What are the common propagation methods for red lilac?

Livestock Farming Jan 1, 1970 0 views

Red lilac grows vigorously, with brilliant flower colors and a fragrant scent. It has relatively strong resistance to pests and diseases, and a strong ability to absorb air pollution, dust, and toxic gases such as hydrogen fluoride and sulfur dioxide, so it is very suitable for use as a landscaping tree. Artificial propagation of red lilac can be done by sowing, cuttings, and grafting.

Red lilac

I. Sowing

It can be sown indoors in pots or in open-field beds in spring and autumn. In the north, spring sowing is preferable, carried out from late March to early April. Before sowing, stratify the seeds in sand at 0-7°C for 1-2 months, so that the seeds emerge within half a month after sowing. When sowing, open furrows about 3 cm deep, with a plant and row spacing of 2-10 cm. When the seedlings grow to 4-5 pairs of leaves, they should be divided and transplanted into pots or thinned. Seedlings are afraid of waterlogging, so attention should be paid during the rainy season to drainage of the seedlings. For current-year seedlings, cold protection treatment is needed in winter in North China.

II. Cuttings

One month after flowering, select strong, lignified current-year shoots as cuttings, about 15 cm long, with 2-3 pairs of buds. After cutting the cuttings, treat them with 50-100 mg/L indolebutyric acid for 15-18 hours, then insert them into a sand bed covered with plastic film, and they can root in 1 month. You can also take lignified branches as cuttings in autumn and winter, bury them in soil outdoors for storage first, and then take cuttings the following spring.

III. Grafting

European lilac or Chinese privet (Ligustrum quihoui) is mostly used as the rootstock, and bud grafting or branch grafting can be used.

1. Bud grafting, generally from late June to mid-July, select plump dormant buds on strong current-year branches as scions, use the shield bud grafting method without xylem, graft onto the rootstock stem 5-10 cm above the ground, and pay attention to protection in winter.

2. Branch grafting, collect scions in autumn and winter, store them buried in the open field, and carry out the following spring. The scions that survive directly sprout and grow in the same year, reaching 50-80 cm in length, but the new shoot tips rarely form flower buds. Therefore, before the buds sprout in the second year, the branches need to be cut back 30-40 cm above the ground to promote the sprouting of side branches, so that the branches mature and can flower and fruit normally. For grafted plants that have survived, promptly prune off the suckering branches of the rootstock.

How to grow lilac

Lilac, also known as purple lilac, North China lilac, etc. A deciduous shrub or small tree of the Oleaceae family. Native to the provinces of North China in my country, distributed in Jilin, Liaoning, Inner Mongolia, Hebei, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Gansu, Sichuan and other places. The Korean Peninsula also has distribution.

There are many cultivated species and varieties of lilac. Northern cities such as Harbin in my country have achieved breakthrough results in the development and utilization of lilac germplasm resources. There are mainly double-petaled and single-petaled types, and each type also has white, purple, pink, red, snow-blue and other colors.

Morphological characteristics: Lilac branchlets are thick and smooth, with simple opposite leaves, entire margins, ovate to heart-shaped. Flowers are densely clustered in panicles. The corolla is tubular, with 4 lobes at the tip, and the flowers are violet-colored; varieties have white, pink, red, purple and other colors. The floral fragrance is rich. It blooms from April to May. Capsule fruit.

Propagation methods: Lilac propagation commonly uses division, grafting, and sowing. Division can be carried out by conventional methods. Grafting mostly uses ash, privet, and fringetree as rootstocks. The grafting period is in early to mid-March before the lilac buds sprout, and the method is generally cut grafting. For sowing, first collect seeds in August-September, dry them in the sun, thresh them, and store them dry. In February of the following spring, use wet sand to promote germination, sow in March, keep the soil moist, and seedlings will emerge.

Cultivation and care: Lilac cultivation is best done by transplanting during the dormant period after leaf fall. Medium and small seedlings need to retain root-protecting soil, and large seedlings need to retain a soil ball. After transplanting, appropriately thin the branches and water thoroughly to settle the roots. Lilac likes fertilizer. Each year during the dormant period after leaf fall, apply organic fertilizer such as cake fertilizer or organic compound fertilizer as a base fertilizer at the root zone while loosening the soil, and apply one more topdressing before flowering. Each year during the dormant period, do one shaping and prune out diseased branches, redundant branches, weak branches, and root-zone suckers. Lilac has strong resistance to pests and diseases, and usually only needs good control of longhorn beetles.How to grow lilac

Horticultural uses: The lilac tree has a beautiful form, abundant flowering, brilliant flower colors, and a rich fragrance. It can be used as a courtyard tree planted in front of windows. When it blooms, not only are the flower colors brilliant, but the floral fragrance also refreshes the heart and mind.

