How should the roads in a ponkan mandarin orchard be planned to be reasonable
Planning of roads in a ponkan mandarin orchard
Whether the planning and design of a ponkan mandarin orchard (base) is appropriate directly affects the high quality, high yield, stable yield, high efficiency and low consumption of ponkan mandarin. The road system consists of main roads, branch roads (tractor roads), and footpaths (walkways). With main roads and branch roads as the framework, and through their connection with footpaths, a complete transportation network is formed, making it convenient to transport fertilizer, pesticides and fruit, as well as for agricultural machinery to enter and exit.
Main roads are designed as two-lane roads. If the orchard is not near a highway and the orchard area exceeds 1000 mu, build a main road to connect with the highway.
Branch roads are designed as single-lane roads, and passing bays should be appropriately set in sections with good visibility. Density of branch roads within the orchard: in principle, the straight-line distance from any point in the orchard to the nearest branch road, main road or highway should not exceed 150 m, and in special sections it should be controlled at about 200 m. Branch roads should use closed routes as far as possible and be connected with villages as much as possible. The alignment of main roads and branch roads should avoid sections where bridges, large culverts and large retaining walls need to be built as far as possible.
The distance between footpaths (walkways), or between footpaths and branch roads, and between footpaths and main roads or highways, should be determined according to the terrain, and is generally controlled so that the straight-line distance from any point in the orchard to the nearest road is below 75 m, and in special sections it should be controlled at about 100 m. Footpaths between rows are set directly between two rows of trees, and where a footpath passes between plants, one tree should be omitted. Footpaths usually follow a horizontal alignment or a straight up-and-down alignment, and steps are built on sections with steeper slopes.
The distance between adjacent footpaths, or between adjacent footpaths and branch roads, should as far as possible be a multiple of the row spacing or plant spacing for planting ponkan mandarin.
Specific design requirements:
(1) Main roads
Run through or around the entire orchard, connect with external highways, and allow cars to pass. The roadbed width is 5 m, the road width is 4 m, the shoulder is 0.5 m, and it is built in a moderate position, with a passing area at the end of the lane. The longitudinal slope should not exceed 5 degrees, and the minimum turning radius should not be less than 10 m; the roadbed must be solid, usually with stones laid at the bottom after reaching hard subsoil, crushed stone paving on the road surface, and compaction, with drainage ditches along the roadside.
(2) Branch roads
The roadbed width is 4 m, the road surface width is 3 m, the shoulder is 0.5 m, the minimum turning radius is 5 m, and in special sections 3 m, the longitudinal slope should not exceed 12 degrees, and crushed stone paving is required, with a mud-stone road surface, compacted. Branch roads connect with main roads (or highways), with drainage ditches along the roadside.
Branch roads are single-lane, and in principle a passing bay should be added every 200 m of road section, with the passing bay located at a favorable place to satisfy the driver's line of sight to oncoming vehicles. The width is 6 m, and the effective length is greater than or equal to 10 m. The passing bay is also a loading area for fruit harvesting.
(3) Walkways
The road width is 1-1.5 m, with an earth road surface, and it may also be paved with stone or concrete slabs. Walkways with a slope of less than 10 degrees go straight up and down, those of 10 degrees-15 degrees go diagonally, and those above 15 degrees are set in a "Z" shape. Walkways should have drainage ditches.
(4) Terrace footpaths
Built beside the back ditch of each terrace, with a width of 0.3 m, they are management paths on the same terrace surface and are connected with walkways. For longer terraces, stone steps (stone stairs) or terrace-wall working paths may be built in appropriate sections between the upper and lower terraces to connect the upper and lower terraces and facilitate management from above and below.
(5) Water transport facilities
For ponkan mandarin bases established along rivers, lakes and reservoirs, water transport should be fully utilized. After determining the transport routes, the number and scale of wharves should also be planned.
Main roads are designed as two-lane roads. If the orchard is not near a highway and the orchard area exceeds 1000 mu, build a main road to connect with the highway.
Branch roads are designed as single-lane roads, and passing bays should be appropriately set in sections with good visibility. Density of branch roads within the orchard: in principle, the straight-line distance from any point in the orchard to the nearest branch road, main road or highway should not exceed 150 m, and in special sections it should be controlled at about 200 m. Branch roads should use closed routes as far as possible and be connected with villages as much as possible. The alignment of main roads and branch roads should avoid sections where bridges, large culverts and large retaining walls need to be built as far as possible.
The distance between footpaths (walkways), or between footpaths and branch roads, and between footpaths and main roads or highways, should be determined according to the terrain, and is generally controlled so that the straight-line distance from any point in the orchard to the nearest road is below 75 m, and in special sections it should be controlled at about 100 m. Footpaths between rows are set directly between two rows of trees, and where a footpath passes between plants, one tree should be omitted. Footpaths usually follow a horizontal alignment or a straight up-and-down alignment, and steps are built on sections with steeper slopes.
The distance between adjacent footpaths, or between adjacent footpaths and branch roads, should as far as possible be a multiple of the row spacing or plant spacing for planting ponkan mandarin.
Specific design requirements:
(1) Main roads
Run through or around the entire orchard, connect with external highways, and allow cars to pass. The roadbed width is 5 m, the road width is 4 m, the shoulder is 0.5 m, and it is built in a moderate position, with a passing area at the end of the lane. The longitudinal slope should not exceed 5 degrees, and the minimum turning radius should not be less than 10 m; the roadbed must be solid, usually with stones laid at the bottom after reaching hard subsoil, crushed stone paving on the road surface, and compaction, with drainage ditches along the roadside.
(2) Branch roads
The roadbed width is 4 m, the road surface width is 3 m, the shoulder is 0.5 m, the minimum turning radius is 5 m, and in special sections 3 m, the longitudinal slope should not exceed 12 degrees, and crushed stone paving is required, with a mud-stone road surface, compacted. Branch roads connect with main roads (or highways), with drainage ditches along the roadside.
Branch roads are single-lane, and in principle a passing bay should be added every 200 m of road section, with the passing bay located at a favorable place to satisfy the driver's line of sight to oncoming vehicles. The width is 6 m, and the effective length is greater than or equal to 10 m. The passing bay is also a loading area for fruit harvesting.
(3) Walkways
The road width is 1-1.5 m, with an earth road surface, and it may also be paved with stone or concrete slabs. Walkways with a slope of less than 10 degrees go straight up and down, those of 10 degrees-15 degrees go diagonally, and those above 15 degrees are set in a "Z" shape. Walkways should have drainage ditches.
(4) Terrace footpaths
Built beside the back ditch of each terrace, with a width of 0.3 m, they are management paths on the same terrace surface and are connected with walkways. For longer terraces, stone steps (stone stairs) or terrace-wall working paths may be built in appropriate sections between the upper and lower terraces to connect the upper and lower terraces and facilitate management from above and below.
(5) Water transport facilities
For ponkan mandarin bases established along rivers, lakes and reservoirs, water transport should be fully utilized. After determining the transport routes, the number and scale of wharves should also be planned.