200 Questions on Cattle Disease Prevention and Treatment: A Classic and Practical Handbook for Raising Cattle and Preventing Disease
200 Questions on Cattle Disease Prevention and Treatment!!!! An absolute classic!!
(Agricultural Wealth Network) 1. How do you observe several normal physiological indicators of cattle?
Appetite is the most reliable indicator of cattle health. In general, whenever cattle get sick, appetite is the first thing affected. Checking whether there is leftover feed in the trough during the morning feeding is very important for early detection of disease. In addition, rumination reflects the health status of cattle very well. Healthy cattle ruminate for about 8 hours per day, with especially more rumination in the evening.
The normal body temperature of adult cattle is 38-39°C, and that of calves is 38.5-39.8°C.
Adult cattle breathe 15-35 times per minute, and calves 20-50 times.
Generally, the pulse rate of adult cattle is 60-80 beats per minute, that of young cattle is 70-90 beats, and that of calves is 90-110 beats.
Normal cattle defecate 10-15 times per day and urinate 8-10 times. The feces of healthy cattle have appropriate firmness, and cattle dung is passed in segments, but the feces of fattening cattle are slightly softer and the frequency of excretion is generally slightly higher. Urine is generally transparent and slightly yellow.
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2. How do you take a cow's temperature?
Generally, the rectal temperature of cattle needs to be measured. Before taking the temperature, first shake the mercury column of the thermometer down below 35°C, then coat it with lubricant or water. The examiner stands directly behind the cow, lifts the tail with the left hand, and with the right hand slowly inserts the thermometer forward and upward into the anus, clips the thermometer clamp onto the hair at the base of the tail, removes it after 3-5 minutes, and reads the result.
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3. How do you observe coughing in cattle?
Healthy cattle usually do not cough, or only cough once or twice. If coughing occurs repeatedly, it is often a sign of disease. Coughs are usually divided into dry cough, wet cough and painful cough. A dry cough has a clear, short, dry sound and is relatively obviously painful. Dry cough is commonly seen in laryngitis, tracheal foreign bodies, tracheitis, chronic bronchitis, pleuropneumonia and tuberculosis. A wet cough has a wet, long, dull and turbid sound, and a large amount of nasal discharge flows from the nostrils with the cough. Wet cough is commonly seen in pharyngitis, bronchitis and bronchopneumonia. A painful cough is short and weak, and the sick cow stretches its neck and shakes its head. Painful cough is seen in respiratory tract foreign bodies, foreign body pneumonia, acute laryngitis, pleurisy, traumatic reticulitis, traumatic pericarditis, etc. In addition, frequent coughing may also be seen, that is, coughing lasts for a long time, and it is commonly seen in tuberculosis and chronic bronchitis.
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4. How do you observe rumination in cattle?
Healthy cattle generally begin ruminating half an hour to one hour after feeding, usually while quiet or resting. They ruminate 4-10 times per day, each time lasting about 20-40 minutes, sometimes up to 1 hour. During rumination, each bolus returned to the mouth is chewed about 40-70 times and then swallowed again.
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5. How do you observe belching in cattle?
Healthy cattle generally belch 20-40 times per hour. During belching, an upward-moving wave of gas can be seen in the jugular groove on the left side of the cow, and sometimes a gurgling sound can also be heard. Reduced belching is seen in forestomach hypomotility, rumen impaction, abomasal disease, omasal impaction, traumatic reticulitis, and infectious and febrile diseases secondary to forestomach dysfunction. Cessation of belching is seen in esophageal obstruction and severe forestomach dysfunction, often secondary to rumen tympany. When cattle develop chronic rumen hypomotility, the belched gas often has a sour and foul odor.
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6. How do you examine the conjunctiva of cattle?
To examine the conjunctiva of cattle, it is usually necessary to examine the bulbar conjunctiva, namely the sclera and palpebral conjunctiva. During examination, hold the horns with both hands and turn the cow's head to the side so that the sclera is naturally exposed. When examining the palpebral conjunctiva, use the thumb to press open the lower eyelid. Changes such as pale conjunctiva, diffuse conjunctival congestion and conjunctival yellow staining all indicate a diseased state.
