How to propagate Rosa xanthina by division? Master these key points
Rosa xanthina mostly grows on sunny slopes at an altitude of 600-1200 m, because Rosa xanthina is cold-resistant, drought-resistant, and tolerant of poor soil. When cultivated artificially, the double-flowered variety of Rosa xanthina sets fruit with difficulty, so division is commonly used for propagation
Rosa xanthina mostly grows on sunny slopes at an altitude of 600-1200 m, because Rosa xanthina is cold-resistant, drought-resistant, and tolerant of poor soil. When cultivated artificially, the double-flowered variety of Rosa xanthina sets fruit with difficulty, so division is commonly used for propagation.
Rosa xanthina
For the cultivated variety of Rosa xanthina, division is mostly used for propagation. When dividing, first prune the branches back hard, leaving only 30-50 cm, then dig up the plants with the roots and split the roots apart with a sharp knife or axe. When splitting the roots, note that each divided clump should have 3-5 branches, and every branch should have good roots beneath it. Layering can also be used for propagation; in recent years a method for rooting cuttings has also been worked out, mainly requiring bottom heat in the cutting bed and maintaining relatively high humidity, with good roots forming in about a month. When cultivating Rosa xanthina, choose a sunny, dry spot; in shady places it often grows thin and weak from insufficient light, with fewer and smaller flowers and fewer petals.
Rose Rosa rugosa Rose illustrated guide: how to grow roses / how to propagate roses
Rose profileRose Rosa rugosa
Rose growing methods and precautions Rose introduction
Rose, also known as cimeihua, paihuaihua, cike, chuanxin rose. A shrub of the genus Rosa in the family Rosaceae. As a crop, its flowers are mainly used for food and for extracting rose essential oil; rose oil is worth more than an equal weight of gold, and is used in cosmetics, food, fine chemicals and other industries.
Rose belongs to the family Rosaceae, subfamily Rosoideae, genus Rosa, a deciduous shrub with mostly prickly branches. Odd-pinnate compound leaves, leaflets 5-9, elliptical, with marginal prickles, surface mostly wrinkled, stipules mostly fused with the petiole. Flowers solitary or several clustered, in purple-red, pink, yellow, white, blue, black, etc. A shrub of the genus Rosa in the family Rosaceae; as a crop, its flowers are mainly used for food and for extracting rose essential oil; rose oil is worth more than an equal weight of gold, and is used in cosmetics, food, stock solutions, fine chemicals and other industries. Rose fruits are edible, sugar-free, rich in vitamin C, and commonly used in herb teas, jams, jellies, juices and bread, as well as Swedish soup (Nyponsoppa) and mead (Rhodomel).
The rose originated in China. In ancient Chinese, the word "rose" originally meant beautiful red jade. Later, a wild plant of the genus Rosa, Rosa rugosa, was given the name "rose" because its fruit is large and bright red. In Japan, Rosa rugosa is called hamanasu, and in Korea it is called haitang flower.
Rose uses and purposes It can be used to make essential oil
The main component of the aromatic oil steam-distilled from fresh flowers is l-citronellol, with a content of up to six parts per thousand; it is used for food and cosmetics. The fragrance extracted from rose flowers is a natural fragrance, beneficial to people's health. The petals can be made into pie filling, rose wine, and rose syrup, and after drying can be brewed as tea; the flower buds are used in medicine to treat liver and stomach qi pain, chest and abdominal distension, and irregular menstruation. The fruit is rich in vitamin C, glucose, fructose, sucrose, citric acid, malic acid and carotene, etc. The seeds contain about 14% oil. Roses can be used as landscape plants to decorate courtyards, squares, streets, rivers, parks, etc., and can also improve air quality, absorb some harmful gases in the air, increase the oxygen concentration in the air, and improve environmental comfort.
Dye uses
Plant parts used for dye: branches and leaves. The main components of rose include [tannins], [quercetin], [carotene], [isoquercetin] and other items, which have dyeing functions; through test dyeing, it was found to have a good dyeing effect. When dyeing with rose branches and leaves, the color development on silk and cotton fabric is quite consistent; without mordant and with aluminum, tin, and lime mordants, all give an earthy yellow with a greenish-brown tone, among which lime mordant gives higher color intensity, while copper mordant gives a deeper yellow-tea color, and iron mordant gives a dark gray with a slight purple tone.
Food flavoring
The rose has an elegant fragrance and is a world-famous raw material for flavoring; people often use it to scent tea, make wine, and prepare various sweet foods, and its value is often higher than gold. Rose is used in medicine; its flowers, when shade-dried, have the effects of promoting qi flow, activating blood, and astringing; the fruit has a very high vitamin C content and is a raw material for extracting natural vitamin C.
For beauty use, the rose should be a flower that has just begun to open. The fragrance of the rose comes from the volatile components it contains, about three parts per ten thousand, and its rich, bright colors come from natural pigments such as red pigment, yellow pigment and beta-carotene. In addition, it also contains quercitrin, fatty oil, organic acids and other substances beneficial to beauty. Every year from May to June, when the roses are about to bloom, pick the fresh tender flower buds in batches, then after strict disinfection, sterilization, and air-drying, the color, fragrance and taste of the roses are almost completely preserved.
There is a folk secret recipe for making a paste by simmering rose buds with brown sugar: add about 500 g of clear water to 100 g of rose buds, simmer for 20 minutes, filter out the flower residue, then simmer into a concentrated juice, add 500-1000 g of red slab sugar, and simmer into a paste; if taken over a long period, it can be stored in the refrigerator, taken 1-2 teaspoons daily. The effect is better with long-term use. The flowers can be used to extract rose oil, which has the characteristics of bright color and fragrant taste, and can be made into rose wine, rose dew, and rose jam, with remarkable effects of clearing heat and reducing internal fire and beautifying the face, making it truly a fine gift for guests.
Health recipes
1. Rose glass meat: 2 fresh rose flowers, 400 g fatty pork, appropriate amounts of sesame and white sugar. Cut the pork into small strips and mix well with wet starch; pick and wash the fresh roses, cut into thick shreds, then wash the sesame clean and stir-fry until cooked; heat a wok, pour in raw oil, heat to 60% hot, fry the starch-coated pork strips one by one in the wok, remove and drain the oil; leave a little base oil in the wok, add white sugar, stir-fry until it can form long threads, then add the meat strips and toss a few times, wait until the sugar completely coats the fatty pork, add the sesame seeds and fresh rose shreds, stir-fry quickly a few times, place on a flat plate greased with oil, and let cool.
Rose tofu: 1 fresh rose flower, 2 blocks of tofu, 1 egg, appropriate amounts of flour, white sugar, starch, and green shreds. Pick and wash the roses, cut into shreds, and place on a plate; cut the tofu into small pieces; crack the egg into a bowl, add wet starch and flour, and stir into an egg batter; wash the wok, coat the tofu pieces with dry starch, then dip in the egg batter, fry in oil until golden brown, remove, and drain the oil; put a little clear water in the wok, add white sugar and stir-fry until it dissolves and forms large bubbles, add the fried tofu pieces and stir-fry a few times, add the fresh rose shreds and green shreds, and when the sugar turns white, put into a plate and sprinkle with white sugar.
Rock sugar rose: 50 g rose flowers, appropriate amount of rock sugar. Wash the roses and dry them, put them in a bowl, add rock sugar and an appropriate amount of water, place in a steamer, cover the bowl well with a saucer, steam for 15 minutes, and it is ready when taken out.
Rose banana: 1 fresh rose flower, 500 g bananas, 1 egg, appropriate amounts of flour, white sugar, sesame, and starch. Peel the bananas and cut into pieces; pick and wash the fresh roses, drain the water, and cut into thick shreds; crack the egg into a bowl, add flour and wet starch, and mix into a batter; wash the sesame clean and stir-fry until cooked; place a wok on the heat, pour in raw oil, heat to 50% hot, coat the banana pieces with a layer of batter, put them one by one into the oil wok, fry until golden brown, remove, and drain the oil; leave a little base oil in the wok, add white sugar, and when the sugar is stir-fried to yellow, add the fried banana pieces, stir-fry a few times so that the white sugar completely coats the bananas; sprinkle cooked sesame seeds on the sugar-coated bananas, toss a few times, and place on a flat plate greased with oil; sprinkle fresh rose flowers on the dish and it is ready.
[Note] Rose flowers are warm in nature; those with excessive internal heat should eat them with caution.
