Eighteen common problems in farmers' pig raising and their countermeasures
Eighteen commonly existing problems in farmers' pig raising and their countermeasures
1. Vague concept of breeds, unable to make good use of crossbreeding
In rural areas, when asked "what breed of pig do you raise?", the answer is: "Landrace." In fact, on looking, it is a cross between Landrace or Large White and a local pig, not a pure "Landrace." Calling all crossbred white pigs Landrace is wrong; they should be called a cross of so-and-so with so-and-so.
In rural pig raising, the bloodline is mostly unclear. Therefore, whether it is a three-way cross of one pig breed and another pig breed with a local pig, or a grading-up cross of one pig breed with a local pig, is unclear. The bloodline should be clarified, and the heterosis among three or four breeds should be fully used to produce commercial pigs. The effect of three-way or four-way crossing is better than that of grading-up crossing.
Because the bloodline is unclear, and limited by locally available boars, inbreeding is very likely to occur, causing decreased production performance or genetic defects.
2. Some piglets are weaned too late
Weaning too late means 2 litters per year or fewer than 2 litters. During lactation, the sow has a large feed intake and eats a lot; feed is converted into milk, which is not economical. It may also dry up the sow's milk. If weaning is carried out at 21-35 days of age, more than 2.2 litters per year can be produced, the lactation period with high feed intake is shortened, feed can be saved, piglets have fewer diseases, and the sow, weaned earlier, comes into estrus earlier. Practice has proved that under rural conditions, as long as attention is paid to keeping piglets warm, feeding full-price piglet feed during the suckling period, feeding full-price piglet feed after weaning, strengthening the feeding and management of the sow during lactation, and doing good hygiene and disinfection, early weaning within 35 days of age is feasible.
3. Suckling piglets are introduced to feed (creep feeding) too late
In rural areas, piglets are mostly only enticed to eat and given supplementary feed at more than 20 days of age, which affects piglet growth, causes many diseases and much post-weaning diarrhea and edema, and may also dry up the sow's milk.
Piglets need drinking water at 3-5 days of age and need to be enticed to eat at 5-7 days of age. When the sow's milk production begins to decline around 20 days of age, the piglets can already eat very well.
When piglets change from drinking milk to eating feed, the gastric juice lacks hydrochloric acid, so it cannot digest protein well, nor can it kill microorganisms entering with the feed. Therefore, the purpose of early enticement to eat is to train the digestive tract early, so that digestive function can mature as early as possible, feed intake can increase as early as possible, and growth and development can be promoted, reducing diseases during the suckling period and diarrhea and edema after weaning. At 7 days of age, piglets become more active and have the instinct to root and dig and the habit of biting at openings; at 7-10 days of age they begin to teethe, their gums itch, and they like to bite and gnaw at dirty things. Therefore, enticing them to eat at 7 days of age not only conforms to the physiological characteristics of piglets but can also prevent white scour.
Generally, weaning is at 35 days of age. Each pig's body weight must be no less than 6 kg, and feed intake must be at least more than 600 g.
Methods for enticing piglets to eat:
(1) Let the piglets become familiar with people and not fear them. Deliberately drive the piglets into the creep-feeding pen, scatter some feed, and let them make tentative contact. The creep-feeding pen must not be damp, cold, or dirty.
(2) Find out the piglets' activity times (when it is warm) and increase their time in the creep-feeding pen so they learn to eat.
(3) Use the piglets' inherited characteristics of rooting and digging and searching for food: spread straw in the creep-feeding pen and scatter a little feed to let them search for it; or use their habit of rooting in soil, spread some deep dry red clay, scatter a little feed, and let them root and dig, which both trains them to eat feed and prevents anemia.
(4) Use certain piglet preferences, such as liking sweet food, liking pellets, and liking to lick paste-like feed, as enticement feed.
(5) Use the piglets' competitive feeding behavior: larger pigs lead smaller pigs, and smaller pigs learn to eat from the larger piglets. Each time piglets are fed a small amount of feed, they always scramble for it. Use this characteristic to increase feeding opportunities and frequency.
(6) Forced enticement to eat and supplementary feeding: especially for piglets whose sow has more milk, no piglet feed, however good, is as good as milk. If they can fill themselves with milk, the piglets will not eat feed. For these piglets, forced enticement to eat and supplementary feeding should be used: smear scalded paste-like feed into the piglets' mouths 4-5 times a day, and after 4-5 days they will learn to eat.
