Broccoli Cultivation Technical Regulations and Mushroom Water Supplement Precautions
1. Select good varieties. Choose varieties with strong plant growth vigor, upright and compact plant shape, dark green leaves with abundant wax, dark green and firm curds, small buds, large curds, attractive curd shape, and tolerance to transport.
2. Seedling raising. First, prevent the seedling age from being too long, so as to avoid forming old seedlings and early budding; second, prevent the seedlings from becoming leggy, as weak plant growth can lead to reduced yield.
2.1 Seedbed preparation. Before sowing, plow the soil and apply 15 kg of decomposed and sieved farmyard manure and 25 g of diammonium phosphate per sq m of seedbed, and use 5 g of 50% thiophanate or 10 g of 50% carbendazim for soil disinfection. Level the seedbed surface, then spread a 15-20 cm thick layer of nutrient soil on the seedbed (nutrient soil preparation: mix 1 part sieved decomposed farmyard manure with 2 parts sieved fertile garden soil to prepare nutrient soil; for each cubic meter of nutrient soil, add 1 kg of superphosphate or 0.50 kg of diammonium phosphate, and 2-3 kg of sesame residue and chicken manure, mix well before use).
2.2 Sowing and seedling raising. Before sowing, soak the seeds in 50°C warm water for 20-30 minutes, then immediately transfer them into cold water to cool, and air-dry them before sowing. Raise seedlings in early April for spring and in mid-June for summer. Before sowing for seedling raising, water thoroughly to ensure adequate bottom water, cut into 7 cm x 7 cm small squares, press a small hole in the center with a finger, place 1-2 seeds in each hole, then evenly sprinkle 0.80-1 cm thick fine silty sand through a fine sieve, and spray 70% thiophanate 800-fold solution or 75% chlorothalonil 1000-fold solution and 4% methyl isofenphos 1000-fold solution to prevent seedbed diseases and pests. Finally, build a small arched shed with bamboo poles and cover it with plastic film.
2.3 Seedling stage management. During the seedling stage, strictly control three key points. First, remove the film in a timely manner. If the plastic film is left on for too long, the temperature inside the arched shed will be high, and the seedlings are prone to becoming leggy. Second, irrigate at the right time and in the right amount. During the seedling stage, the soil should be kept moist, avoiding excessive water or drought. Generally, after the seedlings emerge and the cotyledons unfold, appropriately control water to prevent the seedlings from becoming leggy. Third, prevent and control diseases and pests. The main pests during the broccoli seedling stage are aphids, cabbage caterpillars, and black velvet scarab beetles. Select suitable pesticides for targeted control. For aphids and cabbage caterpillars, use 2.50% deltamethrin 2500-fold solution or 20% fenvalerate emulsifiable concentrate 2000-3000-fold solution or 2.5% kuaishaling emulsifiable concentrate (10-20 ml per mu) for control. For black velvet scarab beetles, use 5 g of roasted wheat bran mixed with 50 g of 4% methyl isofenphos to make poisoned bait and scatter it around the seedbed for control.
3. Field planting
3.1 Land preparation and fertilization. Apply 4000-5000 kg of high-quality decomposed farmyard manure, 100 kg of sesame residue, 10 kg of urea, and 50 kg of superphosphate per mu as base fertilizer to the planting site, then plow evenly and level before making beds (ridges). The ridge width is 70 cm, the ditch width is 30 cm, the ridge height is 20 cm, and the ridge surface is covered with 90 cm plastic film, ready for planting.
3.2 Field planting. When the seedlings have 5-6 leaves and the seedling age is about 45 days, they can be planted. Water thoroughly two days before planting, cut into blocks and lift the seedlings for transplanting to reduce root damage. Transplant at a row spacing of 50-60 cm and a plant spacing of 45-50 cm, maintaining 2500-3000 plants per mu.
4. Field management
4.1 Topdressing. Apply the first fertilizer 10-15 days after planting and seedling establishment. Apply 10-15 kg of urea and 15 kg of diammonium phosphate per mu, and spray 15 ml of Plant Power 2003 liquid fertilizer per mu. When the terminal curd appears, apply the second fertilizer, with 15-20 kg of diammonium phosphate per mu. During the curd enlargement stage, spray 0.05%-0.10% borax solution and ammonium molybdate solution on the leaves to improve curd quality and reduce the occurrence of yellow buds and scorched buds. At the same time, spray 15 ml of Plant Power 2003 liquid fertilizer per mu to promote curd enlargement, increase crop nutrition, and improve the crop's stress resistance and disease resistance.
4.2 Irrigation. After each topdressing, irrigate in a timely manner. After the rosette stage, appropriately control irrigation. After the curd diameter reaches 2-3 cm, irrigate in a timely manner, maintaining alternating wet and dry conditions, and keep the soil relative humidity at 65%-80%. Remove side shoots in a timely manner to reduce nutrient consumption, promote the enlargement of the terminal curd, and reach commercial standards.
4.3 Leaf tying for shading. Tie leaves for shading 5-7 days before harvest, that is, break the midribs of the old leaves on both sides of the outer edge of the curd inward, and build a small shading shed over them to block strong light, preventing the curd from turning purple and flowering, becoming coarse in texture, and increasing fiber due to strong sunlight, thereby reducing quality and marketability.
4.4 Disease and pest control
Downy mildew: control with 70% aluminum ethylphosphonate-mancozeb 500-fold or 60% sandofan 600-fold solution.
Black rot: control with agricultural streptomycin 200 mg or 77% kocide wettable powder 500-fold solution.
Black spot: control with 5% thiophanate-methyl 500-fold solution or 50% carbendazim 500-fold solution.
Aphids and cabbage caterpillars: control with 5% beta-cypermethrin emulsifiable concentrate 1000-fold solution or 2.5% kuaishaling emulsifiable concentrate 1000-fold solution. (Source: China Agriculture Network)