Beauty and skincare
Rose tea brewing method: To drink hot rose tea, the teacup must first be warmed to prevent the temperature from dropping quickly, so that the tea fragrance can fully diffuse out. When brewing rose tea, do not wash it with water that is too hot; generally it is better to rinse with boiled water that has been left to sit for a while. Put in five flowers each time, preferably adding three candied dates, for beauty and weight loss; brewing with hot water from a water dispenser is fine, and if you have time, boil the rose flowers and candied dates in water; the color of the boiled water will be deeper than when brewed, and it is felt that the components in the tea can volatilize better; boiling for three minutes each time is enough.
Make dried flowers from rose buds, use 5 to 7 each time, together with a small pinch of tender-tip green tea, add three red dates (remove the pits), and drink as tea brewed with boiling water daily; it can reduce heart fire, keep you energetic, and increase your vitality; long-term drinking can also make your complexion fair with a rosy glow and keep you youthful and beautiful. Roses are rich in vitamins A, C, B, E, and K, as well as tannic acid, and can improve endocrine disorders, and also help eliminate fatigue and heal wounds and bruises. They regulate qi and blood, regulate women's physiological problems, promote blood circulation, beautify, regulate menstruation, promote urination, soothe gastrointestinal nerves, prevent wrinkles, prevent frostbite, and beautify the face. When the body is tired and sore, taking some for massage is also quite suitable. 1) Rose beauty tea is a new generation of beauty tea; it has a clear effect on eliminating freckles, and also has the characteristics of beautifying, reducing inflammation, and moistening the throat.
Drinking method: Put 4-5 rose buds into a cup; the flowers float on the water surface, the liquor color is light, and the aroma is elegant; it is an ideal drink for beauty and health care.
Take 3-5 g of specially processed flower buds, brew with boiling water for 5 minutes, and you may add sugar or honey, or mix with any tea you like and brew together; it is fragrant and pleasant, and has effects such as regulating qi and blood, soothing the liver and relieving depression, lowering blood lipids and reducing weight, and moisturizing the skin and beautifying the face. It has especially remarkable effects on women's menstrual pain and irregular menstruation.
2) Rose cream/rose gel: a new beauty product newly researched in the West, which can promote scar recovery and reduce wrinkles. Roses have always been a bulk consumer good for international cosmetics companies; in particular, the production of essential oil requires tons of roses, and various waters, lotions, and essences all require large amounts of rose extract. The famous cosmetics company Swiss Legend purchases dozens of tons of roses every year.
3) Rosehips oil: rosehip oil is the fruit of a wild rose from South America, refined and extracted and concentrated through special new scientific and technological methods, a pure natural vegetable oil containing no chemical ingredients or preservatives. Its main components are composed of various unsaturated fatty acids, vitamin C, fruit acids, stearic and soft fatty acids, linseed oil, and sun-filtering factors. It has been the beauty secret of southern Chileans for centuries; from beautiful young men and women to steady handsome men and mature beauties, if you want your skin to reach a more perfect state, you must know about rosehip oil.
It has the effect of strengthening tissues and producing a tissue-activating effect, easily penetrates the dermis, moisturizes, and promotes smooth and whitening skin. It has an excellent effect on cell regeneration, repair and healing. It can fade skin pigmentation, restore an even tone, and make the skin smooth. It can keep the skin clean, soft, tender and smooth, moist, firm, and elastic, with a plump and beautiful effect. It is especially effective on generally rough skin.
Rose water
Rose water has effects such as moisturizing and whitening, and combined with its unique fragrance, it is refreshing to the heart and brings everyone pleasant enjoyment; it is a must-have for every woman's skincare. If you happen to have fresh roses at home, then when they are about to wither, you can use the following method to make rose water yourself, making full use of them and turning waste into treasure. It can not only retain their fragrance, but also serve as a daily skincare spray, truly killing two birds with one stone!
1. Collect fresh rose petals, the more the better.
2. Place a clean, oil-free and water-free pot on the gas stove. Put clean bricks flat inside, then place the rose petals around the bricks.
3. Pour in purified water or mineral water, with the water level preferably covering the bricks. Place a clean bowl on the bricks to collect the rose distilled water afterward.
4. After bringing to a boil over high heat, turn to low heat. Place the lid upside down on top; water droplets of rose water will appear on the lid and drip into the bowl. You can place some ice cubes on the pot lid to speed up the liquefaction process.
5. After 30 minutes over low heat, turn it off; wait for the rose water in the bowl to cool, then divide it into clean spray bottles and it is ready to use!
Rose dietary therapy value health recipes
1. Rose glass meat: 2 fresh rose flowers, 400 g fatty pork, appropriate amounts of sesame and white sugar. Cut the pork into small strips and mix well with wet starch; pick and wash the fresh roses, cut into thick shreds, then wash the sesame clean and stir-fry until cooked; heat a wok, pour in raw oil, heat to 60% hot, fry the starch-coated pork strips one by one in the wok, remove and drain the oil; leave a little base oil in the wok, add white sugar, stir-fry until it can form long threads, then add the meat strips and toss a few times, wait until the sugar completely coats the fatty pork, add the sesame seeds and fresh rose shreds, stir-fry quickly a few times, place on a flat plate greased with oil, and let cool.
Rose tofu: 1 fresh rose flower, 2 blocks of tofu, 1 egg, appropriate amounts of flour, white sugar, starch, and green shreds. Pick and wash the roses, cut into shreds, and place on a plate; cut the tofu into small pieces; crack the egg into a bowl, add wet starch and flour, and stir into an egg batter; wash the wok, coat the tofu pieces with dry starch, then dip in the egg batter, fry in oil until golden brown, remove, and drain the oil; put a little clear water in the wok, add white sugar and stir-fry until it dissolves and forms large bubbles, add the fried tofu pieces and stir-fry a few times, add the fresh rose shreds and green shreds, and when the sugar turns white, put into a plate and sprinkle with white sugar.
Rock sugar rose: 50 g rose flowers, appropriate amount of rock sugar. Wash the roses and dry them, put them in a bowl, add rock sugar and an appropriate amount of water, place in a steamer, cover the bowl well with a saucer, steam for 15 minutes, and it is ready when taken out.
Rose banana: 1 fresh rose flower, 500 g bananas, 1 egg, appropriate amounts of flour, white sugar, sesame, and starch. Peel the bananas and cut into pieces; pick and wash the fresh roses, drain the water, and cut into thick shreds; crack the egg into a bowl, add flour and wet starch, and mix into a batter; wash the sesame clean and stir-fry until cooked; place a wok on the heat, pour in raw oil, heat to 50% hot, coat the banana pieces with a layer of batter, put them one by one into the oil wok, fry until golden brown, remove, and drain the oil; leave a little base oil in the wok, add white sugar, and when the sugar is stir-fried to yellow, add the fried banana pieces, stir-fry a few times so that the white sugar completely coats the bananas; sprinkle cooked sesame seeds on the sugar-coated bananas, toss a few times, and place on a flat plate greased with oil; sprinkle fresh rose flowers on the dish and it is ready.
[Note] Rose flowers are warm in nature; those with excessive internal heat should eat them with caution.
Rose cake
Rose cake has a rich fragrance, clear flaky pastry, and a crisp, soft texture; it comes in homemade and shop-made types, is a famous old Beijing snack, and was originally a seasonal food of the old princely mansions and grand households, also called "inner mansion rose fire cake." Rose cakes begin to appear on the market from mid-April and can be eaten (sold) until the Dragon Boat Festival. Rose cake was also a snack of wealthy families; Zhu Yizun of the Qing dynasty recorded the method of making it at that time in Shi Xian Hong Mi. According to historical records, whenever Kangxi came to Chengde to escape the summer heat or went to Weichang for hunting, this cake was enjoyed as a specially supplied food. In Qing Bai Lei Chao it says, "Rose flower filling: remove the rose flower calyx and stamens, as well as the white ones. Take pure purple petals and pound them into a paste, soak briefly in white plum water. Grind fine, squeeze out the juice through fine cloth, add white sugar, grind again very fine, store in porcelain, most fragrant and sweet." In May and June, Daoxiangcun still makes them; to this day, rose cake remains one of the famous Beijing-style four-season pastries of Beijing.
Method for making fresh flower rose cake:
Pick fresh roses, remove the petals, remove the calyx, wash clean with clear water, then through curing, mix with stir-fried honey sugar to make rose filling; then use a dough made from strong flour, together with fermented dough, folded in layers to make the skin, wrap the filling well, press flat into a round cake shape, stamp with the four characters "rose fine cake" and a fresh flower pattern. After baking in an oven, the rose cake is made, very fragrant and sweet.
