Detailed Explanation of the Training and Pruning Methods for the Slender Spindle Shape of Apple Trees

How do you train and prune apple trees into the slender spindle shape? The slender spindle belongs to the small canopy form and is one of the tree shapes with the fewest scaffold branches and the most fruiting branches, suitable for relatively dense planting, dwarfing rootstocks and spur-type cultivars. Generally the row spacing is 2.5-4.0 m, and the plant spacing is 2.0...