Lilac Syzygium aromaticum Lilac illustrated guide: how to grow lilac / how lilac propagates

Lilac profile
Lilac Syzygium aromaticum
How to grow lilac and precautions Introduction to lilac

Lilac belongs to the Oleaceae family and the genus Syringa. Its Latin name is Syringa oblata, and it is a deciduous shrub or small tree. It is widely distributed in Zanzibar, Madagascar and other places, and is named because its flower tube is slender like a nail and fragrant. It is the city flower of Harbin and is a famous garden flower and tree. The inflorescence is huge, the flowering is abundant, the flower colors are elegant, and it is fragrant. It has a robust nature and is easy to cultivate, so it is widely cultivated and applied in gardens. The flowers are bisexual, forming terminal or lateral panicles, and the flower colors are mostly white and purple. The clove oil and eugenol made from it have good medicinal value. Ancient poets often wrote about sorrow using lilac. Because lilac flowers mostly open in clusters, like knots. It is called "ding knot, hundred-knot flower."
Clove is made from unopened flower buds that are dried, shaped like round-headed nails, with a strong fragrance and a bitter taste, which becomes milder after cooking. Clove is an aromatic stomachic that can promote gastric juice secretion and enhance gastrointestinal peristalsis.
In France, "when the lilac blooms" means the best weather. People whose birthdays are May 17 or June 12 have the lilac as their lucky flower. In the West, this flower symbolizes "the innocence of youth, first love, and humility."

Morphological characteristics of clove
Evergreen tree, up to 10 m tall. Leaves opposite, petiole obvious, leaf blade oblong-ovate or oblong-obovate, 5-10 cm long, 2.5-5 cm wide, apex acuminate or acute, base narrow and often extending downward into a petiole, margin entire. Flowers fragrant, forming terminal cymose panicles, flower diameter about 6 mm; calyx thick, green then turning purple, long tubular, apex 4-lobed, lobes triangular; corolla white, slightly purplish, short tubular, 4-lobed; stamens numerous, anthers longitudinally dehiscent; ovary inferior, adnate to the calyx tube, style thick, stigma inconspicuous.
Berry red-brown, oblong-elliptic, 1-1.5 cm long, 5-8 mm in diameter, with persistent sepals at the apex. Seeds rectangular. The red-brown flower buds resembling fingernails are the raw material for essential oil. The average tree height is about 5-6 meters. The main producing areas are Sri Lanka, Java, and Madagascar. It is obtained by distillation. Its fragrance is a floral scent somewhat like fresh moss and woody notes. It is an indispensable scent in the perfume manufacturing industry and is also often added to alcohol. The essential oil is transparent and colorless.
Flora of China Volume 61 Oleaceae genus Syringa: Deciduous shrubs or small trees. Branchlets nearly cylindrical or somewhat four-angled, with lenticels. Winter buds covered by bud scales, terminal buds often absent. Leaves opposite, simple, rarely compound, entire, rarely lobed; petiolate. Flowers bisexual, cymose arranged in panicles, terminal or lateral, emerging simultaneously with leaves or after leaves; pedicellate or sessile; calyx small, campanulate, with 4 teeth or irregularly toothed, or nearly truncate, persistent; corolla funnel-shaped, salverform, or nearly rotate, lobes 4, spreading or nearly upright, valvate in bud; stamens 2, inserted at the throat to the middle of the corolla tube, included or exserted; ovary 2-locular, each locule with 2 pendulous ovules, style filiform, shorter than stamens, stigma 2-lobed. Fruit a capsule, slightly flattened, 2-locular, loculicidal; seeds flat, winged; cotyledons ovate, flat; radicle upward. Chromosome base number x=23, or 22, 24.
Plants of the Oleaceae genus Syringa are generally also commonly called lilac flowers.
Deciduous shrubs or small trees. Branchlets nearly cylindrical or somewhat four-angled, with lenticels. Winter buds covered by bud scales, terminal buds often absent. Leaves opposite, simple, rarely compound, entire, rarely lobed; petiolate. Flowers bisexual, cymose arranged in panicles, terminal or lateral, emerging simultaneously with leaves or after leaves; pedicellate or sessile; calyx small, campanulate, with 4 teeth or irregularly toothed, or nearly truncate, persistent; corolla funnel-shaped, salverform, or nearly rotate, lobes 4, spreading or nearly upright, valvate in bud; stamens 2, inserted at the throat to the middle of the corolla tube, included or exserted; ovary 2-locular, each locule with 2 pendulous ovules, style filiform, shorter than stamens, stigma 2-lobed. Fruit a capsule, slightly flattened, 2-locular, loculicidal; seeds flat, winged; cotyledons ovate, flat; radicle upward.

