What are the effective methods to improve nitrogen fertilizer use efficiency?
What happens to vegetables when there is too much or too little nitrogen fertilizer? Please explain the symptoms that appear when vegetable nitrogen is imbalanced: excessive nitrogen leads to nutrient imbalance in the plant, inducing deficiencies of potassium, calcium, boron and other elements; ammonia accumulates in the plant, causing ammonia toxicity, affecting vegetable yield and quality, and also affecting nutritional quality and hygiene...
How can nitrogen fertilizer use efficiency be effectively improved? Please advise.The main reasons for low nitrogen fertilizer use efficiency are volatilization loss of ammonium nitrogen, leaching loss of nitrate nitrogen fertilizer, and denitrification. There are five main measures to improve nitrogen fertilizer use efficiency:
1. Rational allocation: Nitrogen fertilizer should be applied to soils with good yield-increasing effects. Test results prove that generally, on poor and low-yield soils with good groundwater quality and lower basic yield, the use efficiency is higher and the yield-increasing effect is more significant.
2. Deep application with soil covering: Deep application combined with soil covering can increase the soil's adsorption of ammonium ions and reduce volatilization, with a significant yield-increasing effect on ammonium nitrogen fertilizer. The fertilization depth should be flexibly controlled according to crop variety characteristics and fertilization amount. For small amounts of chemical fertilizer and crops with shallow root distribution, middle-layer shallow application (6-12 cm deep) is better; for large amounts of chemical fertilizer and crops with well-developed roots, deep penetration into the soil, and wide distribution, bottom-layer deep application (12-15 cm deep) is suitable.
3. Apply nitrogen fertilizer according to the crop: Different crops have different habits and different nitrogen fertilizer requirements. Rice, corn (2324,3.00,0.13%) and other cereal crops need more nitrogen fertilizer and should be applied appropriately more. Legume crops, however, generally only need a small amount of nitrogen fertilizer applied in the early growth stage before rhizobia become active. Crops of the same type also differ in fertilizer tolerance, with fertilizer-tolerant varieties slightly exceeding non-fertilizer-tolerant varieties. The same crop also has different nitrogen requirements at different growth stages. Different crops also respond differently to ammonium nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen. Rice, corn and other cereal crops respond equally well to ammonium nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen. Potatoes, however, prefer ammonium nitrogen. Tobacco prefers nitrate nitrogen, and most vegetables also prefer nitrate nitrogen.
4. Apply fertilizer according to the soil: When applying nitrogen fertilizer, full consideration must be given to the soil's fertilizer supply and retention characteristics. For plots with deep soil layers and strong fertilizer retention capacity, base fertilizer should be the main application, with a single topdressing; for wind-blown sandy soil and sand-leakage soil with poor fertilizer retention capacity, the principle of small amounts and frequent applications should be adhered to, adopting split fertilization.
5. Formula application of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and micro-fertilizers: Normal crop growth and development require the coordinated supply of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and various other nutrient elements. Fertilization formulas should be reasonably designed according to local conditions.
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