38 highly effective, low-toxicity, low-residue pesticides are all here
As the production of pollution-free agricultural products is vigorously promoted and implemented in our country, highly effective, low-toxicity, low-residue pesticides are gradually being favored by the vast number of consumers. However, in our country's pesticide market, some highly toxic and extremely toxic pesticides still account for nearly 50%. The reason many farmer friends choose highly toxic pesticides, besides the price factor, is mainly that improper use methods make the effects unnoticeable, or some are simply confused by various true-and-false trade names without distinguishing authenticity. Below, the properties, ingredients, trade names, formulations, targeted application methods, officially registered manufacturing enterprises in the country and contact phone numbers of some commonly used highly effective, low-toxicity, low-residue pesticide products are introduced to everyone, making a contribution to building a harmonious and environmentally friendly society.
Our country is one of the earliest countries to use pesticides, with a very long history. In 1950, production of benzene hexachloride began; in 1957, the first organophosphorus insecticide production plant was built, beginning the production of organophosphorus insecticides. In the 1960s and 1970s, the main development was of organochlorine, organophosphorus and carbamate insecticide varieties, while fungicides and plant growth regulators also developed. In 1973, our country stopped using mercury preparations, and developed fungicides such as Kitazin and carbendazim to replace mercury preparations. From the late 1970s to the 1980s, new varieties of highly effective and safe pesticides were continuously developed. In 1983, our country stopped using high-residue organochlorine insecticides such as benzene hexachloride and DDT, substitute pesticide varieties continuously developed, expanding the output of organophosphorus and carbamate pesticides, and developed pyrethroid and other insecticides. At the same time, fungicide pesticides and herbicide pesticides also developed and were applied. In 1995, our country's pesticide technical material varieties developed to 218, with 839 formulations. By 2005, our country's pesticide technical material varieties had developed to more than 260 varieties, with more than 3,000 formulation products. Among so many products, fewer than one third of the varieties belong to highly effective, low-toxicity, low-residue pesticides.
In 2003, the state recommended a batch of highly effective, low-toxicity, low-residue pesticide varieties. Now the most common and commonly used pesticides on the market are introduced.
I. Matrine
(1) Basic characteristics
Matrine is also called matrine, matrine insecticide, etc. The English common name is matrine. It is made by extracting the roots, stems, leaves and fruits of the Chinese herbal medicine plant Sophora flavescens with organic solvents such as ethanol. Its ingredients are mainly various alkaloids such as matrine and oxymatrine. The pure product is a white powder, has no mutagenic effect, no embryotoxicity, and no teratogenic effect. It has weak cumulative properties.
Matrine belongs to broad-spectrum botanical insecticides. After pests contact the agent, the central nervous system can be paralyzed, proteins coagulate and block the stomata, causing death by suffocation. It is low toxicity to humans and livestock, has contact-killing and stomach-poisoning effects, has obvious control effects on cabbage caterpillars, aphids, red spiders, etc. on various crops, and can also control underground pests. Formulations: 0.2%, 0.26%, 0.3%, 0.36%, 0.5% matrine aqueous solution, 0.36%, 0.38%, 1% matrine soluble liquid, 0.38% matrine emulsifiable concentrate, 1.1% matrine powder.
(2) Control targets
1. Control of apple red spider: after apple flowering, during the period from the beginning of hatching of overwintering red spider eggs to the end of hatching, is the suitable control period; control of millet armyworm; control of vegetable cabbage caterpillar and aphid. This product has good effect on young larvae, but poor effect on cabbage caterpillar larvae over 4th instar; control of chive maggot.
