A Brief Introduction to the Cutting Propagation Method of Goldflame Spirea
The flower and leaf colors of Goldflame Spirea (Spiraea x bumalda) change a great deal with the seasons, so its ornamental value is quite high. Cultivating Goldflame Spirea by hand is not difficult; generally, cuttings and sowing can be used for artificial propagation. Here, the editor introduces the cutting propagation method and points to note for Goldflame Spirea.
The flower and leaf colors of Goldflame Spirea change a great deal with the seasons, so its ornamental value is quite high. Cultivating Goldflame Spirea by hand is not difficult; generally, cuttings and sowing can be used for artificial propagation. Here, the editor introduces the cutting propagation method and points to note for Goldflame Spirea.
Goldflame Spirea
1. Cutting season
In Urumqi, Changji, Manas and other areas, carry out cutting propagation after the full bloom period in early July, in combination with shaping and pruning. It is generally better to take cuttings on a windless early morning, in the evening, or on a cloudy day.
2. Preparing the ground and the cutting bed
Choose a spot for cutting that is sheltered from the wind, faces the sun, is clean and tidy, and has convenient access to water. Use clean river sand as the substrate, and make a cutting bed 10-12 m long, 1-1.2 m wide, with ridge height 25-30 cm. Spread a layer of river sand inside the bed to a thickness of 15-20 cm, level the bed surface, and at 1.5-2 m above the bed surface set up a shade net with 10%-30% light transmittance.
3. Preparing the cuttings
In combination with shaping and pruning, select healthy current-year semi-lignified branches free of pests and diseases, with a base thickness of 0.2 cm or more, and cut them into cuttings about 10 cm long. Cut the lower end of the cutting into a smooth flat or slanted surface, and remove the leaves from the lower 5-7 cm of the cutting. Because Goldflame Spirea belongs to the lenticel-rooting type, be sure never to tear the bark of the cutting during handling. Keep 4-6 leaves at the top, quickly dip the base of the cutting in 500 mg·kg-1 α-NAA solution or 50-200 mg·kg-1 ABT No. 1 rooting powder solution, with the dipping depth of the cutting at 2-3 cm.
4. Cutting method
Before cutting, spray and disinfect the river sand with 0.5% potassium permanganate solution. After 30 min, spray clean water to wash away the residual potassium permanganate on the sand, so that the substrate moisture content reaches 10% or more. Level the bed surface, open furrows at a plant-row spacing of 5 cm x 8 cm, and insert about 400 cuttings per sq m, with a cutting depth of 3-5 cm. The leaves on the cuttings should not overlap each other. After inserting, firm the surrounding area and keep the cuttings upright. Spray water as you insert them; after a bed is fully planted, spray the whole bed once with clean water, then carefully spray the leaves of the cuttings once with a 500-800 times dilution of carbendazim. Then set up a small plastic arch tunnel 50 cm high and firm the surrounding edges with bricks or soil to retain moisture. Plastic film mulching can also be used to increase humidity and retain moisture, which can raise the survival rate of the cuttings.
The blooming period of Goldflame Spirea, a low-key and luxurious beauty
It is petite and mini, with petals so small they are almost invisible. It is neither as dignified and luxurious as the peony, nor as delicate as the rose, and even less as gaudy as the cherry blossom. It is ordinary and plain, and does not adorn itself with a gorgeous dress. But it is never self-abased, does not like to compete in beauty with others, and only likes to quietly bloom for people to admire. Every year from June to September, among a hundred flowers people always catch a faint delicate fragrance; that is its presence, it is exuding fragrance and injecting new vitality into nature!
Goldflame Spirea (Latin name: Spiraea xbumalda
Family and genus classification: Rosaceae, Spiraea genus, deciduous small shrub.
Morphological characteristics:
Plant height 0.4-0.6 m, crown width 0.7-0.8 m. The young leaves at the tip of new shoots are red, the lower leaves are yellow-green, leaves ovate to ovate-elliptic, 4 cm long, 1.2 cm wide. Corymbose inflorescence, small flowers dense, flowers pink, flower diameter 5 cm. The blooming period lasts as long as 4 months, from June to September, flowering 4-6 times, each time 15-20 days. After cutting back new shoots during the growing season, it blooms again on the branches after 20-25 days; this characteristic can be used to artificially adjust the number of flowers.
Distribution and habits: Goldflame Spirea is a deciduous shrub, relatively tolerant of shade, fond of humid climates, and grows well in warm, sunny and humid places. It can withstand high temperatures of 37.7°C and low temperatures of -30°C. It grows well in environments with annual rainfall of about 266.9 mm and annual evaporation of about 2731 mm.
It has strong suckering ability and is relatively tolerant of pruning and shaping. It is tolerant of drought and salt-alkali, prefers neutral and slightly alkaline soil, and tolerates poor soil, but grows more luxuriantly in places with good drainage and fertile soil.
Propagation methods: cuttings or division. Research results on its softwood cutting propagation technique show that the rooting rate of Goldflame Spirea differs markedly depending on the type and concentration of growth regulator, the part of the cutting, and the cutting substrate. As long as temperature and humidity are suitable and management is proper, the rooting rate can reach more than 80%. Softwood cutting of Goldflame Spirea is a propagation technique suitable for promotion and application in production. Garden uses:
The leaf color of Goldflame Spirea has rich seasonal changes; the orange-red new leaves, yellow leaves and winter red leaves are quite striking. It has a long blooming period and many flowers, and is a new and superior small shrub with both beautiful flowers and foliage. It is generally arranged with evergreen small shrubs, with the planting point toward the back. After the leaves wither in winter, prune immediately, controlling the plant size to about 30 cm.
Suitable for planting in flower beds, flower borders, lawns, poolside and other places; it can be planted in clumps, as a single specimen, or in rows, and can also be used with hedges.
Goldflame Spirea, a low-key and luxurious beauty. Gently pick a single small flower and hold it in your palm; a single Goldflame Spirea looks entirely unremarkable. But when they bloom together in masses, borne on the outer edge of the flower disk, each branch covered with them, they are like stars dotting the summer, giving viewers a visual feast and calming the mood, driving away the irritability and unease brought by the scorching weather and bringing a quiet comfort. Sometimes, beauty does not need to be so striking or so dazzling; quiet, low-key beauty is actually the most attractive of all!
