Construction plan for a large pig farm with over ten thousand head on hand
Basic principles of site selection
To build a pig farm, the first thing to consider is site selection. Whether the site is chosen appropriately not only affects the farm's hygiene and disease prevention, the growth of the pigs and the working efficiency of the keepers, but also bears on the success and profitability of the pig operation and the protection of the surrounding environment. Site selection must take comprehensive factors into account, such as area, terrain, orientation, transportation, water source, power supply, disease-prevention conditions, natural disasters and the economic environment. In general, site selection should follow the principles below. 1. Topography and terrain. The terrain should generally be neat and open, so as to make full use of the site and lay out buildings rationally and reduce the workload of clearing the site before construction. The terrain should be high and dry, south-facing, flat or gently sloping. If gently sloping, the gradient must not exceed 25°, in order to reduce infrastructure investment.
2. Integration of farming and cropping. Integrating farming with cropping is the fundamental way for large pig farms in mountainous areas to pursue ecological breeding and solve environmental pollution. A farm with ten thousand pigs produces nearly 50 tons of manure, urine and wastewater in total every day. If this manure and urine are naturally absorbed by nearby farmland, orchards, fish ponds and the like, they are excellent fertilizer; if discharged in a disorderly way, they cause enormous environmental pollution. Therefore, when selecting a site, consider whether there is supporting farmland, orchards, fish ponds and so on nearby. Generally, a farm with ten thousand pigs needs about 80 hectares of land to absorb its manure. This is the most cost-effective and economical way to handle manure, and large ranches abroad also mostly store manure and urine in collection pits and regularly transport them to the fields as fertilizer for crops.
3. Convenient transportation. Convenient transportation is extremely important for a pig farm. A farm with ten thousand pigs brings in about 20 tons of feed on average per day, ships out about 30 market pigs per day and 4 tons of fertilizer, so poor transportation would bring huge difficulties to production. In addition, poor transportation also affects the life and work of the staff.
4. Favorable for disease prevention. Because of the disease-prevention needs of pig farms and their pollution of the surrounding environment, large-scale pig farms should be built far from urban areas, residential areas and main traffic lines, generally required to be more than 1 kilometer from major roads and residential areas. If there are barriers such as walls, rivers or shelterbelts, the distance may be appropriately shortened. Building farms in tourist areas or areas with severe industrial pollution is prohibited.
5. The site must have a water source and a power supply. Pig farms need water and electricity, so there must be a water source and a power supply. A farm with ten thousand pigs must have a reliable water source of good quality, ample quantity and free of pollution; generally a farm with ten thousand pigs uses about 150 tons to 250 tons of water per day. A farm with ten thousand pigs has a complete set of mechanical and electrical equipment, including equipment for water supply, insulation, ventilation, feed processing, cleaning, disinfection and washing, plus electricity for the daily life of the staff; the installed capacity of a farm with ten thousand pigs (excluding feed processing) should be 70 to 100 kilowatts. If the local power grid cannot supply electricity stably, a large pig farm should have its own corresponding generator set.
6. Site area. The total land area of a pig farm should meet the requirement of 2.5 to 4 sq m per finishing pig marketed per year, and the production building area should meet the requirement of 0.8 to 1 sq m per finishing pig marketed per year. Therefore, a large-scale pig farm marketing 10,000 head per year needs a land area of about 3.3 hectares and a production building area of about 1 hectare (10,000 sq m).
Conditions for establishment
To establish a large-scale pig farm marketing 10,000 head per year, the following conditions must be met.
1. A stable sales channel——30 live pigs sold per day and 210 live pigs sold per week.
2. Sufficient land——about 3.3 hectares of fairly level valley land or land with a slight slope.
3. Sufficient land resources able to absorb pig manure——80 hectares of farmland, orchards or fish ponds nearby.
4. Sufficient funds——an investment of about 13.5 million yuan.
5. Sufficient power and water sources——installed capacity (excluding feed processing) of 70 to 100 kilowatts and daily water use of 150 to 250 tons.
6. A convenient feed source——10 tons of feed brought in per day and 70 tons per week.
7. Sufficient technical strength——professional and technical staff for breeding, veterinary care, feeding and so on.
Planning scheme
1. Area planning. The total planned area of the pig farm is 3.3 hectares, divided overall into an office and living area and a breeding and production area, with the two areas separated by a wall. The breeding and production area is the main part of the farm, including pig houses for the various groups of pigs, isolation pens, a disinfection room, a veterinary room, a feed mill, warehouses and so on, covering an area of more than 1 hectare (10,000 sq m).
2. Production scale. 10,000 lean-type pigs marketed per year, 6,000 head on hand year-round and 16,000 head raised per year.
3. Waste discharge and environmental protection. The main pollutants of the pig farm are pig manure and wastewater; the main approach is stockpile fermentation to kill harmful microorganisms, after which the material is supplied to nearby farmland, orchards and fish ponds as fertilizer to promote the development of grain, cash crops and fisheries; where conditions permit, three-stage fermentation tanks may be used for sedimentation and fermentation treatment to meet the national discharge standard for fish-farming water quality.
