What is secondary Pasteurella infection?
A brief discussion of secondary Pasteurella infection
In recent years, rabbits at many rabbit farms (households) have developed acute diarrhea, with the area around the anus and the hind limbs contaminated by black loose feces. Because affected rabbits become ill acutely and the course of disease is short, there is often no time for treatment before death. The symptoms resemble Clostridium welchii disease; some young rabbits die with abdominal bloating, refusal to eat, and rapid breathing. After necropsy, it was found that nearly all dead rabbits had severe pulmonary congestion and blood stasis, accompanied by edema symptoms; gastric mucosa sloughing and ulcers, with cases of gastric rupture commonly seen; small intestine congestion, and black loose feces in the cecum, often accompanied by gas. The dead rabbits included breeding rabbits, young rabbits, and even suckling kits. In particular, kits showed difficulty breathing, with mucous purulent secretions and scabs around the nasal cavity. The secretions or scabs blocked the nostrils, making breathing even more difficult. Affected rabbits greatly reduced or completely stopped nursing, became emaciated and weak, and died dry and darkened.
In the face of the clinical symptoms of diarrhea and abdominal bloating in rabbits, many people diagnose it as Escherichia coli disease or Clostridium welchii disease caused by moldy feed. The first-choice treatment is antibiotics, generally injection of drugs such as moroxydine and norfloxacin, or oral administration of gentamicin and olaquindox, but the treatment results are unsatisfactory. In some cases the diarrhea was stopped, but the rabbits then died from gas bloating, refusal to eat, and depression; in some cases injections were ineffective, and there was abdominal effusion (generally no urine in the bladder). Countless cases tell us that in production practice, when we adopted methods for dealing with Pasteurella, we repeatedly achieved results.
Pasteurella disease is a conditional pathogenic bacterium. Once rabbits are stimulated by various stress factors, the body's resistance can decline and disease can occur. For example, with a common cold in rabbits, if the breeder neglects it and delays the best time for treatment, the longer the disease lasts, the more complications there are, and the difficulty of treatment increases accordingly. The common form is generally the rhinitis type, which develops chronically. In the early stage of disease, the rabbit's general condition is still fairly good, with only clear nasal discharge continuously flowing from the nostrils. If treatment is not given promptly at this time, the clear nasal discharge gradually becomes purulent nasal discharge, and the purulent nasal discharge becomes thick yellow nasal discharge. The secretions severely block the nostrils, and the affected rabbit is sometimes seen coughing and sneezing, then turning into the pneumonia type. The affected rabbit begins to lose appetite and becomes depressed, and it is only then that most breeders think of treatment. However, because the methods, means, and drugs adopted are improper, the condition often does not improve, and then they blindly increase the drug dosage, causing drug poisoning; the liver of dead affected rabbits is dark purple. Some people also paid attention to treatment in the early stage of the disease, but the treatment was not thorough. After applying the medicine twice and seeing that the affected rabbit no longer had nasal discharge, they assumed it was cured and therefore gave up the opportunity to continue treatment and achieve complete cure, which instead caused the disease to flare up repeatedly, with constant "coughing" sounds in the herd. In addition, because rabbits were given excessive drugs, it was very easy to cause chronic poisoning of the body. The result is not only a low absorption rate of drugs, but also a vicious cycle that makes the body's resistance worse and worse, ultimately leading to the phenomenon that the more treatment is given, the more serious the condition becomes and the greater the losses.
Most rabbit raisers know that the four most common diseases in rabbit farming are rabbit viral hemorrhagic disease, coccidiosis (diarrhea), skin diseases, and Pasteurella disease. At present, except for Pasteurella disease, the other three diseases all have relatively good prevention and control measures. As long as breeders can follow the feeding process and correctly inject vaccines at the scheduled times and dosages and give corresponding drug prevention, they can basically be well controlled. However, as the scale of rabbit farming continues to expand, management models and facilities are relatively backward, and the incidence rate caused by lagging management is on the rise, with respiratory diseases especially prominent. There are currently no effective prevention and control measures for respiratory diseases in rabbits, so the losses are severe.
We believe that the reason respiratory diseases are widespread in the rabbit industry is mostly stress factors such as colds, rhinitis, improper feeding, or sanitation conditions and mismatched hardware facilities, which very easily cause a decline in the rabbit's physical condition and resistance. As a result, Pasteurella existing in the upper respiratory tract mucosa and tonsils multiplies in large numbers, invades the lower respiratory tract, and causes lung lesions. Because Pasteurella has strong pathogenicity, it very easily causes secondary infections of the digestive tract and reproductive tract, resulting in varying degrees of clinical symptoms and pathological changes in the digestive tract and reproductive tract, forming multi-organ infection and driving large numbers of rabbits to become ill and die.
