Guidance on Scientific Fertilization for Major Crops in Autumn and Winter
How should the main crops be fertilized scientifically in autumn and winter? To strengthen guidance on scientific fertilization of the main crops in autumn and winter, improve fertilizer use efficiency, reduce fertilizer costs, and achieve rational and efficient fertilization, the Department of Crop Production Management, together with the National Agricultural Technology Extension Service Center and the Scientific Fertilization Expert Steering Group of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, formulated the "Guiding Opinions on Scientific Fertilization of Main Crops in Autumn and Winter 2020."
I. Winter Wheat
(1) Irrigated Winter Wheat Region of the North China Plain and Guanzhong Plain
Includes all of Shandong and Tianjin, central and southern Hebei, central and southern Beijing, central and northern Henan, the Guanzhong Plain of Shaanxi, and southern Shanxi.
1.Fertilization Principles
In view of problems in this region such as the widespread excessive application of nitrogen fertilizer to winter wheat, imbalanced ratios of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium nutrients, a relatively high rate of basal fertilizer, a growing area under one-time fertilization, insufficient nitrogen supply later in the season, occasional deficiencies of medium and trace elements such as sulfur, zinc and boron, and shallow topsoil with poor water- and fertilizer-holding capacity, the following fertilization principles are proposed:
(1) Based on the results of soil testing and formulated fertilization, appropriately reduce the amounts of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer;
(2) Apply nitrogen fertilizer in split applications; according to differences in soil fertility and wheat variety and quality characteristics, especially for strong and medium-gluten wheat, appropriately increase the amount of nitrogen fertilizer and the proportion applied as topdressing in the middle and late stages;
(3) Based on soil fertility conditions, apply phosphorus and potassium fertilizer efficiently;
(4) Return crushed straw to the field, increase the application of organic fertilizer, advocate the combination of organic and inorganic fertilizers, and improve the soil's water- and fertilizer-holding capacity;
(5) Pay attention to the application of medium and trace elements such as sulfur, zinc, boron and manganese;
(6) For soils with problems such as acidification, salinization and compaction, improve them through scientific fertilization and tillage measures;
(7) Combine fertilizer application with green, yield-increasing and efficiency-enhancing cultivation techniques.
2.Fertilization Recommendations
2.1Basal-plus-topdressing fertilization scheme
15-20-10 (N-P2O5-K2O) or a similar formula. Fertilization recommendations:
(1) For yield levels below 400 kg/mu, the recommended application rate of formula fertilizer is 15-20 kg/mu, with 10-12 kg/mu of urea applied as topdressing combined with irrigation from the stem elongation stage to the jointing stage;
(2) For yield levels of 400-500 kg/mu, the recommended application rate of formula fertilizer is 20-25 kg/mu, with 12-15 kg/mu of urea applied as topdressing combined with irrigation from the stem elongation stage to the jointing stage;
(3) For yield levels of 500-600 kg/mu, the recommended application rate of formula fertilizer is 30-35 kg/mu, with 15-20 kg/mu of urea applied as topdressing combined with irrigation from the stem elongation stage to the jointing stage;
(4) For yield levels above 600 kg/mu, the recommended application rate of formula fertilizer is 35-40 kg/mu, with 20 kg/mu of urea applied as topdressing combined with irrigation from the stem elongation stage to the jointing stage.
2.2One-time fertilization scheme
25-12-8 (N-P2O5-K2O) or a similar formula. Fertilization recommendations:
(1) For yield levels below 400 kg/mu, the recommended application rate of formula fertilizer is 30-35 kg/mu;
(2) For yield levels of 400-500 kg/mu, the recommended application rate of formula fertilizer is 35-45 kg/mu;
(3) For yield levels of 500-600 kg/mu, the recommended application rate of formula fertilizer is 45-55 kg/mu;
(4) For yield levels above 600 kg/mu, the recommended application rate of formula fertilizer is 55-65 kg/mu. The formula fertilizer is applied entirely as basal fertilizer in a single application.
In areas deficient in zinc or manganese, 1-2 kg/mu of zinc sulfate or manganese sulfate may be applied as basal fertilizer; in areas deficient in boron, 0.5-1 kg/mu of borax may be applied as basal fertilizer as appropriate. It is advocated to combine with “one spray, three preventions” by spraying water-soluble trace element fertilizer at the wheat grain-filling stage, or spraying 150-200 g of potassium dihydrogen phosphate and 0.5-1 kg of urea per mu diluted in 50 kg of water onto the leaves. If organic fertilizer was applied as basal fertilizer, the amount of chemical fertilizer may be reduced as appropriate.
(2) Rainfed Winter Wheat Region of North China
Includes the areas north of the Huai River in Jiangsu and Anhui provinces, and southeastern Henan.
1.Fertilization Principles
In view of problems in this region such as soils dominated by lime concretion black soil, low soil fertility, relatively low available phosphorus, occasional deficiencies of medium and trace elements such as zinc and boron, and shallow topsoil with poor water- and fertilizer-holding capacity, the following fertilization principles are proposed:
(1) Based on the results of soil testing and formulated fertilization, appropriately reduce the amount of nitrogen fertilizer and increase the amount of phosphorus fertilizer;
(2) Return crushed straw to the field, increase the application of organic fertilizer, advocate the combination of organic and inorganic fertilizers, and improve the soil's water- and fertilizer-holding capacity;
(3) Pay attention to the application of trace elements such as zinc, boron and manganese;
(4) For soils with problems such as acidification, salinization and compaction, improve them through scientific fertilization and tillage measures;
(5) Combine fertilizer application with green, yield-increasing and efficiency-enhancing cultivation techniques.
2.Fertilization Recommendations
2.1Basal-plus-topdressing fertilization scheme
18-15-10 (N-P2O5-K2O) or a similar formula. Fertilization recommendations:
(1) For yield levels below 350 kg/mu, the recommended application rate of formula fertilizer is 20-25 kg/mu, with 5-7 kg/mu of urea applied as topdressing combined with irrigation from the stem elongation stage to the jointing stage;
(2) For yield levels of 350-450 kg/mu, the recommended application rate of formula fertilizer is 25-35 kg/mu, with 8-10 kg/mu of urea applied as topdressing combined with irrigation from the stem elongation stage to the jointing stage;
(3) For yield levels of 450-600 kg/mu, the recommended application rate of formula fertilizer is 35-45 kg/mu, with 10-15 kg/mu of urea applied as topdressing combined with irrigation from the stem elongation stage to the jointing stage;
(4) For yield levels above 600 kg/mu, the recommended application rate of formula fertilizer is 45-55 kg/mu, with 15-18 kg/mu of urea applied as topdressing combined with irrigation from the stem elongation stage to the jointing stage.
2.2One-time fertilization scheme
25-12-8 (N-P2O5-K2O) or a similar formula. Fertilization recommendations:
(1) For yield levels below 350 kg/mu, the recommended application rate of formula fertilizer is 25-30 kg/mu;
(2) For yield levels of 350-450 kg/mu, the recommended application rate of formula fertilizer is 30-40 kg/mu;
(3) For yield levels of 450-600 kg/mu, the recommended application rate of formula fertilizer is 40-60 kg/mu;
(4) For yield levels above 600 kg/mu, the recommended application rate of formula fertilizer is 60-70 kg/mu. The formula fertilizer is applied entirely as basal fertilizer in a single application.
In areas deficient in zinc or manganese, 1-2 kg/mu of zinc sulfate or manganese sulfate may be applied as basal fertilizer; in areas deficient in boron, 0.5-1 kg/mu of borax may be applied as basal fertilizer as appropriate. It is advocated to combine with “one spray, three preventions” by spraying water-soluble trace element fertilizer at the wheat grain-filling stage, or spraying 150-200 g of potassium dihydrogen phosphate and 0.5-1 kg of urea per mu diluted in 50 kg of water onto the leaves. If organic fertilizer was applied as basal fertilizer, the amount of chemical fertilizer may be reduced as appropriate.
(3) Winter Wheat Region of the Middle and Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River
Includes the five provinces (municipalities) of Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Zhejiang and Shanghai, southern Henan, and the areas south of the Huai River in Anhui and Jiangsu provinces.
1.Fertilization Principles
In view of problems in the Yangtze River basin such as low organic fertilizer application to winter wheat, excessive nitrogen fertilizer with a large proportion applied early, and occasional deficiencies of medium and trace elements such as sulfur and zinc, the following fertilization principles are proposed:
(1) Increase the application of organic fertilizer, implement straw return, and combine organic with inorganic fertilizers;
(2) Appropriately reduce the amount of nitrogen fertilizer, adjust the ratio of basal to topdressing fertilizer, and reduce the amount of nitrogen fertilizer applied early;
(3) On soils rich in available phosphorus, appropriately reduce the amount of phosphorus fertilizer;
(4) According to wheat variety and quality, appropriately adjust the amount of nitrogen fertilizer and the basal-to-topdressing ratio; for strong and medium-gluten wheat, appropriately increase the amount of nitrogen fertilizer and the proportion applied as topdressing in the late stage;
(5) Combine fertilizer application with green, yield-increasing and efficiency-enhancing cultivation techniques.
