Magnolia, Sulange Magnolia, Purple Magnolia, Red Magnolia, Michelia, Michelia maudiae, etc.), Redbud, Red-leaf

Plum, Peach Blossom, Camellia, Winter Jasmine, Lilac, etc.

Summer: Crape Myrtle, Rose of Sharon, Hydrangea, Michelia, Summer Azalea, Pomegranate (flower), Gardenia, Trumpet Vine, Silk Tree, Acacia. Autumn: Osmanthus, Crape Myrtle, Rose of Sharon, Flowering Pomegranate, Cotton Rose Hibiscus, Trumpet Vine, etc.

Winter: Honeysuckle, Nandina, Plum Blossom, Michelia, Camellia, Sasanqua, etc.

Classification Diagram of Common Greening Tree Species:

(I) Evergreen Conifers

1. Trees: Deodar Cedar, Korean Pine, Black Pine, Dragon Juniper, Masson Pine, Sabina, Sago Palm, Araucaria, Japanese Cedar, Torreya

2. Shrubs: (Buddhist Pine), Oriental Arborvitae, Bhutan Cypress, Creeping Juniper, Japanese Cedar, Five-needle Pine

(II) Deciduous Conifers (no shrubs):

Trees: Dawn Redwood, Golden Larch, Pond Cypress, Bald Cypress

(III) Evergreen Broadleaf Trees:

1. Trees: Camphor, Southern Magnolia, Privet, Palm

2. Shrubs: Coral Tree, Large-leaf Boxwood, Little-leaf Boxwood, Boxleaf Holly, Chinese Holly, Orange Tree, Photinia, Pittosporum, Osmanthus, Oleander, Yellow Jasmine, Winter Jasmine, Spotted Gold Coral, Nandina, June Snow (Serissa), Small-leaf Privet, Fatsia, Gardenia, Distylium, Camellia, Hypericum, Azalea, Yucca (Pineapple Flower, Arrow Hemp), Sago Palm (Iron Tree), Mahonia

(IV) Deciduous Broadleaf Trees:

1. Trees: Weeping Willow, Straight Willow, Chinese Wingnut, Dragon-claw Willow, Chinese Tallow, Pagoda Tree, Chinese Parasol

Tree (Chinese Parasol Tree), Sycamore (French Plane), Pagoda Tree (Chinese Scholar Tree), Flat-top Pagoda Tree, Silk Tree, Ginkgo, Chinaberry (Bitter Melon Tree), Catalpa

2. Shrubs: Cherry Blossom, Yulan Magnolia, Peach Blossom, Wintersweet, Crape Myrtle, Redbud, Maple, Green Maple, Red-leaf Plum, Hall Crabapple, Bellflower Crabapple, Hydrangea, Bridal Wreath Spiraea, Golden Bell Flower (Golden Strip), Cotton Rose Hibiscus, Rose of Sharon (Hibiscus Tree), Mountain Mahogany (Guiyuan Tree), Pomegranate

(V) Bamboo: Ci-xiao Bamboo, Giant Bamboo, Moso Bamboo, Purple Bamboo, Guanyin Bamboo, Fernleaf Bamboo, Buddha Belly Bamboo, Golden-inlay Jade Bamboo

(VI) Vines: Wisteria, Star Jasmine, Boston Ivy (Climbing Ivy, Wall-climbing Ivy), Ivy, Grape Vine, Fortune's Euonymus

(VII) Flowers: Sunflower (Portulaca), Everlasting Chrysanthemum, Scarlet Sage, Canna, Five-color Amaranth, Kale (Ball Cabbage), Chrysanthemum, Orchid

(VIII) Lawn: Velvet Grass, Zoysia, Liriope, Four-season Green Grass, Tall Fescue, Manila Grass, Clover, Dichondra

Detailed Table of Common Plant Arrangements

Common Street Tree Table

Name Scientific Name Family Tree Shape Characteristics

Camphor Cinnamomun camphcra Lauraceae Spherical Evergreen large tree, alternate leaves, three-veined, double aroma, spherical berries.

Sycamore Platanus x acerifolia Platanaceae Oval Prefers warmth, pollution-resistant, tolerant of pruning. Large crown and dense shade, suitable as street tree and shade tree.

Maple Liquidamdar formosana Hance. Hamamelidaceae Conical Deciduous tree, smooth gray bark, triangular leaves, slow growth, beautiful tree form

Flame Tree Delonix regia Raffin Fabaceae Umbrella-shaped Sun-loving, prefers warm-hot climate, not cold-tolerant, fast-growing, pollution-resistant, wind-resistant; beautiful red flowers, flowering period May to August

Silk Tree Albizia julibrissin Mimosaceae Umbrella-shaped Pink flowers, June to July, suitable as shade ornamental tree, street tree

Acacia Albizia farnesiana Wild. Mimosaceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous sub-tree, fast-growing, densely branched and leafy, golden-yellow flowers, excellent tree vigor

Weeping Willow Salix babylonica Linn. Salicaceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous sub-tree, suitable for low-temperature areas, grows luxuriantly and rapidly, beautiful tree form

Banyan tree Ficus retusa Linn. Moraceae Spherical Deciduous tree with a broad crown, fast-growing, densely shading, suitable for all kinds of pruning

Camphor tree Cinnamomum camphora Ness. Lauraceae Spherical Evergreen tree with a broad, large and rounded crown, vigorous growth, beautiful tree form

Chinese fan palm Livitonia chinensis R.Br. Arecaceae Umbrella-shaped Single upright trunk, dark green leaf surface, vigorous growth, very beautiful posture

Longan tree Euphoria longana Lanark. Sapindaceae Round Evergreen tree with a round crown, densely shading, relatively slow growth, very beautiful posture

Chinaberry (chinaberry tree) Melia azedarach Linn. Meliaceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous tree, fast-growing, irregular crown, slightly umbrella-shaped, pale purple flowers

Chinese parasol tree Sterculia platanifolia L. Sterculiaceae Umbrella-shaped Evergreen tree, broad leaves, fast-growing, upright when young, crown spreading when old