Ecological habits of clove
The genus Syringa is mainly distributed in subtropical subalpine areas, warm temperate to temperate mountain forest edges, under forests, and in sunny thickets of cold temperate zones.
Quoted from Flora of China Volume 61 Oleaceae genus Syringa Linn.: Deciduous shrubs or small trees. Branchlets nearly cylindrical or somewhat four-angled, with lenticels. Winter buds covered by bud scales, terminal buds often absent. Leaves opposite, simple, rarely compound, entire, rarely lobed; petiolate. Flowers bisexual, cymose arranged in panicles, terminal or lateral, emerging simultaneously with leaves or also after leaves; pedicellate or sessile; calyx small, campanulate, with 4 teeth or irregularly toothed, or nearly truncate, persistent; corolla funnel-shaped, salverform, or nearly rotate, lobes 4, spreading or nearly upright, valvate in bud; stamens 2, inserted at the throat to the middle of the corolla tube, included or exserted; ovary 2-locular, each locule with 2 pendulous ovules, style filiform, shorter than stamens, stigma 2-lobed. Fruit a capsule, slightly flattened, 2-locular, loculicidal; seeds flat, winged; cotyledons ovate, flat; radicle upward.
Lilac flowers like full sunlight and also tolerate half shade. They have strong adaptability, tolerate cold, drought, and poor soil, and have few pests and diseases. A well-drained, loose neutral soil is suitable, and acidic soil should be avoided. Avoid waterlogging and damp heat, and generally do not need much watering. Lilac requires fertile, well-drained sandy soil. Lilac flowers do not like heavy fertilizer; do not apply too much fertilizer, otherwise flowering will be affected.

Cultivation techniques for clove
Propagate by sowing, cuttings, grafting, layering, and division.
Propagate by seed. From 5-6-year-old retained plants, harvest promptly in May-June when the fruit turns purplish-red. Sow immediately after harvesting if possible. If it cannot be sown in time, it is best to peel off the fruit pulp and store it in moist fine sand or wet wood bran to prevent drying out and dying. For treated seeds, the best sowing time is August-September. Sow in furrows in holes, with a row spacing of 15 cm and a seed spacing of about 5 cm. Place seeds flat or upright, with the radicle facing down. After sowing, cover with 1 cm of soil. Fresh fruit seedlings emerge 35-45 d after sowing, and treated seeds emerge about 10 d after sowing. When the seedlings grow to 4-5 cm and have two young leaves, they can be transplanted into a seedbed or into nutrient bags for seedling raising. When the seedlings are 6-10 cm tall and have 4-6 pairs of true leaves, transplant them for final planting. A soil ball is needed when transplanting.
Each clove tree can produce 34 kg (75 lb) of dried flower buds. It flowers twice, in late summer and early winter, and is picked by hand and dried in the sun. The flower buds are 13-19 mm (about 0.5-0.75 in) long and contain 14-20% essential oil, whose main component is eugenol (C10H12O2).