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7. How do you check the respiratory rate of cattle?
Check the respiratory rate of cattle while they are in a quiet state. Generally, stand at the front side of the chest or the rear side of the abdomen and observe; one rise and fall of the chest and abdomen is one breath. Count the number of breaths in 1 minute. Healthy calves have 20-50 breaths per minute, and adult cattle have 15-35 breaths per minute. In hot seasons, when the outside temperature is too high, under direct sunlight, or when the barn has poor ventilation, the respiratory rate of cattle increases.
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8. How do you check the breathing pattern of cattle?
The breathing pattern of healthy cattle is thoracoabdominal, that is, the movement intensity of the chest wall and abdominal wall is basically equal during breathing. When checking the breathing pattern of cattle, attention should be paid to the coordination and intensity of the rising and falling movements of the chest and abdomen. If thoracic breathing appears, that is, the rising and falling movement of the chest wall is particularly obvious, it is mostly seen in acute rumen tympany, acute traumatic pericarditis, acute peritonitis, massive abdominal effusion, etc. If abdominal breathing appears, that is, the rising and falling movement of the abdominal wall is particularly obvious, it often indicates that the lesion is in the chest wall, and it is mostly seen in acute pleurisy, pleuropneumonia, massive pleural effusion, pericarditis, rib fracture, chronic pulmonary emphysema, etc.
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9. How do you check the pulse rate of cattle?
Check the pulse rate of cattle while they are in a quiet state. This is usually done by palpating the median caudal artery of the cow. The examiner stands directly behind the cow, lifts the base of the tail slightly with the left hand, and presses the index and middle fingers of the right hand on the median caudal artery on the ventral surface of the tail to count. Count the pulse rate for 1 minute.
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10. How do you tell whether a cow's nasal discharge is normal?
Healthy cattle have a small amount of nasal discharge and often lick it off with their tongues. If a relatively large amount of nasal discharge flows out, it may indicate a diseased state. Usually, mucous nasal discharge, purulent nasal discharge, putrid nasal discharge, nasal discharge mixed with fresh blood, pink nasal discharge and rust-colored nasal discharge may be seen. Nasal discharge flowing from only one nostril is seen in unilateral rhinitis and paranasal sinusitis.
Appetite is the most reliable indicator of cattle health. In general, whenever cattle get sick, appetite is the first thing affected. Checking whether there is leftover feed in the trough during the morning feeding is very important for early detection of disease. In addition, rumination reflects the health status of cattle very well. Healthy cattle ruminate for about 8 hours per day, with especially more rumination in the evening.
The normal body temperature of adult cattle is 38-39°C, and that of calves is 38.5-39.8°C.
Adult cattle breathe 15-35 times per minute, and calves 20-50 times.
Generally, the pulse rate of adult cattle is 60-80 beats per minute, that of young cattle is 70-90 beats, and that of calves is 90-110 beats.
Normal cattle defecate 10-15 times per day and urinate 8-10 times. The feces of healthy cattle have appropriate firmness, and cattle dung is passed in segments, but the feces of fattening cattle are slightly softer and the frequency of excretion is generally slightly higher. Urine is generally transparent and slightly yellow.
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2. How do you take a cow's temperature?
Generally, the rectal temperature of cattle needs to be measured. Before taking the temperature, first shake the mercury column of the thermometer down below 35°C, then coat it with lubricant or water. The examiner stands directly behind the cow, lifts the tail with the left hand, and with the right hand slowly inserts the thermometer forward and upward into the anus, clips the thermometer clamp onto the hair at the base of the tail, removes it after 3-5 minutes, and reads the result.
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3. How do you observe coughing in cattle?
Healthy cattle usually do not cough, or only cough once or twice. If coughing occurs repeatedly, it is often a sign of disease. Coughs are usually divided into dry cough, wet cough and painful cough. A dry cough has a clear, short, dry sound and is relatively obviously painful. Dry cough is commonly seen in laryngitis, tracheal foreign bodies, tracheitis, chronic bronchitis, pleuropneumonia and tuberculosis. A wet cough has a wet, long, dull and turbid sound, and a large amount of nasal discharge flows from the nostrils with the cough. Wet cough is commonly seen in pharyngitis, bronchitis and bronchopneumonia. A painful cough is short and weak, and the sick cow stretches its neck and shakes its head. Painful cough is seen in respiratory tract foreign bodies, foreign body pneumonia, acute laryngitis, pleurisy, traumatic reticulitis, traumatic pericarditis, etc. In addition, frequent coughing may also be seen, that is, coughing lasts for a long time, and it is commonly seen in tuberculosis and chronic bronchitis.