Spiraea Spiraea salicifolia L. Spiraea illustrated guide: how to grow Spiraea / how to propagate Spiraea
Spiraea profileSpiraea Spiraea salicifolia L.
Spiraea cultivation methods and points to note, an introduction to Spiraea
Spiraea (scientific name: Spiraea salicifolia), a plant variety under the genus Spiraea in the Rosaceae family. It blooms with bright pink flowers in summer, is cultivated for ornamental use, and is also a nectar plant. Parts used: flowers, leaves.
Morphological characteristics of Spiraea
Erect shrub, 1-2 m tall; branches dense, branchlets slightly angular, yellow-brown, young branches with short pubescence, falling off when old; winter buds ovate or oblong-ovate, apex acute, with several brown exposed scales, sparsely covered with fine short pubescence. Leaf blades oblong-lanceolate to lanceolate, 4-8 cm long, 1-2.5 cm wide, apex acute or acuminate, base cuneate, margin densely sharp-serrate, sometimes doubly serrate, both surfaces glabrous; petiole 1-4 mm long, glabrous. Inflorescence an oblong or pyramidal panicle, 6-13 cm long, 3-5 cm in diameter, covered with fine short pubescence, flowers dense; pedicel 4-7 mm long; bracts lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, entire or with a few serrations, slightly covered with fine short pubescence; flowers 5-7 mm in diameter; hypanthium campanulate; sepals triangular, inner surface slightly covered with short pubescence; petals ovate, apex usually rounded-obtuse, 2-3 mm long, 2-2.5 mm wide, pink; stamens 50, about 2 times longer than petals; disk annular, lobes finely rounded-serrate; ovary sparsely covered with short pubescence, style shorter than stamens. Follicles erect, glabrous or with short pubescence along the ventral suture, style terminal, spreading obliquely, often with reflexed sepals. Blooming period June-August, fruiting period August-September.
Plant height 30-50 cm, plant form full and nearly semicircular, clumping. Leaves long-ovate or obovate, alternate. New leaves golden yellow, old leaves turning yellow-green, glossy. A deciduous erect shrub, up to 2 m tall, branches dense, branchlets angular and short-hairy, leaves simple and alternate, blades oblong-lanceolate, margin with fine dense sharp serrations, both surfaces glabrous, petiole short, glabrous, oblong panicles borne at the top of current-year leafy long branches, up to 6-13 cm long, hairy, flowers dense, bisexual, umbellate inflorescence terminal, flowers pink, flowers short-stalked, petals pink, 50 stamens extending beyond the petals, flowers have a disk, bracts, calyx and sepals, all hairy, follicles erect, about 5 mm high, hairy along the ventral suture and with reflexed sepals, blooming period June-September, fruit ripening August-October.
Ecological habits and growth habits of Spiraea:
Highly adaptable, with a wide planting range, not demanding regarding soil, but deep, loose, fertile loam is best. Sun-loving, not shade-tolerant; under shaded conditions the leaves become thinner, turn green and lose their proper ornamental value. Relatively drought-tolerant, not tolerant of waterlogging, resistant to high temperatures; in summer under scorching conditions above 35°C, although growth is slow, it still does not lose its ornamental value. It likes a warm and humid climate and deep, fertile soil. Both suckering ability and sprouting ability are strong, and it is tolerant of pruning.
Variety classification of Spiraea: Japanese Spiraea (S. japonica L.)
Also known as pinkflower spiraea, Majiashao (Shaanxi), Huoshaojian (Guizhou). Pinkflower spiraea (the original variety) S. japonica L. var. japonica. Branches round and slender, covered with short hairs, leaves ovate-elliptic, margin with incised double serrations, upper surface dark green with hairs on the veins, lower surface slightly white-powdery and hairy along the veins, compound corymbose inflorescence borne at the top of current-year long branches, flowers pink, stamens few, only 25-30, follicles half when mature.
Morphological characteristics
Erect shrub, up to 1.5 m tall; branches slender, spreading, branchlets nearly cylindrical, glabrous or with short pubescence when young; winter buds ovate, apex acute, with several scales. Leaf blades ovate to ovate-elliptic, 2-8 cm long, 1-3 cm wide, apex acute to short-acuminate, base cuneate, margin with incised double serrations or single serrations, upper surface dark green, glabrous or slightly covered with short pubescence along the veins, lower surface lighter or white-powdery, usually with short pubescence along the veins. Petiole 1-3 mm long, with short pubescence. Compound corymbose inflorescence borne at the top of current-year erect new shoots, flowers dense, densely covered with short pubescence; pedicel 4-6 mm long; bracts lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, lower surface slightly covered with pubescence; flowers 4-7 mm in diameter; calyx outside sparsely covered with short pubescence, hypanthium campanulate, inner surface with short pubescence; sepals triangular, apex acute, inner surface near the apex with short pubescence. Petals ovate to round, apex usually rounded-obtuse, 2.5-3.5 mm long, 2-3 mm wide, pink; stamens 25-30, much longer than the petals; disk annular, with about 10 irregular lobes. Follicles half-spreading, glabrous or with sparse pubescence along the ventral suture, style terminal, slightly spreading obliquely, sepals often erect. Blooming period June-July, fruiting period August-September.
Branches spreading, branchlets smooth or finely hairy when young. Leaves simple and alternate, ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate, margin with incised double serrations, upper surface scattered with fine hairs, lower surface slightly white-powdery. Blooming period June, compound corymbose inflorescence, borne at the top of current-year branches, flowers pink. Fruiting period August, follicles, ovate-elliptic. Its variety includes sharp-leaf pinkflower spiraea (var. fortunei), native to China. Leaves elliptic-lanceolate to broadly lanceolate, margin with sharp double serrations, upper surface wrinkled. Flowers red.
