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Introduction to the Root Characteristics and Structure of Soybean
The root system of soybean is a taproot system. It is divided into a main root and lateral roots, and both the main root and the lateral roots are densely covered with root hairs. The main part of the root lies 5-20 cm deep in the soil, and the whole root system is roughly bell-shaped. On soybean roots, rhizobia live in symbiosis with the soybean. When the soybean germinates, the rhizobia invade the root, and when the soybean grows its first compound leaf, root nodules have formed on the soybean roots, first on the main root and then gradually spreading to the lateral roots. The root nodules are produced through the action of rod-shaped rhizobia that have 1-2 flagella at one end. They are aerobic bacteria, mainly growing on the root system near the soil surface
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How should soybeans be harvested properly? A full breakdown of the key methods
Soybeans should be harvested promptly once mature. If harvesting is too late, the pods lose too much moisture and are prone to shattering and dropping seeds, causing losses. The suitable harvest period should be determined according to different harvest methods. When harvesting with a sickle, begin harvesting after all soybean leaves have fallen, as nutrient transport to the seeds has essentially stopped by then. Mechanical harvesting must be done after the whole plant is fully mature and dry. Manual harvesting is best done in the morning, when the soybean plants have a higher moisture content, so they do not prick the hands and are less prone to pod shattering. A low stubble height is required, with no "horse ears" left exposed and no missed cutting.
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Causes of Soybean Sclerotinia Stem Rot and Its Control Measures
1. Symptoms The first thing to catch the eye in the field is the upper leaves of the plants turning brown and dying. Brown lesions continue to develop on the stems of diseased plants, producing white cottony mycelium and white granular material, which later turns black and becomes sclerotia. When the stem of a diseased plant is cut lengthwise, black cylindrical sclerotia are seen arranged in rows inside. After the diseased plant dies, it turns grayish white, the hollow stem cortex often rots into a hemp-fiber-like state, and the sclerotia on the outside of the diseased plant readily fall off. The lesions on the pods are brown, and the pods die rapidly without setting seed, finally turning pale white; lightly affected pods may still set seeds, but the affected seeds are rotted or
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Soybean Good Seed Propagation Methods and Key Technical Points
Soybean is a self-pollinating crop. Due to mechanical mixing, adverse climatic and cultivation conditions, and natural cross-pollination, the varietal characteristics often deteriorate. Therefore, self-pollinated seeds cannot be used long-term, and seeds should be replaced every three years. Thus, it is necessary to persist in purification and rejuvenation and carry out good propagation work to maintain the varietal characteristics of good varieties. 1. Purification and rejuvenation methods for soybean varieties (1) Line selection The commonly used method for soybean purification and rejuvenation consists of three steps: individual plant selection, line identification, and mixed high-ratio propagation. Three plots are established: an individual plant selection nursery,
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Detailed Explanation of Key Soybean Field Management Techniques
1. Thin seedlings early. As the farming proverb says: "Thin seedlings an inch early, and it is as good as a load of manure." Thinning is especially important for mechanically drilled soybeans or hand-sown beans planted with a large plow in furrows. After thinning, the seedlings are distributed evenly and reasonably, which promptly prevents seedlings from crowding one another, reduces consumption of soil nutrients and water, and allows the seedlings to develop evenly and vigorously, thereby increasing soybean yield. Thinning is generally carried out during the soybean seedling stage, when the two opposite single leaves are flat and spreading and compound leaves have appeared. During thinning, diseased seedlings, weak seedlings, and mixed seedlings must be pulled out. 2. Cultivation and weeding. Generally, three hoeings and three hillings are required. Specific timing:
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New soybean variety Tiedou 41 approved