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4. How do you observe rumination in cattle?
Healthy cattle generally begin ruminating half an hour to one hour after feeding, usually while quiet or resting. They ruminate 4-10 times per day, each time lasting about 20-40 minutes, sometimes up to 1 hour. During rumination, each bolus returned to the mouth is chewed about 40-70 times and then swallowed again.
--------------------------------------
5. How do you observe belching in cattle?
Healthy cattle generally belch 20-40 times per hour. During belching, an upward-moving wave of gas can be seen in the jugular groove on the left side of the cow, and sometimes a gurgling sound can also be heard. Reduced belching is seen in forestomach hypomotility, rumen impaction, abomasal disease, omasal impaction, traumatic reticulitis, and infectious and febrile diseases secondary to forestomach dysfunction. Cessation of belching is seen in esophageal obstruction and severe forestomach dysfunction, often secondary to rumen tympany. When cattle develop chronic rumen hypomotility, the belched gas often has a sour and foul odor.
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6. How do you examine the conjunctiva of cattle?
To examine the conjunctiva of cattle, it is usually necessary to examine the bulbar conjunctiva, namely the sclera and palpebral conjunctiva. During examination, hold the horns with both hands and turn the cow's head to the side so that the sclera is naturally exposed. When examining the palpebral conjunctiva, use the thumb to press open the lower eyelid. Changes such as pale conjunctiva, diffuse conjunctival congestion and conjunctival yellow staining all indicate a diseased state.
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7. How do you check the respiratory rate of cattle?
Check the respiratory rate of cattle while they are in a quiet state. Generally, stand at the front side of the chest or the rear side of the abdomen and observe; one rise and fall of the chest and abdomen is one breath. Count the number of breaths in 1 minute. Healthy calves have 20-50 breaths per minute, and adult cattle have 15-35 breaths per minute. In hot seasons, when the outside temperature is too high, under direct sunlight, or when the barn has poor ventilation, the respiratory rate of cattle increases.
--------------------------------------
8. How do you check the breathing pattern of cattle?
The breathing pattern of healthy cattle is thoracoabdominal, that is, the movement intensity of the chest wall and abdominal wall is basically equal during breathing. When checking the breathing pattern of cattle, attention should be paid to the coordination and intensity of the rising and falling movements of the chest and abdomen. If thoracic breathing appears, that is, the rising and falling movement of the chest wall is particularly obvious, it is mostly seen in acute rumen tympany, acute traumatic pericarditis, acute peritonitis, massive abdominal effusion, etc. If abdominal breathing appears, that is, the rising and falling movement of the abdominal wall is particularly obvious, it often indicates that the lesion is in the chest wall, and it is mostly seen in acute pleurisy, pleuropneumonia, massive pleural effusion, pericarditis, rib fracture, chronic pulmonary emphysema, etc.
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9. How do you check the pulse rate of cattle?
Check the pulse rate of cattle while they are in a quiet state. This is usually done by palpating the median caudal artery of the cow. The examiner stands directly behind the cow, lifts the base of the tail slightly with the left hand, and presses the index and middle fingers of the right hand on the median caudal artery on the ventral surface of the tail to count. Count the pulse rate for 1 minute.
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10. How do you tell whether a cow's nasal discharge is normal?
Healthy cattle have a small amount of nasal discharge and often lick it off with their tongues. If a relatively large amount of nasal discharge flows out, it may indicate a diseased state. Usually, mucous nasal discharge, purulent nasal discharge, putrid nasal discharge, nasal discharge mixed with fresh blood, pink nasal discharge and rust-colored nasal discharge may be seen. Nasal discharge flowing from only one nostril is seen in unilateral rhinitis and paranasal sinusitis.