Huzhuang rose balls
Huzhuang rose balls are made with Pingyin rose as the main raw material, adding Pingyin donkey-hide gelatin, sesame, honey, etc., through cell wall-breaking technology, integrating the craft of "Huzhuang flower balls," into a spherical food shaped like chocolate; it is a local famous snack in Pingyin, Jinan.
Rose jam
1 bowl of honey, 30 dried rose flowers. Remove the petals from the dried roses, add warm water to soak briefly, then drain the water; bring water to a boil in a pot, add the petals, after boiling over high heat turn to medium-low heat and simmer slowly, stirring with chopsticks, and when the moisture is almost dry, turn off the heat and let cool; pour in honey and stir evenly, until it reaches a jam-like consistency. Put into a sealed container and then store in the refrigerator; it can be drunk directly mixed with water, or spread directly on bread.
Rose beauty soup
Take dried rose flowers and add snow fungus, lily, lotus seeds, southern apricot and longan flesh to simmer with lean pork
Method:
Soak the snow fungus in water until soft, take it out and squeeze out the water, remove the stem;
Wash the lily, lotus seeds, southern apricot and longan flesh and set aside;
Rinse the rose flowers with warm water;
Wash the pork and cut into pieces, blanch and remove;
Pour 8 bowls of water into a pot and bring to a boil, add all the ingredients except the rose flowers, after boiling over high heat turn to low heat and simmer for one and a half hours, add the rose flowers and steep for 10 minutes, add salt to taste and it is ready to drink.
Effects: nourishes yin and moistens dryness, soothes the liver and regulates qi, moistens the lungs and beautifies the face.
Rose ecological habits
Roses like ample sunlight, are cold-resistant and drought-resistant, and prefer well-drained, loose and fertile loam or light loam; they grow poorly in clay loam and bloom poorly. They should be planted in a well-ventilated place far from walls to prevent sunlight reflection from scorching the flower buds and affecting flowering.
Rose cultivation techniques cultivation overview
[1] The correct Chinese name for Rose Rosa rugosa.
[2] Broadly refers to any plant of the genus Rosa.
[3] In the cut flower industry, specifically refers to modern roses Rosa hybrida.
[4] Sometimes refers to Rosa damascena, Rosa gallica, Rosa centifolia, etc., which are used for extracting rose perfume.
There are as many as over one hundred kinds of so-called "roses" (most of which are actually modern roses), including white "rose" flowers, red "rose" flowers, blue rose flowers, pink rose flowers, light pink rose flowers, yellow rose flowers, bicolor rose flowers, etc. In fact, most "rose" flowers are new varieties of "rose" flowers developed and improved from several common "rose" flowers (species of the genus Rosa).
There are not many native species of "rose" (the natural species of the genus Rosa), but through cross-breeding, at least more than fifteen thousand have been officially registered. According to the size of "rose" (most of which are actually modern roses) flowers, they can be divided into four major categories: large-flowered, medium-flowered, small-flowered, and climbing.
Large-flowered type (actually modern roses)
It is currently the "rose" flower with the most varieties in the world; the flowers are large, one flower per stem; representative varieties include Peace and Dior. Medium-flowered type
More widely used, with umbel-like inflorescences, flowers about 6-10 cm in size; representative varieties include Red Wooden Doll and Rosalina.
Small-flowered type (actually modern roses)
The flowers are small, only about 1.5-2.5 cm, with umbel-like inflorescences; the plants are short and can be used as small potted plants or for flowerbed beautification; representative varieties include Little Sunset and Stellina.
Climbing type (actually modern roses)
It originates from climbing roses through cross-breeding or from mutations of non-climbing roses; it can reach 4-6 m in height and has no climbing ability, so the branches need to be fixed manually.
Cultivation management
Level the land and choose a plot with deep soil, loose structure, and good drainage to establish a rose garden; dig holes at a plant spacing of 50 cm and row spacing of 150-200 cm, with a hole depth of 50 cm, and apply 10 kg of farmyard manure or bio-organic fertilizer to each hole.
Choose good seedlings: select robust rose seedlings; seedling shoots should have 2-3 branches; grafted seedlings require well-developed rootstock roots, a stem diameter of 3-4 mm, and a plant height of 30 cm; they should be planted immediately after digging, and seedlings transported to other places should be coated with slurry and packaged.
Reasonable dense planting: about 700 rose seedlings are needed per mu as required; because there are fewer seedlings that year, to save land, 1500-2000 can be densely planted per mu; in the second year, the seedlings can be transplanted or sold. Spring planting is carried out in early spring before roses begin to grow; autumn planting from October to December; summer planting during continuous rainy days in the rainy season.
Scientific management: cultivate and weed. Because the seedlings are small, weeds grow very easily, so timely hoeing should be done, ensuring no damage to the seedlings and no weeds. Keep the soil loose. Fertilization is mainly organic fertilizer, generally topdressing four times a year: around Qingming, apply human and livestock manure water for the first time, called budding fertilizer, and water promptly; in late April, before budding or before flower picking, apply human and livestock manure water a second time to promote more and fuller flower buds; in May, topdress with bio-organic fertilizer; in late autumn and early winter, apply wintering fertilizer to ensure the seedlings overwinter safely. After flowering in June and during the winter dormant period, prune out aging branches, diseased and insect-damaged branches, and weak branches to encourage new branches. At all stages of field management, attention should be paid to the prevention and control of diseases and insect pests.
Cultivation key points planting
Mainly ground planting, with a small amount of pot planting. In the Yellow River basin and areas to the south, it can be ground planted and overwinter in the open. In cold northern areas, it should be potted, overwintered indoors, or have the pots buried in trenches to overwinter. Planting can be done from after leaf fall in autumn to before sprouting in spring; choose a place with higher terrain, facing the sun, and without water accumulation; the depth should be such that the roots are 15 cm from the ground. For pot planting, use a culture soil mixed with leaf mold, garden soil, and river sand, and add an appropriate amount of decomposed stable manure or cake fertilizer and compound fertilizer. After planting, water once thoroughly, place in a shaded place for a few days to recover, then move to sunlight for cultivation.
Light and temperature
Ample sunlight promotes good growth. Whether ground planted or potted, it should be placed in a sunny place and receive more than 4 hours of direct sunlight every day. It cannot be placed for a long time in a place with insufficient indoor light. In winter, bring it indoors and place it in a sunny spot. The suitable growth temperature is 12-28°C, and it can tolerate a low temperature of -20°C. In the Zhengzhou area, it can overwinter safely in the open.
Watering and fertilizing
Before planting, apply an appropriate amount of organic fertilizer in the tree hole, and water thoroughly after planting. Ground-planted roses are not strict about water and fertilizer, and generally 3 fertilizations are enough. First, pre-flowering fertilizer, applied in furrows before spring buds sprout, preferably decomposed stable manure plus leaf mold. Second, post-flowering fertilizer, applied after flowers fade with decomposed cake fertilizer residue, to replenish nutrients consumed by flowering. Third, winter fertilizer, applied after leaf fall with stable manure, to ensure the roses overwinter safely. Potted roses can be given dilute fertilizer water during the growing period, once every 10-15 days. Roses are drought-resistant; generally ground-planted ones are not watered at ordinary times, and in hot summer or spring drought, water once every 20-30 days. Potted ones are watered once every 2 days, and in hot summer or spring drought, once a day. Spray with Xin Gao Zhi Mo to retain fertilizer and moisture.
Shaping and pruning
Generally no pruning is needed; for old plants, just prune out overly dense branches, dry branches, and diseased and insect-damaged branches. When roses bloom, pick them as they fade, and they will bloom again after picking; otherwise they bloom only once.
Flowering period control
Generally the natural flowering period is best. During the bud stage, spray with Hua Duo Zhuang Di Ling for vivid color and a long flowering period.
Five methods of rose propagation: 1. Seed sowing 2. Division 3. Cutting 4. Layering 5. Grafting.
Rose propagation methods
Rose propagation methods: Rose propagation methods can be divided into sexual propagation and asexual propagation. The main cultivated varieties in production -- Pingyin double-petal red rose, abundant-flower rose, purple-branch rose and other double-petal varieties -- are all propagated by asexual propagation. Asexual propagation includes division, root burying, grafting and softwood cutting, and the most widely used is grafting propagation.
1. Grafting time: it can be carried out in mid-March in early spring before roses sprout, in July and August in summer when rose axillary buds form, and in mid-to-late September in mid-autumn after roses stop growing; however, early spring grafting has a short time window and a low survival rate, and autumn grafting can only produce seedlings the next year, so the main grafting time is July and August in summer.