Paper mulberry Broussonetia papyrifera Vent. Moraceae Umbrella-shaped Evergreen tree, leaves huge and soft-thin, branches spreading in all directions, umbrella-shaped crown, posture also beautiful

Formosan alder Alnus formosana Makino. Fagaceae Umbrella-shaped Evergreen tree, tolerant of moisture and heat, unsuitable for dry land and hard soil, tall and beautiful tree form

Ash tree Faxinus insularis Hemsl. Oleaceae Umbrella-shaped Evergreen tree, vigorous, fast-growing, beautiful tree form and leaf shape Norfolk Island pine Araucaria cuninghamii Araucariaceae Conical Evergreen conifer, sun-loving, fond of warm and hot climate, not cold-tolerant, fond of fertilizer, fast-growing, narrow conical crown, graceful posture

Qinghai spruce Picea carassifolia Pinaceae Tower-shaped Evergreen conifer, neutral, shallow-rooted, suitable for the northwest region

Korean pine Pinus koraiensis Pinaceae Tower-shaped Evergreen conifer, weakly sun-loving, fond of cool and humid climate and acidic soil, needles blue-green

Chinese juniper (juniper) Sabina chinensis Cupressaceae Conical Evergreen conifer, sun-loving, young trees slightly shade-tolerant, tolerant of drought and barren soil, cold-tolerant, slightly moisture-tolerant, tolerant of pruning, good dust-proofing and sound-insulating effect

Southern magnolia Magnolia grandiflora L. Magnoliaceae Oval Evergreen tree, flowers large, white and fragrant, beautiful tree form,

Taiwan acacia Acacia confusa Merr. Fabaceae Umbrella-shaped Evergreen tree, bark smooth when young, rough when old, trunk mostly crooked, strong growth vigor

Date palm Phoenix dactylifera L. Arecaceae Pinnate Evergreen broadleaf tree, trunk branching, strong heat resistance, vigorous growth, posture also beautiful

Canary Island date palm (Canary date palm) Phoenix dactylifera Arecaceae Pinnate Evergreen broadleaf tree, trunk thick and sturdy, tall and majestic, pinnate leaves dense and spreading,

Royal palm (king coconut) Oreodoxa regia H.B.K. Arecaceae Umbrella-shaped Single upright trunk, up to 18m tall, slightly swollen in the middle, pinnate compound leaves, very strong vitality, great ornamental value

Ginkgo Ginkgo biloba Ginkgoaceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous broadleaf tree, autumn leaves yellow, cold-tolerant, deep-rooted, not tolerant of waterlogging, resistant to many toxic gases

Chinese tulip tree (Chinese tulip tree) Liriodendron chinense Magnoliaceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous broadleaf tree, fond of warm and humid climate, relatively strong resistance, fertile acidic soil, fast-growing, long-lived, leaves shaped like a mandarin jacket, flowers yellow-green, large and beautiful.

Chinese white poplar Populus tomentosa Salicaceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous broadleaf tree, fond of cool climate, pollution-resistant, deep-rooted, fast-growing, relatively long-lived; tree form upright, trunk straight, bark gray-white

Lombardy poplar Populus nigra var. italica Salicaceae Narrow cylindrical Deciduous broadleaf tree, cold-tolerant and drought-tolerant, slightly tolerant of saline-alkali and waterlogging, fast-growing

Chinese elm Ulmus parvifolia Ulmaceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous broadleaf tree, fond of warm and humid climate, tolerant of drought and barren soil, deep-rooted, fast-growing, long-lived, resistant to smoke, dust and toxic gases, strong dust-retention ability

Box elder (ash-leaved maple) Acer negundo Aceraceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous broadleaf tree, fond of fertile soil and cool humid climate, tolerant of smoke and dust, tolerant of dry cold, tolerant of light saline-alkali, tolerant of pruning, autumn leaves yellow{Maintenance measures for the southern plant date palm}.

Table of traits of commonly used landscape trees

Name Scientific name Family Tree shape Characteristics

Camphor tree Cinnamomun camphcra Lauraceae Spherical Large evergreen tree, leaves alternate, triplinerved, doubly aromatic, berries spherical.

London plane Platanus x acerifolia Platanaceae Oval Fond of warmth, pollution-resistant, tolerant of pruning. Large crown and dense shade, suitable as a street tree and courtyard shade tree.

Southern magnolia Magnolia grandiflora L. Magnoliaceae Oval Evergreen tree, flowers large, white and fragrant, beautiful tree form,

Yulan magnolia Magnolia denudata Magnoliaceae Umbrella-shaped Quite cold-tolerant, afraid of waterlogging. Flowers large and pure white, blooming from March to April. Suitable for courtyard viewing.

Chinese arborvitae Thuja orientalis Linn Cupressaceae Conical Evergreen tree, neat tree form when young, mostly crooked when old, strong growth, long-lived, beautiful tree posture

Ash tree Faxinus insularis Hemsl. Oleaceae Round Evergreen tree, vigorous, fast-growing, beautiful tree form and leaf shape Java bishopwood Bischoffia javanica Blanco Euphorbiaceae Round Evergreen tree, young leaves very beautiful when sprouting, vigorous growth, beautiful tree posture

Weeping willow Salix babylonica Linn. Salicaceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous small tree, suitable for low-temperature land, luxuriant and fast-growing, beautiful tree posture

Chinese incense cedar Calocedrus macrolepis Kurz Cupressaceae Umbrella-shaped Evergreen tree, bark gray-brown, showing irregular longitudinal fissures; twigs alternate, green when young, flat.

Royal palm Roystonea regia Arecaceae Umbrella-shaped Single upright trunk, up to 18m tall, slightly swollen in the middle, pinnate compound leaves, very strong vitality, great ornamental value

Japanese euonymus Euonymus japonica Celastraceae Oval Fond of warm and humid climate, resistant to toxic gases. Grown for foliage. Suitable for hedges and foundation planting.

