Detailed Explanation of Pollution-Free Lily Cultivation Techniques, Part Two

1. Pre-emergence management. From lily planting to around mid-February of the following year, the main tasks are clearing ditches and draining water well, ensuring the lily field is neither drought-stricken nor waterlogged, with neither high-temperature drought nor low-temperature frost damage, so as to ensure normal growth of the bulb root system. From December to January of the following year, splash-apply 20-30 dan of rotted pig manure and urine per mu. Before emergence, if the lily field is not covered with plastic film or rice straw, a pre-emergence herbicide such as Roundup or glyphosate may be applied. At the same time, before the lilies emerge, cultivate 1-2 times, which can not only remove weeds and raise soil temperature, but also promote early seedling development.

2. Seedling-stage management. This generally falls between late February and late April or early May. After emergence, when the seedlings are about 10 cm tall, apply 25-50 kg of rotted rapeseed cake fertilizer per mu, or 30 dan of rotted pig manure and urine (do not apply chemical fertilizers containing fluorine or chlorine, and even more so do not apply un-composted pig manure and urine), applied in furrows or holes, 6-7 cm away from the lily seedlings. Applying too close easily causes "seedling rot," while applying too far away makes the fertilizer prone to loss. At the same time, during the seedling stage, depending on labor availability, cultivate promptly 1-2 times; where conditions permit, cultivate diligently after rain (be sure to cultivate shallowly), with a cultivation depth of 4-6 cm, deeper between rows and shallower between plants.

3. Flower-bud stage management. This is generally from late April to late May or early June. The management during this period is mainly in early May, combined with earthing up, carrying out one cultivation to a depth of 6-7 cm, so as to promote more numerous and deeply penetrating roots and control the growth of aboveground stems. For cultivation aimed at harvesting bulbs, promptly remove the flower buds when they change color but have not yet opened. At the same time, note that the removed flower buds must not be discarded in the field or at the field edges; they should be centrally disposed of to prevent leaving a source of pathogens. Fertilization at the flower-bud stage is mainly a matter of skillful application; generally, the timing, amount and method of topdressing should be determined according to the weather, soil quality, the amounts of base fertilizer and seedling fertilizer, and the plant's growth vigor and appearance.

4. Bulb rapid-growth stage management. This is generally from late May to mid-July, and in some cases can extend to mid- to late August.

① This is precisely the flood season, so prevent waterlogging in the lily field, clear ditches and drain water promptly, and on sunny days remove diseased and residual plant material and either burn it in a central location or bury it deeply.

② According to field weeds and soil compaction, carry out one shallow cultivation after the flower buds are removed, to a depth of 3-5 cm.

③ At this stage the root system's absorptive capacity is relatively weakened. To supplement the deficiency in nutrient uptake by the roots, foliar topdressing may be carried out, which has a certain effect on preventing premature aging and improving bulb yield and quality. Spray a 300-fold aqueous solution of urea or a 300-500-fold aqueous solution of monopotassium phosphate, or use 10-15 ml of Le Wanjia aqueous solution per mu diluted with water for spraying, alternating these, and spray again after ten days.

5. Harvest-stage management. Lily harvest is generally from mid-July to early August; for those kept for seed, delay as much as possible. If the lilies are planted in paddy fields, in order not to affect the transplanting of second-crop late rice, harvesting and digging should be completed before the end of July; for lilies planted in dry land, harvesting and digging should also be completed in early August (except for fields kept for seed). After harvest, send them promptly to the lily purchasing station and process them promptly to prevent starch saccharification and reduce the flour yield.

Harvesting lilies should preferably be done on sunny days; rainy days or after rain are not suitable for harvesting. If used as a fresh vegetable, harvesting may begin after Minor Heat, but the yield is not high, they tend to shrivel, and they do not store well.

IV. Occurrence Characteristics of Pests and Diseases and Chemical Control

There are many types of lily pests and diseases, but those affecting the lily harvest are mainly lily fusarium wilt, gray mold, leaf blight, viral disease, root rot, aphids, cutworms, mole crickets and so on, among which the most serious damage and losses are caused by lily fusarium wilt and lily gray mold.

The principle of pest and disease control: prevention first, integrated control. For lily production, the greatest threats are lily fusarium wilt and gray mold. Lily fusarium wilt in particular must be prevented through crop rotation, seed selection, disinfection and other links, with agricultural control as the main approach. When lily fusarium wilt first begins to show symptoms, immediately use the appropriate pesticide for control, yet the control effect is only 70-80%. In addition, when it occurs and causes damage, it is precisely the rainy season of April-May, which is also unfavorable for carrying out chemical control, so doing prevention work well is extremely important in pollution-free cultivation techniques. At the same time, high-efficiency, low-toxicity, low-residue pesticides should be selected, and they must be used strictly according to the pesticide pre-harvest interval.

