Detailed Explanation of 8 New Technologies for High-Yield and High-Efficiency Grain and Oil Crop Rotation
The Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, together with relevant units, has integrated and established a rapeseed-maize rotation annual green high-yield and high-efficiency technology model, and has carried out large-scale, mechanized, simplified, integrated and industrialized demonstration applications in Xiangyang City, Hubei Province, to achieve the goals of both grain and oil crop abundance and sustainable agricultural development.
According to experts: rapeseed stubble is earlier than wheat stubble, which is beneficial for early sowing of maize. In addition, planting rapeseed can increase the organic matter content in the soil, and the maize yield of the following crop is about 10% higher than that after wheat stubble. At the same time, planting rapeseed can also effectively control water use and reduce the application of chemical fertilizers and pesticides. Returning all straw to the field and rapid decomposition can improve soil fertility. Rapeseed straw decomposes faster than wheat straw, and the nutrient release rate of available nitrogen and phosphorus from rapeseed straw is more than 10% higher than that of wheat straw. The total nitrogen loss of rapeseed-maize rotation is the smallest among different maize rotation models, and the total phosphorus and soluble total potassium losses are relatively small. The rapeseed root system has the characteristic of activating and utilizing insoluble phosphorus in the soil, and the crop phosphorus uptake is relatively high. The technology of returning rapeseed and maize straw to the field and decomposing it significantly increases soil organic matter, and the remaining nutrient resources of the preceding and following crops can be fully utilized. The unique glucosinolates in rapeseed have a fumigation effect, which can effectively reduce pests and diseases and reduce the application of chemical fertilizers and pesticides.
Based on the above advantages, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences has specially introduced a new model of rapeseed-maize annual green high-yield and high-efficiency technology. The 8 specific core technologies are now introduced.
?Grain and Oil Crop Abundance Rotation Technology
Core Technology In areas not suitable for wheat planting, adopt rapeseed-rice and rapeseed-maize planting models; in areas suitable for both rapeseed and wheat planting, adopt rapeseed-rice and rapeseed-maize planting models every 1~3 years; mechanized straw return to the field; soil testing and formula fertilization, applying rapeseed (rice, maize) slow-release special formula fertilizer; selecting suitable companion varieties.
Application Effect Continuous adoption of rapeseed rotation for 5 years increases soil organic matter content by 0.2 percentage points, increases rice or maize yield by 5%~8%, saves fertilizer by about 10%, increases nutrient use efficiency by about 8%, and increases annual economic benefit by 20~30 yuan per mu.
Technical Support Units Huazhong Agricultural University, Hunan Agricultural University, Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences.
?Mechanized Rapeseed Variety "Zhongshuang 11"
Technology Overview A rapeseed variety suitable for mechanized harvesting is one of the keys to establishing a full-process mechanized high-efficiency production model for rapeseed, and is crucial to promoting the mechanization process of rapeseed in China. New varieties for mechanized rapeseed harvesting need to have, on the basis of the original high yield, double-low and high oil, traits suitable for mechanized harvesting such as pod shatter resistance, dense planting tolerance and lodging resistance, and the resistance (tolerance) to sclerotinia stem rot should reach the resistant level.
Core Technology The mechanized variety "Zhongshuang 11" has a moderate growth period and the advantages of high yield, high resistance (to sclerotinia stem rot and viral disease), high oil (average oil content 49.04%), and double-low. It has moderate plant height, strong lodging resistance, dense planting tolerance, pod shatter resistance, and relatively uniform maturity.
Application Effect Oil yield increased by 6 percentage points, oil production increased by 5.3 kg per mu, income increased by 53 yuan per mu, and it is suitable for mechanized harvesting.
Technical Support Unit Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences.