Propagation methods of clove
Lilac is best transplanted in early spring before the buds sprout. Before transplanting, apply sufficient base fertilizer in the planting hole, then cover the base fertilizer with a layer of soil, then place the seedling and fill with soil. After planting, water thoroughly once, and then water 2-3 more times to survive. Lilac has strong adaptability and relatively extensive management. Usually, as long as you pay attention to weeding, prevent waterlogging in the rainy season, and water during drought, it can grow smoothly.
Lilac does not like heavy fertilizer; avoid excessive fertilization, lest it cause excessive vegetative growth of branches and affect flowering. Generally, apply decomposed compost once every year or every other year before winter. Before lilac sprouts in mid-March, shape and prune the lilac, remove overly dense branches, thin and weak branches, and pest- and disease-damaged branches, and moderately cut back vigorous growing branches, so that the crown is ventilated and receives light. After the flowers fade, if seeds are not to be kept, cut off the residual flowers together with the two buds below the flower spike, to reduce nutrient consumption and promote the sprouting of new branches and the formation of flower buds. After leaf fall, another pruning can be done to keep the crown round and beautiful, which is beneficial to growth and flowering the next year. Lilac has very few pests and diseases. The main pests are aphids, bagworms, and stinging caterpillars. They can be controlled by spraying 800-1000 times 40% dimethoate emulsion or 1000 times 25% phosmet emulsion. The same genus also includes white-flowered lilac, red-flowered lilac, purple-flowered lilac, lotus lilac, littleleaf lilac, variegated lilac, four-season lilac, etc.
Generally, apply decomposed compost once every year or every other year before winter, which can replenish the nutrients in the soil for lilac flowers. After lilac flowers fade, if seeds are not to be kept, cut off the residual flowers together with the two buds below the flower spike.
Propagation and cultivation
Plants of the genus Syringa are mostly cultivated in the open field and are commonly used as accent trees in gardens. When planting, choose a sunny location with loose, well-drained soil. Generally, bare-root planting is done before sprouting in spring, with a plant spacing of 2-3 meters, which can also be adjusted according to the layout requirements. When planting, 2-3-year-old seedlings are mostly selected. The planting hole is 70-80 cm in diameter and 50-60 cm deep. Apply 1000 grams of fully decomposed organic fertilizer and 100-600 grams of bone meal per hole, mix thoroughly with the soil as base fertilizer.
After planting, water thoroughly once every 10 days, for 3-5 consecutive times. After each watering, loosen the soil and conserve moisture to help raise soil temperature and promote rapid growth of new roots. For planting 3-4-year-old large seedlings, after planting, heavily prune the aboveground branches, that is, cut the trunk 30 cm above the ground. After cutting the trunk, strong branches will soon grow, making the crown full, and abundant flowers can bloom the next year. Daily management work is relatively simple.
Generally, pruning is carried out before sprouting in spring, mainly cutting out thin and weak branches, overly dense branches, dead branches, and diseased branches, and reasonably retaining good renewal shoots. If seeds are not to be kept, cut off the residual flower spikes after flowering. Generally, no fertilizer or only a small amount of fertilizer is applied. Avoid excessive fertilization, otherwise it will cause excessive vegetative growth, thereby affecting flower bud formation and instead reducing flowering. However, after flowering, apply some phosphorus and potassium fertilizer and nitrogen fertilizer. Per plant, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer should not exceed 75 grams, plus 25 grams of nitrogen fertilizer. If barnyard manure or compost is applied, it must be fully decomposed and evenly mixed with the soil, about 500 grams per plant.
Irrigation can vary by region. In Beijing and North China, April-June is the dry and high-temperature season, and it is also the season when lilac grows vigorously and blooms, so water thoroughly 2-3 times a month, and immediately cultivate and conserve moisture after watering. After July, when the rainy season begins, pay attention to drainage and waterlogging prevention. By mid-November before winter, water sufficiently with winter water.
Artificial breeding
In selecting parents for artificial hybridization, the breeding objective must first be established, parents with the target characteristics selected, and the feasibility of hybrid breeding determined through compatibility tests. In actual operation, a series of strict operations such as emasculation, artificial pollination, bagging, labeling, seed collection, preservation, and sowing must be carried out. In order for the target traits to be fully expressed, the hybrid progeny must be at least nearly a thousand plants to ensure the need for selection. Generally, it takes at least 5-10 years from hybrid pollination to the naming of a new variety.