Formosan gum Liquidamdar formosana Hance. Hamamelidaceae Conical Deciduous tree, bark gray and smooth, leaves triangular, slow-growing, beautiful tree posture

Chinese wingnut Pterocarya stenoptera Juglandaceae Umbrella-shaped Strong adaptability, tolerant of waterlogging, fast-growing. Suitable as a courtyard shade tree, street tree, bank-protection tree

Creeping juniper Sabina procumbens Cupressaceae Evergreen creeping dwarf shrub, branches and trunk creeping horizontally along the ground, leaves needle-like. Slow-growing, unique tree form, branches and leaves emerald green and flowing. Suitable for ground cover and landscaping around courtyard stones, ponds, sand pits, slopes, etc.{Maintenance measures for the southern plant date palm}.

Golden dewdrop Duranta repens Verbenaceae Round Evergreen shrub. Suitable for large potted plants, flower troughs, hedges. Golden dewdrop with yellow leaves is mainly grown for foliage, widely used, can be used as ground cover, pruned into shapes, composed into patterns, or planted to emphasize color combinations, dazzling and eye-catching. Chinese holly Ilex cornuta Aquifoliaceae Round Resistant to toxic gases, slow-growing. Green leaves and red fruits, very beautiful. Suitable for foundation planting. Paper mulberry Broussonetia papyrifera Vent. Moraceae Umbrella-shaped Evergreen tree, leaves huge and soft-thin, branches spreading in all directions, posture also beautiful

Chinese juniper Juniperus Chinensis Linn Cupressaceae Conical Evergreen medium tree, branches densely growing, dark green, vigorous growth, suitable for pruning, beautiful tree posture

Japanese pittosporum Pittosporum tobira Pittosporaceae Round White flowers fragrant, blooming in May. Suitable for foundation planting, as hedges or potted plants. Date palm Phoenix dactylifera Linn Arecaceae Umbrella-shaped Trunk tillering, up to 20~25m tall, leaves gray-white with arching curvature, vigorous growth, beautiful tree posture

Hankow willow Salix matsudana Salicaceae Umbrella-shaped Suitable as a courtyard shade tree, street tree, bank-protection tree

Silk tree Albizia julibrissin Mimosaceae Umbrella-shaped Flowers pink, June to July, suitable as a courtyard shade ornamental tree, street tree

Japanese black pine Pinus Thumbergii Porl. Pinaceae Conical Evergreen tree, bark gray-brown, twigs orange-yellow, needles hard, in pairs in clusters, long-lived

Purple-leaf plum Prunus cerasifera. F.arropurpurea Rosaceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous small tree, twigs smooth, red-brown, leaves oval, entirely purple-red, pale pink small flowers in April, drupe purple. Suitable for both specimen planting and group planting, as a background contrast.

Washington palm Washingtonia filifera Wend. Arecaceae Umbrella-shaped Single cylindrical trunk, base swollen, up to 4~8m tall, leaf blade fan-shaped and round, vigorous growth, beautiful tree posture{Maintenance measures for the southern plant date palm}.

Japanese pagoda tree Sophora japonica Fabaceae Umbrella-shaped Branches and leaves dense, crown broad, suitable as a courtyard shade tree, street tree

Glaucous cassia Cassia glauca Lam. Fabaceae Round Deciduous tree, even-pinnate compound leaves, flowers yellow, fast-growing, beautiful tree posture

Japanese maple Acer palmatum Aceraceae Umbrella-shaped Leaf shape elegant, autumn leaves red. Suitable for courtyard viewing and potted plants.

Golden larch Pseudolarix amabilis Rehd. Pinaceae Oval tower-shaped Evergreen tree, branches and leaves spreading, leaves linear, alternate on long shoots, small leaves radiating, tree posture vigorous and upright.

Bottle palm Hyophorbe amaricaulis Mart. Arecaceae Umbrella-shaped Trunk about 3 m tall, base oval and swollen, forming a wine bottle, very beautiful posture

Mandarin orange tree Citrus reticulata Rutaceae Round Flowers white, fruit yellow-green, fragrant. Suitable for group planting.

Chinaberry tree Melia azedarch Linn. Meliaceae Round Deciduous tree, bark gray-brown, bipinnate odd-pinnate compound leaves, flowers purple, fast-growing

Snowbush (Serissa) Serissa serissoides Rubiaceae Round Evergreen small shrub. Leaf color dark green, flowers snow-white, slightly pale pink. Branches and leaves slender, good texture, suitable for potted plants, low hedges, ground cover, flower beds, pruning and shaping.

Dragon juniper Juniperus chinensis var. Kaituka, Hort Cupressaceae Upright tower-shaped Evergreen medium tree, branches densely growing, dark green, vigorous growth, very long-lived, very beautiful tree posture

Dragon-claw pagoda tree S. j. cv. Pendula Fabaceae Umbrella-shaped Branches drooping, suitable for courtyard viewing, opposite planting or row planting

Corkscrew willow S. m. cv. Tortuosa Salicaceae Round Branches twisted like a dragon roaming, suitable as a courtyard shade tree, ornamental tree

Pygmy date palm Phehix Roebelenii Brien. Arecaceae Umbrella-shaped Trunk upright, 2m tall, petioles thin and small, leaflets alternate or opposite, an excellent variety with beautiful leaves

Buddhist pine Podocaarpus macrophyllus D. Don Podocarpaceae Long conical Evergreen tree, posture simple and elegant, can be pruned as high-grade bonsai material, or shaped into round, conical, layered forms for courtyard landscaping and beautification.

Masson pine Pinus massoniana Lamb. Pinaceae Umbrella-shaped Evergreen tree, trunk bark red-brown, winter buds brown, large trees majestic in posture

Nandina Nandina domestica Berberidaceae Umbrella-shaped Branches and leaves elegant, red fruits in autumn and winter; courtyard viewing, can be group planted or potted. Hoop pine Araucaria ecelsa Br. Araucariaceae Conical Evergreen coniferous tree, branches whorled, lower ones drooping, leaves dark green, beautiful tree posture, vigorous growth

Glossy privet Ligustrum lucidum Oleaceae Oval Flowers white, blooming in June. Suitable as hedges or street trees.