2.Fertilization Recommendations
2.1Recommended formulas for medium- and low-concentration fertilization schemes
12-10-8 (N-P2O5-K2O) or a similar formula. Fertilization recommendations:
(1) For yield levels below 300 kg/mu, the recommended application rate of formula fertilizer is 23-34 kg/mu, with 6-9 kg/mu of urea applied as topdressing combined with irrigation from the stem elongation stage to the jointing stage;
(2) For yield levels of 300-400 kg/mu, the recommended application rate of formula fertilizer is 34-45 kg/mu, with 9-12 kg/mu of urea applied as topdressing combined with irrigation from the stem elongation stage to the jointing stage;
(3) For yield levels of 400-550 kg/mu, the recommended application rate of formula fertilizer is 45-62 kg/mu, with 12-17 kg/mu of urea applied as topdressing combined with irrigation from the stem elongation stage to the jointing stage;
(4) For yield levels above 550 kg/mu, the recommended application rate of formula fertilizer is 62-74 kg/mu, with 17-20 kg/mu of urea applied as topdressing combined with irrigation from the stem elongation stage to the jointing stage.
2.2Recommended formulas for high-concentration fertilization schemes
18-15-12 (N-P2O5-K2O) or a similar formula. Fertilization recommendations:
(1) For yield levels below 300 kg/mu, the recommended application rate of formula fertilizer is 15-23 kg/mu, with 6-9 kg/mu of urea applied as topdressing combined with irrigation from the stem elongation stage to the jointing stage;
(2) For yield levels of 300-400 kg/mu, the recommended application rate of formula fertilizer is 23-30 kg/mu, with 9-12 kg/mu of urea applied as topdressing combined with irrigation from the stem elongation stage to the jointing stage;
(3) For yield levels of 400-550 kg/mu, the recommended application rate of formula fertilizer is 30-42 kg/mu, with 12-17 kg/mu of urea applied as topdressing combined with irrigation from the stem elongation stage to the jointing stage;
(4) For yield levels above 550 kg/mu, the recommended application rate of formula fertilizer is 42-49 kg/mu, with 17-20 kg/mu of urea applied as topdressing combined with irrigation from the stem elongation stage to the jointing stage.
In sulfur-deficient areas, about 2 kg/mu of sulfur may be applied as basal fertilizer; if other sulfur-containing fertilizers are used, the amount of sulfur may be reduced accordingly. In areas deficient in zinc or manganese, 1-2 kg/mu of zinc sulfate or manganese sulfate may be applied as basal fertilizer according to the situation. It is advocated to combine with “one spray, three preventions” by spraying water-soluble trace element fertilizer at the wheat grain-filling stage, or spraying 150-200 g of potassium dihydrogen phosphate and 0.5-1 kg of urea per mu diluted in 50 kg of water onto the leaves.
(4) Rainfed Dryland Winter Wheat Region of the Northwest
Includes central Shanxi, central and northern Shaanxi, western Henan, and eastern Gansu.
1.Fertilization Principles
In view of problems in this region such as low soil organic matter content, poor water- and fertilizer-holding capacity, low rainfall during the growing season, difficulty of spring topdressing, and insufficient application of organic fertilizer, the following fertilization principles are proposed:
(1) Determine the amount of basal fertilizer based on soil fertility and soil water storage conditions, and adhere to the fertilization principle of "adequate nitrogen, stable phosphorus, supplementing trace elements";
(2) Increase the application of organic fertilizer, advocate the combination of organic and inorganic fertilizers and the appropriate return of straw to the field, and implement rotation of green manure and wheat;
(3) Give priority to one-time basal application of formula fertilizer;
(4) Pay attention to the combined application of trace element fertilizers such as manganese and zinc;
(5) Scientific fertilization should be combined with water storage and soil moisture conservation techniques.
2.Fertilization Recommendations
23-14-8 (N-P2O5-K2O) or a similar formula. Fertilization recommendations:
(1) For yield levels below 250 kg/mu, the recommended application rate of formula fertilizer is 14-20 kg/mu;
(2) For yield levels of 250-350 kg/mu, the recommended application rate of formula fertilizer is 24-30 kg/mu;
(3) For yield levels of 350-500 kg/mu, the recommended application rate of formula fertilizer is 30-45 kg/mu;
(4) For yield levels above 500 kg/mu, the recommended application rate of formula fertilizer is 45-50 kg/mu. The formula fertilizer is applied entirely as basal fertilizer in a single application.
Apply 2-3 cubic meters of farmyard manure per mu. Fertilizers with high chlorine content are prohibited to prevent toxicity to wheat seedlings. In areas deficient in zinc or manganese, 1-2 kg/mu of zinc sulfate or manganese sulfate may be applied as basal fertilizer according to the situation. It is advocated to combine with “one spray, three preventions” by spraying water-soluble trace element fertilizer at the wheat grain-filling stage, or spraying 150-200 g of potassium dihydrogen phosphate and 0.5-1 kg of urea per mu diluted in 50 kg of water onto the leaves.
II. Winter Rapeseed
(1) Winter Rapeseed Region of the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River
Includes the winter rapeseed regions of the four provinces (municipalities) of Sichuan, Chongqing, Guizhou and Yunnan, as well as western Hubei and southern Shaanxi.
1.Fertilization Principles
(1) Based on the results of soil testing and formulated fertilization, determine reasonable application rates of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers for green and efficient fertilization;
(2) Apply nitrogen fertilizer in split applications, appropriately reduce the amount of nitrogen fertilizer applied as basal fertilizer, ensure the application of stem-elongation fertilizer in high-yield fields, and simplify fertilization steps in medium- and low-yield fields;
(3) Based on the soil's available boron content, supplement boron fertilizer as appropriate (0.7-1.0 kg/mu of borax), and advocate the application of magnesium-containing fertilizers;
(4) Increase the application of organic fertilizer, advocate the combination of organic and inorganic fertilizers, and intensify straw return to the field;
(5) Apply alkaline fertilizers or lime to severely acidified soils;
(6) Fertilizer application should be combined with other high-yield, high-quality cultivation techniques, paying attention to increasing planting density, opening furrows to reduce waterlogging, and weed control;
(7) In areas where clubroot occurs, pay attention to selecting disease-resistant varieties.
2.Fertilization Recommendations
(1) It is recommended to use 20-11-10 (N-P2O5-K2O, boron-containing) or a similar formula special fertilizer as basal fertilizer. In production areas where conditions permit, 25-7-8 (N-P2O5-K2O, boron-containing) or a similar formula of rapeseed-specific slow (controlled)-release formula fertilizer may be recommended;
(2) For yield levels above 200 kg/mu: when the previous crop is rice, the recommended application rate of formula fertilizer is 50 kg/mu, with 5-8 kg/mu of urea applied as overwintering seedling fertilizer and 5-8 kg/mu of urea applied as stem-elongation fertilizer; alternatively, apply 60 kg/mu of rapeseed-specific slow (controlled)-release formula fertilizer in a single application. When the previous crop is tobacco or soybean, the fertilization amount may be reduced by about 10% as appropriate;
(3) For yield levels of 150-200 kg/mu: when the previous crop is rice, the recommended application rate of formula fertilizer is 40-50 kg/mu, with 5-8 kg/mu of urea applied as overwintering seedling fertilizer and 3-5 kg/mu of urea applied as stem-elongation fertilizer; alternatively, apply 50 kg/mu of rapeseed-specific slow (controlled)-release formula fertilizer in a single application. When the previous crop is tobacco or soybean, the fertilization amount may be reduced by about 10% as appropriate;
(4) For yield levels of 100-150 kg/mu: when the previous crop is rice, the recommended application rate of formula fertilizer is 35-40 kg/mu, with 5-8 kg/mu of urea applied as overwintering seedling fertilizer; alternatively, apply 40 kg/mu of rapeseed-specific slow (controlled)-release formula fertilizer in a single application. When the previous crop is tobacco or soybean, the fertilization amount may be reduced by about 10% as appropriate;
(5) For yield levels below 100 kg/mu: the recommended application rate of formula fertilizer is 30-40 kg/mu; alternatively, apply 30 kg/mu of rapeseed-specific slow (controlled)-release formula fertilizer in a single application.
(2) Winter Rapeseed Region of the Middle and Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River
Includes the three provinces of Anhui, Jiangsu and Zhejiang, and most of Hubei.
1.Fertilization Principles
(1) Based on the results of soil testing and formulated fertilization, determine reasonable application rates of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers, appropriately reduce the amounts of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers, and determine a reasonable ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium;
(2) For transplanted rapeseed, apply basal fertilizer deep; for direct-seeded rapeseed, apply seed fertilizer and fertilizer in separate positions in the same seeding operation, so that the fertilizer is applied in a concentrated manner;
(3) Based on the soil's available boron content, supplement boron fertilizer as appropriate (0.5-0.6 kg/mu of borax);
(4) Intensify straw return to the field and advocate the combination of organic and inorganic fertilizers;
(5) Apply alkaline fertilizers or lime to severely acidified soils;
(6) Fertilizer application should be combined with other high-yield, high-quality cultivation techniques, paying attention to increasing planting density and weed control, and direct-seeded rapeseed should be sown at an appropriately earlier date;
(7) Pay attention to the prevention and control of sclerotinia.