(3) Precautions
1. Read the product label carefully before use.
2. If it rains shortly after spraying, spray again.
3. It is strictly prohibited to mix with alkaline pesticides.
4. This product has no systemic activity. When spraying, pay attention to spraying evenly and thoroughly.
5. Store in a dark, cool, ventilated place, and avoid storing under high temperature and strong sunlight conditions.
II. Azadirachtin
(1) Basic characteristics
Azadirachtin is also called vegetable-fruit clean, Sichuan (Indian) neem, etc. The English common name is azadirachtin. It is extracted from neem Azadirachta indica, mainly distributed in the seed kernel, and secondly in the leaves. Its mechanism of action is special. It is a plant-derived active substance with multiple pest-control effects, with antifeedant, repellent, contact-killing, stomach-poisoning, systemic and insect growth and development inhibition effects, and is internationally recognized as the most important insect antifeedant. Its structure is similar to insect molting hormone, and it is an inhibitor of insect endogenous molting hormone, reducing the release amount of molting hormone; it can also directly destroy the cuticle structure or prevent the synthesis of cuticle chitin, or interfere with respiratory metabolism, affect reproductive system development, etc. The specific effects are destroying or interfering with the growth and development of eggs, larvae or pupae; preventing molting of nymphs or larvae; changing insect mating and sexual behavior; having antifeedant effects on nymphs, larvae and adults; preventing adult oviposition and destroying ovary development; making adults sterile. Highly effective, broad-spectrum, pollution-free, residue-free, not prone to resistance, harmless to warm-blooded animals such as humans and livestock, and safe to natural enemies of pests.
Azadirachtin is safe to humans, livestock, birds and bees, does not affect predatory and parasitic natural enemies, and degrades easily in the environment. The common formulation is 0.3% azadirachtin emulsifiable concentrate.
(2) Control scope
Application of azadirachtin insecticide can effectively control cotton bollworm, pine caterpillar, gypsy moth, Japanese beetle, tobacco budworm, corn earworm, tobacco cutworm, diamondback moth, leafminer, fall armyworm, desert locust, African migratory locust, corn borer, brown planthopper, thrips, fruit fly, armyworm and other pests. It can be widely used on crops such as grain, cotton, forest trees, flowers, melons and fruits, vegetables, tobacco, tea, coffee, etc., and will not cause pests to develop resistance to it. When azadirachtin insecticide is applied to soil, it can be absorbed by the root systems of crops such as cotton, rice, corn, wheat, broad bean, etc., and transported to stems and leaves, thereby making the whole plant insect-resistant. To control diamondback moth on cruciferous vegetables, apply the pesticide in time during the outbreak period of 1st-2nd instar larvae during the occurrence and damage period of diamondback moth.
(3) Precautions
1. This product should not be mixed with alkaline pesticides.
2. This pesticide acts relatively slowly. Grasp the suitable application period and do not arbitrarily increase the dosage.
3. Apply in the early morning or evening.
4. In winter, the interval between each spray is 10 days; in summer and the rainy season, the time can be shortened.
5. Add 0.03% neutral washing powder according to the spray liquid volume, which can improve the control effect.
III. Nicotine
(1) Basic characteristics
Tobacco powder can be used for dusting; tobacco powder, broken tobacco stems or tobacco veins (plus quicklime) soaked in water, filtered to remove tobacco residue, can be used for spraying. Now mainly free nicotine is extracted, or made into nicotine sulfate for use. Nicotine belongs to botanical insecticides. This pesticide can be made into insecticide by traditional methods using leftovers after tobacco leaf processing. It is easily soluble in water, unstable in nature, easily volatile, strongly irritating, toxic to humans and livestock, low toxicity to fish, and has contact-killing, fumigating and stomach-poisoning effects on pests, with strong quick-killing and short residual effect period. A mainly contact-killing plant-derived insecticide from tobacco. Highly toxic to higher animals, moderately toxic to fish and other aquatic organisms, highly toxic to silkworms, with relatively high insecticidal activity, inhibiting nervous tissue, causing insect bodies to suffocate to death. Short quick-acting residual period, basically no residue problem, relatively safe to crops. Broad insecticidal spectrum. The main formulation is 10% nicotine emulsifiable concentrate.
(2) Control scope
Mainly used on crops such as vegetables, fruit trees, tea trees, rice, etc. to control aphids, cabbage moth, thrips, stink bugs, leafhoppers, soybean pod borer, cabbage caterpillar, leafminer, leafminer moth, peach fruit borer, pear fruit borer, mites, striped flea beetle, rice borer, leafhopper, planthopper, etc. Apply evenly; the residual effect period is about 7 days. Do not mix with agents that easily decompose under alkaline conditions. Free nicotine is mainly used for contact-killing and fumigation; nicotine sulfate is mainly used for contact-killing and stomach-poisoning. When using, add a certain amount of soap and alkali to the dilution to improve the effect. Use 10% nicotine emulsifiable concentrate at 1000 times dilution, and spray at the peak occurrence of adult American leafminer.