Origin and distribution
Northern warm temperate deciduous broad-leaved forest region (main cities: Shenyang, Huludao, Dalian, Dandong, Anshan, Liaoyang, Jinzhou, Yingkou, Panjin, Beijing, Tianjin, Taiyuan, Linfen, Changzhi, Shijiazhuang, Qinhuangdao, Baoding, Tangshan, Handan, Xingtai, Chengde, Jinan, Dezhou, Yan'an, Baoji, Tianshui)
Southern warm zone deciduous broad-leaved forest region (main cities: Qingdao, Yantai, Rizhao, Weihai, Jining, Tai'an, Zibo, Weifang, Zaozhuang, Linyi, Laiwu, Dongying, Xintai, Tengzhou, Zhengzhou, Luoyang, Kaifeng, Xinxiang, Jiaozuo, Anyang, Xi'an, Xianyang, Xuzhou, Lianyungang, Yancheng, Huaibei, Bengbu, Hancheng, Tongchuan)
North subtropical deciduous and evergreen broad-leaved mixed forest region (main cities: Nanjing, Yangzhou, Zhenjiang, Nantong, Changzhou, Wuxi, Suzhou, Hefei, Wuhu, Anqing, Huainan, Xiangfan, Shiyan)
Mid-subtropical evergreen and deciduous broad-leaved forest region (main cities: Wuhan, Shashi, Huangshi, Yichang, Nanchang, Jingdezhen, Jiujiang, Ji'an, Jinggangshan, Ganzhou, Shanghai, Changsha, Zhuzhou, Yueyang, Huaihua, Jishou, Changde, Xiangtan, Hengyang, Shaoyang, Guilin, Wenzhou, Jinhua, Ningbo, Chongqing, Chengdu, Dujiangyan, Mianyang, Neijiang, Leshan, Zigong, Panzhihua, Guiyang, Zunyi, Liupanshui, Anshun, Kunming, Dali)
Variation characteristics
Pinkflower spiraea is highly variable; the following 6 varieties are also produced in China.
1. Lower surface of leaf blades with short pubescence.
2. Leaf blades glabrous on both surfaces, apex acute.
3. Leaf blades ovate to ovate-elliptic, base broadly cuneate to rounded, margin with incised double serrations is the original variety var. japonica; the one with sparse double serrations is the acute-leaf variety var. acuta Yu
4. Leaf blades long-ovate to lanceolate, base cuneate, margin pinnately parted and with double serrations is the parted-leaf variety var. incisa Yu; leaf blades ovate-oblong to oblong-lanceolate, base broadly cuneate to rounded, margin with sharp double serrations is the acuminate-leaf variety var. acuminata Franch.
5. This variety is taller and larger, leaf blades oblong-lanceolate, apex short-acuminate, base cuneate, margin with sharp double serrations, 5-10 cm long, upper surface wrinkled, both surfaces glabrous, lower surface white-powdery. Compound corymbose inflorescence 4-8 cm in diameter, flowers pink, disk not well developed. Inflorescence glabrous, flowers pink; leaf blades long-ovate to long-elliptic, margin with sharp double serrations. Glabrous variety var. glabra (Regel) Koidz. Glabrous-leaf variety of pinkflower spiraea S. japonica L. f. var. fortunei (Planchon) Rehd.
6. Leaf blades elliptic or broadly ovate, apex acute, margin with rounded-obtuse double serrations; flowers white. Oval-leaf variety var. ovalifolia Franch. And leaf blades oblong-lanceolate, apex short-acuminate, margin with sharp double serrations; flowers pink. Glabrous-leaf variety var. fortunei (Planchon) Rehd.
Garden uses
Can be used in flower beds, flower borders, or planted on lawns and at corners of garden paths and other places to create a fine summer scene, and can also be used for foundation planting. Pinkflower spiraea has gaudy flower color, is very eye-catching, and its blooming period coincides with late spring and early summer when few flowers bloom, so it should be vigorously promoted and applied. It can be planted in masses on lawns, pond edges, flower beds, flower paths, or in clumps in a corner of the courtyard, and can also be used as a hedge; when in full bloom it is like a brocade belt.
Fritsch Spiraea (S. fritschiana Schneid.)
Also known as birchleaf spiraea, Fritsch spiraea. Deciduous shrub, branches stout, purple-brown and angular, leaf blades ovate or round-ovate, margin with irregular double serrations or single teeth, lower surface hairy, compound corymbose inflorescence borne at the top of current-year long branches, flowers white, slightly pink before opening, stamen number the same as Japanese spiraea. Follicles erect when mature. Fritsch Spiraea is 1.5-3 m tall, branchlets arching and curved, red-brown, yellow-red tomentose when young, leaf blades rhombic-ovate to obovate, apex acute or rounded-obtuse, base broadly cuneate or rounded, margin with incised coarse serrations, veins deeply sunken, lower surface densely covered with yellow tomentum, veins raised. Umbellate inflorescence petals nearly round, apex slightly concave or rounded-obtuse, white. Disk wavy annular or with irregular lobes. Ovary with short pubescence, style shorter than stamens. Follicles spreading, style terminal, erect or slightly oblique, with erect or rarely reflexed sepal lobes. Blooming period March-June, fruiting period June-October. Besides this species, there is also the cultivated variety large-flowered Chinese spiraea, which differs in having larger flowers and longer petals.
Morphological characteristics
A deciduous erect shrub, up to 2 m tall, branches dense, branchlets angular and short-hairy, leaves simple and alternate, blades oblong-lanceolate, margin with fine dense sharp serrations, both surfaces glabrous, petiole short, glabrous, oblong panicles borne at the top of current-year leafy long branches, up to 6-13 cm long, hairy, flowers dense, bisexual, flowers short-stalked, petals pink, 50 stamens extending beyond the petals, flowers have a disk, bracts, calyx and sepals, all hairy, follicles erect. Winter buds ovate, apex acute, with several exposed brown scales. Petiole 2-5 mm long, with short pubescence when young; leaf blades ovate, elliptic-ovate or oblong-ovate, 3-8 cm long, 1.5-3.5 cm wide, apex acute or acuminate, base broadly cuneate, rounded, nearly truncate or shallowly cordate, margin with irregular double serrations or single serrations, upper surface dark green, glabrous, rarely with sparse short pubescence along the veins, lower surface light green, glabrous or with short pubescence. Compound corymbose inflorescence terminal on current-year erect new branches, flowers numerous, glabrous; 4-7 mm; bracts lanceolate or linear, slightly covered with short pubescence; flowers 5-6 mm in diameter; hypanthium campanulate, inner surface densely covered with short pubescence, calyx lobes triangular; petals ovate, 2-3 mm long, 2-2.5 mm wide, apex rounded-obtuse, white, pink in the bud stage; stamens 25-30, longer than the petals; disk annular, with about 8-10 lobes of unequal size; ovary covered with short pubescence, style shorter than the stamens. Follicles almost erect, spreading, glabrous or with short pubescence along the ventral suture, style terminal, erect or slightly oblique, often with reflexed sepals. Blooming period June, fruiting period July-August.
