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Occurrence Patterns and Control Methods of Potato Blackleg
Symptoms Potato blackleg is a bacterial disease that infects vascular bundle tissue and can infect potato stems and tubers. It can occur from seed potato sprouting to the late growth stage, and is most prevalent at the seedling stage. Most diseased plants lose water and droop, the leaf color remains unchanged, the whole plant wilts, and the blackleg portion is mostly softened and rotted. The color of the diseased part is yellowish-brown, light brown, dark brown, or pale green. The vascular bundles inside the stem and the vascular bundles of the underground stem basically become discolored in a ring shape. The junction of the stem base and the mother tuber first turns black, then spreads toward the area near the soil surface, forming blackleg. When humidity is high, the blackleg can rise to 3.
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Symptom Identification and Control Methods of Potato Blackleg
[Pathogen scientific name] Erwinia carotovora var. atroseptica (Van Hall) Dye. [Host crops] Many crops in the Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Fabaceae, Apiaceae and other families. [Disease diagnosis] It can occur throughout the entire growth period, mainly damaging the root-stem area and tubers. When seed potatoes are heavily infected, sprouts rot before emergence, or emerged seedlings die quickly; in mild cases, symptoms appear successively when seedlings are 10-20 cm tall. Diseased plants are stunted, yellowed and dwarfed, and the cortex and
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Occurrence and Control Methods of Carnation Viral Diseases in Protected Cultivation
Symptom Identification Carnation Vein Mottle Virus Disease When carnation is infected by Carnation vein mottle virus, it infects carnation, China pink (Dianthus chinensis) and American pink (Dianthus barbatus), all producing systemic mosaic, and in winter the old leaves often show symptom masking. Discolored spots appear on the petals, and the symptoms are especially obvious on red large-flowered cultivars. Carnation Latent Virus Disease After carnation is infected by this virus, it generally shows no symptoms, or has mild mosaic symptoms. But when Carnation latent virus and Carnation vein mottle virus infect together, mosaic symptoms are produced. Carnation
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Control Methods for the "Three Pests and One Disease" in Mushroom Cultivation
The "three pests and one disease" that harm autumn mushrooms are: mites, springtails, mushroom gnats, and harmful Mycogone perniciosa. The damage characteristics and control methods of these pests and diseases are described below. I. Mite damage symptoms: During the spawn-running process, if mycelial regression is observed, such as a decrease in fluffy mycelium and an increase in strand-like mycelium, and pinkish shiny spots are seen on the mycelial surface, then mite infestation has appeared on the mushroom bed. When 3-5 mites are present within the range visible under a magnifying glass, the control threshold has been reached. After casing soil is applied, mites will move along with the mycelium growing toward the soil surface and move with the soil surface, concentrating
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What are the control methods for deformed mushrooms?
Deformed mushrooms mainly occur when ventilation is poor and the carbon dioxide content in the mushroom house exceeds 0.3%. Mushrooms that emerge too deep, growing out of cracks in the coarse soil, are also often deformed. For preventive measures, focus on ventilation and air exchange in the mushroom house. Ground bud mushrooms: when the compost is brought into the mushroom house with excessive moisture, when the mushroom house is ventilated too long during watering of the coarse soil, when the fine soil is covered too late, or when the temperature is relatively low, ground bud mushrooms are likely to appear. For preventive measures, master proper watering amounts and timely ventilation so that the mycelium hangs above the clay and below the fine soil.
