Causes and Countermeasures of Uterine Inflammation in Large-Scale Pig Farms
Causes and countermeasures of uterine inflammation in large-scale pig farms!
1 Causes
1.1 Human-induced infection during the sow farrowing stage
Sows usually farrow at night. For the farrowing attendants in large-scale pig farms, completing the production tasks for hundreds of piglets??weaning, tail docking, teeth clipping, ear notching??within 2-3d. At the same time, they must fill in correct production records or carry out advanced immunization according to procedures, which is indeed a tedious and monotonous job. When the sow's birth canal is narrow, the sow has weak labor, the farrowing time is too long, or when confirming whether the sow has finished farrowing, the farrowing attendants are forced to use manual assistance, especially in cold winter or when the attendants fail to properly disinfect their arms, external foreign matter or microorganisms then enter the uterus and cause infection.
1.2 Postpartum infection
⟧ After farrowing, the sow is weak in constitution, and the cervix cannot completely close for more than ten days after farrowing. At the same time, piglets are most prone to diarrheal diseases during this period. If the farrowing house is not disinfected effectively, it will increase the possibility of postpartum uterine inflammation in sows.
1.3 Infection during the artificial insemination process
Currently artificial inseminationtechnologyis widely used in large-scale pig farms. The application of thistechnologyhas greatly reduced the feeding cost of boars and the spread of reproductive diseases. However, excessive human intervention also increases the possibility of sows being infected with uterine inflammation. In specific operations, the cleaning of the vulva, the 2-3 insemination procedures, the cleanliness of the insemination device, the proficiency of the insemination personnel, and mechanical damage to the vagina are all predisposing factors for uterine inflammation infection.
1.4 Infection when sows exercise outdoors
Large-scale pig farms have dedicated exercise areas for replacement gilts and multiparous sows that have not shown estrus for a long time to exercise outdoors, using comprehensive conditions such as light, exercise, and temperature to stimulate the synthesis and secretion of reproductive hormones in sows. In the exercise area, sows chase, bite, and play, often making their bodies covered with mud. Especially when there is standing water in the exercise area, the contamination of the pig's body becomes even more serious. If the keepers cannot carry out effective cleaning in time afterward, it is very likely to cause uterine infection in sows that are in the silent estrus period.
2 Countermeasures
2.1 Improvement and implementation of management systems
First, it should be clearly defined in the system that reproductive work is the shared responsibility of the breeding personnel, farrowing attendants, and farrowing house managers, in order to change the traditional division of responsibilities in which the three parties are independent of one another. The system should be formulated with the incidence percentage of sow uterine inflammation as the standard, with farrowing attendants responsible to farrowing house managers, farrowing house managers responsible to breeding personnel, and breeding personnel responsible for the total number of piglets born and the abnormal culling rate, so that the reproductive health of sows can be guaranteed in every link of production, thereby controlling the occurrence of uterine inflammation at the institutional level.
2.2Treatment
Because uterine inflammationtreatmenthas a long cycle, the condition is prone to recurrence, and reproductive capacity after recovery is low and other objective reasons, it has become one of the important diseases troubling pig farmtechnicalpersonnel. In clinical practice, the author gradually recognized the pathological characteristics of this disease and formed his owntreatmentprinciples andtreatmentplans.
2.2.1 In the early stage of uterine inflammation, the inflammation is confined inside the uterus and systemic symptoms are not obvious. At this time, it is the best period fortreatmentof this disease, and the cure rate is very high. The prescription is: first use 0.1%-O.3% KMnO#-[4] to enter the uterus and rinse repeatedly, then inject 50-80 IU of oxytocin intramuscularly to promote the discharge of the rinse fluid, and finally infuse 5% metronidazole solution, chloramphenicol, lincomycin, gentamicin, Vc, and repeat for 2-3 courses if necessary.
2.2.2 In the middle stage of uterine inflammation, the inflammation spreads, causing systemic symptoms mainly including fever, constipation, and anorexia. At this time,treatmenton the basis of the above prescription, add promethazine + Bupleurum to reduce fever, mix in vegetable oil to lubricate the intestines, add pancreatin + NaHCO#-[3] and other preparations to regulate the gastrointestinal tract, and carry out treatment with a broad prescription to control the worsening of the condition.
2.2.3 In the late stage of uterine inflammation, the sow already has hypertonic dehydration, complete anorexia, malignant constitution, deficiency fever and other main clinical symptoms. At this time, for large-scale pig farms, it has already losttreatmentvalue.
3 Discussion
Uterine inflammation is a disease of the uterine reproductive tract caused by multiple reasons. This article discusses uterine problems caused at thetechnicaland management levels. Taking a 10,000-head pig farm as an example, based on a 5% incidence rate in the sow herd and an 80% culling rate for affected sows, the pig farm additionally incurs losses of 2O breeding sows and nearly about 400 piglets in 1 year. Adding feed waste, drug consumption, and other expenses during the disease process, the pig farm's loss in 1 year is as high as more than ten wan yuan. To solve this problem, it is necessary to start from two aspects: on one hand, the implementation of systems to control the occurrence of disease; on the other hand, thetreatmentof the disease, to shorten the course of the disease and improve the cure rate.