Origin and distribution
Grows in mountain mixed woods, forest margins, valleys, gravelly places and on stone cliffs, at an altitude of 100-600 m. Distributed in China in Henan, Hebei, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Gansu, Shandong, Jiangxi, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Hubei, Anhui and other provinces; also distributed in Korea.
Ecological habits
Sun-loving but also slightly shade-tolerant, cold-resistant, drought-resistant, fond of warm and humid climates and deep, fertile soil. Both suckering ability and sprouting ability are strong, and it is tolerant of pruning.
Propagation and cultivation
Sowing, division and cuttings are all possible.
Garden uses
With luxuriant branches and leaves, leaves like willow leaves, dense small flowers, pink flower color and a long blooming period from early summer to early autumn, it is delicate and gorgeous, and is a fine garden ornamental plant and nectar plant.
Medicinal value
The roots and young leaves are used as medicine. Roots are collected throughout the year, washed clean and sun-dried; young leaves are collected in summer.
Nature, flavor and meridian entry: bitter, cool.
Functions and indications: clearing heat and detoxifying. Used for red swollen painful eyes, headache, toothache, lung-heat cough; externally for traumatic bleeding.
Usage and dosage: 1-2 liang. For external use, an appropriate amount, pounded and applied to the affected area.
Note: The related plant Spiraea (fine-leaf rice-sieve flower) Spiraea japonica L., its leaves reduce swelling and detoxify, remove necrotic tissue and promote granulation. To treat chronic osteomyelitis, use fresh leaves pounded or dried leaves ground into powder in an appropriate amount, add liquor and apply to the fistula opening, fix with adhesive tape, change the dressing once daily, applying continuously for 3-4 weeks. The root can also treat headache; use the root with 3-5 qian of He Shou Wu, decocted in water and taken orally.
Excerpted from "Compilation of Chinese Herbal Medicines Nationwide"
Distribution area of Reeves Spiraea
Produced in central China and the southeastern coastal area of China; also distributed in Japan.
Characteristic features
Also known as hemp-leaf spiraea, hemp ball, a deciduous shrub, up to 1.5 m tall. Branchlets slender and weak, arching and curved, dark red-brown, glabrous. Petiole 4-7 mm long, glabrous, leaf blades rhombic-lanceolate, base cuneate, apex acute, both surfaces glabrous. Umbellate inflorescence, flowers dense, flower color pure white; pedicel glabrous; bracts linear; hypanthium campanulate, petals nearly round or obovate, apex slightly concave or rounded-obtuse; stamens shorter than petals; ovary nearly glabrous, style shorter than stamens. Follicles erect and spreading, glabrous, style terminal, oblique, with erect sepals. Blooming period April-May, fruit ripening period July.
Ecological habits
Sun-loving, also shade-tolerant, tolerant of drought and poor soil, cold-resistant, fond of moist, fertile, well-drained slightly alkaline soil and slightly acidic soil, averse to waterlogging.
Uses
Flowers numerous and dense; when in full bloom the branches are entirely covered with tiny white flowers, shaped like arching jade belts, pure white and lovely, with elegant leaves. It can be planted in masses on lawns, roadsides, slopes, poolside, and can also be used as a single plant or several plants to accent flower beds.
Origin and distribution of Goldmound Spiraea
Native to the United States; this species is a cultivated species, fond of sunlight and a warm, humid climate, grows vigorously in fertile soil, and is relatively cold-resistant. Suitable for cultivation in most areas of China north of the Yangtze River. Growth habits: sun-loving, afraid of waterlogging, tolerant of pruning, can be used as ground cover, planted in sunny and well-drained places. Morphological characteristics: deciduous small shrub, up to 30-60 cm tall, crown width up to 60-90 cm. Old branches brown, new branches yellow, branches zigzag, not straight, soft. Leaves ovate, alternate, leaf margin with peach-shaped serrations. Flower buds and flowers both pink, 10-35 borne in compound umbels. Blooming period from mid-May to mid-October, full bloom from mid-May to early June, long blooming period, ornamental flowering period 5 months. Sprouting begins in early March, new leaves golden yellow, old leaves yellow, yellow-green in summer. Leaf color begins turning golden yellow in mid-August, after mid-October the leaf color takes on a red tinge, leaves begin falling in early December. Colorful-leaf period 5 months. Sun-loving, slightly shade-tolerant, extremely cold-resistant, drought-tolerant, fast-growing, easy to shape.
Propagation and cultivation
Cuttings or division propagation, tolerant of pruning.
Garden uses
Suitable as a flowering and colorful-leaf ground cover, or planted in groups as color blocks, and can also be used as flower border and flower bed plants. Suitable for planting in flower beds, flower borders, lawns, poolside and other places, suitable for combining with purple-leaf barberry, Chinese juniper and others into patterns, and can be planted in clumps, as a single specimen or in rows as a hedge.
Goldflame Spirea
Deciduous shrub. Buds small, bud scales 2-8. Leaves simple and alternate, with serrations, incisions or divided, rarely entire, pinnate veins, or with 3-5 basal veins, petiole short, stipules absent. Flowers bisexual, rarely polygamous; inflorescence umbellate, umbellate-racemose, corymbose or paniculate; hypanthium campanulate, sepals 5, petals 5, often round; stamens 15-60, borne on the outer edge of the disk; carpels 5 (3-8), free. Follicles 5, often dehiscing along the ventral suture. Seeds several, tiny; endosperm little or absent.
Place of origin
United States; the Beijing Botanical Garden introduced it in April 1990 from Bailey Nurseries in Minnesota, United States. After introduction and acclimatization, it adapts well to growth in the Beijing area. There are nine large families; this family has 100 genera and more than 3000 species, mainly produced in the temperate zone of the Northern Hemisphere; China has 51 genera and more than 1000 species, produced throughout the country.