2. Selection and cultivation of rootstock: choosing red ten sisters, modern rose, and Western rose as rootstock gives strong grafting compatibility, a high survival rate, fast growth after planting, and high yield. Rootstock cutting can be done in spring, summer, and autumn, among which mid-September to mid-October in autumn is best. Choose fully developed rose branches of the current year with a diameter of more than 0.5 cm, cut into 15-20 cm cuttings, and cut the lower end into a horse-ear-shaped slant. Insert them into a seedbed that has been fully base-fertilized, leveled, and deeply turned, at a plant spacing of 10-15 cm and a row spacing of 20-30 cm, with the depth preferably leaving 1/3 above ground, and water thoroughly after insertion.
3. Grafting and management: mainly use the bud grafting method for grafting. Choose plump buds from the middle and upper parts of rose branches sprouted in the current year as the grafting buds, and use bud grafting methods such as "single door," "double door," and "T-shape." "Single door" and "T-shape" are suitable for thicker rootstock. When grafting, first peel off the thorns at the base of the rootstock, and make an opening 3-5 cm from the ground; the size of the opening is best the same as the size of the grafting bud. Under suitable conditions, it can heal 7 days after grafting; when the grafting bud sprouts 10-15 days later, remove the binding material; too early easily causes the "returning bud" phenomenon. After the grafting bud has completely healed, the rootstock can be cut, and the rose rootstock sprouts should be promptly and frequently removed to favor the growth of the grafting bud.
Rose disease and pest control
(1) Aphids, noctuid moths: damage young shoots and leaves of the plant; spray with 40% omethoate 2000x dilution or methamidophos mixed with water.
(2) Scarab beetles, cutworms: damage the roots of the plant; poison bait can be used to trap and kill them.
(3) Rust disease: present on the underside of leaves and on leaf stems.
Rose names
The three outstanding plants in Rosaceae -- rose, Chinese rose, and wild rose -- are actually all plants of the genus Rosa. In Chinese, people are accustomed to calling varieties with large flower diameter and solitary flowers Chinese rose, those with small clustered flowers wild rose, and those from which essence can be extracted rose. But in English they can all be collectively called Rose. There are about thirty thousand officially registered varieties of Rose. In fact, more than 200 major varieties under the genus Rosa are called Rose abroad, and in Taiwan they are all called rose.
However, the Flora Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae published in the mainland calls only Rosa rugosa by the name rose. "Bulgarian rose" ("Damask rose") is actually Rosa damascena. Authentic "Bulgarian rose essential oil" is actually Rosa damascena essential oil.
The cut flower "rose" is actually modern rose Rosa hybrida, with colors including pink, red, yellow, white, pure red, etc. There are even more colors, such as blue, black, green, etc. Among them, green is the rarest and also the most precious. In 2010, a flower company owned by Peter Van de Werken of the Netherlands launched a rainbow rose
The rose is also the city flower of Shenyang.
Typhoon ""Rose" is also one of the typhoon names, named by the Typhoon Committee of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO). The typhoon's serial number is 9-12, its English name is Kulap, and its Chinese name is rose; the name comes from Thailand and means a kind of flower.
Rose flowering and fruiting periods
It blooms from May to July in summer; flowers are solitary or clustered at the top of branches, in purple-red and white, and there are single-petal and double-petal forms. The fruiting period is August to September, with flattened spherical fruits. Native to China, long cultivated, used for food and medicine, and occasionally for ornament.
Rose distribution area
Roses originated in eastern Asia; they are mainly distributed in North China, Northwest China and Southwest China in our country, and also in Japan, Korea and other places, and are widely planted in many other countries. They like sunlight, are drought-resistant, waterlogging-resistant, and can also tolerate cold, and are suitable for growing in relatively fertile sandy soil.
Meaning represented by rose flower colors
Rose flower language: In ancient Greek mythology, the rose combines love and beauty; it is both the embodiment of the goddess of beauty and blended with the blood of the god of love. It can be said that worldwide, the rose is a universal language used to express love. Every Valentine's Day, the rose's value multiplies even more, and it is the darling between lovers and couples. Roses represent love, but roses of different colors and numbers also have other auspicious meanings.
Rose: love, love and beauty, radiant, brave, pure love, beautiful love, beauty always present.
Red rose: passion, loving you, I love you, passionate love, hoping to stir up passionate love with you
Blue rose: miracles and impossible things.
Pink rose: affection, a declaration of love, keeping someone in your heart, first love, loving your radiant smile.
White rose: innocence, purity, respect, humility.
Yellow rose: infidelity, jealousy, joy, happiness, apology. In friendship, the yellow rose represents pure friendship and good wishes; in love,
the yellow rose is something of an ill omen, because it represents jealousy, lost love and love that has faded, and even an expression of resentment. In Japan, the yellow rose is the gift that represents a breakup, meaning goodbye, rejected love.
Purple rose: melancholy, fantasy, a dreamer.
Bouquet rose: the love of happiness.
Orange rose: shyness, offering you a mysterious love. Full of youthful spirit, the feeling of first love.
Rose bud: beauty and youth.
Tangerine rose: desire.
Red and white rose: shared
Red and yellow rose: happiness
Black rose: you are a demon, and you belong to me; noble, mysterious, you are my goddess
Pink rose: first love, courtship, love and special care.
Green rose: pure and simple, forever young, I love only you.
Blue rose: honesty, kindness
Champagne rose: fantasy
Classification of rose varieties
The "rose" originated in the East, but today it has probably spread across the whole world, appearing mainly in temperate zones. The original varieties, including wild "roses", number 250 different species in total, while hybrids and variations number in the tens of thousands. Today there are more than thirty kinds called "fragrant roses", but only three of them are the "parents" of the other so-called "roses", and because of their elegant fragrance they are planted over large areas. The first is Rosa gallica, the easiest to propagate, native to the Caucasus, often called the "French rose", "Provins rose" or "Rose of Anatolia". The second old rose is Rosa centifolia, native to Persia, often called the "Provence rose" or Rose of Ispahan, a descendant of the red rose and the parent of the moss rose and the cabbage rose. The third old rose is Rosa damascena, native to Syria, with a rich fragrance, the rose most often used for distilling essential oil, and also the most medically valuable. These so-called "roses" have nothing at all to do with the rose of botanical taxonomy.
Species identification
Chinese rose and rose both belong to the genus Rosa in the family Rosaceae, but they are different species. In our country the names Chinese rose and rose are often used interchangeably, so that many so-called roses are in fact Chinese roses. This is because the botanical names (Latin genus names) of plants in the genus Rosa are all Rosa, and their English names are all Rose; some translators lack professional knowledge of plant taxonomy, and mistranslations occur from time to time, and then quotations by other newspapers, magazines and media, together with the fact that the two look somewhat similar and are inherently hard to tell apart, have caused a considerable degree of confusion among the public. In fact, once you have grasped their characteristics, the difference between the two is obvious! [8] The stems of the climbing rose are tall and long, its thorns are mostly straight, its flowers are small, its flower colours are limited, and its flowering period is short. The rose, by contrast, has upright branches, abundant flower colours, and fragrance; the rose's leaflets are also 5-9 in number, but the underside of the leaf is wrinkled, the leaf back is whitish with small prickles, and the whole leaf is rather thick with sunken veins. The Chinese rose has low stems, large thorns, roughly 3 or 4 hooks at each node; large flowers, abundant flower colours, a faint or absent scent, and leaflets generally 3-5 in number, with flat, smooth leaves.
Chinese rose: the cut-flower roses sold on the market are in fact Chinese roses
English names: Rugosa rose ; Salt rose ; Japanese rose ; Ramanas rose
(The botanical rose generally cannot simply be called rose in English. Classification: family Rosaceae, subfamily Rosoideae, genus Rosa, species Rosa rugosa. Characteristics: deciduous shrub, stems densely covered with straight prickles (which is why Tanchun in "Dream of the Red Chamber" is called a rose, because she is "red and fragrant and prickly").
Leaflet shape and number: leaflets 5-9, narrower than those of the Chinese rose, thicker in texture, the leaf surface distinctly wrinkled because the veins are sunken, smooth. Inflorescence and flowers: one to several flowers borne at the tips of the branches, flower diameter rather small at 5-8 cm, petals thin, mostly purplish red (the so-called rose red), white also occurs but is relatively rare. Flowering period April to June, with a rich fragrance when the flowers first open in the early morning. Fruit: flattened spherical.
Uses: extraction of essence, for use in traditional Chinese medicine, as food, can be brewed as tea, steeped in wine, used to scent tea, dried to make pastries and candied fruit.
Note: the botanical rose Rosa rugosa is rarely grown for ornament, and can absolutely never be made into cut flowers!