Chinese fan palm Livistona chinensis R. Br. Arecaceae Umbrella-shaped Trunk upright, up to 6~12m tall, leaves round, petiole margins spiny, luxuriant growth, elegant posture

Globe juniper Junlperus chinensis cv. Globosa. Cupressaceae Broadly round Shrub, no main trunk, branches clustered.

Green maple Acer serrulatum Aceraceae Umbrella-shaped conical Deciduous tree. Trunk upright. Tree posture light and graceful, can be grown into noble shaped bonsai, an elegant street tree, landscape tree, forest-bathing tree.

Boxleaf euonymus B. bodinieri Buxaceae Oval Branches and leaves fine and dense, suitable for courtyard viewing. Can be group planted, used as hedges or potted. Japanese cedar Cryptomeria japonica D. Don Taxodiaceae Conical, oval, round Evergreen tree. Branches whorled, graceful

Chapter Eight: "Cultivation and Maintenance of Arecaceae Plants"

The Arecaceae family is a very distinctive group of evergreen plants in the monocotyledon class, with stems single or clustered, upright or climbing; leaves clustered at the top of the stem, well-developed root system, tolerant of drought and barren soil, strong resistance to pests and diseases, and outstanding effect when used to create tropical-style garden landscapes. This edition will introduce its introduction, transplanting and disease control content.

Brief introduction to the introduction process

There are 183 genera and about 2400 species of Arecaceae plants worldwide, widely distributed in the tropical and subtropical humid regions of the world. High temperature and high humidity are important conditions for the normal growth and development of most palm plants; a few palm plants have unique adaptability to adverse environments, such as the silver date palm (wild date palm) distributed in extremely arid areas at the edge of deserts, and quite a few palm species that can tolerate long-term water immersion, such as the swamp palm. Most palm plants are rich in fiber, with tough stems and well-developed root systems, and have strong wind resistance, such as the Alexander palm and the Chinese fan palm.

Since the 1940s, in the construction of numerous tropical and subtropical cities around the world, the landscape effect of palm plants has been recognized, and they have been used as key varieties for urban greening and beautification, such as Miami in the United States, Jakarta in India, Bangkok in Thailand, as well as Cape Town in South Africa and Singapore, etc.

Some landscaping companies in Guangdong began the work of introducing and applying palm plants since the early 1980s. Over the following more than twenty years, southern provinces and regions such as Guangxi, Fujian and Yunnan, as well as later Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Shanghai, Chongqing and Yunnan and other areas, successively set off a boom of introducing, producing and applying palms.

Several units led by the Guangdong Palm Landscape Company, based on theories of plant geography and ecology, through observational research on the growth conditions and mortality rates of introduced and acclimatized Arecaceae plants, found that plants native to the Northern Hemisphere generally have cold-tolerance potential because they experienced ancient glacial climates, while species native to high latitudes and high altitudes in the Southern Hemisphere also have relatively strong cold tolerance. Through research on the cold tolerance and cold-tolerance mechanisms of palm plants, researchers found that the main factors affecting introduction and acclimatization are: temperature, light, humidity, water and soil, etc. The most significant effect of the temperature factor is governing plant growth and development; low temperature in winter is the leading factor affecting the success or failure of palm plant introduction and acclimatization; through research on palm salt tolerance and shade tolerance, researchers screened out a batch of varieties with relatively strong saline-alkali tolerance and shade tolerance; at the same time, through the control of pests and diseases such as palm phytophthora disease, coconut leaf beetle, and red palm weevil, the incidence of palm pests and diseases has been greatly reduced. In addition, researchers also studied the mechanism of palm seed germination, summarized and invented the technique of palm seed germination acceleration, mastered the techniques of whole-crown transplanting of palm plants and cultivation of large-specification container seedlings, and did effective work on techniques such as soil improvement and winter cold-protection and conservation.

At present, researchers have screened and promoted about 80 species of palm plants in South China, including royal palm, Chinese fan palm, palm bamboo, south coconut, fishtail palm, etc.; in Shanghai and surrounding areas, the successfully applied Arecaceae plants mainly include Butia palm, hairy Washington palm, Canary Island date palm, Washington palm and more than ten other species, and the related research techniques have been appraised by experts as reaching the world's advanced level.

Taking the Washington palm as an example

Discussing the occurrence and control of phytophthora disease

Harm and general symptoms of palm phytophthora disease

This disease often occurs and causes harm on palm plants such as royal palm, large Chinese fan palm, Washington palm, Mexican fan palm, and Canary Island date palm; the heart leaves of affected plants cannot emerge normally, new leaves shrink and dry up, and in severe cases the whole plant withers in patches. The pathogen of phytophthora disease is caused by Phytophthora and can be identified by culture in an incubator. The pathogen mainly overwinters in the soil or on diseased plant residues. The pathogen spreads through watering, rain splash, air movement, etc.

Occurrence pattern of Washington palm phytophthora disease

This disease occurs during the high-temperature and humid period between summer and autumn. Drought followed by rain or poor management after transplanting, such as heavy watering, soil water content

suddenly increasing, poor ventilation, or plants located in a wind gap, are prone to infection. The disease is severe in low-lying, poorly drained, and continuous-cropping plots. In addition, this disease is often related to severe root injury caused when digging seedlings, followed by long-distance transport.

When it occurs, the base of the unexpanded young heart leaf rots, the leaf turns gray-green and droops, and it can be pulled out with a slight pull. Dissecting the stem, the growth point and even the entire heart of the plant can be seen to have paste-like secretions with a foul odor, and the infected tissue can grow white mold-like matter. In severely affected plants, root damage is also often seen, with the main symptoms being blackened and rotting roots, smelling off

odor. This disease mainly occurs at the seedling stage and in nurseries; adult trees planted in green spaces are less affected.