Morphological characteristics
Plant height 0.4-0.6 m, crown width 0.7-0.8 m. The young leaves at the tip of new shoots are red, the lower leaves are yellow-green, leaves ovate to ovate-elliptic, 4 cm long, 1.2 cm wide. Corymbose inflorescence, small flowers dense, flowers pink, flower diameter 5 cm. The blooming period lasts as long as 4 months, from June to September, flowering 4-6 times, each time 15-20 days. After cutting back new shoots during the growing season, it blooms again on the branches after 20-25 days; this characteristic can be used to artificially adjust the number of flowers. Herbs, shrubs or small trees, thorny or thornless, sometimes climbing; leaves alternate, often with stipules; flowers bisexual, actinomorphic, of various colors; receptacle more or less hollow, the perianth borne on its rim; sepals 4-5, sometimes with an epicalyx; petals 4-5 or sometimes absent; stamens numerous, perigynous, rarely 5 or 10; ovary composed of 1 to many, free or connate carpels, superior or inferior; styles free or connate, terminal, lateral or basal; ovules 1 to many per locule; fruit a drupe or aggregate fruit, or numerous achenes enclosed in a fleshy or dry receptacle, rarely a capsule.
All plants of the Rosaceae family generally have the above characteristics. Rosaceae is a large family with relatively high economic value in the Rosoideae suborder of the Dicotyledoneae class. The vast majority are woody, a few are herbaceous. Leaves range from simple to compound, often with stipules. Flowers mostly bisexual; regular, choripetalous, very rarely unisexual or slightly irregular, ranging from hypogynous to perigynous flowers. Stamens numerous and free, very rarely reduced to 2 or 1; carpels 1 or numerous, free or variously connate; fruit types many, such as follicles, achenes, pomes or drupes. Widely distributed from the temperate zone to the subtropics of the Northern Hemisphere, very few in the Southern Hemisphere. Worldwide there are 126 genera and more than 3300 species; China has 53 genera and more than 1000 species.
Many species in this family, such as apple, sand pear, crabapple, pear, peach, plum, apricot, Japanese apricot, cherry, loquat, quince, hawthorn, strawberry and raspberry, are famous fruits; almond and apricot kernels are famous dried fruits. Each has many fine varieties, widely cultivated throughout the world. Peach kernels, apricot kernels and almond kernels can be pressed for oil. Sanguisorba officinalis, Agrimonia pilosa, Potentilla discolor, Yuliren, Jinyingzi and Chinese quince can be used as medicine. The root bark of various raspberries, wild roses and Sanguisorba officinalis can extract tannin, used as industrial raw material. The petals of rose, wild rose, perfume rose and others can extract aromatic oil, used to make high-grade perfumes and beverages.
The wood of tree-type Rosaceae species is mostly hard and fine, with many uses, such as pear wood being a high-quality carving board material, and peach wood, cherry wood, loquat wood and photinia wood being suitable for making farm tool handles. Many plants of this family can be used for ornamental purposes. Whether with beautiful and lovely branches, leaves and flowers, or with bright and colorful fruits, such as various spiraeas, neillias, sorbaria, roses, Chinese roses, crabapples, Japanese apricots, cherry blossoms, ornamental peaches, rowans, kerrias and white keria, they occupy an important position in garden landscaping around the world.
Mainly based on the structure of fruits and flowers, Rosaceae was formerly often divided into 4 subfamilies, namely: Spiraeoideae, Maloideae, Rosoideae and Prunoideae.
Distribution and habits
This species is a cultivated species; Goldflame Spirea is a recently introduced precious garden landscaping tree species, fond of sunlight and a warm, humid climate, grows vigorously in fertile soil, tolerant of pruning, and the cultivation site should have good drainage.
Propagation methods
Cuttings or division. Research results on its softwood cutting propagation technique show that the rooting rate of Goldflame Spirea differs markedly depending on the type and concentration of growth regulator, the part of the cutting, and the cutting substrate. As long as temperature and humidity are suitable and management is proper, the rooting rate can reach more than 80%. Softwood cutting of Goldflame Spiraea is a propagation technique suitable for promotion and application in production.
Garden uses
Suitable for planting in flower beds, flower borders, lawns, poolside and other places; it can be planted in clumps, as a single specimen, or in rows, and can also be used with hedges.
The leaf color of Goldflame Spirea has rich seasonal changes; the orange-red new leaves, yellow leaves and winter red leaves are quite striking. It has a long blooming period and many flowers, and is a new and superior small shrub with both beautiful flowers and foliage. It can be pruned as a single plant into a ball shape, or planted in groups as color blocks, or used as flower border and flower bed plants. It is generally arranged with evergreen small shrubs, with the planting point toward the back. After the leaves wither in winter, prune immediately, controlling the plant size to about 30 cm. A patch of orange-red new leaves, like red flowers blooming one after another, has a very good ornamental effect!
Thunberg Spiraea（giantfalsespiraea）
Also known as snow-spraying flower, sorbaria, etc. Because its flowers are dense and all snowy white when blooming, it gets this name. And because its leaf shape resembles willow leaves and its flowers are white as snow, it is also called "snow willow." Thunberg Spiraea is mostly planted as a single plant in gardens and courtyards; generally no fertilizer is needed, but it must be watered frequently, especially in dry spring and summer, keeping the soil moist. Before winter, water thoroughly with winter water; in high-cold areas it should be protected for overwintering, and other management is relatively extensive. Thunberg Spiraea has a full plant clump and elegant branches and leaves; its value lies in producing elegant white flowers in midsummer when flowers are scarce, and it has a very long blooming period. In particular, it has a killing or inhibiting effect on various harmful bacteria, and is suitable for planting in various types of garden green spaces. Especially because it is shade-tolerant, it is therefore a flowering shrub species for shading-side landscaping on the north side of high-rise buildings and various structures in northern cities.
Origin and distribution
(Domestic) Cultivated and distributed in Liaoning, Inner Mongolia, Hebei, Shandong, Shanxi and other places. (Foreign): Distributed in Mongolia, Japan, Korea, Soviet Siberia and southeastern Europe.
Ecological habits
Sun-loving but also slightly shade-tolerant, cold-resistant, drought-resistant, fond of warm and humid climates and deep, fertile soil. Both suckering ability and sprouting ability are strong, and it is tolerant of pruning.