Latin name/scientific name: Rosa chinensis (China rose) ; Rosa hybrida (modern Chinese rose)
English names: Rose (referring to the modern Chinese rose); China rose (referring to Rosa chinensis)
(In English, Rose often specifically means the modern Chinese rose)
Classification: family Rosaceae, subfamily Rosoideae, genus Rosa, species Rosa chinensis
Characteristics: evergreen to semi-evergreen shrub, with branches bearing large hooked prickles.
Leaflet shape and number: leaflets 3-5, leaf surface smooth and glossy.
Inflorescence and flowers: one to several flowers borne at the tips of the branches, flower diameter rather large at 5-15 (-17) cm, petals thick, flower colours varied, with bright red, purplish red, pink, orange-red, yellow and white all present, and rare purplish blue varieties have also been bred. Flowering period: in regions near the equator, all year round; in regions far from the equator, except in winter. Most varieties are fairly fragrant, some are not very fragrant or even scentless. Fruit: obovate
Uses: ornament (the city flower of many cities, and also the national flower of the United Kingdom and the United States), production of fresh cut flowers (the most important commercial use, such as the China Red Chinese rose among the 2008 Olympic award ceremony flowers, which is a typical example), and use in traditional Chinese medicine (the medicinal value of the Chinese rose is broadly the same as that of the rose, but its effect is much weaker. Ladies who love drinking rose tea, take note: driven by commercial interests, the practice of passing off Chinese rose buds as rose buds is very serious, so when buying you must keep your eyes wide open and pay attention to identification!)
The rose and the Chinese rose are very close in flower shape and colour. The difference is that the rose's thorns are needle prickles that cannot be removed by hand, whereas the Chinese rose's are thorns that are not only connected to the epidermis but can also be snapped off. In addition, a single rose flower usually lasts less than 2 days, while a single Chinese rose flower usually lasts more than 2 days, and this is also the main criterion for distinguishing roses from Chinese roses. The Chinese rose blooms repeatedly, while the rose usually blooms for only one season.
Rose (Latin name Rosa rugosa), Rosaceae -> Rosa -> Rosa rugosa, also called Japanese Rose. As the only plant in this genus able to withstand sand and salt-laden air, it grows in clumps on the coastal sand dunes of East Asia, and in Japanese it is written as "Hamanashi".
In 1796 it was married off to Europe, carrying the tenacious character of Asians, and only half a century later did it settle in the United States. Its stems are densely covered with prickles, in numbers that the Chinese rose cannot match, hence the name "thorny rose". — If it were changed to "thorny Chinese rose", there would be a place to take hold of it, and it would not be so untouchable. — The rose's leaflets, 5-9 in number, are arranged in a row, with deeply marked veins like a washboard; in the rose's Latin name, rugosa means "wrinkled".
The ancients regarded the Chinese rose's lowliness as her virtue, saying she "occupies the spring of the four seasons"; the rose, by contrast, puts forth its buds in a "limited edition", precisely in the months of May and June, and its colours are mostly purplish red and white; after a hundred days "in pregnancy", only in the eighth or ninth month does it bear a short, plump red fruit.
The one the foreigners named "China Rose" is the Chinese rose repeatedly compared with the rose above (Latin name Rosa chinensis), truly "made in China". In the Han dynasty it was dug up from the wild, in the Tang and Song dynasties it entered the courtyard through proper formal channels, and in the Yuan and Ming dynasties targeted cultivation began. On its stems a few thorns stand sparsely (the rose's are densely packed); a cluster of leaflets numbers only 3 or 5 (the rose's 5-9), glossy and oily with an excellent complexion (the rose's is wrinkled); its fruit is similar in size to the rose's, but rather long and slender in shape (the rose's is short and plump); in Chinese horticulture it is more favoured than the rose. In the Ming dynasty Chen Jinfeng painted courtyard Chinese roses on silk, and the number of its leaflets absolutely never confused with the rose's, which shows the painter's rigour.
One step ahead of the rose, it was introduced to England in 1789. People saw her merits at a glance and praised her as the Monthly Rose. Her appearance brought an "industrious gene" (called the China gene) to the Western rose world, and from then on more and more roses were forced to marry her, and the offspring they produced simply kept on blooming.
It introduced a completely different colour concept to the European rose world. Eileen Chang compared the red rose to a "cinnabar mole", but in fact the rose always carries purple and pink, and true red belongs to the Chinese rose alone. On first entering the Western world, the enduring (even increasingly intense) colour of this Eastern girl next door shook the world — while the flowers of other roses fade and wash away their glamour with the passing of time, the Chinese rose can change from a pale yellow child into a pink maiden, then grow into a crimson young wife, and finally let its life rest in a deep wine red.
The cut flowers you can buy that you think are red roses are all red Chinese roses.
Chinese rose leaves, 3-5 leaflets together (rose 5-9)
Chinese rose flowers, like a cabbage, a rose would never have.
Commercial rose (actually Chinese rose)
In the fresh cut-flower trade, one hundred percent of the so-called roses people buy are in fact Chinese roses, and their thorns can be removed. (See above for details)
Classification
By colour they include: red rose, yellow rose, purple rose, white rose, black rose, green rose, orange-red rose, blue rose and rainbow rose.
By plant type: Fioribundas (medium-sized flowers), Hybrid (large-flowered), mini (miniature roses), climbing roses
By flower form: flat open, open cup, deep cup, clustered, quartered clustered, single, semi-double, sword petal, semi-sword petal, single encircling.
Commercial classification grades of roses
a. Red series
Mister Lincoln, a classic Chinese rose variety, a representative cut-flower Chinese rose variety, the standard flower of the All-America Rose Selections. Petals deep red with a velvety sheen, yellow-brown stamens, flower form high-centred with rolled-back petals in a cup shape, rich fragrance, one of the ten most fragrant Chinese rose varieties, large flower form, flowers resistant to sun, with no black spot appearing under strong sunlight; the plant grows upright, tall, with an obvious velvety sheen, leaves dark green, no pests or diseases. Grade two, stem length 45-60 cm, flower stems relatively sturdy, buds plump, bright, leaves green, no pests or diseases. Grade three, stem length below 45 cm, flower stems firm, buds relatively small, leaves green, no pests or diseases.
Cardinal, flowers bright red with a velvety sheen, high-centred with rolled-back petals, flower form very graceful, petals hard in texture, leaves small, dark green in colour, thick in texture. Stems firm, slightly curved, many thorns. Grading standards: grade one, flower stem length above 45 cm, flower stems sturdy, buds plump; grade three, stem length below 30 cm, flower stems thin and weak, buds loose and soft, leaves greenish yellow, no pests or diseases.
Samantha, flowers deep red, with a velvety sheen, high-centred with rolled-back petals, flower form very graceful, long-lasting when cut, leaves blackish green, semi-glossy. Stems have medium thorns. Its grading standards are: grade one, flower stem length above 45 cm, flower stems strong and robust, buds plump, leaves dark green, no pests or diseases. Grade two, flower stem length above 30-40 cm, flower stems relatively strong and robust, buds plump, leaves green, no pests or diseases. Grade three, flower stem length below 30 cm, flower stems thin and leaves yellowing, buds ordinary, no pests or diseases.
Dallas, flowers deep red, buds relatively large, petals hard in texture, leaves dark green, stems firm and straight, with fine thorns. Its grading standards are: grade one, flower stem length above 60 cm, flower stems sturdy, buds plump, bright, leaves dark green, no pests or diseases. Grade two, flower stem length 45-60 cm, flower stems relatively thick, leaves dark green, buds plump, no pests or diseases. Grade three, flower stem length below 45 cm, flower stems relatively thin, leaves greenish yellow, buds somewhat small, no pests or diseases.
Super Red, large flowers, deep red, leaves blackish green, stems sturdy. Its grading standards are: grade one, flower stem length above 60 cm, flower stems sturdy, buds plump, bright, leaves dark green, no pests or diseases. Grade two, flower stem length 30-50 cm, flower stems relatively thick, buds plump, leaves dark green, no pests or diseases. Grade three, flower stem length below 30 cm, flower stems somewhat thin, buds plump, leaves yellowing, no pests or diseases.
b. Pink series:
Bellamy, flowers light pink, high-centred with rolled-back petals when first opening, later tending to a heart-hugging form. Stems firm, few thorns. Its grading standards are: grade one, above 45 cm, flower stems strong and robust, buds plump, flower form beautiful, leaves dark green, no pests or diseases.