Medicinal dietary or medicinal value of clove
The medical information and health dietary information on Huhua Network are for reference only and cannot be used as a basis for diagnosis or medical treatment. Any health problems should be consulted with professional medical personnel, and the treatment of any disease should follow doctor's advice.
Ultimate flower-protecting task: love yourself, start from reality, and strictly follow doctor's advice. For illness, do not be careless, do not delay, do not give up hope, face it bravely, warm the silent world with love, and care for the flower field in your heart with your heart.
Medicinal value
It warms the middle, warms the kidney, and directs rebellious qi downward. It has the functions of warming the middle and directing rebellious qi downward, and warming the kidney and assisting yang. Indications: treats hiccups, vomiting, nausea, dysentery, cold pain in the heart and abdomen, abdominal masses, hernia, and tinea.
Medicinal material source: the flower buds of the dicotyledonous plant clove of the Myrtaceae family. Lilac flowers like sunlight, tolerate slight shade, like moisture, avoid water accumulation, tolerate cold and drought, and generally do not need much watering. They require fertile, well-drained sandy loam. If planted in a shaded environment, the branches will be slender and weak, the inflorescences short and loose, and the flowers lusterless. If lilac flowers are planted on poor land, although they can still grow, the flowers are few and the growth is weak. Therefore, they should be planted in a sunny, fertile place with deep soil. When planting lilac flowers, bring a soil ball, appropriately prune some branches, and water sufficiently after planting. Thereafter, every spring when the weather is dry, water thoroughly once each when the buds sprout and before and after flowering. Lilac flowers do not like heavy fertilizer; avoid excessive fertilization, otherwise it easily causes excessive vegetative growth and affects flowering.
Generally, apply decomposed compost once every year or every other year before winter, which can replenish the nutrients in the soil for lilac flowers. After lilac flowers fade, if seeds are not to be kept, cut off the residual flowers together with the two buds below the flower spike, and at the same time thin out some overly dense branches in the inner canopy, which is beneficial to ventilation and light, the beauty of the tree shape, and promoting the sprouting of new branches and the formation of flower buds. After lilac flowers lose their leaves, cut off diseased branches, dead branches, and slender branches, and appropriately shorten crossing branches, excessively vigorous branches, overlapping branches, and overly dense branches, so that the branches are evenly distributed and the crown remains round, which is beneficial to growth and flowering the following year. For ground-planted lilac flowers, special attention should be paid to drainage and waterlogging prevention during the rainy season. Because if water accumulates for too long, it is easy to lose leaves and die. Flower language: Bright
Lilac flowers have the glorious nickname of the flower of heaven, perhaps because of their noble fragrance, and have been treasured since ancient times. Therefore, the flower language of lilac flowers is also worthy of the glory of the nickname flower of heaven.
People born under the blessing of this flower are blessed by the gods and have a glorious life. Because they are too clever, they have the flaw of liking shortcuts. I hope that in the process of pursuit, do not forget the final goal.

Distribution area of clove
Indonesia, Zanzibar, Madagascar, India, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka.
China has 81% of the wild species of the genus Syringa and is the modern distribution center of the genus Syringa. Southwest, northwest, north, and northeast China are the main distribution areas of lilac.
The Sichuan, Yunnan, and Tibet regions in the southwest are important distribution areas of Chinese lilac, with 13 naturally distributed species, accounting for about 50% of the wild resources of the entire genus.
The Hengduan Mountain region in Sichuan and Yunnan has 7 wild species. The northwestern region, including Inner Mongolia, Qinghai, Gansu, Shaanxi, and Shanxi, is another important distribution area of Chinese lilac, with 12 naturally distributed lilac species, accounting for 44% of the entire genus. The remaining 11 species are also distributed in the southwest, north, and northeast.

Variety classification of clove
Besides China, Japan has 2 species, with Japanese lilac being endemic to Japan; the Korean Peninsula has 4 species; Afghanistan has 1 species, and none have endemic species.
The Alps and Carpathian Mountains in southeastern Europe produce 2 species in total, European lilac and Hungarian lilac.