Symptoms

In recent years, the harm has been relatively severe in nursery land. In the early stage of the disease, yellow-brown water-soaked lesions first appear near the ground, the lesions rapidly expand and are slightly sunken, and when humid the surface is densely covered with white cottony mold, and the diseased part rots and smells bad. When it occurs on leaves, the diseased part is yellow-brown, and white mold grows under humid conditions. When it occurs on stems, it is initially dark green, then expands, becomes moist and soft, and later the upper part shows withering. This disease can harm the entire palm plant. Sometimes the root system and stem show purulent liquid exudation when cut open, and in severe cases the edges of the veins of young leaves carry large amounts of gray-black mycelium. Phytophthora disease is a vascular bundle disease; in severe cases the whole plant wilts, droops, dries up, and eventually dies, with a high fatality rate.

According to investigation, the peak period of this disease is mostly the high-temperature and humid period, that is, the optimum temperature is 27°C to 35°C. For example, in 2006, the disease period in the coastal areas near the Pearl River Delta was July to October, Xiamen August to November, Shanghai June to September (also occurring in early spring), and the mountainous areas of western Pearl River Delta August to November, but everywhere the disease can be seen within 1 to 2 months after typhoons and rainstorms, sometimes occurring sporadically, sometimes appearing in patches.

Control methods

I. Preventive cultivation measures

1. Pay attention to ventilation, dryness and drainage in the nursery; you may moderately prune leaves each autumn and winter, and dig pits and earth up the planting site, etc., to keep the nursery land dry. Usually you can apply more potassium fertilizer, and can also apply quicklime, superphosphate, etc. separately, to enhance the density of plant tissues and resistance to infection, and improve the disease resistance of plants.

2. Choose a good plot; choose loam or sandy loam plots with high terrain and good drainage for planting.

3. Implement crop rotation; land that has been planted with Washington palm requires crop rotation of three to four years or more.

4. Strengthen field management, apply more organic fertilizer, promote robust plant growth, deep roots and lush leaves, and improve resistance. Implement high-ridge (bed) cultivation. Appropriately control watering in the rainy season, drain water promptly after rain, and ensure the ground is dry after rain; water promptly in drought, and strictly forbid flood irrigation when watering, and do it in the sunny afternoon or evening.

5. Achieve prevention first and integrated control. Pay attention to observation at ordinary times, often prune dead branches and fallen leaves, and upon finding diseased plants, clean them up promptly, bury them deeply or burn them, and disinfect the diseased holes with lime.

II. Chemical control

One to two months before the onset of the disease in summer and during the disease period, use 64% Duofosan (Sandoz) wettable powder (1:500 to 600), 80% fosetyl-aluminum (1:400), or other hymexazol-type products such as Kameitong, i.e., soil fungicide (usual amount 600 to 700 times), lime-sulfur mixture (1:1:100), Dexon (500 times), etc. for control. Specific control methods: when transplanting Washington palm, first spray the planting site and the roots of Washington palm with 600 to 700 times soil fungicide solution, or on consecutive sunny days first dig pits and expose them to the sun for sterilization, or spread lime powder for disinfection, or use Dexon 500 times solution for soil disinfection.

After a typhoon, promptly spray Duofosan (better) or fosetyl-aluminum (prone to developing drug resistance), adding 0.4% washing powder, and pour into the heart or spray for both prevention and treatment. You can also spray with 80% mancozeb 700 times solution, once every 7 to 10 days, spraying two or three times in succession, which can effectively prevent and control the occurrence of phytophthora disease. After adopting this measure, the incidence rate of Washington palm and hairy Washington palm at the Shanghai base of Guangdong Palm Landscape Company has dropped from 20% in 2004 to below 10%.

Control experience

The control effect of using carbendazim, etc. is not obvious. If in the early stage of the disease all leaves are cut off and the plant is transplanted elsewhere, about 30% can successively revive after 2 to 3 years, but the growth is poor.

It is understood that this disease rarely occurs in high-temperature and dry areas such as Los Angeles, so this disease is related to high temperature and high humidity, and the infection route is through surface water, groundwater and rainwater, etc. When the plant's root system, trunk, leaves, etc. are damaged, the pathogen invades and multiplies in large numbers when water is sufficient, ultimately causing blockage of the vascular conducting tissue, and the plant wilts and dies from water loss. The heart rot disease described in some literature is actually also phytophthora disease, only occurring at the heart leaf part.

This disease is different from anthracnose; the latter occurs on leaves, with water-soaked small spots appearing at onset, then expanding into larger lesions, easy to find, and generally controllable with agents such as carbendazim. As for leaf spot disease, it refers to diseases occurring on leaves, with common pathogens being Phyllosticta, Pestalotiopsis, etc., often causing leaf blight, but anthracnose and leaf spot disease rarely cause plant death. Transplanting techniques for large single-trunk seedlings

Preparation before transplanting

1. Root-prune the seedlings to be transplanted in advance; after root pruning, the soil ball size is twice the ground diameter, and the root-pruning depth is 50 cm to 60 cm. Stones and broken roots should be removed from the root-pruned soil and then backfilled promptly, and moisture should be maintained: the purpose is to exercise the adaptability of the seedlings and promote new root growth. After root pruning, it is best to keep them for more than 30 days, and transplant only when new roots begin to sprout. If hardened-off (heeling-in) seedlings are used, the effect is even better.

2. Dig holes and prepare the land. Dig holes 20 days before transplanting at the planting site; the hole specification is generally 1.5 times the soil ball. Leave the soil dug from the holes exposed to the sun for a period; the backfill soil is best a pre-prepared mixed soil: pond sludge + farmyard manure or mushroom soil + an appropriate amount of decomposed phosphate fertilizer + an appropriate amount of river sand, with sand:soil at 4:6.

Planting time

In the Pearl River Delta region, transplanting can be done throughout the year, with spring and autumn being the best, and summer and winter should be avoided as much as possible, especially January and July. Most Arecaceae plants like warmth and humidity; in summer the temperature is high, seedlings evaporate water quickly, easily causing excessive water loss and affecting survival; in winter the temperature is low, some places even have frost, and strong north winds easily cause frostbite or even freezing death of seedlings.