2.Fertilization Recommendations
(1) It is recommended to use 24-9-7 (N-P2O5-K2O, boron-containing) or a similar formula special fertilizer as basal fertilizer; in production areas where conditions permit, 25-7-8 (N-P2O5-K2O, boron-containing) or a similar formula of rapeseed-specific slow (controlled)-release formula fertilizer may be recommended;
(2) For yield levels above 200 kg/mu: the recommended application rate of formula fertilizer is 50 kg/mu, with 5-8 kg/mu of urea applied as overwintering seedling fertilizer and 5-8 kg/mu of urea plus 5-6 kg/mu of potassium chloride applied as stem-elongation fertilizer; alternatively, apply 60 kg/mu of rapeseed-specific slow (controlled)-release formula fertilizer in a single application;
(3) For yield levels of 150-200 kg/mu: the recommended application rate of formula fertilizer is 40-50 kg/mu, with 5-8 kg/mu of urea applied as overwintering seedling fertilizer and 3-5 kg/mu of urea plus 3-5 kg/mu of potassium chloride applied as stem-elongation fertilizer; alternatively, apply 50 kg/mu of rapeseed-specific slow (controlled)-release formula fertilizer in a single application;
(4) For yield levels of 100-150 kg/mu: the recommended application rate of formula fertilizer is 35-40 kg/mu, with 5-8 kg/mu of urea applied as stem-elongation fertilizer; alternatively, apply 40 kg/mu of rapeseed-specific slow (controlled)-release formula fertilizer in a single application;
(5) For yield levels below 100 kg/mu: the recommended application rate of formula fertilizer is 25-30 kg/mu, with 3-5 kg/mu of urea applied as stem-elongation fertilizer; alternatively, apply 30 kg/mu of rapeseed-specific slow (controlled)-release formula fertilizer in a single application.
(3) Triple-Cropping Winter Rapeseed Region
Includes the two provinces of Hunan and Jiangxi, as well as northern Guangxi and southern Hubei.
1.Fertilization Principles
(1) Based on the results of soil testing and formulated fertilization, determine reasonable application rates and ratios of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers, and pay attention to applying stem-elongation fertilizer;
(2) Based on the status of medium and trace element nutrients in the soil, apply sufficient boron fertilizer (0.7-1.0 kg/mu of borax), supplement magnesium fertilizer (MgO 1.5-2.0 kg/mu), and advocate the application of sulfur-containing fertilizers;
(3) Intensify straw return to the field and advocate the combination of organic and inorganic fertilizers;
(4) Apply alkaline fertilizers or lime to severely acidified soils;
(5) Increase rapeseed planting density, pay attention to cutting field furrows properly, prevent waterlogging in the field, and control weeds;
(6) Pay attention to the prevention and control of sclerotinia.
2.Fertilization Recommendations
(1) It is recommended to use 18-8-9 (N-P2O5-K2O, boron-containing) or a similar formula special fertilizer as basal fertilizer; in production areas where conditions permit, 25-7-8 (N-P2O5-K2O, boron- and magnesium-containing) or a similar formula of rapeseed-specific slow (controlled)-release formula fertilizer may be recommended;
(2) For yield levels above 180 kg/mu: the recommended application rate of formula fertilizer is 50 kg/mu, with 5-8 kg/mu of urea applied as stem-elongation fertilizer; alternatively, apply 50 kg/mu of rapeseed-specific slow (controlled)-release formula fertilizer in a single application;
(3) For yield levels of 150-180 kg/mu: the recommended application rate of formula fertilizer is 40-45 kg/mu, with 5-8 kg/mu of urea applied as stem-elongation fertilizer; alternatively, apply 40-50 kg/mu of rapeseed-specific slow (controlled)-release formula fertilizer in a single application;
(4) For yield levels of 100-150 kg/mu: the recommended application rate of formula fertilizer is 35-40 kg/mu, with 3-5 kg/mu of urea applied as stem-elongation fertilizer; alternatively, apply 40 kg/mu of rapeseed-specific slow (controlled)-release formula fertilizer in a single application;
(5) For yield levels below 100 kg/mu: the recommended application rate of formula fertilizer is 25-30 kg/mu, with 3-5 kg/mu of urea applied as stem-elongation fertilizer; alternatively, apply 30 kg/mu of rapeseed-specific slow (controlled)-release formula fertilizer in a single application.
(4) Huang-Huai Winter Rapeseed Region
Includes the winter rapeseed regions of Henan, Gansu and the Guanzhong area of Shaanxi.
1.Fertilization Principles
(1) Based on the results of soil testing and formulated fertilization, determine reasonable application rates of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers, appropriately reduce the amounts of nitrogen and potassium fertilizers, and determine a reasonable ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium;
(2) For transplanted rapeseed, apply basal fertilizer deep; for direct-seeded rapeseed, apply seed fertilizer and fertilizer in separate positions in the same seeding operation, so that the fertilizer is applied in a concentrated manner;
(3) Based on the soil's available boron content, supplement boron fertilizer as appropriate (0.5-0.6 kg/mu of borax);
(4) Intensify straw return to the field, advocate straw mulching to preserve warmth and soil moisture, and advocate the combination of organic and inorganic fertilizers;
(5) Fertilizer application should be combined with other high-yield, high-quality cultivation techniques, paying attention to increasing planting density, and advocating the use of water-saving and drought-resistant techniques.
2.Fertilization Recommendations
(1) It is recommended to use 20-12-8 (N-P2O5-K2O, boron-containing) or a similar formula as basal fertilizer; in production areas where conditions permit, 18-8-6 (N-P2O5-K2O, boron-containing) or a similar formula of rapeseed-specific slow (controlled)-release formula fertilizer may be recommended;
(2) For yield levels above 200 kg/mu: the recommended application rate of formula fertilizer is 50 kg/mu, with 5-8 kg/mu of urea applied as overwintering seedling fertilizer and 3-5 kg/mu of urea applied as stem-elongation fertilizer; alternatively, apply 60 kg/mu of rapeseed-specific slow (controlled)-release formula fertilizer in a single application;
(3) For yield levels of 150-200 kg/mu: the recommended application rate of formula fertilizer is 40-50 kg/mu, with 5-8 kg/mu of urea applied as overwintering seedling fertilizer; alternatively, apply 50 kg/mu of rapeseed-specific slow (controlled)-release formula fertilizer in a single application;
(4) For yield levels of 100-150 kg/mu: the recommended application rate of formula fertilizer is 35-40 kg/mu, with 5-8 kg/mu of urea applied as overwintering seedling fertilizer; alternatively, apply 40 kg/mu of rapeseed-specific slow (controlled)-release formula fertilizer in a single application;
(5) For yield levels below 100 kg/mu: the recommended application rate of formula fertilizer is 25-30 kg/mu, with 3-5 kg/mu of urea applied as overwintering seedling fertilizer; alternatively, apply 30 kg/mu of rapeseed-specific slow (controlled)-release formula fertilizer in a single application.
III. Fruit Trees
(1) Apple
1.Fertilization Principles
In apple production, the input of organic fertilizer is insufficient; some orchards have poor site conditions, severe soil compaction, poor aeration and weak water- and fertilizer-holding capacity; and the use of nitrogen and phosphorus chemical fertilizers in intensive orchards is relatively high. Soil acidification is common in orchards in Jiaodong and Liaodong, and deficiencies of the medium and trace elements calcium, magnesium and boron occur from time to time; in orchards on calcareous soils, deficiencies of iron, zinc and boron are common. In some areas, fruit growers lack awareness of applying basal fertilizer in autumn, and the amount and proportion of nitrogen fertilizer applied as topdressing during the spring and summer fruit-swelling period are too large. In response to the above problems, the following fertilization principles are proposed:
(1) Increase the application of organic fertilizer and advocate the combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers;
(2) Based on soil fertility conditions and yield levels, appropriately reduce the amounts of nitrogen and phosphorus chemical fertilizers, and apply nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers in stages according to tree vigor and yield level; pay attention to the combined application of silicon, calcium, magnesium, boron and zinc;
(3) Strengthen orchard soil management, implement cultivation methods such as orchard grass cover and ridging, and adopt management techniques such as integrated water and fertilizer management and pruning of drooping fruit-bearing branches;
(4) For orchards with soil acidification, improve the soil by applying silicon-calcium-magnesium-potassium fertilizer or lime.
2.Fertilization Recommendations
In the Bohai Bay production area, apply 2000 kg (about 6 cubic meters) of farmyard manure (decomposed sheep manure, cow manure, etc.) per mu, or 500 kg/mu of high-quality bio-organic fertilizer, or 200 kg/mu of cake fertilizer. In the Loess Plateau production area, apply 1500 kg (about 5 cubic meters) of farmyard manure (decomposed sheep manure, cow manure, etc.) per mu, or 400 kg/mu of high-quality bio-organic fertilizer, or 150 kg/mu of cake fertilizer.
(1) For orchards with a yield of more than 4500 kg/mu, nitrogen fertilizer (N) 15-25 kg/mu, phosphorus fertilizer (P2O5) 7.5-12.5 kg/mu, potassium fertilizer (K2O) 15-25 kg/mu;
(2) For orchards with a yield of 3500-4500 kg/mu, nitrogen fertilizer (N) 10-20 kg/mu, phosphorus fertilizer (P2O5) 5-10 kg/mu, potassium fertilizer (K2O) 10-20 kg/mu;
(3) For orchards with a yield below 3500 kg/mu, nitrogen fertilizer (N) 10-15 kg/mu, phosphorus fertilizer (P2O5) 5-10 kg/mu, potassium fertilizer (K2O) 10-15 kg/mu.