In addition, the amount of corn added to the feed by some farmers is higher than 20%, and some even around 30%. Corn contains 25% crude fiber and 72% starch, and is digested very slowly in the small intestine. After rabbits suffer from respiratory diseases, gastrointestinal digestive function slows and peristalsis becomes very slow. Combined with this high content and slow digestion, this can lead to an increase in the amount of starch entering the hindgut, promote the reproduction of starch-digesting bacteria, produce large amounts of acidic substances, cause changes in the microbial zone and an increase in pathogens, and the large amount of volatile fatty acids produced by fermentation increases the osmotic pressure of the hindgut, drawing water out of the blood and producing diarrhea. Under normal conditions, there should not be a relatively high amount of starch in the hindgut, because most of it has already been absorbed in the small intestine. After these undigested starches enter the hindgut, they provide abundant fermentation substrate for microorganisms, producing gas-capsule bacteria or pathogenic Escherichia coli, and the toxins they produce cause diarrhea or abdominal bloating, leading to rabbit death.
In summary of the above causes, when rabbits show symptoms of bloating and diarrhea, the condition must first be judged accurately so as not to delay treatment time and so that the right medicine can be given for the condition.
Our approach is:
1. Adopt frequent vaccination for female rabbits. Due to increased farming density, the farming environment is becoming more and more polluted, and many bacterial and viral diseases are becoming increasingly difficult to control. Pasteurella disease is a typical example. Although breeding rabbits are given a Pasteurella and Bordetella vaccine once every four months for prevention, its protection rate is low. Because female rabbits need to breed and produce, their physical condition continuously declines, the body's immune function is relatively poor, and the ability to resist bacteria also decreases. Therefore, based on experts' recommendations, after each confirmed pregnancy in female rabbits, we inject 2 ml of Pasteurella and Bordetella combined vaccine. The purpose is to increase maternal antibodies and ensure that kits do not die from respiratory tract lesions during the suckling period.
2. Put "prevention first" and strengthen feeding management. For the prevention of respiratory diseases, in addition to regularly administering the Pasteurella and Bordetella combined vaccine at all growth stages, rabbits are mainly given traditional Chinese medicine for prevention. A traditional Chinese medicine preparation, Qingwen Baidu San, is regularly added to the feed to achieve the purposes of clearing heat and detoxifying, resolving phlegm and relieving cough, relieving asthma, and inhibiting virus replication.
3. Persist in disinfection with rabbits present. When rabbits are present in the rabbit house, all items in the rabbit house (including the rabbits' bodies) and the space are spray-disinfected with a certain concentration of disinfectant. Disinfection with rabbits present can effectively kill various bacteria and viruses floating in the air of the rabbit house, reduce floating dust in the rabbit house, and also kill harmful microorganisms in bedding, reduce the carbon dioxide, ammonia, and other harmful gases produced by their fermentation, and purify the air in the rabbit house, thereby effectively preventing the occurrence of respiratory diseases caused by Escherichia coli and Mycoplasma. In the high-temperature summer season, disinfection with rabbits present can lower the house temperature by 3 - 4 degrees, play a role in preventing heatstroke and cooling the rabbit herd, and effectively reduce heat stress.
4. Do a good job with the three tracts and two environments. The so-called "three tracts" refer to the rabbit's respiratory tract, digestive tract, and reproductive tract; the "two environments" refer to the rabbit body's internal environment and external environment. To ensure the normal function of the rabbit's "three tracts," we must start with solving the large environment in which rabbits live, such as rabbit houses, cages, ventilation, lighting, and so on, because the rabbit's internal biological transformation requires coordination with the environment; it directly affects the rabbit's physical functional state, thereby affecting growth and development and the breeding of offspring. The rabbit body's internal environment includes the circulatory system, nervous system, motor system, digestive system, respiratory system, urogenital system; body temperature, blood pressure, body fluid indicators, and so on. Only by starting from the two environments can we comprehensively control and grasp the entire production process, establish and improve various management systems and feedback mechanisms, take in the overall production picture, and reasonably arrange production plans. Otherwise, the influence of the "two environments" will cause disorders of the "three tracts," leading to economic losses and affecting the normal progress of production. At the same time, once a problem occurs in rabbits, the clues of the "three tracts" or "two environments" can be used to sort things out, making it easy to find the key point where the problem occurred, thereby improving the breeder's management level. 5. Establish Pasteurella-free breeding rabbit herds. Through selection and identification, breeding rabbits free of Pasteurella are retained to establish a core herd and a foundation herd. Persist in self-breeding and self-raising. Strengthen feeding management in ordinary times, and strictly prohibit livestock and poultry from entering the rabbit farm to eliminate or reduce sources of infection. Rabbit herds must be frequently clinically examined, and rabbits with purulent conjunctivitis, otitis media, nasal discharge, sneezing, and damp nasal hair should be promptly detected, isolated, raised, and treated, while chronic cases should be culled at any time.
