To master pollution-free vegetable cultivation techniques, you need to do these four things well
Food safety concerns people's health, and vegetables are something we often eat, so achieving pollution-free production in vegetable cultivation is very important. So, what are the cultivation techniques for pollution-free vegetables? These four things need to be done!
1. Choose the plot
The site conditions for producing pollution-free vegetables should be a pollution-free area for water quality and air that is more than three kilometers away from factories, hospitals, and similar facilities. The planting plot should have convenient drainage and irrigation, and the irrigation water quality should meet the requirements stipulated by the state. For the soil, choose deep, fertile soil with good structure and organic matter content of 2-5% or more. The base area should be of a certain scale, with contiguous land convenient for crop rotation and convenient transportation.
2. Sowing management
Select high-quality varieties with strong stress resistance; carry out soil and seed treatment; deep plow and make high beds to sun the field, with a deep plowing depth of no less than 30cm; cultivate strong seedlings, transplant at the right time, plant at a reasonable density, adjust plants, clean the garden and pick up residues; use horticultural facilities such as non-drip film, multifunctional composite film, shade nets, and insect-proof nets; use smoke agents and dust agents; advocate high-temperature soil disinfection, and under normal circumstances do not advocate burning straw to kill pests and diseases.
3. Fertilize at the right time
Choose mainly decomposed manure, compost, and other organic fertilizers, supplemented by mineral chemical fertilizers. The use of urban waste fertilizer is prohibited. For vegetables eaten raw such as lettuce and cilantro, human and animal manure is prohibited as a top dressing. Strictly control the amount of nitrogen fertilizer applied, otherwise it may cause nitrate accumulation in the vegetable body.
(1) Promote the application of fertilizers: decomposed organic fertilizer, biological bacterial fertilizer, and high-quality foliar fertilizer. Straw returned to the field must be covered with soil and pressed firmly, and human and animal manure and urine should be added to facilitate decomposition; green manure should be deep plowed 15cm at full bloom, covered with soil and pressed firmly, and sowing and transplanting should be done 15—20 days after green manuring. Apply more cake fertilizer, limit fertilizer application, control the application of inorganic nitrogen fertilizer, and advocate the combined use of chemical fertilizers and organic fertilizers, with organic nitrogen to inorganic nitrogen at 1:1, about 1000kg of manure plus 20kg of urea.
(2) Prohibited fertilizers: nitrate nitrogen fertilizer, hospital feces, urban waste, and harmful inferior fertilizers.
(3) Application method: scientific formula fertilization, with N, P, and K used in combination.
(4) Base fertilizer: it must be applied sufficiently to improve soil fertility. Sufficient organic fertilizer is the primary requirement for growing vegetables. Organic fertilizer can provide vegetables with comprehensive and lasting nutrition. Organic fertilizer not only contains the nutrients vegetables need, but also has the effect of improving soil and building fertility. According to the regional climate and temperature, the annual consumption is generally about 2000kg per mu, while under greenhouse conditions, the maintenance amount of organic fertilizer is 4~5 times the general amount, and it should be replenished every year to maintain soil fertility. If organic fertilizer is insufficient for consecutive years, it will lead to a decline in soil fertility and soil fatigue, thereby affecting the quality and yield of vegetables. Apply nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium in combination, with 20-35kg of three-element compound fertilizer. Apply into the soil 7~10 days before planting, and mix and turn it in.
(5) Top dressing: 10kg of compound fertilizer per mu, which can be increased to 20—30kg during the full fruit period. The last top dressing must be carried out 30 days before harvest, and for leafy greens, 20 days. After the young fruit stage, spray with 0.2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate every 7—10 days.
4. Pest and disease control
(1) Agricultural control
By selecting disease- and pest-resistant (tolerant) varieties, adopting healthy cultivation, reasonable crop rotation, and a set of agricultural measures, improve the stress resistance of vegetables and reduce pest and disease damage.
(2) Physical control
A control method that creates ecological conditions unfavorable for the occurrence of pests and diseases but favorable for or not harmful to vegetable growth is a relatively ideal pollution-free control method.
(3) Biological control
Biological control is the method of using organisms or their metabolites to control harmful animal and plant populations, harmful microorganisms, or reduce the degree of their harm.
(4) Chemical control
Pollution-free vegetables do not mean not using chemical pesticides. Chemical pesticides are an effective means of controlling vegetable pests and diseases, especially when diseases are prevalent and pests break out, they are even more effective control measures. The key is how to use them scientifically and reasonably, so as to both control pest and disease damage and reduce pollution, keeping pesticide residues in marketed vegetables within the allowed range.
In developing pollution-free vegetables, the focus is on doing well the “three passes” of production base selection and improvement, harmless production process, and testing of residual toxic substances in vegetables, and on the “six links” of production area environment, variety selection, strong seedling cultivation, healthy cultivation, pest and disease control, and quality testing. In general, it means adopting pollution-free vegetable production technical measures so that the base environment, production process, and product quality meet pollution-free standard requirements.