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Symptoms and Control Methods of Potato Powdery Scab
[Pathogen scientific name] Spongospora subterranea (Wallr) Lagerh. [Host crops] Potato, black nightshade and Nicotiana rustica. [Disease diagnosis] It mainly affects underground tubers and roots, and above-ground stems can also be infected. When tubers are infected, pinhead-sized brown spots first appear on the epidermis, surrounded by a translucent halo, which then gradually expand and rise, forming rash-like "blister spots" 3 to 5 mm in diameter. In the early stage, the epidermis of the lesions does not rupture, which is the "closed blister" stage; as the disease progresses, a suberized halo forms at the boundary between diseased and healthy tissue, and then the epidermis ruptures and curls back, the tissue beneath turns orange-red, and a large amount of dark brown powdery material is released, the blister spots collapse to reveal cavities, forming crater-shaped powdery scabs, which is the "open blister" stage. On tubers that have already formed powdery scab, the ruptured epidermis can cause water loss during storage, or infection by other pathogens can lead to dry rot and shriveling. When roots are affected, tumors the size of a bean, single or clustered, grow on one side of the root; in severe cases, young plants wilt and die. When above-ground stems are infected, the lesion characteristics resemble those of affected tubers. The causal pathogen is Spongospora subterranea. The brown powdery material released from the blister spots of the diseased parts consists of the pathogen's resting spore balls. The spore balls vary in size and are formed by the aggregation of many nearly spherical yellow-brown resting spores, with hollow cavities inside, appearing like spongy spheres, and pore-like structures can be seen under the microscope. Individual resting spores are spherical to polygonal, with thin, smooth walls, and germinate to produce zoospores. The zoospores are nearly spherical, without a cell wall, bearing two flagella of unequal length at the apex, and later become motionless and form amoebae that invade the host root hairs.
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Control Methods and Technical Key Points for the Pear Flower Gall Midge
The pear flower gall midge, also known as the flower bud maggot, belongs to the order Diptera, family Cecidomyiidae. The adult lays eggs in flower buds; after the eggs hatch, the larvae (maggots) bore into the flower buds and feed on the stamens. The damaged flower buds cannot open normally and drop off after withering. In recent years, damage by the pear flower gall midge in the areas where it occurs in our county has tended to become severe. In 2006, the average damage rate per flower was 3.25%, and that in severely affected pear orchards was 27.64%; in 2007, the average damage rate per flower was 9.25%, and that in severely affected pear orchards was 45.7%, which has already seriously affected the fruiting rate of pear trees. According to this station's March 9-
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What are the control methods for physiological diseases of mushrooms?
Hard opening of the cap: When mushrooms encounter abnormal weather, the phenomenon of young fruiting bodies opening their caps prematurely is called hard opening of the cap. It generally occurs at temperatures above 18°C, with a temperature difference of about 10°C, or under sudden temperature drops. Insulation work should be done well before sudden temperature changes, and the relative air humidity in the mushroom house should be increased. Malformed mushrooms: The causes of formation are uneven thickness of the casing soil, low fruiting position, and carbon dioxide content in the mushroom house exceeding 0.3%; or they are caused by pesticide damage, diseases, and insect pests. Attention should be paid to the quality of the casing soil and ventilation, preventing harmful gases from entering the mushroom house; attention should be paid to prevention
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The Pathogenesis and Control Methods of Peach Tree Gummosis
Peach tree gummosis is a disease commonly occurring on peach trees today, and its incidence is severe. Especially in peach orchards with extensive management and weakened tree vigor, the rate of affected plants can reach over 90%. This disease severely weakens tree vigor, affects yield and quality, and in severe cases leads to dead branches and dead trees, threatening the production and development of peach trees. It is also one of the most troublesome diseases for fruit growers. I. Causes of peach gummosis. There are two causes of peach gummosis: one is non-infectious pathogens, such as gummosis caused by wounds from mechanical injury, pest and disease damage, frost damage, freeze injury, etc., or gummosis caused by physiological disorders of the tree body resulting from extensive management
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What are the green control methods for mushroom pests?
Today green food has become the mainstream of food, but in actual production, especially in autumn, mushroom farmers use large amounts of chemical drugs to control pests, which leaves large amounts of drug residues in mushroom products, planting hidden dangers for consumers' health and also blocking the path of mushroom products into the market, especially the international market. So how should pests be controlled in a "green" way? There are two measures: first, strengthen physical prevention. Measures include: mushroom sheds should be built far from stables and latrines, garbage, manure piles and other places, so that the environment has few or no insects; raw and auxiliary
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