Through careful training to eat, by about 20 days of age the piglets can eat very well. At this time, if there is no sow, or the sow has no milk or little milk, feeding only full-price suckling piglet feed will also ensure that the piglets grow and develop well.
4. Immunization injections during pregnancy
In the past, because immunization was mostly carried out in spring and autumn, it often coincided with the sow's pregnancy. If injected during pregnancy, vaccine reactions or stress from chasing and injection could cause stillbirth, abortion, or congenital tremor in piglets. Therefore, immunization of sows should generally be carried out during the empty period. If certain vaccines must be injected during pregnancy, care should be taken to ensure safety during the injection procedure.
5. Monotonous immunization injections
In rural areas, usually a bivalent vaccine for swine fever and swine erysipelas, or a trivalent vaccine with swine pasteurellosis added, is injected. However, many infectious diseases occur sporadically or epidemically in society. Therefore, according to the immunization program, no fewer than a dozen vaccines should now be injected. Moreover, monovalent vaccines should be used as much as possible, because combined vaccines are not as good as monovalent vaccines; the more components combined, the worse the immune effect. Attention should also be paid to the transport, storage, and correct injection operation of vaccines to prevent immunization failure.
Pig immunization program (omitted)
The protection rate of any vaccine will not reach 100%, but even the lowest protection rate is 70-80%. Injection of vaccine is always better than no injection.
6. Castration, immunization, and weaning carried out at the same time
Castration, immunization, and weaning are all stress. In rural areas, pig castration is, first, too late, when body weight is too large, and second, done for convenience, with two or three of these carried out at the same time, causing double or triple stress and aggravating the degree of stress. When piglets are castrated at an older age and larger body weight, restraint is more difficult, the surgical opening is larger, there is more bleeding, castration stress is heavier, the surgical opening is difficult to heal, and growth and development are affected. Castration can lower the level of immune antibodies. Vaccine reactions will make the surgical opening heal more slowly and may even cause inflammation. Castration should be carried out on the day of birth, or at 25-27 days of age (weaning at 35 days of age). Immunization injections should preferably be given 7-10 days before or after castration, and should avoid the weaning time by 7-8 days, so as to avoid the double or triple stress of weaning, castration, and immunization.
7. Additives, premixes, concentrated feed, and full-price feed are not fed according to requirements
Many users, in order to save money, do not consider nutritional needs and do not mix feed according to the manufacturer's requirements, but treat these feeds as "sesame oil," "sesame salt," or "MSG," using insufficient amounts, so these feeds cannot play their proper role. No matter what kind of feed a manufacturer produces, only on the basis of meeting the nutritional requirements for energy and protein levels can it play its greatest role and achieve the best production level. Some also add water and cornmeal to pelleted full-price feed to make a paste to feed pigs, which is also wrong. This is because pelleted full-price feed is nutritionally complete, has good palatability, can prevent pigs from being picky, is easy to store and transport, and is convenient to feed, while adding water may destroy certain nutrients, and adding cornmeal lowers the nutritional level and reduces palatability. Some also use certain additives excessively or repeatedly, aiming to better prevent disease and promote growth, but in fact this is wasteful and may even cause poisoning due to excessive addition of certain ingredients.
8. Improper feeding, making pigs too fat or too thin
Boars that are too fat will have reduced breeding ability; sows that are too fat will have reduced conception rate and number of live piglets born, and will also have reduced lactation ability; fattening pigs that are too fat will waste feed, reduce carcass lean percentage, and also fail to fetch a good price. Being too thin is of course also no good. Fattening pigs should be raised by stages, and at each stage should be fed compound feed of the corresponding standard. In the late fattening period, appropriate feed restriction can improve feed conversion efficiency and lean percentage. Sows should be fed to standard during both pregnancy and lactation. After weaning they should be at 6-7 tenths of fat condition, and in late pregnancy at 9 tenths of fat condition. In rural areas, sows are mostly raised too extensively, with roughage reaching as much as 60-80%, insufficient protein, and no feeding of salt, calcium, phosphorus, trace elements, or vitamins, which leads to the occurrence of some difficult and complicated diseases in sows. Boars should have appropriate exercise to keep them in robust breeding condition. In rural areas, boars are used too intensively, sometimes mating several times a day, which first is harmful to the boar's health and semen quality, and second makes the sow's conception rate low or reduces the number of piglets born.