Uses and purposes of clove
Oral administration of clove water extract has a significant inhibitory effect on water immersion stress ulcers in mice and hydrochloric acid gastric ulcers in rats; oral administration of ether extract can significantly inhibit mouse gastric ulcers induced by indomethacin plus ethanol and rat gastric ulcers caused by hydrochloric acid. Oral administration of clove decoction can significantly inhibit gastric emptying and the propulsion rate of ink in mice; oral administration of ether extract can inhibit castor oil-induced diarrhea in mice; oral administration of water extract can significantly inhibit senna leaf-induced diarrhea in mice. However, some reports believe that the decoction has only a tendency to counteract the two diarrhea models but no significant effect.
Clove ether extract has a significant effect of promoting bile secretion in anesthetized rats and can maintain it for 2 hours.
Clove oil can effectively inhibit platelet aggregation induced by arachidonic acid (AA), collagen, and epinephrine, especially the aggregation induced by AA. The inhibition of aggregation by clove oil seems to occur by reducing the formation of thromboxane B2 (TXB2).
Oral administration of clove ether extract or water extract to mice can significantly prolong the latency of pain response (hot plate method) or significantly reduce the number of writhing reactions caused by acetic acid stimulation.
1. Anti-pathogenic microorganism effect
In test tubes, clove has an inhibitory effect on the growth of Staphylococcus and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Clove decoction and powder have a strong antibacterial effect on hemolytic streptococci, and their antibacterial effect is not affected by heating. Experiments show that the alcohol extract of clove has an inhibitory effect on Corynebacterium diphtheriae, Bacillus anthracis, Salmonella paratyphi, Shigella, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus albus, and Vibrio cholerae. The antibacterial ability of clove oil is stronger than that of clove. In vitro tests show that the alcohol extract of clove has an inhibitory effect on Corynebacterium diphtheriae, Bacillus anthracis, Salmonella paratyphi, Shigella, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus albus, and Vibrio cholerae. In test tubes, when clove oil and eugenol are at 1:16,000-1:64,000, they can completely prevent the development of Brucella; at 1:8,000, they can completely inhibit the development of Mycobacterium avium; at a concentration of 1:2,000-1:8,000, they have an inhibitory effect on Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Shigella, Escherichia coli, Proteus, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In vitro tests show that clove has an inhibitory effect on influenza virus strain PR8.
The water, alcohol, and ether extracts of clove and their volatile oil all have obvious antifungal effects on pathogenic fungi. Low-concentration extracts have an inhibitory effect on Trichophyton schoenleinii and Candida albicans. In test tubes, when clove oil and eugenol are at a concentration of 1:8,000-1:16,000, they have an antibacterial effect on a variety of Trichophyton species, favus fungi, and Epidermophyton inguinale.
2. Effect on the digestive system
Clove is an aromatic stomachic that can relieve abdominal bloating, enhance digestive ability, and reduce nausea and vomiting. Research shows that clove extract has the effect of stimulating the secretion of gastric acid and pepsin. Its effect of stimulating gastric juice secretion is different from acetylcholine: the former stimulates the secretion of gastric juice with high acidity and strong digestive power, while the latter stimulates the secretion of gastric juice with low acidity and weak digestive power. The effect of clove in stimulating gastric juice secretion seems to be related to the participation of cholinergic nerves, because this effect can be blocked by intravenous injection of atropine. Eugenol emulsion can also significantly increase gastric mucus secretion without enhancing acidity. The effect of clove oil is slightly weaker. Continuous application can exhaust the mucus and cause only non-mucous exudate to be secreted.
3. Deworming effect
In test tubes, clove ethanol infusion, decoction, and clove oil can paralyze or kill pig roundworms. Oral administration of clove oil 0.5-1.0 g/kg to dogs infected with roundworms can make them expel the roundworms, with no side effects. However, when the dose is increased to 5 g/kg, it causes vomiting and the deworming effect decreases. Clove oil is superior to the decoction.
4. Other effects
Intravenous injection of eugenol into rabbits can produce anesthesia, decreased blood pressure, respiratory depression, and obvious anticonvulsant effects. Eugenol can strongly inhibit the biosynthesis of prostaglandins in vitro. A small amount of clove oil dropped into a dental cavity has both a disinfecting effect and can destroy its nerves, thereby reducing toothache. Clove can also cause uterine contractions.
5. Antibacterial effect
Sabouraud medium containing 1% concentration of clove ether extract, water extract, or 8% concentration of clove decoction has an inhibitory effect on various pathogenic fungi such as Trichophyton schoenleinii and Candida albicans. At higher concentrations, it also has an inhibitory effect on Cryptococcus neoformans. The alcohol extract is similar to the ether extract, but the water extract is weaker. Clove oil and eugenol at 1:8000-1:16000 have an inhibitory effect on pathogenic fungi. It has antibacterial effects on Staphylococcus aureus and Pneumococcus, Shigella (Shiga), Escherichia coli, Proteus, Mycobacterium tuberculosis and other bacilli. Clove also has an inhibitory effect on influenza virus strain PR8 (in vitro test). It has inhibitory effects on Yersinia pestis, Vibrio cholerae, Bacillus anthracis, Salmonella typhi, Corynebacterium diphtheriae, Proteus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, and Staphylococcus aureus; clove oil and eugenol have an inhibitory effect on Brucella and also on Mycobacterium avium.
6. Antifungal effect
It has an inhibitory effect on Nocardia asteroides, Trichophyton schoenleinii, Microsporum gypsum, and Epidermophyton inguinale.
7. Deworming effect