Grade two, within 30-40 cm, flower stems relatively strong and robust, buds plump, leaves dark green, no pests or diseases. Grade three, below 30 cm, flower stems curved and thin and weak, buds somewhat soft, leaves with mottled colour, no pests or diseases.
c. Yellow series:
Gold Medal, flowers yellow with a red blush, easy to open, stems relatively slender and long, many thorns. Its grading standards are: grade one, above 40 cm, flower stems straight, buds plump, leaves fresh, no pests or diseases. Grade two, 30-40 cm, flower stems straight, buds plump, leaves relatively fresh, no pests or diseases. Grade three, below 30 cm, flower stems curved, buds relatively plump, leaves slightly mottled, no pests or diseases.
Gold Badge, golden yellow, flower colour pure and bright, high-centred with pointed corners, flower form graceful, flower stalks and flower stems firm and straight, thorns red, relatively large. Its grading standards are: grade one, above 45 cm, flower stems straight, flower form good, flower colour bright, leaves fresh, no pests or diseases.
Grade two, 30-45 cm, flower stems relatively straight, flower colour bright, leaves relatively fresh, no pests or diseases. Grade three, below 30 cm, flower stems curved, leaves mottled, buds relatively small, no pests or diseases.
White series:
Tineke, pure white large flowers, high-centred with rolled-back petals, flower form graceful, flower stalks and branches firm, few thorns. Its grading standards are: grade one, above 45 cm, buds plump, branches sturdy, leaves dark green, no pests or diseases.
Grade two, 30-45 cm, buds plump, branches sturdy, leaves dark green, no pests or diseases. Grade three, below 30 cm, buds relatively small, branches relatively thin, leaves slightly mottled, no pests or diseases.
The rose symbolises love and sincere, pure affection, and people mostly take it as a token of love; it is the flower of first choice between lovers. But different colours have different implied meanings, so when giving flowers you should clearly distinguish the meanings of the different flower colours!
Common varieties
Purple rose: typica, flowers rose purple.
Red rose: rosea, flowers rose red.
White rose: alba, flowers white.
Double purple rose: plena, flowers rose purple, double, richly fragrant, excellent quality, mostly sterile, widely cultivated in various places.
Double white rose: albo-plena, flowers white, double.
The symbolic meaning of the rose
The rose has long symbolised beauty and love. The peoples of ancient Greece and ancient Rome used the rose to symbolise their goddesses of love, Aphrodite (en:Aphrodite Aphrodite) and Venus (en:Venus Venus). In Greek mythology the rose is a masterpiece created by Zeus, used to boast of his power to the gods.
The famous Wars of the Roses (1455-1485) between Lancaster and York in England also each used the red and white rose as their symbols. It ended with the marriage of Henry VII and Elizabeth, and in memory of this England took the rose as its national flower and changed the royal coat of arms to the red and white rose.
The commercial "rose" is actually the Chinese rose; on the whole it symbolises beautiful and pure love, and different colours represent different meanings. It is the key flower material for expressing love. It can be used on any occasion, and is the dedicated flower material for Valentine's Day.
The rainbow rose among roses
In 2010, on the international flower market, a rather distinctive rainbow rose made a stunning appearance, and its price was not low, with a single stem selling for as much as 24.49 pounds. It is said that this rainbow rose, also called the happiness rose, has petals showing multiple colours, catching the eye at once. It is understood that these rainbow roses are transformed from white roses, and the specific cultivation method is to add various food dyes to the water in which the white roses are grown; the stems of the white roses absorb these dyes, which are transported and displayed on the petals. This process takes 12 to 24 hours, but why different petals show different colours is not known, as it involves trade secrets.
According to reports, the creator of the rainbow rose is the Dutch florist Peter van de Werken. He buys long-stemmed Vendela roses, dyes them, and then distributes them around the world. Besides their brilliant colours, rainbow roses also give off a sweet scent and can last as long as ordinary roses, but their leaves drop very quickly.
It is understood that more than 1 million stems of rainbow roses are sold a year, with the main sales markets in Japan, Italy and Sweden. British people can buy rainbow roses by ordering online. The price is 24.49 pounds per stem and 64.87 pounds per dozen, more than twice the price of 12 red roses.
Pingyin rose, the rose hometown of roses
Pingyin County produces roses, and in the "Dictionary of Chinese Scenic Spots" it is called the "Hometown of Roses". The red roses here not only have a long history of cultivation, but are also famous at home and abroad for their large flowers, thick petals, brilliant colour, rich fragrance and excellent quality. At the "National Rose Production Symposium" held in July 1982, experts unanimously commented: "The Pingyin rose is sweet and delightful, fragrant on all sides, with the characteristics of a proper fragrance, fresh fragrance, sweet fragrance and rich fragrance", and it was called "the representative of traditional Chinese roses". Thus the Pingyin rose is famed throughout the world and has long enjoyed a high reputation.
It has a history of more than 1,300 years to date. As early as the early Tang dynasty there is a record of the monk Cijing planting roses on Cuiping Mountain in Pingyin. By the Ming dynasty roses could already be used to brew wine, and by the Qing dynasty they were planted all around Cuiping Mountain and throughout the Yudai River basin. The Qing dynasty "Pingyin County Gazetteer" records: "A thousand branches grow in the open ground, just like red beans sent to express longing; when the roses bloom their fragrance is like a sea, and it is exactly the time when every household's wine is ready." According to the "Pingyin Local Gazetteer": "In the 33rd year of the Guangxu reign of the Qing dynasty (1907), in the flower-picking season, merchants from Beijing, Tianjin, Xuzhou and Jinan gathered in Pingyin, competing to buy, and the annual purchase was 300,000 jin, worth 5,000 taels of silver."
300,000 jin of flowers, worth 5,000 taels of silver.
In Pingyin County, the Yudai River basin is surrounded by mountains on all sides, with a long, narrow valley in the middle and a mild climate. The special terrain and climate have created the rich fragrance of the Pingyin rose. When in bloom the stems are 80-200 cm tall, and the flowers are double and purplish red. Mid-May is the peak flowering period, and the flowering period lasts 3-10 days. At this time, nearly ten thousand mu of roses in Rose Town, Pingyin Town and Ligou Town bloom in competition, and along the ditches and roadsides, at the edges of the fields and terraces, across the great fields and gardens, in front of and behind the houses, everywhere are rows, clumps and patches of dazzling roses, their fragrance penetrating to the heart and delighting the eye. At the seat of the Rose Town government, a rose garden is also laid out specially for visitors to admire. Since 1990, the county has held a Rose Culture and Art Festival in mid-May every year, and visitors coming to admire the flowers, travel and engage in economic and trade activities stream in endlessly. Rose jam, rose wine, rose syrup and so on made from roses as raw materials, along with rose-series cosmetics and rose-flavoured foods, have become must-buy goods and delicacies for visitors to taste.
**Small-branch rose
Why did the Qianlong Emperor back then offer large quantities of roses from the Western Regions for Consort Xiang to eat?
This is **determined by specific natural, climatic and environmental conditions.** Not only are the melons and fruits sweet, but the quality of the roses is also extremely good. In particular, the small-branch rose of the southern Xinjiang region, with a history of several thousand years, is famous far and wide in the Middle East and the Arab region and even in Europe and America, and is recognised worldwide as the rose variety with the highest oil yield and the best fragrance type. Just as Middle Eastern oil is called black gold, **the rose essential oil contained in the rose is five times the value of gold, and is known as "liquid gold".**
The amount of active ingredients contained in one **small-branch rose is 11.56 times that of one Bulgarian rose. The reason Bulgarian roses are famous is their quantity, but their quality is far inferior to that of the **small-branch rose.
The medicinal value and functions of the rose
[Nature, flavour and meridian entry]: Slightly bitter and sweet in flavour, warm in nature. Enters the spleen and liver meridians.
[Efficacy]: Resolves dampness and harmonises the middle, regulates qi and relieves depression, invigorates blood and disperses stasis, lowers lipids and soothes the liver.
[Indications]: Dampness obstructing and qi stagnating, with stuffiness in the epigastrium, nausea and vomiting, or abdominal pain and diarrhoea and dysentery, irregular menstruation, distending pain from blood stasis.
[Examples of application]:
Rose paste: decoct this product, take the juice, add brown sugar or white sugar and reduce to a paste to take. Used to treat irregular menstruation or haematemesis from liver depression.
Rose and jasmine tea: dried rose flowers and dried jasmine flowers, five grams each, green tea three grams, steeped in boiling water, drunk as a tea substitute. Mainly treats the qi stagnation and blood stasis type of
irregular menstruation, uterine fibroids.
[Usage]: Decocted as a soup, steeped in wine, boiled into a paste, taken as an infusion, etc.