9. Suddenly changing feed
Farmers' pig feed is not stable enough. Some still follow "feed whatever is available," and change feed frequently and suddenly. Because stress occurs, refusal to eat, reduced eating, anorexia, or overeating often occur, and some cases also cause diarrhea, affecting growth and development. For lactating sows, when the feed changes, milk quality changes, and piglets immediately get diarrhea. When changing feed, the original feed should be gradually reduced over 5-7 days, and the new feed gradually increased, changing slowly, which can avoid the stress caused by suddenly changing feed.
10. Mixed-group feeding without regard to sex, size, or strength
Pigs of different sexes, whether castrated or not, have different growth and development intensity and require different feed nutrition. This is especially true when raising local pigs or second-generation crossbred pigs crossed with them, because these pigs mature sexually earlier; if raised in mixed groups and castrated too late, early mating and stealth mating will also occur. They should be grouped by sex, size, and strength, and fed different feeds by category, to avoid the big bullying the small, the strong bullying the weak, scrambling for food, fighting, and biting in the same group, which affect feed intake and growth and development. This avoids the appearance of runt pigs and improves weight uniformity within the same group.
11. Slaughter weight of fattening pigs is too large
The task of raising fattening pigs is: strive to obtain the most and highest-quality pork in the shortest time with the least input of feed and labor. However, in rural areas the phenomenon of one-sidedly pursuing raising big fat pigs still exists. Many raise pigs to more than 125 kg before selling, which is unscientific and also uneconomical. This is because the younger the pig, the more lean meat, the greater the water content, the less feed needed to maintain life, and the higher the feed utilization rate for weight gain; with increasing age and body weight, fat increases, lean meat decreases, water content decreases, maintenance requirements increase, feed utilization rate decreases, and after weight gain reaches a certain level and is maintained for a period, it begins to decline. According to this characteristic, in the fattening stage after the pig reaches 25 kg body weight, it is generally divided into the early period (25-60 kg) and the late fattening period (60-90 kg), with different feeding standards given. When is the best time to slaughter? An appropriate slaughter period should be selected, that is, just after the period of highest feed utilization rate and fastest daily gain, when carcass quality is best. Experiments have proved that meat pigs generally reach 90-100 kg body weight at about 180 days after birth, at most not exceeding 110 kg; for local pigs and crossbred pigs, slaughter at 210 days after birth, with body weight at most not exceeding 90 kg, is most economical.
12. Not paying attention to environmental hygiene and disinfection
Environmental hygiene and disinfection are important measures for raising pigs well. But many farmers do not pay attention to these, only anxious about what disease the pig has contracted and what medicine to use to treat it; they do not investigate how the pig disease was contracted. You should know that, except for some nutritional and metabolic diseases, almost all diseases have bacteria and viruses as internal causes and environmental conditions as external causes. Therefore, pig houses should be cleaned frequently, disinfected regularly, and kept dry and hygienic. An "all-in, all-out" production process should be adopted. Before farrowing and after weaning of sows, and after fattening pigs are sold, their pens should be thoroughly cleaned, washed, and disinfected, so as to avoid the continuous recurrence of certain diseases.
13. Castrating lean-type sows
For local pigs and two-way crossbred pigs containing local pig blood, because they mature sexually earlier, both fattening males and females need to be castrated. For foreign lean-type pigs and three-way or more crossbred pigs containing local pig blood, because their lean percentage is relatively high, they grow fast, and they mature sexually later, only the males need to be castrated (otherwise, when older they have a boar taint). There is no need to castrate the females. Some say that if a sow is not castrated, estrus will affect growth. This is reasonable, but castration stress will also affect growth; without castration, growth is affected only through 1-2 estrus periods, and not seriously. In addition, the carcass lean percentage of uncastrated sows is 2-2.5 percentage points higher than that of castrated sows, the lean percentage is relatively high, and the meat quality is relatively good. Therefore, sows need not be castrated.
