Identification methods for edible mushroom diseases and main pests and diseases of autumn flowers

During cultivation, flowers are prone to damage from various pests and diseases, which affects their normal growth and ornamental value. According to surveys, the main pests and diseases occurring recently include: whiteflies, scale insects, anthracnose, chrysanthemum black spot, and aphids. Recent weather is favorable for the occurrence and development of these pests and diseases, and the above pests and diseases are expected to occur at moderate to moderately severe levels.

Whiteflies

This pest damages many flower species, with poinsettia suffering the most severe damage. Recent surveys of poinsettia, Euphorbia tirucalli, kale, and cineraria showed generally 19 to 193 live insects per 100 leaves, with individual severe cases reaching more than 200 per leaf. This pest has the characteristics of rapid reproduction, overlapping generations, and high pesticide resistance. If control is inadequate, it will rapidly spread and cause damage. In severe cases, the affected plants develop curled leaves, fading green and yellowing, and even drying up. Future high-temperature and dry weather is extremely favorable for the occurrence and reproduction of whiteflies, and this pest is expected to occur at moderate to moderately severe levels from August to September.

Scale insects

There are many species of scale insects occurring on flowers in our city, mainly including armored scales, cottony scales, and wax scales. Recent surveys of areca palm, small-leaved banyan, and sago palm showed a leaf damage rate of 6.7%, with 60 live insects per 100 leaves, of which 70% were nymphs. This pest is expected to occur at moderate levels from August to September.

Anthracnose

According to surveys, this disease occurs and causes damage on Hawaii coconut palm, chrysanthemum, peace lily, and dahlia, with chrysanthemum suffering the most severe damage. The general plant incidence rate is 7-40%, with severe cases reaching 92.9%, and the leaf incidence rate is 29.9%. Among them, the leaf incidence rates for chrysanthemum, dahlia, and Hawaii coconut palm were 35%, 7%, and 27.3% respectively. Under conditions of high temperature, improper fertilization, and pesticide damage, this disease is easily induced.

Chrysanthemum black spot

The recent alternating dry and wet weather is highly likely to induce the occurrence and development of this disease. Recent surveys of chrysanthemum varieties such as Lijin and Anning Princess showed relatively severe occurrence of black spot. Chrysanthemums in the middle growth stage and those with high planting density suffered the most severe damage. The plant incidence rate reached 30-80%, with severe cases reaching 100%, and the leaf incidence rate was 56.8%, of which the seedling stage was 44% and the middle seedling stage was 61.4%. According to the municipal meteorological department forecast, August rainfall will be 10-20% above normal, with 5 moderate to heavy rain events. This is favorable for the occurrence and development of the disease, and the above two diseases are expected to occur at moderately severe levels from August to September.

In addition, aphid damage occurred in some areas. The leaf damage rate on Euphorbia tirucalli was 17%, with 1,105 live insects per 100 leaves, of which 99.4% were nymphs. This is also a critical period for control, and aphids are expected to occur at moderately severe levels on some flowers.

Control recommendations

In order to ensure the normal growth of flowers, all localities should carry out pest and disease control work according to local conditions.