It is recommended to apply 80-100 kg/mu of silicon-calcium-magnesium-potassium fertilizer to large trees in full fruiting stage. For orchards deficient in zinc, boron and calcium in the soil, apply 1-1.5 kg/mu of zinc sulfate, 0.5-1.0 kg/mu of borax, and about 20 kg/mu of calcium ammonium nitrate accordingly, mix evenly with organic fertilizer and apply from mid-September to mid-October (for late-maturing varieties, apply as early as possible before or after harvest); the fertilization method is hole application or trench application, with a hole or trench depth of about 40 cm, 3-4 holes (strips) per tree.
Chemical fertilizers are applied in 3-4 split applications (4 times for late-maturing varieties). The first is from mid-September to mid-October (for late-maturing varieties, apply as early as possible before or after harvest), applying nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium together on the basis of organic fertilizer and silicon-calcium-magnesium-potassium fertilizer; in the Bohai Bay production area, it is recommended to use a high-nitrogen, high-phosphorus, medium-potassium compound fertilizer at 50-75 kg/mu; in the Loess Plateau production area, it is recommended to use a balanced formula such as 15-15-15 (or a similar formula) at 40-50 kg/mu. The second is in mid-April of the following year, mainly nitrogen and phosphorus with appropriate calcium supplementation; it is recommended to apply calcium ammonium nitrate once (or 25-5-15 nitro compound fertilizer), at 30-60 kg/mu in the Bohai Bay production area and 20-40 kg/mu in the Loess Plateau production area. The third is around early June of the following year, before and after fruit bagging, applying nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium according to the fruit set, increasing the proportion of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer; it is recommended to apply a high-phosphorus formula or balanced compound fertilizer once, at 30-60 kg/mu in the Bohai Bay production area and 20-40 kg/mu in the Loess Plateau production area. The fourth is from late July to mid-August of the following year, carried out by the method of small amounts and multiple applications according to rainfall, tree vigor and yield conditions, with the fertilizer type mainly a high-potassium formula (10-5-30 or a similar formula), at 25-30 kg/mu in the Bohai Bay production area and 15-25 kg/mu in the Loess Plateau production area.
From the end of October to mid-November, spray urea, borax and zinc sulfate on the leaves 3 consecutive times to increase storage nutrients. The first spray starts at the end of October with 0.5%-1.0% urea; 7 days later, spray the second with 2.0%-3.0% urea + 0.5% borax + 1.0%-2.0% zinc sulfate; 7 days after that, spray the third with 5.0%-7.0% urea + 0.5% borax + 5.0%-6.0% zinc sulfate; the concentration of the third spray is determined by the degree of leaf senescence, the higher the degree of senescence, the lower the concentration.
(2) Citrus
1.Fertilization Principles
In view of problems in citrus production such as neglect of organic fertilizer application and soil improvement and fertility building, a large area of barren orchards, and weak soil water- and fertilizer-holding capacity; large differences in fertilizer use among farmers, and unreasonable fertilizer amounts and ratios, fertilization periods and methods; severe soil acidification in the Gannan-Southern Hunan-Northern Guangxi citrus belt and the Zhejiang-Fujian-Guangdong citrus belt, with widespread deficiencies of the medium and trace elements calcium, magnesium and boron; and some soils in the upper and middle Yangtze River citrus belt being alkaline, with occasional deficiencies of zinc, iron, boron and magnesium, the following fertilization principles are proposed:
(1) Increase the application of organic fertilizer and adhere to the combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers;
(2) Strengthen orchard soil management, advocate planting green manure between citrus orchard rows, and implement orchard grass cover; for orchards with severe soil acidification, apply an appropriate amount of alkaline conditioner to improve the soil;
(3) According to the citrus yield level and orchard soil fertility status, optimize the amounts, ratios and application periods of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers, appropriately reduce the amount of chemical fertilizer, and adopt the fertilization strategy of "supplementing what is deficient" for medium and trace elements; on acidic soils, pay attention to supplementing medium and trace elements such as magnesium, calcium, boron and zinc;
(4) Change the fertilization method from broadcasting over the whole orchard to concentrated hole or trench application, and apply organic fertilizer deep;
(5) Fertilizer and water management should be combined with green, high-quality cultivation techniques, and orchards where conditions permit are encouraged to adopt integrated water and fertilizer management.
2.Fertilization Recommendations
(1) Apply 2-4 cubic meters/mu of farmyard manure, or 300-500 kg/mu of commercial organic fertilizer (including bio-organic fertilizer); apply more to orchards with weak tree vigor or low fertility. All organic fertilizer should be applied as basal fertilizer, preferably in autumn, applied deep by trenching or hole digging;
(2) For orchards with a yield below 1500 kg/mu, nitrogen fertilizer (N) 8-13 kg/mu, phosphorus fertilizer (P2O5) 4-6 kg/mu, potassium fertilizer (K2O) 7-11 kg/mu. For orchards with a yield of 1500-3000 kg/mu, nitrogen fertilizer (N) 13-18 kg/mu, phosphorus fertilizer (P2O5) 5-7 kg/mu, potassium fertilizer (K2O) 11-15 kg/mu; for orchards with a yield above 3000 kg/mu, nitrogen fertilizer (N) 18-23 kg/mu, phosphorus fertilizer (P2O5) 7-9 kg/mu, potassium fertilizer (K2O) 15-19 kg/mu;
(3) Chemical fertilizers are applied in 3-4 split applications. The first is the autumn basal fertilizer, from September to November (for late-maturing varieties, best applied in September; for other varieties, applied before or after harvest), applying 20%-30% of the nitrogen fertilizer, 40%-50% of the phosphorus fertilizer, and 20%-30% of the potassium fertilizer together; the second is the spring fertilization, applied from February to March before bud break, with 30%-40% of the nitrogen fertilizer, 30%-40% of the phosphorus fertilizer, and 20%-30% of the potassium fertilizer; in May, apply fruit-setting fertilizer as appropriate according to the fruit set; the third is the summer fertilization, applied from June to August during the fruit-swelling period, with 30%-40% of the nitrogen fertilizer, 20%-30% of the phosphorus fertilizer, and 40%-50% of the potassium fertilizer;
(4) Apply medium and trace element fertilizers in a targeted manner. For citrus orchards deficient in calcium and magnesium, in autumn select calcium-magnesium phosphate fertilizer at 25-50 kg/mu, mix evenly with organic fertilizer and apply; for orchards on acidic soils in the south with severe calcium and magnesium deficiency, apply 20 kg/mu of calcium nitrate and about 10 kg/mu of magnesium sulfate again from May to July. For citrus orchards deficient in boron and zinc, apply 1-1.5 kg of zinc sulfate and 0.5-1.0 kg of borax per mu before spring bud break.
(3) Pear
1.Fertilization Principles
In view of problems in pear production such as low organic fertilizer application, relatively low soil organic matter content, large nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer inputs with low use efficiency, relatively low medium and trace element inputs, unreasonable fertilization periods, methods and fertilizer ratios, and the widespread deficiency of medium and trace elements such as calcium, iron, zinc and boron in pear orchard soils, especially the deficiency of phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium in pear orchard soils in southern regions and severe soil acidification, the following fertilization principles are proposed:
(1) Increase the application of organic fertilizer, implement planting of green manure and mulching with straw to build soil fertility; for orchards with severe soil acidification, apply lime and organic fertilizer for improvement;
(2) Based on the soil fertility conditions, yield level and pear tree growth status of the pear orchard, determine the fertilizer application period, amount and nutrient ratio, appropriately reduce the amounts of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers, apply potassium fertilizer in appropriate amounts, and supplement medium and trace elements such as calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc and boron through various means;
(3) Optimize the fertilization method, changing broadcasting to band or hole application, and reasonably combine irrigation with fertilization, using water to regulate fertilizer.
2.Fertilization Recommendations
(1) Determine the amounts of organic fertilizer and nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium chemical fertilizers based on yield level. For orchards with a yield above 4000 kg/mu, organic fertilizer 3-4 cubic meters/mu, nitrogen fertilizer (N) 20-25 kg/mu, phosphorus fertilizer (P2O5) 8-12 kg/mu, potassium fertilizer (K2O) 15-25 kg/mu. For orchards with a yield of 2000-4000 kg/mu, organic fertilizer 2-3 cubic meters/mu, nitrogen fertilizer (N) 15-20 kg/mu, phosphorus fertilizer (P2O5) 8-12 kg/mu, potassium fertilizer (K2O) 15-20 kg/mu. For orchards with a yield below 2000 kg/mu, organic fertilizer 2-3 cubic meters/mu, nitrogen fertilizer (N) 10-15 kg/mu, phosphorus fertilizer (P2O5) 8-12 kg/mu, potassium fertilizer (K2O) 10-15 kg/mu;
(2) For orchards relatively deficient in soil calcium and magnesium, calcium-magnesium phosphate fertilizer should preferably be used as the phosphorus fertilizer, or an appropriate amount of calcium and magnesium fertilizer should be applied; for orchards deficient in iron, zinc and boron, correction can be made by foliar spraying of 0.3%-0.5% ferrous sulfate, 0.3% zinc sulfate, or 0.2%-0.5% borax solution. According to the amount of organic fertilizer applied, the amounts of chemical nitrogen and potassium fertilizers may be increased or decreased as appropriate;
(3) Apply all organic fertilizer, 50%-60% of the nitrogen fertilizer, more than 70% (or all) of the phosphorus fertilizer, and 40% of the potassium fertilizer as basal fertilizer after pear harvest. The remaining nitrogen fertilizer (40%-50%), phosphorus fertilizer (less than 30%) and potassium fertilizer (60%) are applied respectively at the bud break stage in March and the fruit-swelling stage in June-July; the number and amount of topdressing applications may be increased or decreased as appropriate according to the vigor of the pear trees.