The water or alcohol extract has a paralyzing or killing effect on pig roundworms in vitro. Oral administration of clove oil 0.5-1.0 g/kg to dogs infected with roundworms has a deworming effect, but a single dose cannot expel all the roundworms. Clove oil is superior to the decoction. The 50% decoction and ethanol infusion have a killing effect on pig roundworms in vitro; clove oil is more effective, and its 1% suspension can kill some roundworms, and oral administration of 0.1-0.5 g/kg has a deworming effect on dog roundworms.
8. Stomachic effect
Clove is an aromatic stomachic that can relieve abdominal bloating, enhance digestive ability, and reduce nausea and vomiting. A 5% eugenol emulsion can significantly increase gastric mucus secretion without enhancing acidity; oral administration of clove water extract can cause Pavlov
pouch dogs to significantly increase gastric acid output and pepsin activity. The effect of clove oil is slightly weaker. Continuous application can exhaust the mucus and cause only non-mucous exudate to be secreted; only after 36 hours can the response (mucus secretion) partially recover, and complete recovery takes several months.
9. Analgesic effect
The results of the mouse hot plate test and anti-writhing response test show that clove oil for toothache (dropped in a small amount) can disinfect the dental cavity and destroy its nerves, thereby reducing toothache.
10. Effects of clove water extract and petroleum ether extract on hypoxia tolerance and cold exposure in mice: Clove water extract does not slow the oxygen consumption rate, but improves the oxygen utilization ability of mice under hypoxic conditions, enhancing the ability of mice to resist hypoxia under normal pressure and sealed conditions. The largest clove tree in the world is in Luoping Village, Wushan County, Chongqing, China.
11. Effects of clove water extract and petroleum ether extract on bile secretion, diarrhea, and liver injury in animals: Effect on bile secretion in anesthetized rats: rats weighing 174±17 g, half male and half female, randomly divided into groups of 8. After urethane anesthesia, bile duct intubation was performed according to the literature method [Pharmaceutical Journal (Japan) 1987; 107(12):990]. After the operation, equilibrate for 30 minutes, administer via duodenum, collect bile flow every 30 minutes before administration for 30 minutes and within 4 hours after administration, compare, obtain the flow rate (post-drug flow/pre-drug flow), and compare with the corresponding time of the control group by t-test. Results: clove petroleum ether extract can significantly promote bile secretion in anesthetized rats, and the effect can last for 2 hours.
Effect on diarrhea caused by castor oil, senna leaf and other drugs: mice weighing 19.8±1.5 g, half male and half female, randomly divided into groups of 12. During the experiment, water and food were withheld. After ig administration of the test drug for 0.5 hour, ig castor oil 0.15 ml/mouse, place individually in small buckets with a bottom lined with paper of about 15 cm diameter, change the paper every 1 hour and count the number of diarrhea episodes, observe for 6 hours. Results: clove petroleum ether extract 0.3 ml/kg can significantly inhibit castor oil-induced diarrhea in mice. Then take mice weighing 20.4±1.7 g, half male and half female, randomly divided into groups of 10. After ig administration of the test drug for 0.5 hour, ig senna leaf 0.4 g/mouse. Senna leaf (Cassia angustifolia) 20 g was boiled in 250 ml water for 5 minutes, filtered through gauze, concentrated in a water bath to a solution containing 1 g of crude drug per 1 ml. The subsequent operation method was the same as the castor oil diarrhea experiment, and observation was for 8 hours. Results: clove water extract 20 g/kg can significantly inhibit senna leaf-induced diarrhea.
Effect on SGPT and SGOT in rats with acute liver injury induced by carbon tetrachloride: rats weighing 221±25 g, half male and half female, randomly divided into groups of 9. The test drug was administered once daily for 5 consecutive days. One hour after the last administration, ig CCl4 0.3 ml/kg. After 16 hours, blood was collected from the carotid artery under anesthesia, SGPT was measured by the Reitman-Frankel method, SGOT by the King method, and data were processed by t-test. Results: clove petroleum ether extract and water extract did not produce obvious effects on the significant increases in SGPT and SGOT in rats with acute hepatitis induced by CCl4.
12. Effect of clove extract on metabolism
Clove hot water extract and water-soluble components have the dual effects of inhibiting metabolic activation and inactivating metabolically activated Trp-p-2. The ether-soluble components, eugenol, acetyleugenol, and isoeugenol can inhibit metabolic activation, but no inactivation effect on metabolically activated Trp-p-2 was observed. The water-soluble components after removing tannins do not inhibit metabolic activation, and their inactivation effect on metabolically activated Trp-p-2 is also small. These samples do not have antimutagenicity. Based on the above, it is suggested that the inhibitory effect of clove hot water extract on mutagenesis may be caused by the inhibitory effect of tannins, eugenol, etc. on metabolic activation and the inactivation effect of tannins on metabolically activated Trp-p-2. The water, saline, and ethanol extracts of clove contain a complex glycoside containing phenols and uronic acids, which has an inhibitory effect on brain acetylcholinesterase.
13. Antiasthmatic effect
B-caryophyllene accounts for about 5.4% of clove volatile oil and is also one of the effective antiasthmatic components in the oil of Artemisia argyi of the Asteraceae family. Pharmacological experiments found that it has almost no relaxing effect on isolated tracheal smooth muscle, but its po efficacy is similar to that of mugwort leaf oil. Pharmacological screening showed a contractile effect on isolated guinea pig smooth muscle. Metabolite III is a yellow viscous oily substance, an active metabolite. Based on GC-MS, IR, 1HMR, and semisynthetic experiments, this metabolite was confirmed to be B-caryophyllene alcohol. Pharmacological experiments show that one of the metabolites of B-caryophyllene in the body, B-caryophyllene alcohol, has a strong relaxing effect on isolated guinea pig airway smooth muscle, PD2=4.36 (n=6); when used for histamine- and acetylcholine-induced asthma in guinea pigs, ig at 0.2 g/kg can prevent all animals (n=8) from wheezing, and its effect lasts longer than 6 h. B-caryophyllene alcohol, mouse ig LD50>10.8 g/kg, indicating extremely low toxicity.

