Rational fertilization is the key to improving the efficiency of fertilizer savings and use
During the growth of crops, one of the most commonly used measures by farmers to increase yields is to apply more fertilizer. As the farming proverb says: "A crop is like a flower; it all depends on fertilizer to thrive," and another saying goes: "Clever planting is not as good as effective fertilization." Both show that farmers attach great importance to applying fertilizer when growing crops. When choosing fertilizers, some...
During the growth of crops, one of the most commonly used measures by farmers to increase yields is to apply more fertilizer. As the farming proverb says: "A crop is like a flower; it all depends on fertilizer to thrive," and another saying goes: "Clever planting is not as good as effective fertilization." Both show that farmers attach great importance to applying fertilizer when growing crops. When choosing fertilizers, some farmers mainly use self-made organic fertilizers, some mainly use chemical fertilizers, and some mainly use farmyard manure combined with chemical fertilizers. From the perspective of production practice, fertilization is generally positively correlated with crop yield increases, but the gain effects of different types of fertilizers and different fertilization methods are not the same.
Years of fertilizer use observation and testing results show that after crops are fertilized, the nutrient pathways are generally reflected in four aspects: first, the released nutrients are directly and effectively absorbed and used by crops; second, after nutrients decompose, some nutrients volatilize in gaseous form, such as the commonly seen ammonium bicarbonate, which volatilizes most easily; third, after each heavy rain or rainstorm, more nutrients are lost with water, especially quick-acting nitrogen and quick-acting potassium fertilizers; fourth, some nutrients are adsorbed and fixed by the soil and become unavailable. However, from the perspective of fertilizer categories, organic fertilizers lose less than chemical fertilizers because organic fertilizers release nutrients gradually. Among chemical fertilizers, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers lose less than nitrogen fertilizers. According to measurements by soil and fertilizer testing departments, the utilization rate of available nitrogen in ammonium bicarbonate is 27%, the utilization rate of available nitrogen in urea is 35%, and the nutrient utilization rate of high-efficiency compound fertilizers is above 40%.
Facing the reality of rising agricultural production costs year by year, especially the reality of rising fertilizer costs, in order to increase yields, save resources, reduce costs and improve efficiency, it is necessary to save fertilizer expenses, reduce waste, adopt comprehensive corresponding measures, and improve fertilizer utilization rate.
First, it is necessary to improve farmland infrastructure and enhance water storage and retention capacity. Farmland construction should achieve rapid drainage of heavy water, quick lowering of small amounts of water, access to water diversion in drought, and the ability to regulate fertilizer with water, so that fertilizer applied to the soil can be quickly dissolved, transformed and used, reducing waste caused by an imbalanced water-fertilizer environment.
Second, it is necessary to apply more organic fertilizer and mix farmyard manure with chemical fertilizers. Fully decomposed farmyard manure has relatively complete nutrient content. Persisting in mixed application of chemical fertilizers and organic fertilizers can, first, improve soil physical and chemical properties and enhance soil fertility; second, allow slow-release and quick-acting fertilizers to complement each other's advantages; third, reduce the volatilization and loss of chemical fertilizers, enhance fertilizer retention performance, and quickly improve fertilizer supply capacity.
Third, it is necessary to apply fertilizers scientifically according to a formula and avoid one-sided application of single-element chemical fertilizers. Balanced fertilization according to formulas should be carried out for different soils and different crops, which not only prevents the antagonistic effect caused by excessive use of single-element chemical fertilizers that suppresses the nutritional function of other elements, but also meets the needs of different crops for different major nutrient elements. For example, potassium fertilizer should be added to soils with relatively high sand content, and boron fertilizer should be added to fields planted with rapeseed and cotton (18645, 75.00, 0.40%). At the same time, corresponding trace elements such as zinc, magnesium and molybdenum should also be supplemented according to different soil textures and different crops.
Fourth, it is necessary to continuously update fertilization technology to effectively ensure fertilization quality. First, advocate the application of high-content multi-element compound fertilizers and reduce the application of low-content compound mixed fertilizers; second, actively trial high-energy organic-inorganic compound fertilizers; third, promote organic-inorganic compound mixed fertilizers; fourth, apply fertilizers that serve both as fertilizer and pesticide with high content of beneficial microorganisms; fifth, emphasize deep application of fertilizers; sixth, apply according to reasonable doses; seventh, where conditions permit, use drip irrigation to apply liquid fertilizers evenly.