(4) Peach
1.Fertilization Principles
In view of problems in peach orchards such as large differences in fertilization amounts, unreasonable fertilizer amounts, nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium ratios, fertilization periods and methods, and neglect of coordination between fertilization and irrigation, the following fertilization principles are proposed:
(1) Reasonably increase the amount of organic fertilizer applied and advocate the combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers; based on soil fertility, variety characteristics and yield level, reasonably regulate the amounts of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers applied; early-maturing varieties generally require 15%-30% less fertilizer than late-maturing varieties; pay attention to the combined application of medium and trace elements such as calcium, iron, magnesium, boron, zinc or copper;
(2) Reasonably allocate fertilizers; autumn basal fertilization about one month after peach harvest is appropriate, and the period before and after peach fruit swelling is the key period for topdressing;
(3) Combine with green, yield-increasing and efficiency-enhancing cultivation techniques; do not apply nitrogen fertilizer or large amounts of irrigation 3 weeks before harvest to avoid affecting quality; peach orchards in plain areas with poor summer drainage need to do a good job of ridging, film mulching and grass growing; drought-prone areas are encouraged to adopt plastic film mulching and hole-stored fertilizer-water techniques.
2.Fertilization Recommendations
(1) Determine the amounts of organic fertilizer and nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium chemical fertilizers based on yield level. For yield levels above 3000 kg/mu, organic fertilizer 2-3 cubic meters/mu, nitrogen fertilizer (N) 18-20 kg/mu, phosphorus fertilizer (P2O5) 8-10 kg/mu, potassium fertilizer (K2O) 20-22 kg/mu. For yield levels of 2000-3000 kg/mu, organic fertilizer 1-2 cubic meters/mu, nitrogen fertilizer (N) 15-18 kg/mu, phosphorus fertilizer (P2O5) 7-9 kg/mu, potassium fertilizer (K2O) 18-20 kg/mu. For yield levels of 1500-2000 kg/mu, organic fertilizer 1-2 cubic meters/mu, nitrogen fertilizer (N) 12-15 kg/mu, phosphorus fertilizer (P2O5) 5-8 kg/mu, potassium fertilizer (K2O) 15-18 kg/mu;
(2) For orchards that defoliated early or had high yields the previous year, root-zone topdressing should be strengthened; before bud break, spray 1%-3% urea solution 2-3 times; from after bud break until before mid-July, spray regularly in a pattern of 2 applications of urea to 1 application of potassium dihydrogen phosphate, with the potassium dihydrogen phosphate concentration at 0.3%-0.5%. For medium and trace elements, the management strategy of "supplementing what is deficient" and corrective application is recommended. When medium or trace element deficiency symptoms appear, correct them by foliar spraying;
(3) If a large amount of organic fertilizer is applied, the nitrogen and potassium fertilizers applied as basal fertilizer in autumn of that year may be reduced by 1-2 kg/mu as appropriate, and the amount of nitrogen and potassium fertilizer applied as topdressing during the fruit-swelling period may be reduced by 2-3 kg/mu as appropriate;
(4) Apply all organic fertilizer, 30%-40% of the nitrogen fertilizer, 40%-50% of the phosphorus fertilizer, and 20%-30% of the potassium fertilizer as basal fertilizer in autumn after peach harvest by the trenching method; the remaining nitrogen fertilizer (60%-70%), phosphorus fertilizer (50%-60%) and potassium fertilizer (70%-80%) are applied as topdressing in split applications respectively at the spring bud break stage, the pit-hardening stage and the fruit-swelling stage (1-2 times for early-maturing varieties, 2-4 times for medium- and late-maturing varieties); for peach orchards with severe spring frost damage and large yield reduction, the amount of autumn and winter fertilizer should be appropriately increased.
(5) Banana
1.Fertilization Principles
In view of problems in banana production such as the general neglect of organic fertilizer application and soil fertility building, deficiencies of medium and trace elements such as calcium, magnesium and boron, the simultaneous existence of insufficient and excessive total fertilization, and heavy potassium application but at too late a time, the following fertilization principles are proposed:
(1) Apply nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium together, reasonably allocate fertilizers according to the growth period, increase the fertilizer amount after the flower bud differentiation stage, pay attention to potassium fertilizer application, increase calcium and magnesium fertilizers, and supplement deficient trace elements;
(2) Combine fertilization with irrigation, and adopt integrated water and fertilizer technology where conditions permit;
(3) When preparing the land, increase the application of lime to adjust soil pH, supplement soil calcium nutrition, and kill harmful bacteria.
2.Fertilization Recommendations
(1) For banana plantations with a yield above 5000 kg/mu, the amount of decomposed livestock and poultry manure applied should not exceed 1000 kg/mu, nitrogen fertilizer (N) 45-50 kg/mu, phosphorus fertilizer (P2O5) 15-20 kg/mu, potassium fertilizer (K2O) 70-80 kg/mu;
(2) For banana plantations with a yield of 3000-5000 kg/mu, the amount of decomposed livestock and poultry manure applied should not exceed 1000 kg/mu, nitrogen fertilizer (N) 30-45 kg/mu, phosphorus fertilizer (P2O5) 8-12 kg/mu, potassium fertilizer (K2O) 50-60 kg/mu;
(3) For banana plantations with a yield below 3000 kg/mu: the amount of decomposed livestock and poultry manure applied should not exceed 1000 kg/mu, nitrogen fertilizer (N) 18-25 kg/mu, phosphorus fertilizer (P2O5) 6-8 kg/mu, potassium fertilizer (K2O) 30-45 kg/mu.
According to soil acidity, apply 40-80 kg/mu of lime and 25-30 kg/mu of magnesium sulfate before planting, mix evenly with organic fertilizer and apply; for orchards deficient in boron and zinc, apply 0.3-0.5 kg/mu of borax and 0.8-1.0 kg/mu of zinc sulfate heptahydrate.
After banana seedlings are planted and survive until before flower bud differentiation, apply about 20% of the total fertilizer amount as nitrogen fertilizer, 50% as phosphorus fertilizer and 20% as potassium fertilizer; from before the flower bud differentiation stage to before bunch emergence, apply about 45% nitrogen fertilizer, 30% phosphorus fertilizer and 50% potassium fertilizer; after bunch emergence, apply 35% nitrogen fertilizer, 20% phosphorus fertilizer and 30% potassium fertilizer. In the early stage, water-soluble fertilizer may be applied or solid fertilizer broadcast; from the flower bud differentiation stage onward, trench or hole application is appropriate, with a total of 7-10 fertilization applications.
(6) Northern Grape
1.Fertilization Principles
In view of problems in vineyards such as low soil organic matter content, widespread deficiencies of magnesium, iron, zinc and calcium, relatively high fertilization amounts, unreasonable fertilizer ratios, and poorly targeted foliar fertilizer application, the following fertilization principles are proposed:
(1) Attach importance to the application of organic fertilizer; based on soil fertility, variety characteristics and yield level, reasonably regulate the amounts of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers applied; reasonably allocate the ratio of basal to topdressing fertilizer according to the nutrient demand characteristics of the growth period, and adjust the fertilization plan according to factors such as grape variety, growth vigor and climate;
(2) For orchards with relatively strong soil acidification, apply appropriate amounts of lime and calcium-magnesium phosphate fertilizer;
(3) Apply medium and trace element fertilizers in a targeted manner to prevent physiological diseases;
(4) Combine fertilization with cultivation management measures. Vineyards using integrated water and fertilizer management should follow the principle of small amounts and multiple applications for irrigation and fertilization.
2.Fertilization Recommendations
(1) For orchards with a yield above 2000 kg/mu, nitrogen fertilizer (N) 35-40 kg/mu, phosphorus fertilizer (P2O5) 20-25 kg/mu, potassium fertilizer (K2O) 20-25 kg/mu;
(2) For orchards with a yield of 1500-2000 kg/mu, nitrogen fertilizer (N) 25-35 kg/mu, phosphorus fertilizer (P2O5) 10-15 kg/mu, potassium fertilizer (K2O) 15-20 kg/mu;
(3) For orchards with a yield below 1500 kg/mu, nitrogen fertilizer (N) 20-25 kg/mu, phosphorus fertilizer (P2O5) 10-15 kg/mu, potassium fertilizer (K2O) 10-15 kg/mu.
