Detailed Explanation of Epidemic Prevention Measures and Technical Points for Sheep Farms
Epidemic Prevention on Sheep Farms
(Agricultural Wealth Network) With the development of the livestock industry, various modern breeding farms have appeared one after another. How to carry out epidemic prevention work well has become the most important issue in all breeding farms. Once an epidemic disease occurs, it will seriously affect the development of the livestock industry and cause enormous economic losses. Therefore, for the control and prevention of epidemic diseases, original breeding farms should adopt certain measures and formulate corresponding guidelines and standards to ensure the continuation of breeding livestock and poultry and the stable improvement of quality. In addition, the "Regulations on the Epidemic Prevention of Livestock and Poultry" issued by the State Council should be strictly implemented to prevent the occurrence and spread of infectious diseases in livestock and poultry.
I. Establish a comprehensive epidemic prevention system
Epidemic prevention work is a complex systematic project. It involves everything from production to sales, from inside the farm to outside the farm, and all staff of the entire farm. It runs through the whole farm from beginning to end and is closely related to it. Therefore, epidemic prevention work must be incorporated into normal management, and a whole-staff prevention system supervised and implemented by veterinary personnel with the participation of all personnel must be established. Only by applying epidemic prevention principles and systems throughout every link and strictly following operating procedures can the occurrence of epidemic diseases be avoided and can the epidemic prevention system be truly implemented. For example, establish:
1. Scientific procedural disinfection. This is an important measure to cut off the route of transmission, and its purpose is to kill various pathogens present in the external environment.
2. Registration work for personnel entering and exiting, and records of bathing and changing clothes.
3. All-in, all-out system.
II. Formulate scientific immunization procedures and carry out preventive vaccination on time.
Immunization is an important measure to improve the body's specific resistance and reduce the susceptibility of animals. However, if used improperly, it often produces unsatisfactory results. For this reason, attention should be paid to:
1. Formulate a thorough immunization and vaccination plan. It takes a certain amount of time after vaccination with various vaccines to produce strong immunity, so corresponding vaccination plans should be made according to the incidence seasons of various infectious diseases, and vaccination should be carried out according to the prescribed procedures.
2. There must be scientific immunization procedures.
Livestock and poultry should not be vaccinated when their physical condition is poor. Some maternal antibodies can also affect and interfere with antibody titers, and may even completely inhibit antibody production. To prevent this phenomenon, monitoring of maternal antibodies should be carried out for certain infectious diseases. If conditions do not permit, the timing of the first immunization can be determined based on experience.
III. Comprehensive epidemic prevention focuses on prevention.
Although infectious diseases are composed of the source of infection, routes and modes of transmission, and susceptible animals, the factors affecting the prevalence of epidemic diseases are many-sided. Therefore, comprehensive epidemic prevention measures must be adopted in many aspects to eliminate all unfavorable factors. Adhering to the principle of self-breeding and self-raising is not only beneficial to the feeding of livestock and poultry, but can also avoid the introduction of various infectious diseases when purchasing livestock and poultry. If it is necessary to introduce breeding stock from other units, they should not be purchased from epidemic areas. After purchase, they must be isolated and quarantined for 1-2 days, and only after being confirmed healthy and disease-free can they be mixed and fed with the original animals. When introducing superior breeds from abroad, in addition to strengthening port quarantine, isolation and quarantine should also be carried out before entering the farm. When diseased livestock or poultry are found, they should be strictly handled immediately. Epidemic prevention work is an important measure for disease prevention. Everyone should consciously implement and abide by the epidemic prevention system in order to keep epidemic diseases outside the farm, ensure the normal growth of livestock and poultry, and leave nothing to chance.
Control measures for infectious diseases
1. Do a good job in feeding management and enhance the disease resistance of individuals.
Strengthen feeding management and strictly observe principles. Do not feed moldy or spoiled feed, and do not let animals drink sewage or frozen water, so that the sheep are fat and strong and their individual disease resistance is improved.
2. Do a good job in environmental sanitation, and carry out disinfection work in pens and sheds.
Pen-raised sheep should maintain the hygiene of pens, sites, and utensils. Clean the pens frequently, and pile feces, urine, and other waste together for fermentation for about 30 days. At the same time, regularly use disinfectants (such as Baidusha, Yikelin Huichang disinfectant, and other highly effective and low-toxicity drugs) to disinfect pens and sites to prevent the spread of disease.
