What pests and diseases occur during the cultivation of silver ear fungus?
What pests and diseases occur in silver ear fungus cultivation? How should the pests and diseases of silver ear fungus be properly controlled? Please give guidance. Common diseases in silver ear fungus cultivation include Neurospora, green Trichoderma, white rot fungus, Monascus, Mucor, Rhizopus, and Penicillium; common pests of silver ear fungus include mites, mushroom gnats, and nematodes; their harm and control methods are detailed below. 1,...
What pests and diseases occur in silver ear fungus cultivation? How should the pests and diseases of silver ear fungus be properly controlled? Please give guidanceCommon diseases in silver ear fungus cultivation include Neurospora, green Trichoderma, white rot fungus, Monascus, Mucor, Rhizopus, and Penicillium; common pests of silver ear fungus include mites, mushroom gnats, and nematodes; their harm and control methods are detailed below.
1. The harm of Neurospora to silver ear fungus:
Neurospora, also called red bread mold, grows best at 25-30°C and often occurs on the culture medium or inoculation openings of bags after inoculation, and sometimes also at both ends of the bags. In the early stage the mycelium is white, gradually turning light red, and then producing large amounts of orange-red powdery spores. In summer, when temperatures are high, it spreads extremely quickly. Neurospora mainly inhibits the growth of silver ear fungus mycelium and destroys the nutrient components of the culture medium. In infected bags, the fruiting rate decreases, normal expansion of the fruiting bodies is affected, the fruiting bodies are small, and yields are low.
2. The harm of Neurospora to silver ear fungus:
Neurospora, abbreviated as green mold, grows best at 15-30°C and in slightly acidic environments, and often occurs within the culture medium and at the fruiting body stage. In the early stage the mycelium is white, gradually turning light green and then dark green; contaminated culture medium turns black, smells foul, and becomes soft, until it is discarded. After fruiting bodies are contaminated by green mold, they gradually rot and lose their commercial value.
3. The harm of white rot fungus to silver ear fungus:
White rot fungus grows best at 15-25°C. This pathogen often invades through the inoculation opening when the silver ear fungus mycelium is physiologically mature, forming tumor-like protrusions. In the early stage the mycelium is white and powdery, and later turns grayish white; under its damage, the culture medium turns black. The incidence is relatively high in spring and autumn each year, and it mainly corrodes the primordia of silver ear fungus, causing the primordia to rot and preventing fruiting. It also sometimes infects the fruiting bodies, attaching to them and producing a layer of white powdery spores, inhibiting their growth and turning them into opaque, hardened fruiting bodies.
In addition, there are also Monascus, Mucor, Rhizopus, Penicillium, and others; all of these molds can cause harm to production.
Silver ear fungus 5 methods to prevent mold damage:
① The culture medium stage. Raw materials should be sun-dried before use, the water content during preparation should not exceed 60%, and atmospheric pressure sterilization requires maintaining a temperature above 100°C for 20 hours.
② The inoculation stage. Strictly carry out aseptic operations, and during inoculation achieve "three disinfections": first, disinfect the empty room in advance; second, disinfect again when the substrate bags are brought into the room; third, disinfect during inoculation by passing through an alcohol lamp flame.
③ The mycelial development stage. The optimal temperature for silver ear fungus mycelial development is 25-28°C, not exceeding 30°C. The mycelium-running medium should be dry. When heating for mycelial growth in winter, it is best to use electricity; after inoculation, the bags can be wrapped with cotton quilts to keep warm, and after 3 days uncover them for ventilation and turning the bags.
④ The fruiting management stage. During the fruiting stage, attention should be paid to temperature control, humidity control, light control, and oxygen supply to create good environmental conditions; during the growth and development stage of the fruiting bodies, water should be sprayed moderately to prevent excessive moisture; especially at the young fruiting body stage, spraying should be frequent and light.
⑤ The environmental sanitation stage. The inside and surroundings of the mushroom house should be cleaned thoroughly to eliminate sources of contamination.
II. Pests of silver ear fungus and their control methods
1. The harm of mites to silver ear fungus: Also called mushroom lice, there are many species, with Pyemotes and Tyrophagus being the two common ones. Pyemotes are very small and difficult to see with the naked eye, mostly gathering in coffee-colored clusters; Tyrophagus are slightly larger, white and shiny, do not form clusters, are numerous, and appear powdery. These mites are mainly brought into the mushroom house by cottonseed hulls, wheat bran, spawn, and flies, or remain from old mushroom houses. Mites feed on silver ear fungus mycelium, and the damaged mycelium cannot germinate. If mites occur during the fruiting stage, they cause rotten fruiting bodies or deformed fruiting bodies.
Mite control methods: ① The mushroom house should be far from the material room, and the surrounding environment should be cleaned thoroughly. ② Before the bags are brought into the house, thoroughly disinfect the empty room; an aerosol disinfection box can be used, mixed with clean water to make a disinfectant solution, and sprayed around. ③ When mites occur, broad-spectrum low-toxicity pesticides such as fenpropathrin can be used, sprayed on the affected areas according to the specified dosage. But note: during the fruiting body growth stage, pesticides are prohibited.
2. The harm of mushroom gnats to silver ear fungus:Also called eye fungus gnats, the larvae are white, nearly transparent, as small as a hair, white in color, and shiny; in 3-5 days they become dark brown winged mushroom gnats. They often occur during the fruiting stage after the holes are enlarged for silver ear fungus, lurking in the wetter parts and damaging the mycelium, causing rotten fruiting bodies after damage.
Control methods: ① Maintain good environmental sanitation, and install screens on the doors, windows, and ventilation openings of the mushroom house. ② Use black light traps, or place half a basin of 0.1% dichlorvos insecticide under the light in the mushroom house. ③ Fumigate with mosquito coils or sanitary pill powder.
3. The harm of nematodes to silver ear fungus:They are pinkish, a kind of thread-like worm, extremely small, with a body length of only about 1 mm. They reproduce very quickly in the mushroom house; larvae mature in 2-3 days and produce new larvae. Nematodes are mainly brought into the mushroom house by the culture material and water sources. They occur in large numbers under stuffy, humid, and poorly ventilated conditions. After silver ear fungus is harmed by nematodes, the edges of the fruiting bodies rot, causing rotten fruiting bodies.
Control methods: The culture material must be thoroughly sterilized, water sources should be tested, and the mushroom house should be strictly disinfected in advance. Spraying should not be too wet, and attention should be paid to ventilation. If nematodes occur when ear buds appear, 0.5% lime water or 1% salt water can be sprayed several times on cool days, and lime powder can be spread on the floor of the mushroom house for disinfection.
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