?New High-Yield and High-Resistance Mechanized Maize Variety "Zhongdan 808"
Technology Overview Maize in the rapeseed-wheat interlaced area of the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River in China is developing rapidly, and the area continues to expand. As an emerging maize production area, there is an urgent need to screen and identify new hybrid maize varieties with high yield, high resistance, heat tolerance and suitability for mechanized harvesting, so as to solve the bottleneck problem of matching maize varieties urgently needed for rotation with rapeseed in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River.
Core Technology The new maize variety Zhongdan 808 is a new high-yield hybrid maize variety bred by the Institute of Crop Sciences of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, and was a leading variety of the Ministry of Agriculture from 2008 to 2014. The regional trial yield of this variety reached 571.3~680.6 kg per mu, and in 2010 in the **Yili demonstration, the measured yield reached 1338 kg per mu. This variety is moderately resistant to northern leaf blight, southern leaf blight and Asian corn borer, and resistant to stalk rot.
Technical Support Unit Institute of Crop Sciences of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences.
Full-Process Mechanized High-Yield and High-Efficiency Rapeseed Production Technology
Technology Overview In response to the problem in the main rapeseed production areas of southern China of multiple cropping per year ("rapeseed-rice" double cropping or "rapeseed-rice-rice" triple cropping), tight preceding and following crop stubble, and labor-intensive and time-consuming manual harvesting, segmented harvesting or combine harvesting is adopted to reduce labor, save harvesting time, and achieve cost savings and high efficiency.
Core Technology Using a windrower for windrowing and a pickup thresher for threshing to carry out mechanical segmented harvesting, the operation efficiency can reach 60 mu/day, the yield per mu can reach 150~250 kg, and the mechanical harvest loss rate is less than 8%. Using a combine harvester for combine harvesting, the operation efficiency can reach 50 mu/day. After deducting the rapeseed threshing loss of combine harvesting, the comprehensive benefit is better than traditional manual harvesting.
Application Effect Compared with traditional manual harvesting, mechanical harvesting saves time and labor, and saves labor costs by more than 40 yuan per mu.
Technical Support Units Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing Institute of Agricultural Mechanization, Huazhong Agricultural University.
????Full-Process Mechanized High-Yield and High-Efficiency Maize Production Technology
Technology Overview Large-scale, standardized and mechanized production is the inevitable path for modern maize production in China. Dense planting and full-process mechanization are important ways to achieve high yield and high efficiency in maize. With key technologies such as rational dense planting, precision sowing, mechanical fertilization, mechanical pesticide application, straw return to the field and mechanical harvesting as the core, a full-process mechanized high-yield and high-efficiency maize production technology has been formed on the basis of many years of experimental demonstration.
Core Technology 1. Select varieties with dense planting tolerance, lodging resistance and suitability for mechanized harvesting. 2. Dense planting. 3. Use mechanical precision sowing. 4. Mechanical fertilization. 5. Chemical control to prevent lodging. 6. Timely late harvest and mechanical harvesting. 7. Straw return to the field and standardized production.
Application Effect From 2013 to 2015, it was selected by the Ministry of Agriculture as a nationwide main promotion technology, achieving "double increase two hundred" (increase yield by 100 jin, increase efficiency by 100 yuan), and repeatedly set national records for high yield in small and large areas. Among them, in 2014 in the **Construction Corps 71st Regiment, it set a national large-area high-yield record of 1227 kg per mu in a contiguous 10,000-mu area, with an income increase of 1607 yuan per mu.
Technical Support Unit Institute of Crop Sciences of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences.
?Fertilizer Reduction and High-Efficiency Utilization Technology
Technology Overview In response to problems in China's rapeseed-maize rotation system such as excessive nitrogen fertilizer application while potassium and medium and trace elements are insufficient, low fertilizer use efficiency, high labor costs from multiple fertilizer applications, and failure to consider straw nutrient return and continuous annual nutrient utilization, a one-time rapeseed fertilizer product has been developed according to the annual soil nutrient supply and crop demand patterns of the rotation system, achieving fertilizer reduction and efficiency improvement.