3. Do a good job in immunization and vaccination in a planned way.
Vaccinating sheep flocks is an important measure to prevent and control infectious diseases of sheep. At present, the vaccines for preventing the main infectious diseases of sheep include the following:
(1) Avirulent anthrax spore vaccine
Used to prevent sheep anthrax. For sheep, subcutaneous injection of 0.5 ml. Strong immunity is produced 14 days after injection, and the immune period is one year. (This vaccine cannot be used for goats.)
(2) Tetanus alum precipitated toxoid
Used to prevent tetanus. Subcutaneous injection of 0.5 ml in the neck of sheep. Immunity is produced after 1 month, and the immune period is 1 year. If injected once more the next year, the immune period can last 4 years.
(3) Attenuated lyophilized vaccine for sheep pox and goat pox
Used to prevent sheep pox and goat pox. Use according to the number of doses on the bottle label. Dilute each dose with 0.5 ml of physiological saline; inject 0.5 ml intradermally per sheep (the same amount regardless of size, weakness, or pregnancy). Swelling and induration appear 5-8 days after injection and gradually disappear in 5-10 days. Strong immunity can be produced 4-6 days after injection, and the immune period is 1 year.
(4) Triple vaccine, also called four-way vaccine, for braxy, sudden death disease, enterotoxemia (lamb dysentery)
Used to prevent braxy, sudden death disease, enterotoxemia, and lamb dysentery. Dry powder vaccine: dissolve with 20% aluminum gel saline, and inject 1 ml subcutaneously or intramuscularly regardless of sheep age. Immunity is produced in 14 days, and the immune period is 1 year. Wet vaccine (also called sheep quadruple vaccine): shake well before use, and inject 5 ml subcutaneously or intramuscularly per sheep. The immune period is 6 months.
(5) Inactivated type O foot-and-mouth disease vaccine
Used to prevent type O foot-and-mouth disease in sheep. Intramuscular injection: 2 ml per adult sheep, 1 ml per lamb. Immunity is produced 15 days after injection, and the immune period is 4 months. If adverse reactions occur after injection, use adrenaline for treatment.
Immunization and vaccination will produce strong immunity in physically strong adult sheep, but the effect is poor in young sheep, weak sheep, or sheep suffering from chronic diseases. For pregnant ewes, especially those near parturition, vaccination may sometimes cause abortion or premature birth due to driving, catching, and vaccine reactions, affecting fetal development, and the immune effect may be poor. It should be noted that in disease-threatened areas, the above results should not be taken into consideration. To ensure the health of the flock, emergency prevention and vaccination should be carried out.
4. Measures should be taken when infectious diseases occur.
After an infectious disease occurs in a sheep flock, isolation and blockade should be carried out immediately, and reports should be made level by level to the animal husbandry and veterinary department. After diagnosis by the municipal or county-level veterinary department, harmless treatment should be carried out in accordance with the national "Animal Epidemic Prevention Law."
Programmed prevention and control model for parasitic diseases of sheep
The programmed prevention and control model for parasitic diseases of cattle and sheep is a new comprehensive prevention and control technology. It changes the traditional prevention and control methods of the past, changing single parasite control to overall orderly control of major parasites, changing sporadic and intermittent treatment to organized and contiguous preventive measures, enabling comprehensive deworming and prevention of parasites in cattle and sheep flocks, and improving the comprehensive prevention and control effect.
I. Recommended drugs
On the market there are trade names such as Haihuomie, avermectin, Alijia, Afuding, Kechongxing, and others. Their characteristics are a broad antiparasitic spectrum and strong deworming and killing effects on the vast majority of nematodes, external parasites, and other arthropods (ineffective against eggs). In addition, they also have the characteristics of high efficiency, low toxicity, and safety. In clinical application, they have advantages that previous antiparasitic drugs cannot replace: first, oral administration has preventive and therapeutic effects on internal and external parasites; second, they do not produce cross-resistance with other deworming drugs.
II. Usage procedures
1 Deworm the whole flock twice each year. In late winter and early spring (February-March), adopt larval deworming technology to prevent the appearance of the "spring peak"; deworm in autumn (August-September) to prevent the appearance of the adult "autumn peak" and reduce the larval "winter peak." In areas with severe parasite problems, deworming may be increased once more in May-June to avoid the occurrence of external parasitic diseases in winter and spring.