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Bookmarked, thanks!!!!!!!!
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Persisting in disinfection with rabbits present, this method is not bad
Dongfanglong added the following content on 2009-11-17 16:46
Persisting in disinfection with rabbits present, this method is not bad
In the face of the clinical symptoms of diarrhea and abdominal bloating in rabbits, many people diagnose it as Escherichia coli disease or Clostridium welchii disease caused by moldy feed. The first-choice treatment is antibiotics, generally injection of drugs such as moroxydine and norfloxacin, or oral administration of gentamicin and olaquindox, but the treatment results are unsatisfactory. In some cases the diarrhea was stopped, but the rabbits then died from gas bloating, refusal to eat, and depression; in some cases injections were ineffective, and there was abdominal effusion (generally no urine in the bladder). Countless cases tell us that in production practice, when we adopted methods for dealing with Pasteurella, we repeatedly achieved results.
Pasteurella disease is a conditional pathogenic bacterium. Once rabbits are stimulated by various stress factors, the body's resistance can decline and disease can occur. For example, with a common cold in rabbits, if the breeder neglects it and delays the best time for treatment, the longer the disease lasts, the more complications there are, and the difficulty of treatment increases accordingly. The common form is generally the rhinitis type, which develops chronically. In the early stage of disease, the rabbit's general condition is still fairly good, with only clear nasal discharge continuously flowing from the nostrils. If treatment is not given promptly at this time, the clear nasal discharge gradually becomes purulent nasal discharge, and the purulent nasal discharge becomes thick yellow nasal discharge. The secretions severely block the nostrils, and the affected rabbit is sometimes seen coughing and sneezing, then turning into the pneumonia type. The affected rabbit begins to lose appetite and becomes depressed, and it is only then that most breeders think of treatment. However, because the methods, means, and drugs adopted are improper, the condition often does not improve, and then they blindly increase the drug dosage, causing drug poisoning; the liver of dead affected rabbits is dark purple. Some people also paid attention to treatment in the early stage of the disease, but the treatment was not thorough. After applying the medicine twice and seeing that the affected rabbit no longer had nasal discharge, they assumed it was cured and therefore gave up the opportunity to continue treatment and achieve complete cure, which instead caused the disease to flare up repeatedly, with constant "coughing" sounds in the herd. In addition, because rabbits were given excessive drugs, it was very easy to cause chronic poisoning of the body. The result is not only a low absorption rate of drugs, but also a vicious cycle that makes the body's resistance worse and worse, ultimately leading to the phenomenon that the more treatment is given, the more serious the condition becomes and the greater the losses.
Most rabbit raisers know that the four most common diseases in rabbit farming are rabbit viral hemorrhagic disease, coccidiosis (diarrhea), skin diseases, and Pasteurella disease. At present, except for Pasteurella disease, the other three diseases all have relatively good prevention and control measures. As long as breeders can follow the feeding process and correctly inject vaccines at the scheduled times and dosages and give corresponding drug prevention, they can basically be well controlled. However, as the scale of rabbit farming continues to expand, management models and facilities are relatively backward, and the incidence rate caused by lagging management is on the rise, with respiratory diseases especially prominent. There are currently no effective prevention and control measures for respiratory diseases in rabbits, so the losses are severe.
We believe that the reason respiratory diseases are widespread in the rabbit industry is mostly stress factors such as colds, rhinitis, improper feeding, or sanitation conditions and mismatched hardware facilities, which very easily cause a decline in the rabbit's physical condition and resistance. As a result, Pasteurella existing in the upper respiratory tract mucosa and tonsils multiplies in large numbers, invades the lower respiratory tract, and causes lung lesions. Because Pasteurella has strong pathogenicity, it very easily causes secondary infections of the digestive tract and reproductive tract, resulting in varying degrees of clinical symptoms and pathological changes in the digestive tract and reproductive tract, forming multi-organ infection and driving large numbers of rabbits to become ill and die.
