What are the basic methods for diagnosing raccoon dog diseases?

Key points for attention in practical application

Reasonable combination of different protein feeds. Because different protein feeds differ in quality, mainly in essential amino acid content, when formulating dairy cow feed, the reasonable combination of protein feeds must be considered to ensure that dairy cows take in sufficient and appropriate protein nutrients. In actual production, when the feeds we use more of are corn meal, corn silage and DDGS, since these feeds contain more methionine and are relatively deficient in lysine, lysine becomes the first limiting amino acid, and the lysine issue must be given more consideration when formulating the ration: appropriately reduce feeds derived from corn and increase protein feed sources rich in lysine.

Reasonable processing to improve utilization rate. The methods commonly used in daily processing of protein feeds include heating, chemical reagents, or a combination of the two, in order to reduce the degradation speed and degree of feed protein in the rumen, ensure a reasonable ratio of rumen-degradable protein (RDP) to rumen-undegradable protein (RUP), and improve the utilization rate of protein feeds. During processing, it is necessary both to prevent insufficient treatment, which results in only a very small increase in digestible RUP, and to prevent excessive treatment, which increases the loss of amino acids. What is commonly used more often is rumen-protected protein and rumen-protected amino acids; these products are all said to be able to provide more rumen-bypass protein and amino acids for absorption and utilization by the small intestine.

Energy-nitrogen balance, improving the synthesis efficiency of microbial protein. Many in vivo and in vitro experiments have shown that the digestion speed of carbohydrates is the main factor controlling the energy required for rumen microbial growth. A lack of available energy can lead to a situation in which the rate of ammonia production in the rumen exceeds the rate of utilization by rumen bacteria, thus causing waste of protein feed and also leading to a reduction in milk protein percentage, directly affecting the production performance of dairy cows and the quality of milk.

Basis for judgment in practical application

Ratio of milk fat percentage to milk protein percentage (F/P). Under normal circumstances, the ratio of fat to protein in dairy cow milk has a reasonable range, and for Holstein cows it is between 1.05-1.18. If it is higher than 1.18, it may indicate energy deficiency, an energy-nitrogen imbalance, and that feed protein has not been fully utilized; the dairy cow may at this time have subclinical or clinical ketosis. Conversely, it may indicate overfeeding of concentrate, and the dairy cow may have subclinical or clinical acidosis. Adjust the amount and ratio of feed accordingly.

Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and milk urea nitrogen (MUN). Under normal circumstances, BUN and MUN in dairy cows have a certain range. If the value is too low and is accompanied by low milk protein, it may indicate insufficient feed protein and insufficient energy; if the value is too high and is accompanied by low milk protein, it may indicate excess feed protein and insufficient energy. According to the specific conditions of each farm, combine DHI data to determine the reasonable range and the utilization of protein feed. Make full use of these data, raise scientifically, and improve benefits.