How are silver ear mushroom cultures made? Detailed step-by-step explanation
How are silver ear mushroom cultures made? Please provide an introduction to the method. The raw materials for growing silver ear mushrooms are widely available and easy to obtain, so there is great potential for development. A farming household, using just 2 rooms of 15 sq m, can grow 2500 bags at a time, 6 batches a year, with a net profit of more than 8000 yuan. Every 100 kg of cottonseed hulls or mixed wood chips can yield...
How are silver ear mushroom cultures made? Please provide an introduction to the method
The raw materials for growing silver ear mushrooms are widely available and easy to obtain, so there is great potential for development. A farming household, using just 2 rooms of 15 sq m, can grow 2500 bags at a time, 6 batches a year, with a net profit of more than 8000 yuan. Every 100 kg of cottonseed hulls or mixed wood chips can yield 16-18 kg of dried silver ear mushrooms. The main techniques are as follows:
(1) Mixing the substrate. The growing substrate for silver ear mushrooms is made by selecting the main raw materials according to local resources and local conditions, and combining them with other auxiliary materials. Wood chips from broadleaf trees such as poplar, willow and various fruit trees can all be used. The branches of these trees can also be cut into thin slices, sun-dried, and then crushed into powdery wood chips. Cottonseed hulls are a good raw material for growing silver ear mushrooms, and the yield per unit can be 20-30% higher than with wood chips. In addition, corn cobs, sugarcane bagasse, peanut shells, sunflower seeds, etc., after being sun-dried and crushed into fine fragments, can all be used for growing.
Formula 1: wood chips 100 kg, wheat bran 25 kg, gypsum powder 4 kg, urea 0.4 kg, lime powder 0.4 kg, magnesium sulfate 0.5 kg, water 100-110 kg.
Formula 2: cottonseed hulls 100 kg, wheat bran 25 kg, gypsum powder 4 kg, urea 0.4 kg, lime powder 0.4 kg, water 100-200 kg.
Formula 3: sugarcane bagasse 40 kg, cottonseed hulls 20 kg, wood chips 40 kg, wheat bran 30 kg, gypsum powder 3 kg, superphosphate 2 kg, urea 0.5 kg, water 100-110 kg.
After selecting the formula, pour the main raw materials together with dry materials such as wheat bran and gypsum powder onto a cement floor, dissolve sucrose, chemical fertilizer, magnesium sulfate, etc. in water, then pour into the dry materials, stir repeatedly three times, sift, break up lumps, and mix evenly, keeping the moisture content at 55-65%. Mixing the substrate should be done on a sunny day or on a cloudy morning; it is not suitable on rainy days.
(2) Bagging. The mixed growing substrate must be put into growing bags promptly. For silver ear growing bags, low-pressure high-density polyethylene tube film should be selected, with a flat width diameter of 12 cm, film thickness of 3.5-4 silk (0.035-0.04 mm), and length of 50 cm. Each kilogram of tube material can be cut into 220-240 growing bags. Canning jars can also be used as growing containers. Ordinary farming households use manual filling. When half-filled, shake it a little, press it firm, then continue filling. For large-scale production, a dedicated bagging machine for edible and medicinal mushrooms should be used, which can fill 400 bags per hour. When bagging, it is required to fill tightly and firmly, and tie the bag opening with plastic rope. Punch 4-5 inoculation holes on the bag wall, with a hole diameter of 1.2 cm and depth of 1.5 cm. Then wipe off the wood chips stuck on the bag surface, and seal the hole openings with 3.3 x 3.3 cm square paper tape, thus forming the culture medium for growing silver ear mushrooms. From mixing the substrate to finishing bagging, it is best not to exceed 5 hours, to prevent the culture medium from turning sour and spoiling.
(3) Sterilization. Place a steamer on a large pot stove, stack the bags inside the steamer, with the tape side facing up. For large-scale production, build a dedicated brick sterilization stove, with 1000 bags per stove being appropriate. Sterilization should pay attention to three key points: first, after the bags enter the stove, there must be a fierce high fire and no air leakage, so that the temperature rises to 100°C within 4 hours; second, maintain 100°C for 14-16 hours to kill miscellaneous bacteria in the bags; third, after reaching the sterilization temperature and time, take them out while hot to prevent the tape from getting wet.