2 Young livestock are generally dewormed for the first time in August-September of that year to protect the normal growth and development of lambs. In addition, because young livestock suffer nutritional stress before and after weaning, they are susceptible to parasite invasion. Therefore, protective deworming should be carried out at this time.
3 Female livestock should be dewormed before parturition to avoid the "postpartum rise" of fecal helminth eggs occurring 4-8 weeks after giving birth. In areas with severe parasite contamination, deworming must be carried out 3-4 weeks after parturition.
III. Dosage forms and doses
Avermectin has injection, powder, tablet, and other dosage forms. Injection: subcutaneous injection (never intramuscular or intravenous injection), 1 mg per 5 kg body weight; powder: administered orally or mixed into feed, 1.5 mg per 5 kg body weight; tablet: oral administration, 1.5 mg per 5 kg body weight.
IV. Precautions
1 When the herd is infected with trematodes or tapeworms, albendazole should also be selected.
2 In clinical application, the dosage for young and pregnant animals should be strictly controlled, and administered at 2/3 of the normal dose.
3 To be cautious, after cattle and sheep are medicated, they may be slaughtered for consumption only after 14 days, and within 21 days of medication, cow and sheep milk must not be used by people.
4 For external parasites of cattle and sheep, repeat the medication once after 7-10 days to consolidate the therapeutic effect.
5 It is generally believed that in cases of severe parasitic infection, injection gives more notable results. If other dosage forms are selected, operation is more convenient and labor-saving. Therefore, when using them, an appropriate dosage form should be selected according to local actual conditions.
6 As programmed prevention and control, the overall nature must be emphasized. Studies show that invasion by subclinical parasites in the same group also causes corresponding losses. Therefore, one cannot deworm only animals that grow poorly or have already shown clinical symptoms of parasitic disease.
7 Few deworming drugs can kill helminth eggs in the uterus or already discharged into the digestive tract and respiratory tract. Therefore, if excrement containing disintegrated worm bodies is scattered at will after deworming, it will seriously pollute the environment. To ensure the deworming effect, prevent repeated infection by parasite eggs in the environment, and give full play to the maximum economic benefits of deworming drugs, environmental sanitation must be paid attention to during deworming. Properly handle herd excrement. If possible, regularly monitor parasite eggs in feces.
The programmed prevention and control model for parasitic diseases of cattle and sheep adopts the latest antiparasitic drugs, which are safe and efficient and convenient to use. At the same time, programmed deworming is carried out according to the reproductive characteristics of the parasites themselves, so the effect is more obvious. It has high value for promotion.
I. Establish a comprehensive epidemic prevention system
Epidemic prevention work is a complex systematic project. It involves everything from production to sales, from inside the farm to outside the farm, and all staff of the entire farm. It runs through the whole farm from beginning to end and is closely related to it. Therefore, epidemic prevention work must be incorporated into normal management, and a whole-staff prevention system supervised and implemented by veterinary personnel with the participation of all personnel must be established. Only by applying epidemic prevention principles and systems throughout every link and strictly following operating procedures can the occurrence of epidemic diseases be avoided and can the epidemic prevention system be truly implemented. For example, establish:
1. Scientific procedural disinfection. This is an important measure to cut off the route of transmission, and its purpose is to kill various pathogens present in the external environment.
2. Registration work for personnel entering and exiting, and records of bathing and changing clothes.
3. All-in, all-out system.
II. Formulate scientific immunization procedures and carry out preventive vaccination on time.
Immunization is an important measure to improve the body's specific resistance and reduce the susceptibility of animals. However, if used improperly, it often produces unsatisfactory results. For this reason, attention should be paid to:
1. Formulate a thorough immunization and vaccination plan. It takes a certain amount of time after vaccination with various vaccines to produce strong immunity, so corresponding vaccination plans should be made according to the incidence seasons of various infectious diseases, and vaccination should be carried out according to the prescribed procedures.
2. There must be scientific immunization procedures.
Livestock and poultry should not be vaccinated when their physical condition is poor. Some maternal antibodies can also affect and interfere with antibody titers, and may even completely inhibit antibody production. To prevent this phenomenon, monitoring of maternal antibodies should be carried out for certain infectious diseases. If conditions do not permit, the timing of the first immunization can be determined based on experience.