The new soybean variety "Tiedou 41", bred by the Tieling City Soybean Science Research Institute in Liaoning Province (postal code: 112616, tel: 0410-2601837), recently passed variety approval in Liaoning Province. This variety has a growth period of about 126 days and belongs to the medium-maturity group, with determinate pod-setting habit, oval seeds, yellow seed coat, glossy, yellow hilum, and 100-seed weight of 20.9 grams. The crude protein content of the seeds is 43.94%, and the crude fat content is 20.72%. It is resistant to soybean mosaic virus disease. The average yield per mu reaches
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Introduction of new soybean varieties for farmers' reference in seed selection
Xinfeng No. 1 was developed by the Agricultural Technology Extension Station of Hongmiaozi Township, Xinbin County, through sexual hybridization and selection using Chang No. 4 as the female parent and Qunxuan No. 1 as the male parent. It was approved by the Crop Variety Approval Committee of Liaoning Province in December 2002. The variety has a growth period of 121 days and belongs to the early-maturing group. The average plant height is 94.7 cm, with a semi-determinate podding habit and 17.9 nodes on the main stem. The stems are thick and tough, the root system is well developed, and it is lodging-resistant. The leaves are round, the pubescence is gray, and the flowers are white. The pods are grayish-brown, with 59.9 pods per plant, and many pods contain 3-4 seeds. The seeds are yellow with a yellow hilum,
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Detailed Explanation of Uniform Planting High-Yield Cultivation Techniques for Soybean
1. Determine planting density, row spacing and plant spacing according to the plant-type traits, branching and other characteristics of the variety. ① For dwarf, early-maturing, main-stem-type varieties that resist [unclear] branching: row spacing 30-40 cm, plant spacing 8-10 cm, seedling retention density 18,000-25,000 plants. 2. Determine planting density based on soil fertility level and management level. After determining the planting row spacing according to the variety, density should also be adjusted according to soil fertility conditions and water and fertilizer management level. 3. Sow early with sufficient soil moisture. Early sowing can significantly increase yield and increase fat content, generally sowing on June 10-20.
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Detailed Explanation of Key Technical Points for Narrow-Row Dense Planting Cultivation of Soybean
Reducing row spacing and increasing row number, that is, narrow-row dense planting, is one of the effective ways to increase soybean yield. This cultivation method is divided into three forms: first, wide-ridge narrow-row dense planting, which is a wide-bed narrow-row dense planting cultivation method that combines the original two ridges into one ridge or one and a half ridges into one ridge. The wide ridge width is 97.5-140 cm, 4-6 rows are sown on the ridge, and the seedling stand per hectare is 400,000-500,000 plants. At present, 70 cm ridge cultivation in production can generally increase yield by about 20%. This cultivation technique is suitable for use by farmers in townships in the central-southern and eastern low-lying, wet, and waterlogged areas with relatively high productivity levels.
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Occurrence Patterns and Control Methods of the Soybean Hawkmoth
Damage symptoms: The soybean hawkmoth feeds on leaves as larvae. Young larvae eat leaves into a net-like, notched pattern, and after the third instar the larvae can eat all the soybean leaves, preventing the plants from setting pods and greatly affecting yield. Occurrence patterns: Mid-to-late July to early August is the peak period for adult egg-laying, late July to late August is the peak period of larval damage, and in early September the light-yellow mature larvae enter the soil to overwinter. Life habits: Adults: Adults hide by day and come out at night, and have a strong tendency toward black light lamps. They begin activity in the evening and are strong fliers with strong migratory ability. They mate at night, and lay eggs 3 days after mating. Eggs are mostly scattered on the undersides of soybean leaves, generally 1 to 2 eggs per leaf, and the eggs hatch into larvae after about 7 days. Larvae: Larvae are photophobic, mostly staying on the undersides of leaves or on stems during the day, and feeding strongly at night; on cloudy days they can feed all day. First and second instar larvae eat little and generally do not move between plants to cause damage; after the fourth instar they have the habit of moving to cause damage; fifth instar larvae show a sharp increase in food intake, accounting for about 90% or more of the total food consumption. The larval stage lasts 30 to 35 days.
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