[Reference]: Rose oil has the effect of detoxifying and promoting bile secretion; the flavonoids in rose flowers (quercetin, isoquercetin) can improve
myocardial ischaemia and have an antifungal effect.
Medicinal value
Research on magical herbal plant cosmeceuticals shows that the rose also has the effect of regulating women's skin condition during the physiological period, improving symptoms such as acne and dull yellow skin tone that appear before and after menstruation in women.
The blooming rose, and the bud about to open, are also fine medicines in the pharmacy garden. The traditional Chinese medicine rose bud has the effect of moving qi and invigorating blood, and is often used for distending pain in the chest, hypochondrium and epigastrium, distending pain in the breasts before menstruation, pain from injury and blood stasis, and also for indigestion and irregular menstruation. With long-term use, the effect is even better.
The rose, as an edible medicine, is formally recorded in the "Food Materia Medica". Among the people it is common to take rose flowers with sugar and steep them in boiling water, which is both sweet and tasty and can move qi and invigorate blood; steeping rose flowers in wine and taking it relaxes the sinews and invigorates blood, and can treat joint pain. Since ancient times, distillation has been used to make rose hydrosol from roses, which is fragrant in smell and remarkable in effect. The "Supplement to the Compendium of Materia Medica" says: "Rose hydrosol is fragrant in qi and light in flavour, and can harmonise the blood and calm the liver, nourish the stomach, relax the chest and disperse depression."
Medicinal roses are mainly used medicinally as buds, and their leaves and roots can also be used medicinally. Rose flowers have the functions of regulating qi, invigorating blood and regulating menstruation, and have a unique effect on such conditions as qi pain of the liver and stomach, irregular menstruation, red and white vaginal discharge, the early stage of boils and sores, and traumatic injuries.
Properties as a traditional Chinese medicine
The rose can be used as medicine; its flowers, dried in the shade, have the effects of moving qi, invigorating blood and astringing; rose buds can be used to extract rose oil; the fruit contains a very high level of vitamin C and is a raw material for extracting natural vitamin C, and can be used in natural beverages and foods. [10]
Rose dew
Rose dew comes from the distillate of the flowers of the rose, a plant in the family Rosaceae. Nature and flavour, per the "Supplement to the Compendium of Materia Medica": "Light in flavour."
Functions and indications: (1) "Jin's Medical Notes": "Treats liver qi and stomach qi." (2) "Supplement to the Compendium of Materia Medica": "Can harmonise the blood and calm the liver, nourish the stomach, relax the chest and disperse depression. Take with a drop of wine."
Usage and dosage, for internal use: drink warm, 50-100 grams.
Chemical composition
The main components in the volatile oil contained in the flowers: linalool, linalyl formate, β-citronellol, citronellyl formate, citronellyl acetate, geraniol (geramul), geranyl formate, 3-hexenyl acetate, benzyl alcohol, eugenol, methyl eugenol 3, etc.
Volatile components of the pollen: 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, geranyl acetate, neral, geranial, geraniol, citronellyl acetate, neryl acetate, geranylacetone, pentadecane, 2-undecanone, 2-tridecanone, 2-pentadecanone, tetradecanal, β-phenylethanol, eugenol, methyl eugenol, β-phenylethyl acetate 3.
Trace components important for the fragrance: β-damascone, rose oxide, a-perillene. The flowers also contain quercetin, cyanin, organic acids, β-carotene, fatty oil, etc.
The cultural background of the rose, related culture
The Pingyin rose has a long history of cultivation; according to historical records it began in the Han dynasty, and it has a history of more than 2,000 years to date. In the Tang dynasty sachets and scent bags were made, and in the Ming dynasty the flowers were used to make jam, brew wine and scent tea. By the late Qing dynasty large-scale production had already taken shape. During the Wanli reign of the Ming dynasty, the "Continued Pingyin County Gazetteer" records: a "Bamboo Branch Song" says: "A thousand branches grow in the open ground, just like red beans sent to express longing. When the roses bloom their fragrance is like a sea, and it is exactly the time when every household's wine is ready." In the early years of the Republic of China, the "Pingyin Local Gazetteer" records: "In the 23rd year of the Guangxu reign of the Qing dynasty (1907), in the flower-picking season, merchants from Beijing, Tianjin, Xuzhou and Jinan gathered in Pingyin, competing to buy flowers, and the annual purchase was 300,000 jin of flowers, worth 5,000 taels of silver." In this period the Pingyin rose flourished as never before. Later, because of war and disorder, thanks to the continuous promotion of scientific management techniques and high-yield varieties, the yield per mu rose from 100 kg in the past to the current 400 kg, with the highest single yield breaking through 500 kg.
The rose being reduced to a Valentine's Day cliché is a beautiful misunderstanding. In fact, the flower given "to a lover" is not a rose but a Chinese rose. Whether Chinese rose or rose, both are rose in English, both are plants of the family Rosaceae, and they are still relatively closely related. The Chinese rose has few leaves, 3-5, while the rose has 5-9. The Chinese rose has few thorns, the rose has many. The Chinese rose's leaves are glossy, the rose's leaves are not glossy. The Chinese rose's flowers are relatively large, with varied colours; the rose's flowers are relatively small, generally pink. The second kind of rose flower is somewhat larger, but is flat and disc-shaped, easy to distinguish from the Chinese rose. A literary friend from my hometown said in an article: "The earliest Pingyin roses were all wild, seen everywhere on the mountains and below them. Every year in May, the season when the roses bloom, the air was filled everywhere with a sweet fragrance. The foreign 'Valentine's Day' advanced steadily under the escort of roses, and quickly became popular in China.
World Legends: Russia
After Russian Emperor Nicholas I ascended the throne in 1825, he sent a general to escort the Empress Dowager Maria Feodorovna back to the royal retreat at Tsarskoye Selo (now Pushkin). After the task was done, the general took a walk nearby and saw a sentry standing at attention with a gun beside the road, yet the place he was guarding was completely empty. The general was greatly puzzled. He asked all the officials, but none could explain it clearly; they only said it was required by court etiquette. Later, in St. Petersburg, he learned that this sentry post in the royal garden had already existed for 50 years. The basis for establishing the post was a written order: "Set up a sentry post 500 steps from the east wing."
Because the general went to see this mysterious sentry post every time he came to Tsarskoye Selo, even the courtiers and the Empress Dowager herself became interested. The secret of the post was finally brought to light. It turned out that the first person to order the post established was Empress Catherine II. In those years, the Empress often walked in the garden. One day, she discovered a blooming rose, so beautiful and moving that she wanted to leave it for one of her grandsons. Therefore, she issued an order to place a sentry beside the flower to guard it, so that no one else would pick it. But the next day, she forgot the matter completely, and the sentry post was kept year after year from then on. After the Empress died, the rose bushes had of course long since withered and disappeared, but sentries continued to rotate in the same place.
Long before roses appeared in Russian gardens, there were already many colorful and beautiful legends about roses around the world.
India
In ancient Indian fairy tales, it is said that the rose enjoyed exceptional honor in India. The law even explicitly stipulated that anyone who presented a rose to the emperor had the right to ask the emperor for anything he wished to obtain. At that time, the highest caste, the Brahmins, used roses to decorate their temples and scattered bright rose petals on the avenues for sacrificing to the chief gods. Roses were also indispensable among the ornaments of the emperor's bedchamber, so roses were the most welcome tribute flowers.
In Brahmanism and Hinduism, the goddess of beauty and happiness, the universally recognized peerless beauty Lakshmi, is said to have been born from a rose bud composed of 108 large petals and 1008 small petals. In Vedic religion, the sun god and ruler of the universe, Vishnu, saw this enchanting beauty and immediately awakened her with a kiss, making her his wife.
Iran
In ancient Iran, legends about roses shrouded the entire East like mist. Because ancient Iranian poets praised the delicate rose in voluminous writings, ancient Iran became a paradise where roses grew and multiplied.
A Persian poet said that the rose was a gift from God to the human world. Once, all the plants came to ask God to appoint a new ruler to replace the water lily, because the water lily forgot its duty as ruler once evening came. In response to the plants' request, God appointed the white rose, which carried weapons of self-defense, as queen of the plants.
Some white roses still have a pink tint on their outer petals, and this also has a beautiful story in Persian legend. It is said that the nightingale fell in love at first sight with the newly enthroned queen of flowers and embraced the delicate flower queen passionately. The sharp thorns pierced straight into his heart, and bright red blood gushed from his chest, dyeing the rose petals red. Therefore, the outer petals of the white rose still retain a pink tint to this day.