III. Comprehensive epidemic prevention focuses on prevention.
Although infectious diseases are composed of the source of infection, routes and modes of transmission, and susceptible animals, the factors affecting the prevalence of epidemic diseases are many-sided. Therefore, comprehensive epidemic prevention measures must be adopted in many aspects to eliminate all unfavorable factors. Adhering to the principle of self-breeding and self-raising is not only beneficial to the feeding of livestock and poultry, but can also avoid the introduction of various infectious diseases when purchasing livestock and poultry. If it is necessary to introduce breeding stock from other units, they should not be purchased from epidemic areas. After purchase, they must be isolated and quarantined for 1-2 days, and only after being confirmed healthy and disease-free can they be mixed and fed with the original animals. When introducing superior breeds from abroad, in addition to strengthening port quarantine, isolation and quarantine should also be carried out before entering the farm. When diseased livestock or poultry are found, they should be strictly handled immediately. Epidemic prevention work is an important measure for disease prevention. Everyone should consciously implement and abide by the epidemic prevention system in order to keep epidemic diseases outside the farm, ensure the normal growth of livestock and poultry, and leave nothing to chance.
Control measures for infectious diseases
1. Do a good job in feeding management and enhance the disease resistance of individuals.
Strengthen feeding management and strictly observe principles. Do not feed moldy or spoiled feed, and do not let animals drink sewage or frozen water, so that the sheep are fat and strong and their individual disease resistance is improved.
2. Do a good job in environmental sanitation, and carry out disinfection work in pens and sheds.
Pen-raised sheep should maintain the hygiene of pens, sites, and utensils. Clean the pens frequently, and pile feces, urine, and other waste together for fermentation for about 30 days. At the same time, regularly use disinfectants (such as Baidusha, Yikelin Huichang disinfectant, and other highly effective and low-toxicity drugs) to disinfect pens and sites to prevent the spread of disease.
3. Do a good job in immunization and vaccination in a planned way.
Vaccinating sheep flocks is an important measure to prevent and control infectious diseases of sheep. At present, the vaccines for preventing the main infectious diseases of sheep include the following:
(1) Avirulent anthrax spore vaccine
Used to prevent sheep anthrax. For sheep, subcutaneous injection of 0.5 ml. Strong immunity is produced 14 days after injection, and the immune period is one year. (This vaccine cannot be used for goats.)
(2) Tetanus alum precipitated toxoid
Used to prevent tetanus. Subcutaneous injection of 0.5 ml in the neck of sheep. Immunity is produced after 1 month, and the immune period is 1 year. If injected once more the next year, the immune period can last 4 years.
(3) Attenuated lyophilized vaccine for sheep pox and goat pox
Used to prevent sheep pox and goat pox. Use according to the number of doses on the bottle label. Dilute each dose with 0.5 ml of physiological saline; inject 0.5 ml intradermally per sheep (the same amount regardless of size, weakness, or pregnancy). Swelling and induration appear 5-8 days after injection and gradually disappear in 5-10 days. Strong immunity can be produced 4-6 days after injection, and the immune period is 1 year.
(4) Triple vaccine, also called four-way vaccine, for braxy, sudden death disease, enterotoxemia (lamb dysentery)
Used to prevent braxy, sudden death disease, enterotoxemia, and lamb dysentery. Dry powder vaccine: dissolve with 20% aluminum gel saline, and inject 1 ml subcutaneously or intramuscularly regardless of sheep age. Immunity is produced in 14 days, and the immune period is 1 year. Wet vaccine (also called sheep quadruple vaccine): shake well before use, and inject 5 ml subcutaneously or intramuscularly per sheep. The immune period is 6 months.
(5) Inactivated type O foot-and-mouth disease vaccine
Used to prevent type O foot-and-mouth disease in sheep. Intramuscular injection: 2 ml per adult sheep, 1 ml per lamb. Immunity is produced 15 days after injection, and the immune period is 4 months. If adverse reactions occur after injection, use adrenaline for treatment.
Immunization and vaccination will produce strong immunity in physically strong adult sheep, but the effect is poor in young sheep, weak sheep, or sheep suffering from chronic diseases. For pregnant ewes, especially those near parturition, vaccination may sometimes cause abortion or premature birth due to driving, catching, and vaccine reactions, affecting fetal development, and the immune effect may be poor. It should be noted that in disease-threatened areas, the above results should not be taken into consideration. To ensure the health of the flock, emergency prevention and vaccination should be carried out.