(4) Inoculation. For the sterilized substrate bags, inoculation can be carried out only after the substrate temperature drops below 30°C. Before inoculation, first disinfect the inoculation room, and thinly scrape off a layer of aged mycelium from the surface of the culture, then dig downward and stir the mycelium evenly. During inoculation, first open the tape on the bag hole openings, use an inoculating tool to take culture about the size of a broad bean, quickly pass it through the flame of an alcohol lamp and insert it into the hole, and promptly seal the tape again to prevent miscellaneous bacteria from invading. The culture should be 1-2 mm lower than the tape, which is beneficial for primordium formation. Each bottle of growing culture can inoculate 25-30 growing bags.
(5) Mycelial running. Silver ear mushroom mycelial running and fruiting can use the same room, and an ordinary house can be used. Specialized growers with the means can build dedicated mycelial running rooms and growing rooms. The site should be slightly elevated, close to a water source, convenient for cleaning the site, with ventilated doors and windows and good light. A simple mushroom shed can also be built in the courtyard. Whether it is a house or a simple mushroom shed, racks for placing growing bags must be set up inside. The rack layers can use bamboo and wood as the frame, with a rack height of about 2.5 m, a width generally of 50 cm, and the rack divided into 8 layers, with a layer spacing of 30 cm. Each layer of the rack is laid flat with bamboo and wood to facilitate placing the mushroom bags. The interior surroundings can be enclosed with plastic film to provide good heat and moisture retention. The growing room should be disinfected by spraying with Lysol and dichlorvos solution.
For the inoculated mushroom bags, keep the indoor temperature at 28°C for the first 4 days, preferably not exceeding 30°C, and from day 5 a room temperature of 25°C is more suitable. After 5 days of cultivation, the mycelium spreads toward the hole openings. At this time, a turning and inspection should be carried out. If miscellaneous bacteria contamination is found at the inoculation holes, inject formalin to kill it. For the arrangement of the mushroom bags indoors, at first stack them in piles of 4-5 bags in a tic-tac-toe pattern to increase the bag temperature and speed up mycelial development. From day 5, the bags should be placed one by one on the rack beds, laid horizontally in sequence, with a spacing of about 1 cm between bags. If the temperature is insufficient in winter, coal fire can be used to raise the temperature, but attention must be paid to expelling carbon dioxide so as not to harm the silver ear mycelium.
The indoor relative air humidity should be below 70%. On the premise of maintaining room temperature, ventilate 1-2 times a day by opening doors and windows for air exchange, 30 minutes each time. If the air temperature has already met the above requirements, windows can be opened for a long time to keep the airflow fresh.
Uncovering the tape for ventilation: After about 10 days of cultivation, the mycelium in the bag has spread around the inoculation hole openings, forming a round shape. When the mycelium grows to a diameter of 10 cm, that is, when the mycelial circles of adjacent holes connect, lift the tape to make a round hole the size of a soybean grain, allowing oxygen to penetrate into the substrate and speed up mycelial growth and development. But before uncovering the openings, first lightly spray the bag surface and the space with dichlorvos pesticide. Twelve hours after uncovering the tape, spray with clean water 3-4 times a day, but do not spray directly into the holes, and combine with ventilation. After 4 days, protruding white fluffy mycelial masses gradually appear in the holes, commonly known as "white fluffy masses." At this time, an indoor temperature of 20-23°C is suitable, and the relative humidity is 80-85%. As the mycelium physiologically matures, light yellow water droplets appear on the white fluffy masses (secretions from mycelial metabolism). At this time, tilt the bag toward the hole opening to let the yellow water flow out of the hole, and adjust the room temperature to 25°C to make the yellow water shrink. Generally, 15-16 days after inoculation, when white broken-rice-like young mushrooms gradually appear in the holes, tear off all the tape, cover each mushroom bag with a whole sheet of newspaper, and spray water on the paper to keep it moist.
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