4. Overall layout within the site. The production area and the living area within the site are separated, and within the production area the feed passage and the manure passage are separated. According to the characteristics of the local prevailing wind direction and water flow direction, the living area is built on the upwind side of the production area, and the various pig houses in the production area are arranged from top to bottom in the following order: boar house, sow house, lactating sow and piglet house, finishing pig house. The finishing pig house should be close to the farm gate to facilitate marketing. The veterinary room, sick-pig isolation pens, necropsy room and manure yard are located at the lowest and most downwind part of the production area. The feed processing and mixing room is between the breeding pig house and the finishing pig house; where conditions permit, it is best to build the breeding farm and the finishing farm separately.
5. Factors to consider in pig house construction.
(1) Warm in winter and cool in summer; the roof must have a certain thickness (not less than 10 cm) and good insulation.
(2) The pens should preferably run east-west, facing south with the back to the north, to favor daylighting.
(3) Disease prevention and hygiene. Disinfection pools are built at the farm gate and the gate of the production area, as wide as the gate, not less than 1.5 times the circumference of the wheels entering and leaving, and 15 to 20 cm deep. Large-scale pig farms must build dedicated changing rooms, ultraviolet disinfection rooms and disinfection pools at the gate of the production area.
(4) Stocking density.
6. Production process flow and main technical measures.
(1) Production process flow. Pork is produced by modern production methods, using an assembly-line production process. That is, mating→pregnancy→farrowing→lactation→rearing→finishing→sales, forming a continuous assembly-line production line, with pig production arranged throughout the year in a planned and rhythmic way.
(2) Main technical measures.
① Select excellent cross combinations. Through scientific trials and practice, it is planned to produce Duroc × Landrace × Large White, Duroc × Large White × Landrace or Large White × Landrace × local (improved) crossbred commercial pigs, with a lean meat rate of more than 60%.
② Carry out early weaning of piglets at 28 to 35 days. Early weaning can increase the number of litters per year, the number of piglets born per year and the number marketed per sow, and helps control disease. Early weaning allows suckling piglets to eat a nutritionally complete full-price compound feed early; as long as the technical essentials are mastered and feeding is done properly, their growth performance is even slightly higher than that of piglets not weaned early. Because early weaning is practiced, the number of litters per sow per year on the farm can reach more than 2.2.
③ Provide high-quality balanced daily rations according to the different growth stages of the pigs. According to the pigs' nutrient requirements at different stages such as the empty period, pregnancy, lactation, nursery, growing and finishing periods, corresponding full-price daily rations are given, thereby improving feed conversion, raising pig house utilization and reducing costs. Feed ingredients purchased should adhere to the principle of being fresh and high quality. Commercial pigs, after 5.5 to 6 months of rearing, reach a body weight of 100 to 110 kg, with a feed-to-gain ratio of 2.8 to 2.9.
④ Strengthen feeding management. Do a good job in disease prevention and disinfection, strengthen the feeding management of the pig farm, raise the conception rate of mating and the survival rate of piglets, and make management institutionalized. Improve the hygiene and disinfection system, implement all disease-prevention measures, and vaccinate strictly and scientifically according to the immunization program. Control the movement of personnel in the various production and living areas, and do a good job in disinfecting people, vehicles and tools.
7. Personnel planning. 1 farm manager; 2 deputy managers (one deputy manager for technology and one for sales); 2 breeding technicians; 5 for the mating and gestation house; 5 for the farrowing house; 3 for the nursery house; 5 for the finishing house; 1 statistician; 2 veterinarians; 1 repair assistant worker; 1 gatekeeper; 28 employees in total on the farm.
8. Capital planning. For 10,000 lean pigs marketed per year, the total investment is 13.5 million yuan, of which 12.7 million yuan is fixed assets and 800,000 yuan is working capital. The investment in each item: pig house construction 10,000 sq m × 300 yuan/sq m, 2.8 million yuan; feed mill (annual output 3,000 tons), 1 million yuan; office and living buildings 600 sq m × 400 yuan/sq m, 240,000 yuan; veterinary room and instruments and equipment, 50,000 yuan; water, electricity and wastewater treatment facilities, 500,000 yuan; walls, roads and other facilities, 300,000 yuan; breeding boars on hand 30 head × 1,500 yuan/head, 45,000 yuan; sows on hand 640 head × 1,500 yuan/head, 960,000 yuan; other pigs of various sizes on hand 5,500 head × 330 yuan/head, 1,815,000 yuan; sow crates 500 × 220 yuan each, 110,000 yuan; farrowing crates 200 sets × 1,400 yuan/set, 280,000 yuan; nursery house crates and slatted floors 50 × 2,000 yuan each, 100,000 yuan; land 3.3 hectares × 1.2 million yuan/hectare (leveling and transfer fees), 4 million yuan; transport and vehicles, 500,000 yuan; working capital, 800,000 yuan; total 13.5 million yuan.