In addition, the amount of corn added to the feed by some farmers is higher than 20%, and some even around 30%. Corn contains 25% crude fiber and 72% starch, and is digested very slowly in the small intestine. After rabbits suffer from respiratory diseases, gastrointestinal digestive function slows and peristalsis becomes very slow. Combined with this high content and slow digestion, this can lead to an increase in the amount of starch entering the hindgut, promote the reproduction of starch-digesting bacteria, produce large amounts of acidic substances, cause changes in the microbial zone and an increase in pathogens, and the large amount of volatile fatty acids produced by fermentation increases the osmotic pressure of the hindgut, drawing water out of the blood and producing diarrhea. Under normal conditions, there should not be a relatively high amount of starch in the hindgut, because most of it has already been absorbed in the small intestine. After these undigested starches enter the hindgut, they provide abundant fermentation substrate for microorganisms, producing gas-capsule bacteria or pathogenic Escherichia coli, and the toxins they produce cause diarrhea or abdominal bloating, leading to rabbit death.
In summary of the above causes, when rabbits show symptoms of bloating and diarrhea, the condition must first be judged accurately so as not to delay treatment time and so that the right medicine can be given for the condition.
Our approach is:
1. Adopt frequent vaccination for female rabbits. Due to increased farming density, the farming environment is becoming more and more polluted, and many bacterial and viral diseases are becoming increasingly difficult to control. Pasteurella disease is a typical example. Although breeding rabbits are given a Pasteurella and Bordetella vaccine once every four months for prevention, its protection rate is low. Because female rabbits need to breed and produce, their physical condition continuously declines, the body's immune function is relatively poor, and the ability to resist bacteria also decreases. Therefore, based on experts' recommendations, after each confirmed pregnancy in female rabbits, we inject 2 ml of Pasteurella and Bordetella combined vaccine. The purpose is to increase maternal antibodies and ensure that kits do not die from respiratory tract lesions during the suckling period.
2. Put "prevention first" and strengthen feeding management. For the prevention of respiratory diseases, in addition to regularly administering the Pasteurella and Bordetella combined vaccine at all growth stages, rabbits are mainly given traditional Chinese medicine for prevention. A traditional Chinese medicine preparation, Qingwen Baidu San, is regularly added to the feed to achieve the purposes of clearing heat and detoxifying, resolving phlegm and relieving cough, relieving asthma, and inhibiting virus replication.
3. Persist in disinfection with rabbits present. When rabbits are present in the rabbit house, all items in the rabbit house (including the rabbits' bodies) and the space are spray-disinfected with a certain concentration of disinfectant. Disinfection with rabbits present can effectively kill various bacteria and viruses floating in the air of the rabbit house, reduce floating dust in the rabbit house, and also kill harmful microorganisms in bedding, reduce the carbon dioxide, ammonia, and other harmful gases produced by their fermentation, and purify the air in the rabbit house, thereby effectively preventing the occurrence of respiratory diseases caused by Escherichia coli and Mycoplasma. In the high-temperature summer season, disinfection with rabbits present can lower the house temperature by 3 - 4 degrees, play a role in preventing heatstroke and cooling the rabbit herd, and effectively reduce heat stress.
4. Do a good job with the three tracts and two environments. The so-called "three tracts" refer to the rabbit's respiratory tract, digestive tract, and reproductive tract; the "two environments" refer to the rabbit body's internal environment and external environment. To ensure the normal function of the rabbit's "three tracts," we must start with solving the large environment in which rabbits live, such as rabbit houses, cages, ventilation, lighting, and so on, because the rabbit's internal biological transformation requires coordination with the environment; it directly affects the rabbit's physical functional state, thereby affecting growth and development and the breeding of offspring. The rabbit body's internal environment includes the circulatory system, nervous system, motor system, digestive system, respiratory system, urogenital system; body temperature, blood pressure, body fluid indicators, and so on. Only by starting from the two environments can we comprehensively control and grasp the entire production process, establish and improve various management systems and feedback mechanisms, take in the overall production picture, and reasonably arrange production plans. Otherwise, the influence of the "two environments" will cause disorders of the "three tracts," leading to economic losses and affecting the normal progress of production. At the same time, once a problem occurs in rabbits, the clues of the "three tracts" or "two environments" can be used to sort things out, making it easy to find the key point where the problem occurred, thereby improving the breeder's management level. 5. Establish Pasteurella-free breeding rabbit herds. Through selection and identification, breeding rabbits free of Pasteurella are retained to establish a core herd and a foundation herd. Persist in self-breeding and self-raising. Strengthen feeding management in ordinary times, and strictly prohibit livestock and poultry from entering the rabbit farm to eliminate or reduce sources of infection. Rabbit herds must be frequently clinically examined, and rabbits with purulent conjunctivitis, otitis media, nasal discharge, sneezing, and damp nasal hair should be promptly detected, isolated, raised, and treated, while chronic cases should be culled at any time.
--------------------------------------
Bookmarked, thanks!!!!!!!!
--------------------------------------
Persisting in disinfection with rabbits present, this method is not bad
Dongfanglong added the following content on 2009-11-17 16:46
Persisting in disinfection with rabbits present, this method is not bad