For orchards deficient in boron, zinc, magnesium and calcium, apply 1-1.5 kg/mu of zinc sulfate, 1-2 kg/mu of borax, 5-10 kg/mu of potassium magnesium sulfate fertilizer, and about 50 kg/mu of superphosphate accordingly, mix evenly with organic fertilizer and apply from mid-September to mid-October (for late-maturing varieties, apply as early as possible after harvest); the fertilization method is hole or trench application, with a hole or trench depth of about 40 cm.
Organic fertilizer is suitable for application as basal fertilizer (autumn fertilizer, winter fertilizer); fully decomposed livestock and poultry manure or compost should be selected, and semi-decomposed organic fertilizer or even raw manure is strictly prohibited. The amount is 15-20 kg per plant. The fertilization method may be trench or band application, with a depth of about 40 cm. Trace element fertilizers should be mixed evenly with decomposed organic fertilizer and applied together.
Chemical fertilizers are generally applied in 4 split applications. The first is from mid-September to mid-October (for late-maturing varieties, apply as early as possible after harvest), applying 20% nitrogen fertilizer, 20% phosphorus fertilizer and 10% potassium fertilizer on the basis of organic fertilizer and boron-zinc-calcium-magnesium fertilizer; the second is in mid-April of the following year (after vines are unearthed and trellised), mainly nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer, applying 30% nitrogen fertilizer, 20% phosphorus fertilizer and 10% potassium fertilizer; the third is around early June of the following year, before and after fruit bagging, appropriately increasing or decreasing the fertilizer amount according to the fruit set, generally applying 40% nitrogen fertilizer, 40% phosphorus fertilizer and 20% potassium fertilizer; the fourth is from late July to mid-August of the following year, applying 10% nitrogen fertilizer, 20% phosphorus fertilizer and 60% potassium fertilizer, appropriately adjusting the fertilizer amount according to rainfall, tree vigor and fruit set, with the general principle of mainly potassium fertilizer supplemented with a small amount of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer. In seasons with a lot of rain, the fertilizer may be applied in several applications in shallow trenches (10-15 cm).
Spray 0.3%-0.5% borax solution from before flowering to the early flowering stage; spray 0.3%-0.5% potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution 3-4 times from after fruit set to before ripening; spray 0.3%-0.5% calcium nitrate or amino acid calcium fertilizer from the young fruit swelling stage to before color change.
For fields using integrated water and fertilizer technology, from bud break to before flowering, apply balanced water-soluble fertilizer (N : P2O5 : K2O = 1 : 1 : 1) at 8-10 kg/mu, once every 10 days for a total of 3 applications; apply once at the flowering stage, mainly nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer (N : P2O5 : K2O = 2 : 1 : 1) at 5-7 kg/mu, supplemented by foliar spraying of boron, calcium and magnesium fertilizers; during the fruit-swelling period, focus on applying nitrogen and potassium fertilizer (N : P2O5 : K2O = 3 : 2 : 4) at 25-30 kg/mu, once every 10 days for a total of 9-12 applications; during the coloring period, apply high-potassium water-soluble fertilizer (N : P2O5 : K2O = 1 : 1 : 3) at 5-6 kg/mu, once every 7 days, and supplement medium and trace elements by foliar spraying. Control the total input of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium to nitrogen fertilizer (N) 28-35 kg/mu, phosphorus fertilizer (P2O5) 18-22 kg/mu, and potassium fertilizer (K2O) 25-30 kg/mu.
(7) Protected Cultivation Strawberry
1.Fertilization Principles
In view of problems such as the short growth period of strawberry, high fertilizer demand, relatively low salt tolerance and relatively severe pests and diseases, the following fertilization principles are proposed:
(1) Attach importance to the application of organic fertilizer, apply high-quality organic fertilizer, and reduce soil pests and diseases;
(2) Fertilize according to the growth period, reasonably match nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers, and adjust the fertilization plan according to factors such as strawberry variety and growth vigor;
(3) Adopt appropriate fertilization methods and apply medium and trace element fertilizers in a targeted manner;
(4) Combine fertilization with other management measures; where conditions permit, integrated water and fertilizer technology may be adopted, following the principle of small amounts and multiple applications for irrigation and fertilization.
2.Fertilization Recommendations
(1) For a yield above 2000 kg/mu, nitrogen fertilizer (N) 18-20 kg/mu, phosphorus fertilizer (P2O5) 10-12 kg/mu, potassium fertilizer (K2O) 15-20 kg/mu;
(2) For a yield of 1500-2000 kg/mu, nitrogen fertilizer (N) 15-18 kg/mu, phosphorus fertilizer (P2O5) 8-10 kg/mu, potassium fertilizer (K2O) 12-15 kg/mu;
(3) For a yield below 1500 kg/mu, nitrogen fertilizer (N) 13-16 kg/mu, phosphorus fertilizer (P2O5) 5-8 kg/mu, potassium fertilizer (K2O) 10-12 kg/mu.
Under the conventional fertilization model, chemical fertilizers are applied in 3-4 split applications. Basal fertilizer accounts for 20% of the total fertilization amount; topdressing is applied respectively at the seedling stage, early flowering stage and fruit-picking stage, with fertilization proportions accounting for 20%, 30% and 30% of the total fertilization amount respectively.
For fields using integrated water and fertilizer technology, on the basis of applying 3-5 cubic meters/mu of high-quality decomposed organic fertilizer as basal fertilizer, apply the first topdressing at the bud stage, mainly phosphorus, with water-soluble fertilizer (N : P2O5 : K2O = 1 : 5 : 1) at 2-3 kg/mu with irrigation every 10 days; apply the second topdressing after flowering (N : P2O5 : K2O = 1 : 5 : 1) at 2-3 kg/mu with irrigation every 10 days; apply the third topdressing during the fruit-swelling period, mainly potassium, with water-soluble fertilizer (N : P2O5 : K2O = 2 : 1 : 6) at 2-3 kg/mu with irrigation every 10 days. Before each fertilization, first irrigate with clean water for 20 minutes, then fertilize, and after fertilization, irrigate with clean water for another 30 minutes to flush the pipes.
For orchards with soil deficient in zinc, boron and calcium, apply 0.5-1 kg/mu of zinc sulfate, 0.5-1 kg/mu of borax, and foliar spray 0.3% calcium chloride 2-3 times accordingly.
IV. Vegetables
(1) Open-field Cabbage
1.Fertilization Principles
In view of problems in open-field cabbage production such as large differences in organic fertilizer application amounts, severe one-sided application of nitrogen fertilizer, insufficient application of potassium fertilizer and medium and trace elements, unreasonable application periods and methods, and excessive irrigation, the following fertilization principles are proposed:
(1) Reasonably apply organic fertilizer, apply organic and inorganic fertilizers together, and follow the principle of controlling nitrogen, stabilizing phosphorus and increasing potassium;
(2) Combine basal fertilizer with topdressing, with topdressing mainly nitrogen and potassium fertilizer;
(3) Pay attention to appropriately spraying medium and trace elements such as calcium and boron from the rosette stage to the late heading stage to prevent the occurrence of physiological diseases such as "tipburn";
(4) When soil acidification is severe, apply an appropriate amount of lime to condition the soil;
(5) Combine with high-yield cultivation techniques, especially water-saving irrigation techniques, and integrated water and fertilizer technology is recommended.
2.Fertilization Recommendations
(1) Apply 3-4 cubic meters/mu of high-quality farmyard manure as basal fertilizer;
(2) For yield levels above 5500 kg/mu, nitrogen fertilizer (N) 12-14 kg/mu, phosphorus fertilizer (P2O5) 5-8 kg/mu, potassium fertilizer (K2O) 12-14 kg/mu;
(3) For yield levels of 4500-5500 kg/mu, nitrogen fertilizer (N) 10-12 kg/mu, phosphorus fertilizer (P2O5) 4-5 kg/mu, potassium fertilizer (K2O) 10-12 kg/mu;
(4) For yield levels below 4500 kg/mu, nitrogen fertilizer (N) 8-10 kg/mu, phosphorus fertilizer (P2O5) 3-4 kg/mu, potassium fertilizer (K2O) 8-10 kg/mu.
For plots where "tipburn" has occurred severely in previous years, pay attention to controlling nitrogen and supplementing calcium; from the rosette stage to the late heading stage, foliar spray 0.3%-0.5% calcium chloride solution or calcium nitrate solution 2-3 times; in southern region vegetable gardens where the soil pH is <5, apply 100-150 kg/mu of quicklime before land preparation; when the soil pH is <4.5, apply 150-200 kg/mu of quicklime per mu. For plots deficient in boron, apply 0.5-1 kg/mu of borax as basal fertilizer, or foliar spray 0.2%-0.3% borax solution 2-3 times. At the same time, spray 0.5% potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution 2-3 times together with pesticide spraying to improve the net vegetable rate and commercial rate of cabbage.
Apply 30%-40% of the nitrogen and potassium fertilizer as basal fertilizer, and 60%-70% as topdressing in two split applications at the rosette stage and the early heading stage; pay attention to increasing potassium fertilizer at the early heading stage, and apply all phosphorus fertilizer as basal fertilizer by band or hole application.