Pest and disease control
The spiraea sawfly is a leaf-eating pest, mainly harming spiraea. Often a dozen or more larvae gather in groups and nibble away at spiraea leaves, and in a short time can eat the leaves bare, leaving only the main veins, seriously affecting the plant's growth and ornamental value. Morphological characteristics: adult body length 5-7 mm. Head relatively large, black, antennae 9-segmented, light yellow-brown. Pronotum dark brown, wings tea-brown, with a dark stigma spot in the middle of the front margin. Thorax and abdomen yellow-brown, abdominal tip dark brown. Three pairs of legs, yellow-brown. Eggs short club-shaped, white and transparent, about 1 mm long. Larva body about 13 mm long, body gray-green, slightly transparent. Head gray-brown, compound eyes dark brown, abdomen often raised when resting or feeding. Cocoon brown, long-elliptic, about 6 mm long. Occurrence pattern: this insect has 2-3 generations a year, overwintering as pupae in cocoons in shallow soil. After emergence in April and May of the following year, it lays eggs on the back of tender spiraea leaves. The eggs are often laid lying horizontally in rows, 10-20 in a cluster. Egg period about 3-7 days; newly hatched larvae first nibble the egg shell and the mesophyll between veins, then nibble the leaf from the leaf margin. May and June are the peak period of larval damage. After the larvae mature, they enter the shallow soil layer to spin cocoons and pupate. The first-generation pupal period is about one week. Generally, adults are active in mating and laying eggs around midday.
Control methods
1. During the peak period of adult emergence and egg-laying, remove leaves bearing egg clusters.
2. When newly hatched larvae gather to cause damage, prune off the infested leaves.
3. When larvae occur in large numbers, spray and kill them with 1000 times dilution of contact insecticides such as trichlorfon and dichlorvos.
Bridalwreath Spiraea
Species name: Bridalwreath Spiraea
Scientific name: Spiraea
Alias: Xiaoyehua
Family: Rosaceae
Genus: Spiraea
Origin and Distribution
Produced in the Yangtze River basin of our country; also found in Japan and Korea. Distributed in Shandong, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Hunan, Fujian, Guangdong, Taiwan, and other places.
Morphological Characteristics
Deciduous shrub, up to 3 m tall; leaves small, elliptic to ovate, 2.5-5 cm long, with sharp serrations above the middle of the leaf margin, sparsely pubescent or smooth on the underside; 3-6 flowers form an umbel without a peduncle; flowers white, double, rather plain, with the center slightly concave like a dimpled smile, about 1 cm in diameter, on slender pedicels. Flowering period April-May. Fruiting period July-August. Petiole short. Flowers 3-10 in umbels, lateral on the previous year's branches, with a few leaf-like bracts at the base; calyx cup-shaped, with 5 lobes at the apex; petals 5, broadly obovate, white; stamens numerous, shorter than the petals; pistil with 5 styles, free, ovary superior. Follicles with a persistent style at the apex, hairless. Flowering period April-May.
Growth Habits
Grows on hillsides and along both sides of streams and valleys, in mountain wild shrubs, roadsides, and ditch edges. Light-loving, slightly shade-tolerant, cold-tolerant, drought-tolerant, tolerant of poor soil, also moisture-tolerant, not demanding about soil, growing most luxuriantly in fertile, moist soil. Strong in suckering and sprouting ability, tolerant of pruning.
Garden Use
Spiraea prunifolia blooms in spring, pure white in color, dense like snow, like a dimpled smile. It can be planted in clumps by pond banks, on hillsides, roadsides, or at the edges of tree clusters, and can also be planted in mass groups on lawns and at the corners of buildings.
Propagation and Cultivation
Propagated by cuttings or division. Grows vigorously, with extensive management.
Ornamental Application
Most flowers are double, making it a beautiful ornamental flowering shrub. Used as a tree species for garden landscaping and environmental greening.
Spiraea salicifolia
Scientific name: Spiraea Salicifolia
Family and Genus: Rosaceae, Spiraea
Category: Deciduous shrub
Morphological Characteristics
Deciduous shrub; leaves oblong-lanceolate to lanceolate; panicles borne at the tips of branches; flowers dense, pink; flowering period June-August; fruiting period August-September.
Origin and Distribution
Widely distributed, very adaptable; Northeast China, Inner Mongolia, and **. Cultivated throughout North China.
Growth Habits
Light-loving, drought-tolerant, cold-tolerant, not demanding about soil, prefers fertile soil.
Propagation
Seed propagation or cutting propagation.
1. Sowing and seedling raising: Usually sown in spring from March to April, drilled or broadcast in beds; for drilling, row spacing 15 cm, sowing width 5-6 cm, furrow depth about 1.0 cm, cover with thin soil, just enough not to expose the seeds. Cover with a thin layer of rice straw, just enough not to expose the bed surface soil, and keep the bed surface moist; roots form in 5-30 days, and seedlings emerge. Remove the mulch in two stages.
Strengthen management during the seedling stage, weed and thin promptly. When seedlings are 3-4 cm tall, apply a quick-acting chemical fertilizer (ammonium sulfate) at 1 kg per mu.
Transplant in single rows on large ridges the following spring for cultivation; strengthen water and fertilizer management and loosening of soil and weeding for the care of large seedlings, the same as for general greening large seedlings. Ready for garden planting out of the nursery in 3-4 years.
2. Division propagation and seedling raising: Division propagation is simple and easy, but yields fewer plants; prepare for division the previous year, begin applying more fertilizer in early spring to promote division, earth up in summer along with weeding, and carry out division in the spring of the second year. Generally, 3-4 year old plants are used as mother plants for division.
3. Cutting propagation and seedling raising: Carried out in June; select semi-lignified branches, keep 2-3 leaves at the upper end, insert 5-6 cm into a sand bed, water thoroughly, build a shade frame, and keep moist. Roots form in about 1 month. Transplant for cultivation in autumn or the following spring.
Ornamental Application
An excellent ornamental greening tree species, suitable for planting in courtyards, by ponds, roadsides, lawns, and other places; it is quite beautiful as a shaped tree and can also be used as a flowering hedge.
Spiraea chinensis
Latin name: Spiraea chinensis Maxim.