Egypt
It is said that in 41 BC, the beautiful Egyptian queen Cleopatra conquered the suspicious Roman commander Marcus Antonius with the miraculous power of rose petals. The story goes like this: in Roman custom, at banquets, small petals from rose wreaths were scattered into wine, and drinking such wine indicated deep respect for the person who had scattered the petals. Antonius was wary of Cleopatra and feared she might break faith, so he had attendants first taste all the fine wines and delicacies at the banquet. At that time, the queen ordered poison to be smeared on the rose wreath. In his drunkenness, Antonius swore solemn vows of love to the queen, then scattered the petals from her wreath into his cup. When he raised the cup to drink, the queen snatched it from his hand and ordered a captive who was about to be executed to drink Antonius's wine. The captive was poisoned to death on the spot. Cleopatra said affectionately to Antonius: "My dear, you see, if it were not for you, I could live on, and I could easily put you to death..." Antonius was conquered.
Greece
Greece, the center of civilization in the ancient world, also regarded the rose as a gift from the gods. In the writings of Greek poets, the appearance of the rose is colored with beautiful mythology. According to the poets, the rose was formed from the snow-white foam on the body of Aphrodite (Venus in Roman mythology), the goddess of love and beauty, when she was born from the foam of the sea. When the goddesses saw the roses on the goddess's body, whose beauty was no less than the goddess herself, they were filled with admiration and scattered nectar that grants immortality. The nectar gave the rose its fragrance, but did not make it forever unwithering; this was the result of jealousy among the deities.
In Latin-speaking languages, the rose is pronounced "ros." In Roman mythology there is a legend about the origin of this name: Flora, the goddess of flowers, had no feelings for Amor, the god of love, and had long avoided him. One day, the cunning god of love shot her with an arrow of love, and from then on Flora fell deeply in love with him. But Amor loved the new and discarded the old, and abandoned Flora. In her disappointment, the goddess resolved to create a flower that could cry and laugh, embodying both sorrow and joy, to comfort herself. When the goddess saw her wondrous creation, she was so surprised that she could not help crying out the name of her beloved, "Eros" (the Greek name for the god of love). But because she was naturally shy and emotionally stirred, she stammered it out as "ros," omitting "E," and from then on this flower was named "ros" (in English, "ROSE").
In addition to the colorful legends in mythology, the ancient Greeks also believed that roses had practical value. It is said that in the 5th century BC, Aspasia, the famous Athenian courtesan, outstandingly intelligent and charmingly beautiful, had a wart on her cheek in childhood. Although famous physicians treated it, it showed no effect. The wart increasingly ruined her beautiful appearance and made her wish for death. Fortunately, one day she dreamed that a beloved dove of Aphrodite flew to her and suggested that she collect withered petals from the forehead of the goddess's statue (the Greeks usually placed rose wreaths on the goddess) and make them into an ointment to apply to the wart, and it would be cured. Indeed, after Aspasia did so, she became the most beautiful woman in Greece and the wife of the famous Athenian strategist and commander Pericles.
Germany
Germans believe that white roses can expose a witch's tricks.
America
Many Christian legends are also related to roses. The Archangel Gabriel wove three wreaths for the Virgin Mary: the white rose wreath brought the Virgin joy, the red rose wreath suffering, and the yellow rose wreath peace.
Ancient Rome
Every year on February 14, the Western "Valentine's Day," countless men and women swimming in the river of love give red roses to the one in their hearts. This festival is said to have originated in ancient Rome. Legend has it that people at that time worshipped Juno, queen of heaven, on this day, because she was the guardian deity of women's marital happiness. In addition, the ancients believed that this day was the beginning of youthful vitality and required both sides to enjoy themselves fully and make silent wishes. Therefore, afterward people generally gave the rose the title "flower of love." [15]
Italy
In Greece, the rose was a symbol of love and beauty among the deities, while among humans it was used to express human joy and sorrow. After the rose took root and multiplied in Rome, it gained new functions and symbolism. During the Republican period, the rose embodied lofty morality and rewards for merit; by the period of Rome's decline, it became a symbol of sin and a luxury that bankrupted great families and nobles. At that time, flowers had to be scattered over the sea surface. At a great banquet of Emperor Heliogabalus, in order to give the tyrant the greatest satisfaction, rose petals were scattered down from the ceiling. Countless petals drifted onto the banqueters, and quite a few guests were even buried deep in the flowers and suffocated to death.
There even arose a special trade: rose wreath makers; a unique rose exchange was also opened, with professional brokers engaged in the rose trade.
The Roman attitude toward roses influenced early Christians in Western Europe. Several hundred years later, priests forgot the role roses had played during the decline of the Roman Empire and declared the rose the flower of heaven.
A legend about the Passion of Jesus recounts the story of the moss rose. When Jesus was nailed to the cross, his blood dyed the cross red. The little angels collected the blood into golden vessels, and a few drops fell onto the moss. The moss immediately absorbed these drops of blood, lest the Savior's blood be defiled. The gorgeously beautiful moss rose thus came into the world, so that people would forever remember that the Savior shed all his blood for the sins of the world.
China
This is a story that took place 3,544 years ago in the ancient Eastern country of China. Among the Buddha's many disciples there was such a pair, a man and a woman...
The man's nature was passionate; just like his name: Lover! The woman's nature was gentle, also just like her name: Beloved!
One day, while they were studying Buddhist teachings together, they found two budding fresh flowers on a small hill. Because they had never seen such flowers and did not know their name, they were both very curious. The man wanted to pick them to take a look, but accidentally pricked himself on the flower's thorn, and bright red blood immediately flowed out. When the woman saw this, she felt great pain in her heart. She took his hand, and unintentionally shed a tear, which fell at the same time as the drop of blood on the man's hand, each falling into one of the two fresh flowers.
They were both Buddhists; they could not be together, so they parted with smiles. The man went toward the heavens; the woman went down beneath the earth! When they returned, both he and she had better names... The man changed his name to: Yue Lao, the Old Man Under the Moon. He hoped the woman would not remember him, yet his work was to make couple after couple of men and women remember each other, using the tiny red thread in his hand. But how many people know that each tiny red thread is actually drop after drop of his bright red blood... The woman changed her name to: Meng Po. She hoped the man would forget her, and her work was relatively fortunate: brewing soup, commonly known as "Meng Po's soup." With bowl after bowl of her "Meng Po's soup," she made couple after couple of men and women forget each other. But how many people know that each bowl of "Meng Po's soup" is actually drop after drop of her tears. When lover and beloved are together, they create love. Love must have fresh flowers, so both of those flowers are, although after they left, the flowers that bloomed were one red flower representing the passionate lover and one white flower representing the gentle beloved, they have the same name: rose.
Origami Rose of the Rose
Methods and Steps
Take a square piece of paper.
Fold it in half horizontally, then fold each folded side in half again, and in half once more, leaving a total of 7 horizontal crease lines on the paper.
Fold it in half vertically, then fold each folded side in half again, and in half once more, leaving a total of 7 vertical crease lines on the paper.
Unfold the paper and fold it diagonally.
3 After opening it, crease lines remain.
4 Fold up the four corners.
5 Fold in half along one diagonal.
6 Find the line above the diagonal nearest to it, formed by connecting the intersection points of the horizontal and vertical crease lines, and fold upward.
For the other diagonal, do the same as the previous step and fold one crease line. Then fold upward along the diagonal (the red line shown in the illustration).
Fold upward along the diagonal position of the small square at the very bottom.
8 Then unfold the paper again.
Find the small square of the middle crease.
9 Turn the paper over.
Pinch up the 4 diagonal lines.
10 Fold the origami inward in half, and while folding, press the top square downward along its diagonal.
Fold the origami into this shape; the upper and lower paper must be folded in opposite directions.
11 Press the origami flat.
12 Fold the upper-left origami downward.
Then open the back half from behind, and it will form the appearance above.
13 Then turn out the lower part of the origami and you can see the picture above. Note that after folding it should look like a pinwheel, and that is correct!
Following the red line indications, fold downward respectively.
Following the red line, turn the origami downward.
The effect after completing one side.
14 Following the red line, fold out two small triangles toward the back.
Following the red line, fold the small triangle toward the upper right.
15 Then fold toward the left.
Fold all four sides well.
16 Following the red line, fold the origami in half and then fold it backward.
Fold all four directions well.
Next, fold one of the legs inward.
17. Gently pull the four petals outward to reveal the flower core.
Gently press the edges of the petals so that the outer ends of the petals form a certain curve, as if they were real petals.
18. The last step of the flower is to modify the petals appropriately so that they look more natural and beautiful. Of course, after adding stems and leaves and placing it in a vase, it will be even more beautiful! The following explains how to add stems and leaves to the flower!
Rose pictures