4. Measures should be taken when infectious diseases occur.
After an infectious disease occurs in a sheep flock, isolation and blockade should be carried out immediately, and reports should be made level by level to the animal husbandry and veterinary department. After diagnosis by the municipal or county-level veterinary department, harmless treatment should be carried out in accordance with the national "Animal Epidemic Prevention Law."
Programmed prevention and control model for parasitic diseases of sheep
The programmed prevention and control model for parasitic diseases of cattle and sheep is a new comprehensive prevention and control technology. It changes the traditional prevention and control methods of the past, changing single parasite control to overall orderly control of major parasites, changing sporadic and intermittent treatment to organized and contiguous preventive measures, enabling comprehensive deworming and prevention of parasites in cattle and sheep flocks, and improving the comprehensive prevention and control effect.
I. Recommended drugs
On the market there are trade names such as Haihuomie, avermectin, Alijia, Afuding, Kechongxing, and others. Their characteristics are a broad antiparasitic spectrum and strong deworming and killing effects on the vast majority of nematodes, external parasites, and other arthropods (ineffective against eggs). In addition, they also have the characteristics of high efficiency, low toxicity, and safety. In clinical application, they have advantages that previous antiparasitic drugs cannot replace: first, oral administration has preventive and therapeutic effects on internal and external parasites; second, they do not produce cross-resistance with other deworming drugs.
II. Usage procedures
1 Deworm the whole flock twice each year. In late winter and early spring (February-March), adopt larval deworming technology to prevent the appearance of the "spring peak"; deworm in autumn (August-September) to prevent the appearance of the adult "autumn peak" and reduce the larval "winter peak." In areas with severe parasite problems, deworming may be increased once more in May-June to avoid the occurrence of external parasitic diseases in winter and spring.
2 Young livestock are generally dewormed for the first time in August-September of that year to protect the normal growth and development of lambs. In addition, because young livestock suffer nutritional stress before and after weaning, they are susceptible to parasite invasion. Therefore, protective deworming should be carried out at this time.
3 Female livestock should be dewormed before parturition to avoid the "postpartum rise" of fecal helminth eggs occurring 4-8 weeks after giving birth. In areas with severe parasite contamination, deworming must be carried out 3-4 weeks after parturition.
III. Dosage forms and doses
Avermectin has injection, powder, tablet, and other dosage forms. Injection: subcutaneous injection (never intramuscular or intravenous injection), 1 mg per 5 kg body weight; powder: administered orally or mixed into feed, 1.5 mg per 5 kg body weight; tablet: oral administration, 1.5 mg per 5 kg body weight.
IV. Precautions
1 When the herd is infected with trematodes or tapeworms, albendazole should also be selected.
2 In clinical application, the dosage for young and pregnant animals should be strictly controlled, and administered at 2/3 of the normal dose.
3 To be cautious, after cattle and sheep are medicated, they may be slaughtered for consumption only after 14 days, and within 21 days of medication, cow and sheep milk must not be used by people.
4 For external parasites of cattle and sheep, repeat the medication once after 7-10 days to consolidate the therapeutic effect.
5 It is generally believed that in cases of severe parasitic infection, injection gives more notable results. If other dosage forms are selected, operation is more convenient and labor-saving. Therefore, when using them, an appropriate dosage form should be selected according to local actual conditions.
6 As programmed prevention and control, the overall nature must be emphasized. Studies show that invasion by subclinical parasites in the same group also causes corresponding losses. Therefore, one cannot deworm only animals that grow poorly or have already shown clinical symptoms of parasitic disease.
7 Few deworming drugs can kill helminth eggs in the uterus or already discharged into the digestive tract and respiratory tract. Therefore, if excrement containing disintegrated worm bodies is scattered at will after deworming, it will seriously pollute the environment. To ensure the deworming effect, prevent repeated infection by parasite eggs in the environment, and give full play to the maximum economic benefits of deworming drugs, environmental sanitation must be paid attention to during deworming. Properly handle herd excrement. If possible, regularly monitor parasite eggs in feces.
The programmed prevention and control model for parasitic diseases of cattle and sheep adopts the latest antiparasitic drugs, which are safe and efficient and convenient to use. At the same time, programmed deworming is carried out according to the reproductive characteristics of the parasites themselves, so the effect is more obvious. It has high value for promotion.