Alias: Tieheihan Tiao
Family and Genus: Rosaceae, Spiraea
Morphological Characteristics
Shrub, 1.5-3 m tall; branchlets arching and curved, reddish-brown, yellow-red tomentose when young, sometimes hairless; winter buds ovate, apex acute, with several scales, externally pubescent. Leaf blades rhombic-ovate to obovate, 2.5-6 cm long, 1.5-3 cm wide, apex acute or rounded-obtuse, base broadly cuneate or rounded, margin with incised coarse serrations, or with inconspicuous 3 lobes, dark green above, pubescent, veins sunken, densely yellow tomentose beneath, veins raised. Petiole 4-10 mm long, pubescent. Umbels with 16-25 flowers; pedicels 5-10 mm, pubescent; bracts linear, pubescent; flowers 3-4 mm in diameter; calyx tube campanulate, sparsely pubescent outside, densely pubescent inside; sepals ovate-lanceolate, apex long-acuminate, pubescent inside; petals nearly circular, apex slightly concave or rounded-obtuse, 2-3 mm long and wide, white; stamens 22-25, shorter than or equal to the petals; disk wavy annular or with irregular lobes; ovary pubescent, style shorter than the stamens. Follicles spreading, pubescent, style terminal, erect or slightly inclined, with erect or rarely reflexed calyx lobes. Flowering period March-June, fruiting period June-October.
Origin and Distribution
Distributed in Inner Mongolia, Hebei, Henan, Shaanxi, Hubei, Hunan, Anhui, Jiangxi, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Guizhou, Sichuan, Yunnan, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi. Grows in hillside shrublands, by valley streams, and by field roadsides at an altitude of 500-2000 m.
Spiraea thunbergii
Scientific name: Spiraea thunbergii Sieb.ex Blume
Alias: Penxuehua
Family and Genus: Rosaceae, Spiraea
Category: Deciduous shrub
Morphological Characteristics
Deciduous shrub, up to 1.5 m tall. Branches slender and spreading, curved in an arc, branchlets angular, densely pubescent when young, brown, reddish-brown and hairless when old. Leaves linear-lanceolate, 2-4 cm long, 0.5-0.7 cm wide, apex long-acuminate, base narrowly cuneate, margin with sharp serrations, pinnate veins; petiole very short or nearly absent. Umbel without a peduncle or with a short peduncle, with several small leaflets at the base, each inflorescence with 3-7 flowers, pedicels 6-10 mm long; flowers 5-7 mm in diameter; calyx tube campanulate, sepals triangular, densely pubescent inside; petals broadly obovate, 2-4 mm long, white; stamens numerous, about 1/3 the length of the petals or shorter; disk annular, with 10 lobes; style nearly equal to the stamens in length. Follicles 5, spreading, persistent style nearly terminal, with persistent erect or reflexed sepals. Flowering period April-May; fruiting period July.
Origin and Distribution
Native to East China. Cultivated in Shaanxi, Liaoning, and other provinces.
Spiraea trilobata
Genus and species: Spiraea trilobata
Genus and species authority: Spiraea trilobata L.
Morphological Characteristics
Shrub, 1-2 m tall. Branchlets slender, spreading, brownish-yellow when young, hairless, dark grayish-brown or dark brown when old. Winter buds small, covered with several scales. Leaf blades nearly circular, oblate, or oblong, (1.2)1.5-3 cm long, 1.5-3(3.5) cm wide, base nearly rounded, nearly cordate, or broadly cuneate, apex obtuse, usually 3-lobed, margin with a few rounded-obtuse serrations above the middle, hairless on both sides, grayish-green beneath, with obvious 3-5 palmate veins. Umbels with a peduncle, hairless, with 15-30 flowers; pedicels 8-13 mm long, hairless; bracts linear or oblanceolate, apex deeply divided into fine lobes; flowers pointed, sparsely pubescent inside; petals broadly obovate, apex often slightly concave, white; stamens 18-20, shorter than the petals; disk with about 10 lobes of unequal size, arranged in an annulus; ovary pubescent, style shorter than the stamens. Follicles spreading, slightly pubescent or hairless along the ventral suture, style terminal and slightly inclined, persistent sepals erect. Flowering period May-June, fruiting period July-August. This species varies greatly in leaf form; the upper leaves are mostly longer than wide or nearly equal in length and width, with a broadly cuneate or rounded base; the lower leaves are mostly wider than long, with a nearly rounded or shallowly cordate base.
Origin and Distribution
Grows on rocky sunny slopes or in shrub thickets, at an altitude of 450-2400 m. Also distributed in Siberia, the Soviet Union. Can be cultivated for ornament. The rhizome contains tannins and is a tanning plant.
Spiraea Tea
Alias: Meadowsweet
English name: spiraea ulmaria
Family: Rosaceae, Spiraea
Parts used: flowers, leaves
Origin: North America
Characteristics
Spiraea, a deciduous small shrub of the genus Spiraea in the Rosaceae family. Plant height 30-50 cm, plant form full and nearly semicircular, clumping. Leaves oblong-ovate or obovate, alternate. New leaves golden yellow, old leaves turning yellow-green, glossy. Umbels terminal, flowers pink, flowering period May-October, full bloom May-June. Highly adaptable, wide planting range, not demanding about soil, but best in deep, loose, fertile loam. Light-loving, not shade-tolerant; under shaded conditions the leaves become thinner and greener and lose their proper ornamental value. Relatively drought-tolerant, not tolerant of waterlogging, resistant to high temperatures; under the severe summer heat above 35°C, although growth is slow, it still does not lose its ornamental value. Jinshan spiraea is very cold-tolerant; cultivated in Jinan, it can overwinter safely in winter without any protective measures, making it truly an excellent groundcover plant for northern regions.
Spiraea grows in moist soil in temperate regions. It is characterized by a small cluster of strongly flavored flowers at the tips of the branches. In ancient times, spiraea was used to treat joint pain and rheumatism, and later it was gradually forgotten. Until the early 19th century, an Italian chemist successfully extracted an anti-inflammatory substance from the spiraea plant: salicylic acid, which is now called aspirin. Spiraea is used quite widely in the beauty industry, partly because of its many contained components and partly because it can create a very perfect plant-based biochemical base. Clarins' unique active ingredient: Life Creatine, is a spiraea extract obtained through biotechnology.
Spiraea produces fluffy cream-colored flowers with a sweet almond-cream fragrance; it was formerly known as "meadwort" and was used to add flavor to mead.
The Gypsies believe: when the weather is hot, you can brew a cup of spiraea iced tea with honey added. This tea is very tasty, with a fragrance much like mugwort, and can relieve symptoms such as diarrhea, abdominal pain, and rheumatism. When drunk hot, it promotes sweating and has a fever-reducing effect. Because its medicinal effect is mild, even children can take it safely. The salicylic acid contained in the flower buds has a good anti-inflammatory effect and is the raw material for aspirin.