1. Lily fusarium wilt

It is a fungal soil-borne disease caused by infection by Fusarium oxysporum and Fusarium solani, with Fusarium oxysporum having the highest isolation frequency and pathogenicity, and being the main pathogen.

The process of fusarium wilt occurrence is: first the bottom leaves turn yellow and the stem tip turns light purple and bends slightly; next, the bottom leaves of the diseased plant wither and yellow or wither by one quarter to one half, and the upper stem turns purple and bends; then the leaves of the diseased plant wither by more than half, and the upper stem bends severely; finally the whole plant shows symptoms, the entire plant dies, and the bulb base turns brown and rots.

Control method: when lily fusarium wilt first begins to show symptoms, immediately use 5 g of Lüheng No. 1 diluted in 10-15 kg of water, or a 300-fold solution of 5% Jun Du Qing aqueous solution, or a 400-fold solution of 50% methyl copper wettable powder, or a 500-fold solution of 60% Bai Jun Tong wettable powder; in all cases pour 200-250 ml of the medicinal solution per plant, not too little, and not too much either. Continue pouring once every 5-7 days, and continue pouring 2-4 times depending on the severity of the disease.

2. Lily gray mold: it is a common disease in lily cultivation and production, mainly damaging leaves, and also infecting stems, flowers and so on. On the leaves, round or oval lesions of varying sizes initially appear, reddish-brown around the edge and grayish-white inside, and the pathogen densely produces a gray mold layer on the damaged part (surface), spreading through wind, rain and airflow. It generally begins to occur in April-May, and spreads rapidly and causes damage under high-temperature, high-humidity weather. The environmental conditions suitable for pathogen growth: it prefers moisture, with a temperature of 20-25°C; the pathogen overwinters in the damaged parts.

Control method: use a 1:1:100 Bordeaux mixture, or spray an 86.2% Copper Master or 53.8% Kocide 1000-fold solution, spraying once every 7-10 days, for 2-3 consecutive sprayings; the pesticides should be used alternately, and spraying should be uniform and thorough.

3. Lily leaf blight: it is also a common disease in lily cultivation. The earliest symptom of the disease is the appearance of small reddish-brown spots on the leaves; afterward the spots develop and join into oval shapes, and the center of the lesion turns yellowish-brown, and in severe cases it spreads to the entire leaf. The necrotic part can form a yellow halo when the weather is humid, and the lesions on old leaves of Longya lily sometimes show yellow streaks.

Control method: at the early stage of disease onset, spray a 1:1:100 Bordeaux mixture or a 600-fold solution of 65% zineb, or an 800-fold solution of 50% carbendazim.

4. Lily viral disease: symptoms appearing on the leaves are the most common; generally the leaves shrink and become slanted, irregular round spots of varying sizes appear on the upper surface of the leaves, and the leaves are densely clustered. Diseased plants are noticeably stunted, the flower buds are deformed, the color becomes lighter, and in severely damaged plants the bulbs become smaller.

Control method: spray pesticides to eliminate aphids. Per mu, use 10-20 g of Gaoxinglong Dagongchen or 10-20 g of Ya Shi Tong Sha, or 20 g of Yi Bian Jing, or 20-30 g of Pu Shi Ya diluted in 40 kg of water for uniform spraying.

5. Root rot: it initially appears as death of the lower leaves of the plant, then develops upward, causing death of the upper leaves and even the stem. The symptoms are that the roots are light brown, part of the roots rot, and in severe cases the entire bulb rots; after the bulb rots, it causes the stem and roots to rot.

Control method: at the early stage of disease onset, use a 200-fold solution of 50% amobam or a 500-fold solution of 70% chlorothalonil to irrigate the roots, pouring 200 L of solution per plant, and repeat the irrigation 2-3 times at 7-10 day intervals.

6. Aphids: they mainly damage the tender leaves and stems of lilies. Especially when the leaves are unfolding, aphids parasitize on the leaves and suck the sap, causing lily plants to shrivel, grow poorly and have deformed flower buds; at the same time they also transmit viruses, causing plants to become diseased.

The control method is the same as 4③.

7. Other pests and diseases

These are mainly cutworms and mole crickets gnawing on seedlings (stems), and ants, @#@254@#@, nematodes and so on damaging the underground bulbs and bulb bases, causing root rot and dead seedlings.

Control methods:

① Before planting, broadcast 30-50 kg of quicklime per mu in the planting furrows (holes).

② Before planting, weeds must be removed, and any farmyard manure used must be thoroughly composted;

③ Place tea seed cake or a small amount of tung seed cake at the base of the seed bulbs;

④ Use a 500-600-fold solution of dichlorvos to irrigate the roots, to control mole crickets and cutworms.