Moving seedlings

Some large single-trunk Arecaceae seedlings have relatively thick stems, the workload of moving seedlings is large, and the seedlings are very easily injured; therefore, when moving seedlings, the trunk should be wrapped with burlap bags or straw, especially the green wrapping part at the boundary between the trunk and the petiole. First, it protects the trunk; second, it maintains moisture and prevents sunburn. In addition, when lifting seedlings, combine with pruning leaves, remove old leaves, and retain 40% to 45% of the leaves (specifically depending on the tree vigor). At the same time, cut off the leaves together with the petiole by 1/5, to minimize water evaporation.

Planting

It is best to plant seedlings the same day they are dug; if the time is too long, the seedlings evaporate a lot of water and are easily affected in survival due to water loss. If they cannot all be planted the same day, cover them with shade netting and spray a small amount of water on the leaf surface every day, doing well in shading and moisture retention.

1. Backfilling soil Once the seedling is positioned, backfill the soil. When the backfill reaches half the height of the soil ball, first compact the loose soil. After backfilling is complete, make the soil mound into a "water storage basin" with slightly higher surroundings and a slightly lower middle, to facilitate watering and moisture retention.

2. Watering Water thoroughly to settle the roots immediately after backfilling; before watering, first use bamboo poles, etc. to poke and compact the loose soil around the soil ball, until the loose soil no longer sinks.

3. Fixing There are many kinds of supports; building a triangular support with three bamboo poles is the most economical and practical one. The tying height is at 2/3 of the trunk.

Post-planting management

1. Moisture retention Spray the leaves and trunk wrapping twice a day, except on rainy days, until the leaves and trunk wrapping are wet. Do not water at the roots, because excess water will flow downward, and water accumulation causes root rot. Cover the area around the tree base with straw for sun protection, to prevent excessive soil temperature differences from causing soil compaction, and to keep the soil around the soil ball loose, moist and aerated, which is conducive to new root sprouting.

2. Wind protection Because transplanted large single-trunk palm plants are generally relatively tall, and after transplanting are often affected by thunderstorms and strong winds, the supports should be checked regularly after planting to see whether they have loosened; especially after strong winds, if the trunk is found to be leaning, it should be straightened and tied promptly.

3. Topdressing About one month after planting, urea water can be used for foliar topdressing by spraying, with topdressing about once every half a month. After the first new leaf grows out and matures, use fully decomposed peanut bran for hole fertilization. Dig the hole position outside the edge of the soil ball to open a ring-shaped trench, with trench width and depth each 30 cm, and the fertilizer and backfill soil should be mixed evenly.

4. Pest and disease control Newly transplanted large single-trunk Arecaceae seedlings are relatively weak in tree vigor and extremely susceptible to pests and diseases, especially tender leaves and heart leaves. For insect control, 5% methamidophos plus 5% omethoate can be applied. At present, the invasive pest "coconut leaf beetle" is quite harmful to Arecaceae plants; adults and larvae concentrate in the overlapping spaces of the not-yet-unfolded heart leaves and gnaw the leaf flesh, causing part or all of the newly emerged leaves to die, and affected plants grow slowly or even die. The control methods are as follows: ① 81% malathion emulsion 1000 times solution; ② cypermethrin 500 times solution; ③ use "Yejiaqing", all of which can achieve good control effects. Based on actual operation, the author believes that the simplest, most convenient and long-lasting method is to hang a packet of "Yejiaqing" on the heart leaf in combination with tying during planting for control.

For single-trunk palm family large seedlings, about one month after planting, whether they have survived can be roughly determined by whether their leaves remain green. However, to truly confirm survival, one generally must wait until after one growing season, using whether new shoots and new roots have emerged as the standard. After the author adopted the above transplanting techniques during construction, the transplanting survival rate increased from the original 75% to over 90%, and the above techniques are highly practical and worth promoting and applying.

Transplanting techniques for seedlings, large trees and clumping palms

Key techniques for transplanting seedlings

Palm family plants are most suitable for transplanting during the period after germination and rooting. At this time the seedlings are relatively small and can be transplanted with the seeds, and since they have few fibrous roots, the root system is not easily damaged during transplanting. When using nutrition bags for seedling cultivation, the size depends on the length of time the seedlings will be grown. Generally speaking, 16 cm x 18 cm containers are suitable for 1-year-old seedlings, and 19 cm x 20 cm for 2-year-old seedlings. Nutrition bags that are too small are not conducive to rapid seedling growth. The nutrition soil is prepared by mixing loose topsoil, burnt soil and wheat bran in a 5:2:1 ratio with a small amount of phosphate fertilizer, mixing evenly and then filling the bags. First fill half the bag with the mixed soil, then place the seedling, straighten the seedling, fill the bag full and compact it so that the seedling roots are pressed tightly against the mixed soil, then water thoroughly. Palm family plants must not be planted too deep, otherwise seedling growth will be affected. If planted too deep, the seedling should be lifted upward so that the seedling roots spread out.

Key techniques for transplanting large trees

Palm family plants are cultivated in nurseries for 5 to 10 years, and most require several rounds of bed-to-bed transplanting, so selecting widely spaced, strong seedlings results in a higher survival rate.

Reduce damage to the root mass. Palm plant root tissues are tender, with many lateral roots and capillary roots. When digging, bring as large a root ball as possible and prevent it from loosening and cracking. Minimize damage to the root mass to the greatest extent so as to maintain normal respiration and water absorption capacity and increase the transplanting survival rate. During construction, lines should be accurately laid out and planting holes accurately positioned to avoid rework and prevent the soil ball from loosening.

Leaf pruning. The amount of leaves retained at transplanting should be comprehensively determined according to the different species, the climate at transplanting time, and the transplanting and maintenance conditions.