Effects: diuretic, diaphoretic, cardiotonic, bactericidal, purifying; relieves obesity, high blood pressure, cystitis, rheumatism, arteriosclerosis, diarrhea, dark spots.
Notes: Has the fragrance of wild herbs, helps promote digestion. Spiraea 1/2 teaspoon, German chamomile 1/2 teaspoon, lemon balm 1/3 teaspoon.
Garden Use
Branches and leaves luxuriant, leaves like willow leaves, small flowers dense, flowers pink, flowering period long, from early summer to early autumn, delicate and gorgeous, is a good garden ornamental plant and nectar plant.
Propagation and Cultivation
Sowing, division, and cuttings are all possible.
Garden Use of Spiraea
Garden Greening
Branches and leaves luxuriant, leaves like willow leaves, small flowers dense, flowers pink, flowering period long, from early summer to early autumn, delicate and gorgeous, is a good garden ornamental plant and nectar plant.
Propagation Methods of Spiraea
Sowing, division, and cuttings are all possible.
Spiraea can be propagated by seed or cuttings. After the seeds mature, they can be collected and sown immediately; the germination rate is relatively high, and generally seedlings can be obtained the following year. If a large number of seedlings is needed, cutting propagation is best. Spiraea chinensis, like other plants of the Asteraceae family, has a relatively high cutting survival rate and can be propagated except in winter, but cuttings with 2 leaves taken from May to September have the best effect. For the cutting substrate, perlite, vermiculite, or river sand with good water retention can be selected. Select vigorous, plump current-year branches as cuttings, soak in ABT rooting powder at 50 ppm, water thoroughly after insertion, and spray the leaves regularly. Cuttings taken from May to September generally root in about 15 days, with a survival rate above 80%.
Growing Season Management
Spiraea is fertilized twice a year: once with winter fertilizer, applying organic fertilizer in winter or early spring; the other after flowering, with a topdressing. Generally, for spiraea tree fertilization, the hole application method can be used, that is, at the edge of the tree crown's direct projection line, dig a ring-shaped trench about 10 cm deep and apply the fertilizer into it. This method is both simple and favorable for root absorption; as the tree grows, the diameter and depth of the fertilization ring trench also increase accordingly. Requires good drainage and aeration, and timely intertillage. Water reasonably according to the tree's needs, and spray with Xinguozhimo to preserve fertilizer and moisture.
Pruning and Maintenance
Pruning mainly involves cutting off withered branches, leggy branches, overlapping branches, and diseased and pest-infested branches. Spiraea is very cold-resistant and drought-resistant; if you prune the branches and leaves, then spiraea will again strive to grow new branches and leaves. After pruning, promptly treat the branches with a wound-healing antiseptic film so that the wounds heal quickly and prevent pathogens from invading after rain, which would cause rot. During the flower bud differentiation period, spray with Flower Promoter No. 3, which can convert the plant's vegetative growth into reproductive nutrition, inhibit the rampant growth of the main shoot, promote flower bud differentiation, and produce more flowers. For spiraea to overwinter safely, spray with Tree Guard General to protect the tree body against freezing, drive away overwintering viruses and pests that settle on the tree body to reproduce, urge the fruit tree to enter dormancy early, and restore its vitality.
Medicinal or Dietary Value of Spiraea
The medical information and health dietary information on Huhua.com is for reference only and cannot be used as a basis for diagnosis or medical treatment. For any health problem, consult professional medical personnel; for the treatment of any disease, please follow doctor's orders.
Ultimate flower-protecting mission: love yourself, start from reality, and strictly follow doctor's orders. Toward illness, do not be careless, do not delay, do not give up hope; face it bravely, warm the silent world with love, and care for the flower field in your heart with your heart.
Traditional Chinese Medicine Properties
The roots and tender leaves are used as medicine. Roots are collected throughout the year, washed clean, and dried in the sun; tender leaves are collected in summer.
[Nature, flavor, and meridian tropism] Bitter, cool.
[Functions and indications] Clears heat and detoxifies. Used for red, swollen, and painful eyes, headache, toothache, and cough due to lung heat; externally used to treat bleeding wounds.
[Dosage and administration] 50-100 g. For external use, an appropriate amount, mashed and applied to the affected area.
[Notes] (1) The related plant Spiraea japonica L., its leaves reduce swelling and detoxify, remove necrotic tissue and promote tissue regeneration. To treat chronic osteomyelitis, use fresh leaves mashed or dried leaves ground into powder in an appropriate amount, add strong liquor and apply to the fistula opening, fix with adhesive tape, change the dressing once a day, and apply continuously for 3-4 weeks. The root can also treat headache; use the root together with 15-25 g of Polygonum multiflorum, decocted in water.
[Excerpt] "Compilation of National Chinese Herbal Medicines"
Magical Oil-Control and Acne-Clearing Power
Spiraea is one of the three sacred Druid herbs and has long been a secret folk remedy in Europe. It exerts its magical oil-control and acne-clearing effects through the following pathways:
(1) Inhibits the activity of 5α-reductase (androgen enzyme), suppresses the secretory activity of sebaceous glands, and prevents seborrhea and acne.
(2) Astringes pores and reduces sebum overflow onto the skin surface.
(3) Contains antibacterial components that can inhibit the bacteria that form acne.
Distribution Range of Spiraea
Produced in Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Inner Mongolia, Hebei, Shandong, Shanxi, and other places. Grows along river banks, in wet grasslands, open areas, and mountain gullies, at an altitude of 200-900 m. Also distributed in Mongolia, Japan, Korea, Siberia of the Soviet Union, and southeastern Europe.
Flower Language of Spiraea
Spiraea is also called Mahuang Shao; it is a typical bisexual flower, with white as the main flower color, and has a relatively long flowering period, so it is often used for garden landscape cultivation and planting. There are several versions about the origin of the flower language of spiraea. One of them is said to be because spiraea is very cold-resistant and drought-resistant; if you prune the branches and leaves, then spiraea will again strive to grow new branches and leaves. It is by this effort and this tenacity that spiraea keeps its beautiful flowers forever in the world. Therefore, while appreciating the beautiful flowers of spiraea, we might as well also learn from spiraea's effort and tenacious fighting spirit. These are ultimately what we want to obtain.
The flower language and symbolic meaning of spiraea: blessing, effort
Spiraea Pictures