(2) Radish
1.Fertilization Principles
In view of problems in radish production such as emphasizing nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer while neglecting potassium fertilizer, imbalanced nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium ratios, unreasonable application periods of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer, and insufficient application of organic fertilizer and trace elements, the following fertilization principles are proposed:
(1) Based on soil fertility conditions and target yield, optimize the amounts of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers, moderately reduce the amounts of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers, and increase potassium fertilizer;
(2) In northern calcareous soils, the available contents of trace elements such as manganese, zinc, boron and molybdenum are relatively low, and attention should be paid to supplementing them; in southern vegetable gardens with severe acidification, an appropriate amount of lime should be applied;
(3) Reasonably apply organic fertilizer; avoid using organic fertilizer that is not fully decomposed; advocate applying commercial organic fertilizer or decomposed farmyard manure.
2.Fertilization Recommendations
(1) Organic fertilizer application rates: for small radish (such as four-season radish) with a yield level of 1000-1500 kg/mu, apply 0.5-1 cubic meter/mu of organic fertilizer; for high-yielding varieties with a yield level of 4500-5000 kg/mu, apply 3-4 cubic meters/mu of organic fertilizer or 800-1000 kg/mu of commercial organic fertilizer;
(2) Chemical fertilizer application rates: for yield levels above 4000 kg/mu, nitrogen fertilizer (N) 10-12 kg/mu, phosphorus fertilizer (P2O5) 4-6 kg/mu, potassium fertilizer (K2O) 10-13 kg/mu. For yield levels of 2500-4000 kg/mu, nitrogen fertilizer (N) 6-10 kg/mu, phosphorus fertilizer (P2O5) 3-5 kg/mu, potassium fertilizer (K2O) 8-10 kg/mu. For yield levels of 1000-2500 kg/mu, nitrogen fertilizer (N) 4-6 kg/mu, phosphorus fertilizer (P2O5) 2-4 kg/mu, potassium fertilizer (K2O) 5-8 kg/mu.
For plots deficient in the trace element boron, apply 1 kg of borax per mu as basal fertilizer before sowing, or foliar spray 0.1%-0.5% borax or boric acid aqueous solution during the middle and late growth stages of radish, spraying once every 5-6 days for 2-3 consecutive sprays.
Apply all organic fertilizer and phosphorus fertilizer as basal fertilizer, along with 40% of the total nitrogen and potassium fertilizer; apply 60% of the total nitrogen fertilizer as topdressing in two split applications at the rosette stage and the early fleshy root growth stage, and apply 60% of the total potassium fertilizer as topdressing at the early fleshy root growth stage and the swelling stage.
(3) Chinese Cabbage
1.Fertilization Principles
In view of problems in Chinese cabbage production such as one-sided application of nitrogen fertilizer, excessive single fertilization amounts, unreasonable nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium ratios, blind application of high-phosphorus compound fertilizer, insufficient organic fertilizer application in some areas, and severe soil acidification in vegetable gardens, the following fertilization principles are proposed:
(1) Based on soil fertility conditions and target yield, optimize the amounts of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers;
(2) Give priority to basal fertilizer, combining basal fertilizer with topdressing. Topdressing should mainly be nitrogen and potassium fertilizer, with appropriate supplementation of trace elements. Strengthen topdressing management after the rosette stage; an additional topdressing is needed at the early heading stage; nitrogen fertilizer should not be applied two weeks before harvest;
(3) In northern calcareous soils, the available boron content is relatively low, and in southern soils with high acidity, the available molybdenum content is relatively low; attention should be paid to supplementing trace elements;
(4) When soil acidification is severe, apply an appropriate amount of lime;
(5) Avoid using organic fertilizer that is not fully decomposed; advocate applying commercial organic fertilizer or decomposed farmyard manure to build soil fertility.
2.Fertilization Recommendations
(1) For yield levels of 8000-10000 kg/mu, apply 4 cubic meters/mu of organic fertilizer; nitrogen fertilizer (N) 20-25 kg/mu, phosphorus fertilizer (P2O5) 7-9 kg/mu, potassium fertilizer (K2O) 25-30 kg/mu;
(2) For yield levels of 6000-8000 kg/mu, apply 4 cubic meters/mu of organic fertilizer; nitrogen fertilizer (N) 15-20 kg/mu, phosphorus fertilizer (P2O5) 5-7 kg/mu, potassium fertilizer (K2O) 20-25 kg/mu;
(3) For yield levels of 4500-6000 kg/mu, apply 4 cubic meters/mu of organic fertilizer; nitrogen fertilizer (N) 10-13 kg/mu, phosphorus fertilizer (P2O5) 4-6 kg/mu, potassium fertilizer (K2O) 13-15 kg/mu;
(4) For yield levels of 3500-4500 kg/mu, apply 3-4 cubic meters/mu of organic fertilizer; nitrogen fertilizer (N) 8-10 kg/mu, phosphorus fertilizer (P2O5) 3-4 kg/mu, potassium fertilizer (K2O) 10-13 kg/mu.
For plots deficient in the trace element boron, apply 1 kg of borax per mu as basal fertilizer before sowing, or foliar spray 0.1%-0.5% borax or boric acid aqueous solution during the middle and late growth stages, spraying once every 5-6 days for 2-3 consecutive sprays; Chinese cabbage is a calcium-loving crop, so in addition to applying calcium-containing fertilizer (such as superphosphate) as basal fertilizer, foliar spraying may also be adopted, spraying 0.3%-0.5% calcium chloride or calcium nitrate solution. When the soil pH in southern vegetable gardens is <5, apply 100-150 kg/mu of quicklime, which can regulate the soil and supplement calcium.
Apply all organic fertilizer and phosphorus fertilizer as basal fertilizer by band or hole application; apply 30% of the nitrogen fertilizer as basal fertilizer, and 70% as topdressing in two split applications combined with irrigation at the rosette stage and the early heading stage; pay attention to applying potassium fertilizer at the early heading stage, accounting for about 50% of the total potassium applied.
(4) Lettuce
1.Fertilization Principles
In view of problems in lettuce production such as low organic fertilizer application, one-sided nitrogen application, insufficient phosphorus and potassium fertilizer application, and unreasonable fertilization periods and methods, the following fertilization principles are proposed:
(1) Increase the application of organic fertilizer, control nitrogen fertilizer, and increase potassium fertilizer;
(2) Fertilizer allocation should mainly combine basal fertilizer with topdressing. Topdressing should mainly be nitrogen fertilizer, with reasonable combined application of potassium fertilizer;
(3) For severely acidified vegetable gardens, apply an appropriate amount of lime;
(4) Combine fertilization with high-quality cultivation techniques, especially water management, to improve fertilizer and water use efficiency.
2.Fertilization Recommendations
(1) Apply 1000-1500 kg/mu of decomposed farmyard manure as basal fertilizer in a single application;
(2) For yield levels above 3500 kg/mu, nitrogen fertilizer (N) 10-12 kg/mu, phosphorus fertilizer (P2O5) 4-6 kg/mu, potassium fertilizer (K2O) 10-14 kg/mu;
(3) For yield levels of 2500-3500 kg/mu, nitrogen fertilizer (N) 6-10 kg/mu, phosphorus fertilizer (P2O5) 3-4 kg/mu, potassium fertilizer (K2O) 8-10 kg/mu;
(4) For yield levels of 1500-2500 kg/mu, nitrogen fertilizer (N) 5-6 kg/mu, phosphorus fertilizer (P2O5) 2-3 kg/mu, potassium fertilizer (K2O) 6-8 kg/mu.
Lettuce has poor acid tolerance; when the soil pH in southern vegetable gardens is <5, apply 150-200 kg/mu of quicklime.
Apply all nitrogen fertilizer as topdressing, in 3 split applications at ratios of 20%, 30% and 50% respectively at the transplanting and greening stage, the rosette stage and the early rapid growth stage; apply 40%-50% of the potassium fertilizer as basal fertilizer, and the remainder as topdressing in two split applications at the rosette stage and the early rapid growth stage; apply all phosphorus fertilizer as basal fertilizer by band or hole application.
(5) Protected Cultivation Tomato
1.Fertilization Principles
In northern regions such as North China, solar greenhouses are mostly used, while in central China and southwestern regions, small and medium-sized arched sheds are mostly used. In view of problems in production such as relatively high chemical fertilizer amounts, unreasonable nutrient input ratios, obvious accumulation of soil nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium nutrients, excessive irrigation, widespread soil acidification, obstacles in the supply of soil calcium, magnesium, boron and other elements, and severe soil quality degradation and vegetable quality decline caused by continuous cropping obstacles, the following fertilization principles are proposed:
(1) Reasonably apply organic fertilizer (plant-source organic compost is recommended), adjust the amounts of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium chemical fertilizers, and supplement medium and trace elements such as calcium, magnesium and boron in non-calcareous and acidic soils;
(2) Reasonably allocate chemical fertilizers according to crop yield, cropping sequence and soil fertility conditions; apply most phosphorus fertilizer as basal fertilizer and nitrogen and potassium fertilizer as topdressing; avoid frequent topdressing in the early growth stage, and pay attention to topdressing after flowering and in the middle and late stages;
(3) Combine with drip irrigation fertilization technology and adopt the principle of "small amounts and multiple applications";
(4) Old greenhouses with degraded soil need straw return or application of organic fertilizer with a high carbon-to-nitrogen ratio, less poultry manure, and increased rotation frequency, to eliminate soil salinization and reduce continuous cropping obstacles;
(5) When soil acidification is severe, apply an appropriate amount of soil conditioner such as lime.