Generally about 40% of the original number of leaves should be retained. Retaining too many leaves causes the leaves to turn yellow and wither due to heavy water evaporation; retaining too few leaves makes it difficult for the plant to recover and lengthens the recovery period, and the initial landscape effect is also poor.

Protect the plant's trunk and its pseudostem. During digging, handling, loading and unloading of the plant, the trunk should be protected from damage, and the pseudostem should not be squeezed or bent. This is the guarantee of the plant's health and its fastest possible recovery.

Soil at the new planting site. Palm family plants suffer damage to root tips during transplanting, and within one month after transplanting it is very difficult for new root tips to sprout, so their water absorption capacity is weak. At this time, if the soil has good permeability and aeration, it is conducive to seedling survival. Therefore, when planting, large holes should be dug and attention paid to the quality of the imported soil, adding peat soil and compound fertilizer to help the palms recover after planting.

Maintenance. Within one month after planting, the plants have poor adaptability and the seedlings should be carefully maintained. Water must be replenished in a timely manner and appropriate shading provided, striving to have new leaves emerge within three months. If continuous rainy weather occurs for several days after transplanting, the palm seedlings will recover better, because rainy days can avoid the effects of adverse factors such as scorching sun exposure.

Key techniques for transplanting large clumping palms

Clumping species of the palm family have multiple growth points. After growing into a multi-stemmed clumping state, they can grow new roots relatively quickly after transplanting. However, clumping palms also have disadvantages such as heavy trunks and large leaf areas causing high water evaporation, and poor ventilation making them vulnerable to strong winds. Therefore, in addition to the measures for transplanting single-trunk palms, the following technical measures should be added:

1. Implement the "hairy root method" of transplanting. That is, after digging out a relatively large soil ball, use a small shovel to remove part of the soil along the outer edge of the soil ball, retaining more fibrous roots and a moderate soil ball, and then immediately wrap it with a lightweight moisture-retaining material, so as to reduce the weight of the soil ball while ensuring survival. For example, this method can be used for transplanting slower-recovering clumping palms such as fishbone palm and three-medicine betel nut.

2. Implement bare-root temporary planting or container planting, concentrating maintenance until new roots sprout and the plant is stable before formal planting. This method is suitable for tough clumping palms such as areca palm, bizarre wrinkle-seed palm and Hawaiian coconut palm, and can reduce transport costs and facilitate construction.

In short, for transplanting large seedlings and large trees of the palm family, to put it simply, five aspects should be done well, namely: select strong seedlings; dig good soil balls and transport them carefully; prune leaves moderately; ensure good aeration and drainage at the planting site; and do a good job of post-planting maintenance, including sun protection and moisture retention. The sign of successful transplanting of large seedlings and large trees is being able to retain most of the leaves and sprout new leaves within half a year after planting, with the sprouting of three healthy new leaves being complete transplanting success

Drainage: First understand the hydrological conditions of the planting site, and as far as possible place the very bottom of the soil ball at a position above the site's year-round groundwater level by 100-150CM and where the soil layer is fertile and thick. At the same time, a drainage layer for the soil ball roots underground and a surface runoff drainage network should be properly constructed to prevent water accumulation in the soil ball after planting. If the hydrological conditions do not meet the requirements, the method of planting the soil ball raised high can be used, that is, using loose medium mixed with fertile soil or coarse sand to first pile up the planting site as high as possible to meet the above requirements, then placing the plant on the soil mound, and filling around the soil ball with mixed loose soil or planting soil mixed with humus soil. Remove debris from the soil around the planting site, or appropriately improve the soil with loose medium, so as to achieve loose and breathable conditions for the plant roots. Strengthen inspections during the rainy season, promptly clear drainage facilities and appropriately loosen the soil around the roots to facilitate waterlogging prevention and drainage. Moisture retention: Immediately after planting, water once with the root-settling water to ensure the soil ball roots are moist and closely combined with the surrounding soil and to promote root development. Then water thoroughly three more times and promptly cover the soil ball to prevent the surface soil from cracking. In hot summer, also spray more water on the ground and the crown to increase environmental temperature and reduce transpiration. Moisture retention treatment for the leaf surface includes a. newly planted seedlings should have their leaves appropriately pruned to reduce the transpiration area of the leaves; b. appropriately spray anti-transpirants on the leaves to inhibit the plant's physiological metabolism and reduce physiological water loss; c. in clear weather conditions, spray atomized water on the leaves as much as possible to strengthen the leaves' absorption of water and weaken transpiration; check the moisture status of the soil ball and roots at any time and replenish water in a timely manner to ensure the moisture of the soil ball and the permeability for root respiration. Fertilization: After planting, in addition to maintaining moisture for the plant, foliar fertilizer can be appropriately sprayed at low concentration to strengthen post-planting nutritional supplementation. Frequently check the state of root sprouting; if new roots are found growing on the plant, consider increasing root fertilization. This is generally chosen in seasons when the monthly average temperature is above 2O°C, applying mainly organic fertilizer as much as possible, with an appropriate addition of compound fertilizer high in P and K, to promote balanced nutrition for the plant and ensure its rapid recovery and healthy growth. Pest and disease control: Spray pesticides to control pests and diseases before the seedlings leave the nursery. After arriving at the site, the plants also need to be sprayed with pesticides before unloading, and ensure continuous pesticide application three times at intervals of one week to ten days within one month after planting, after which a reasonable pest and disease control plan still needs to be formulated. Special

Chapter Nine: "Maintenance Plan"

Shidalien (Nanjing) Optoelectronics Co., Ltd. landscaping

Main

ten

ance

Plan

Nanjing Gensen Flowers and Trees Co., Ltd.