Landscape uses of clove
Plants of the genus Syringa are mainly used for garden ornamental purposes. Because of their unique fragrance, large and abundant inflorescences, elegant and harmonious flower colors, and full and beautiful posture, they have long enjoyed a high reputation among ornamental flowers and trees and have become indispensable flowers and trees in gardens worldwide.
They can be planted in clusters along roadsides, on lawns, or on sunny slopes, or planted together with other flowers and trees at the forest edge. They can also be planted alone in front of courtyards or outside windows, or various lilacs can be interspersed and arranged to create a special lilac garden.
They are also suitable for pot cultivation and are good material for cut flowers in vases. Lilac has strong resistance to various toxic gases such as sulfur dioxide and hydrogen fluoride, so it is also good material for greening and beautification in industrial and mining areas.

Disease control of clove
Diseases include brown spot disease, which mainly damages leaves. Before onset or in the early stage of onset, spray with 1:1:100 Bordeaux mixture or 50% wettable thiophanate-methyl 1000 times solution.
There is also sooty mold damage, and the main pest is scale insects.

Cultural background of clove
Ancient poets often wrote about sorrow using lilac. Because lilac flowers mostly open in clusters, like knots. It is called "ding knot, hundred-knot flower." In Li Shangyin's "Dai Zeng" there is the line "the banana leaves are not yet spread, and the lilac is knotted." In literary works, lilac mostly symbolizes things that are noble and pure, beautiful, and poignant.
In the West, this flower symbolizes "the innocence of youth, first love, and humility." In France, "when the lilac blooms" means the best weather.
People whose birthdays are May 17 or June 12 have the lilac as their lucky flower.
History
Lilac is a precious flower and tree in China, with a cultivation history of more than 1000 years. Before 1600 AD, lilac native to China was introduced to Europe through the Silk Road via Persia.
Praise
In his later years, Du Fu built a thatched cottage by the Huanhua Stream in the west of Chengdu, Sichuan, and lived a relatively comfortable life. During this period, he wrote "Lilac Flower," with the poem: "The lilac body is delicate and weak, its tangled knots still padded on the branches, fine leaves carry floating hairs, sparse flowers spread plain beauty." He praised the beauty, elegance, and tenderness of lilac flowers. With very delicate brushwork, he depicted the moving posture of lilac, even describing in fine detail the soft floating hairs covering the tender lilac leaves. The sparse white lilac flowers further show a noble and pure charm.

Flower language of clove
Memories of youth, endearing, light sorrow.
City flower of clove
Lilac gets its name because its flower tube is slender and long like a nail and it is fragrant; it is the city flower of Harbin.
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