2.Fertilization Recommendations
(1) For seedling fertilizer, increase the application of decomposed organic fertilizer and supplement phosphorus fertilizer. Apply 60-100 kg of decomposed poultry manure, 0.5-1 kg of calcium-magnesium-phosphate fertilizer, and 0.5 kg of potassium sulfate per 10 square meters of seedbed; spray 0.05%-0.1% urea solution 1-2 times according to seedling conditions;
(2) Apply 4-5 cubic meters/mu of high-quality organic fertilizer as basal fertilizer, or 1000-1500 kg/mu of high-quality commercial organic fertilizer;
(3) For yield levels of 8000-10000 kg/mu, nitrogen fertilizer (N) 20-25 kg/mu, phosphorus fertilizer (P2O5) 8-12 kg/mu, potassium fertilizer (K2O) 25-30 kg/mu;
(4) For yield levels of 6000-8000 kg/mu, nitrogen fertilizer (N) 18-22 kg/mu, phosphorus fertilizer (P2O5) 6-8 kg/mu, potassium fertilizer (K2O) 18-22 kg/mu;
(5) For yield levels of 4000-6000 kg/mu, nitrogen fertilizer (N) 15-18 kg/mu, phosphorus fertilizer (P2O5) 5-7 kg/mu, potassium fertilizer (K2O) 18-21 kg/mu.
When the soil pH in vegetable fields is <6, calcium, magnesium and boron deficiencies are prone to occur; apply 50-75 kg/mu of lime (calcium fertilizer) and 4-6 kg/mu of magnesium sulfate (magnesium fertilizer) as basal fertilizer, and supplement 0.1% boron fertilizer 2-3 times via root-zone application.
Apply more than 70% of the phosphorus fertilizer as basal fertilizer by band (hole) application, and the rest as topdressing together with compound fertilizer; apply 20%-30% of the nitrogen and potassium fertilizer as basal fertilizer, and 70%-80% as topdressing in 4-8 split applications with irrigation from after flowering to the ear-swelling period, with each topdressing application of nitrogen fertilizer (N) not exceeding 5 kg/mu. If drip irrigation fertilization technology is adopted, apply topdressing once every 7-10 days during the flowering and fruit-setting stage, the fruiting stage and the full fruit stage, and the amount of nitrogen (N) applied each time can be reduced to 3 kg/mu.
(6) Protected Cultivation Cucumber
1.Fertilization Principles
The planting seasons of protected cultivation cucumber are divided into autumn-winter crop, overwintering long crop and winter-spring crop. In view of problems in its production such as excessive irrigation and fertilization, unreasonable fertilization ratios, the use of organic fertilizer mainly composed of livestock and poultry manure leading to imbalanced nutrient ratios and reduced soil biological activity, and continuous cropping obstacles causing severe soil quality degradation, decreased nutrient absorption efficiency and declined vegetable quality, the following fertilization principles are proposed:
(1) Reasonably apply organic fertilizer and advocate applying high-quality organic compost (plant-source organic compost is recommended); old vegetable greenhouses should be noted to apply more exogenous straw or organic fertilizer with a high carbon-to-nitrogen ratio and less poultry manure;
(2) Based on soil fertility conditions and the amount of organic fertilizer applied, comprehensively consider soil nutrient supply and appropriately adjust the amounts of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium chemical fertilizers;
(3) Integrated water and fertilizer technology is recommended, following the irrigation and fertilization principle of "small amounts and multiple applications";
(4) Nitrogen and potassium fertilizers are mainly applied as topdressing in small amounts and multiple applications; avoid applying compound fertilizer with high phosphorus content as topdressing; avoid frequent topdressing at the seedling stage, and pay attention to topdressing in the middle and late stages;
(5) When soil acidification is severe, apply an appropriate amount of acidic soil conditioner such as lime.
2.Fertilization Recommendations
(1) For seedling fertilizer, increase the application of decomposed organic fertilizer and supplement phosphorus fertilizer; apply 60-100 kg of decomposed organic fertilizer, 0.5-1 kg of calcium-magnesium-phosphate fertilizer, and 0.5 kg of potassium sulfate per 10 square meters of seedbed; spray 0.05%-0.1% urea solution 1-2 times according to seedling conditions;
(2) Apply 4-5 cubic meters/mu of high-quality organic fertilizer as basal fertilizer, or 1000-1500 kg/mu of high-quality commercial organic fertilizer;
(3) For yield levels of 14000-16000 kg/mu, nitrogen fertilizer (N) 35-40 kg/mu, phosphorus fertilizer (P2O5) 13-15 kg/mu, potassium fertilizer (K2O) 40-45 kg/mu;
(4) For yield levels of 11000-14000 kg/mu, nitrogen fertilizer (N) 30-35 kg/mu, phosphorus fertilizer (P2O5) 11-13 kg/mu, potassium fertilizer (K2O) 35-40 kg/mu;
(5) For yield levels of 7000-11000 kg/mu, nitrogen fertilizer (N) 25-30 kg/mu, phosphorus fertilizer (P2O5) 9-11 kg/mu, potassium fertilizer (K2O) 30-35 kg/mu;
(6) For yield levels of 4000-7000 kg/mu, nitrogen fertilizer (N) 20-25 kg/mu, phosphorus fertilizer (P2O5) 7-9 kg/mu, potassium fertilizer (K2O) 25-30 kg/mu.
If drip irrigation fertilization technology is adopted, the chemical fertilizer application amount can be reduced by 20%; if flood irrigation is used, the fertilizer amount for each application needs to be increased by 20%.
For protected cultivation cucumber, apply all organic fertilizer and phosphorus fertilizer as basal fertilizer; at the early flowering stage, focus on control; apply all nitrogen and potassium fertilizer as topdressing in 6-8 regular split applications according to the nutrient requirements of the growth period; each topdressing application of nitrogen fertilizer should not exceed 5 kg/mu; for autumn-winter and winter-spring crops, apply nitrogen and potassium fertilizer as topdressing in 6-7 split applications, and for the overwintering long crop, apply nitrogen and potassium fertilizer as topdressing in 8-11 split applications. If drip irrigation fertilization technology is adopted, the principle of small amounts and multiple applications may be adopted, with about 15 irrigation and fertilization applications.
V. Tea Plant
1.Fertilization Principles
In view of problems such as insufficient organic fertilizer input in tea gardens, barren soil and poor water- and fertilizer-holding capacity, relatively high fertilizer amounts and unreasonable nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium ratios in some tea gardens, occasional deficiencies of medium and trace elements such as magnesium, sulfur and boron, and excessive nitrogen fertilizer application in some tea gardens in South China and other tea regions, the following fertilization principles are proposed:
(1) Increase the application of organic fertilizer, apply organic and inorganic fertilizers together, and apply deep as appropriate (below 15 cm);
(2) Based on soil fertility conditions, tea type and yield level, determine the amount of nitrogen fertilizer, strengthen the combined application of phosphorus, potassium and magnesium fertilizers, pay attention to supplementing nutrients such as sulfur and boron, and maintain an appropriate nutrient ratio;
(3) For tea gardens with severe soil acidification (soil pH <4), improvement can be carried out through measures such as applying lime;
(4) Combine scientific fertilization with green, yield-increasing and efficiency-enhancing cultivation techniques.
2.Fertilization Recommendations
(1) For general production tea gardens, nitrogen fertilizer (N) 15-30 kg/mu, phosphorus fertilizer (P2O5) 4-6 kg/mu, potassium fertilizer (K2O) 4-8 kg/mu. The above fertilization amounts include the nutrients in organic fertilizer;
(2) For tea gardens deficient in magnesium, zinc and boron, apply magnesium fertilizer (MgO) 2-3 kg/mu, zinc sulfate 0.7-1 kg/mu, and borax 1 kg/mu to the soil;
(3) For sulfur-deficient tea gardens, select sulfur-containing fertilizers such as ammonium sulfate, potassium sulfate, magnesium sulfate, superphosphate or potassium sulfate-based compound fertilizer.
In principle, organic fertilizer, phosphorus, potassium and magnesium are mainly applied as basal fertilizer in autumn and winter, and nitrogen fertilizer is applied in split applications. Among them, apply all of the organic fertilizer, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium and trace element fertilizers and 30%-40% of the annual nitrogen fertilizer as basal fertilizer; the suitable fertilization period is between the end of September and the end of October after the tea season ends; the basal fertilizer should be applied combined with deep tillage, at a depth of 15-20 cm. Topdressing is generally mainly nitrogen fertilizer; the topdressing period is determined according to tea plant growth and tea-picking conditions. The bud-promoting fertilizer is applied 30-40 days before spring tea picking, accounting for about 30%-40% of the annual amount; the summer tea topdressing is carried out before the end of spring tea and the beginning of summer tea growth, generally from mid-to-late May to early June, at about 20% of the annual amount; the autumn tea topdressing is carried out after the end of summer tea, generally from mid-to-late July to early August, at about 20% of the annual amount.