October 8, 2010

Project Overview

"Shidalien (Nanjing) Optoelectronics Co., Ltd." is located at No. 31 Hengfei Road, Nanjing Economic and Technological Development Zone, with a factory green space area of 28,186 square meters. The plant configuration in the factory landscaping is relatively reasonable, rich in color, and with obvious seasonal changes, forming a distinct-layered, naturally ecological plant community that basically displays the natural landscape of the plants. The arrangement of flowering shrubs and hedges between the factory buildings gives each factory area a different landscape style. Dozens of plant varieties have been planted in the factory area, including camphor tree, southern magnolia, zelkova, osmanthus and crape myrtle. Among them are a tree-lined avenue composed of large-specification camphor trees, and a gatehouse scenic spot composed of varieties such as ancient red maple, fruit pomegranate, Malus spectabilis, ginkgo and Canary Island date palm.

In view of the existing situation of the factory landscaping, we believe that the initial landscaping construction was relatively extensive, with insufficient understanding of plant habits. In particular, the replacement of planting soil in the landscaping areas was not done properly, and in some areas the garbage soil was not replaced, resulting in poor plant growth.

Landscaping Maintenance Plan Schedule

January (Minor Cold, Major Cold)

1. Shaping and pruning of fruit trees.

2. Frequently check cold-protection equipment and facilities and the cold-protection wrapping materials of seedlings.

3. Turn the soil for winter plowing and apply sufficient winter fertilizer.

4. Prune and remove dead, residual, diseased and pest-infested branches and leaves, and thoroughly remove overwintering bagworm sacs, slug moth cocoons and dormant overwintering pests.

February (Start of Spring, Rain Water)

1. Continue winter pruning of deciduous trees and fruit trees.

2. Continue pruning and removing diseased and pest-infested branches, and pay attention to observing the occurrence of pests and diseases (such as cottony cushion scale, giant mealybug, etc.).

3. Continue collecting fertilizer and making compost, prepare cultivation soil, and continue applying winter fertilizer to various deciduous trees. March (Awakening of Insects, Spring Equinox)

The weather gradually warms, and many pests and diseases are about to occur. Maintain and repair various pest-control and disease-prevention equipment and prepare medicines. Pay attention to the occurrence of aphids and giant mealybugs, and achieve timely control. April (Pure Brightness, Grain Rain)

1. Do a good job in controlling pests such as scale insects, mites, cutworms, white grubs and mole crickets, as well as powdery mildew and rust disease.

2. Do a good job in loosening the soil, weeding and pre-flowering fertilization. Apply light fertilizer weekly to perennial flowers and spring-sown herbaceous flowers.

3. Do a good job in bud removal and pruning of trees. Remove excess young buds and branches growing in inappropriate positions at any time.

4. Clear and repair the drainage system.

May (Start of Summer, Grain Full)

1. Perform post-flowering pruning and hedge pruning on shrubs that bloomed in spring. According to technical operation requirements, carry out bud removal and pruning on trees, and prune and remove root sprouts of seedlings at any time.

2. Continue strengthening tree maintenance and management, do a good job in replanting, thinning and final singling of seedlings, and increase topdressing and frequently apply light fertilizer.

3. This month the temperature gradually rises, and pests and diseases greatly harm trees and flowers. Attention should be paid to pest forecasting and forecasting, and pest and disease prevention work should be done well.

4. Carry out lawn mowing and continue removing weeds from the lawn.

June (Grain in Ear, Summer Solstice)

1. This month enters the plum rain season, with high temperature and high humidity. Replanting should be carried out promptly.

2. Perform post-flowering pruning and fertilization on flowering shrubs, and pinch and prune some spring-sown herbaceous flowers.

3. Continue removing weeds and continue mowing.

4. Do a good job in pest and disease control. This month focus on controlling pests such as bagworms, slug moths, tussock moths, inchworms and tortoise wax scale, as well as leaf spot disease, anthracnose and sooty mold.

July (Minor Heat, Major Heat)

1. This month the weather is hot and weeds grow quickly. Continue intertillage and weeding and loosen the soil.

2. Pests such as bagworms, slug moths, longhorn beetles, tortoise wax scale, armored scale, second-generation cottony cushion scale and mites occur in large numbers. Attention should be paid to their control, and at the same time continue controlling anthracnose, powdery mildew, leaf spot disease, etc.

3. During the dog days the temperature is high. When there is little rain, irrigation is needed to resist drought. This month is also a month with more heavy rain, so attention should be paid to waterlogging prevention.

4. This month enters the typhoon and tidal flood season. Typhoon prevention and flood prevention work should be done well, with frequent inspections and timely straightening of wind-thrown trees.

August (Start of Autumn, End of Heat)

1. Continue intertillage and weeding and loosen the soil.

2. Continue doing a good job in drought prevention and drainage to ensure normal seedling growth.

3. This month the seedlings grow vigorously, so fertilizer should be applied promptly as topdressing. For small seedlings, apply light fertilizer frequently.

4. Continue doing a good job in typhoon prevention and flood prevention, and straighten wind-thrown trees promptly when found.

5. Continue doing a good job in pest and disease control, and conscientiously control the main pests harming trees (bagworms, second-generation slug moths, longhorn beetles, mites, etc.) and main diseases (powdery mildew, anthracnose, leaf spot disease, etc.).

September (White Dew, Autumn Equinox)

1. Continue doing a good job in pest elimination and disease control; in particular, frequently check the occurrence of aphids, wood borers and moths, etc., and once found, control immediately.

2. Continue intertillage and weeding, continue removing lawn weeds, carry out lawn mowing, and perform shaping and pruning on topiary balls, hedges, etc.

3. Continue doing a good job in pest and disease control. In particular, check the pest and disease situations of more frequently occurring aphids, bagworms, slug moths, brown spot disease and sooty mold on flowering shrubs, and control them promptly.

October (Cold Dew, Frost Descent)

1. Do a good job in pest and disease control and eliminate various adult insects and eggs.

2. Continue intertillage and weeding.

3. After seedlings stop growing, check the survival rate, gain a clear understanding of the stock, and ensure the smooth progress of winter and spring landscaping work.

November (Start of Winter, Minor Snow)

1. Do a good job in cold protection, whitewashing some trees, or wrapping them with straw rope.

2. Carry out winter pruning of trees, cutting off diseased branches and dead branches; branches with insect eggs as well as competing branches and excessive

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