14. Arbitrary use of roughage to feed pigs
In rural areas, to reduce feed costs, using some agricultural and sideline products and green, juicy feed to feed pigs is acceptable and entirely proper. But unscientifically and arbitrarily using roughage is wrong. Some use peanut shells at up to 70% in pregnant sow feed, and peanut shell powder, corncobs, or rice husks at as much as 30-40% in fattening pig feed, seriously affecting sow nutrition, fetal development, and fattening pig growth, and possibly causing certain nutritional and metabolic diseases.
Among roughages, well-made and sun-dried green hay, alfalfa, sweet potato vines, peanut vines, and dry tree leaves, if they can maintain a green color and fragrant smell, contain more digestible energy and digestible protein, calcium, vitamin A, vitamin D, and other nutrients, and are undoubtedly good pig feed. The rice bran mentioned in Liuhe feed product introductions refers to the fine bran obtained after rice in the south is husked and then further processed into rice. In our Shandong, rice bran is relatively scarce, but the above high-quality roughages can completely replace it.
Some agricultural and sideline products, such as peanut shells, corncobs, coarse rice bran, rice straw, soybean stalks, wheat straw, millet straw, grain husks, cornstalks, and other crop stalks, as well as rice husks and barley husks in white distillers' grains and brewer's grains, because they contain more crude fiber, especially more lignin, are roughages not suitable for feeding pigs. The crude fiber in feed includes cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. Ruminant livestock such as cattle and sheep can digest fiber and hemicellulose at 60-80%, while pigs and chickens have extremely low digestibility of them; both ruminants and monogastric animals have extremely low digestibility of lignin. It can be seen that lignin is the main factor limiting the digestibility of cellulose.
The digestibility of crude fiber by pigs: green feed > dry roughage > stalks of mature agricultural and sideline products. This is because the crude fiber content is low during the plant growth period, and as the plant continues to mature, difficult-to-digest lignin gradually increases, thus seriously reducing the digestibility of organic matter and crude fiber.
Crop seed hulls and stalks contain digestible energy of only 0.1-0.5 Mcal per kg, crude protein of 2.5-7% varying, but crude fiber as high as more than 30-40%, and their nutritional value is extremely low. This is because when pig feed contains high crude fiber, it is not only not digested, but also reduces the digestibility of protein and fat in dry matter and affects pig growth. For every one percentage point increase in crude fiber content in pig feed, the digestibility of organic matter decreases by 3.5 percentage points; when the crude fiber content in pig feed is 5-10%, the digestibility of organic matter in the feed can reach more than 90%; when the crude fiber content reaches 15% or more, the digestibility of the feed is only 70% or less. This is because the increase in crude fiber reduces the concentration of digestible energy, and because the feed volume is too large, palatability decreases, and feed intake declines, especially under high temperature conditions, low-energy high-fiber feed seriously inhibits pig growth. It can be seen that the digestibility of feed depends on the crude fiber content; generally, the higher the crude fiber content, the higher the lignin content. In digestive physiology, crude fiber in feed mainly plays the role of filling the gastrointestinal tract and promoting intestinal peristalsis and fecal excretion. Ruminants and equine animals have well-developed rumens and ceca, and crude fiber is decomposed by microbial fermentation into volatile fatty acids, which can serve as one of the main energy sources; but monogastric animals such as pigs and chickens cannot effectively use crude fiber. If the crude fiber content in pig and chicken feed is too high, then the energy consumed in swallowing, chewing, digesting, and excreting this crude fiber will exceed the energy obtained from this crude fiber, causing the loss to exceed the gain, with more loss than gain, and the feeding effect is counterproductive, and pigs easily lose body condition or stop growing. Some farmers say that certain roughages "scrape oil" or "pull the intestines," which is exactly this principle.
In developed pig-raising countries, the crude fiber content in pig feed is strictly controlled. In the US NRC standards, the requirement for crude fiber is not listed at all, and crude fiber is regarded only as a gastrointestinal filler. In our country, the general requirements for crude fiber content in pig feed are: about 10% for breeding boars and sows, 6-8% for growing-fattening pigs, and no more than 4% for young pigs.
15. Not paying attention to deworming internal and external parasites
In some pig farms, external parasites such as lice and mange are relatively serious. Lice and mange make pigs itchy and restless, affecting appetite, rest, and growth. In the north, internal parasites are mostly Ascaris, mainly harming pigs aged 3-6 months, with no obvious external symptoms, but slow growth, emaciation, and loss of gloss in the coat, and the rate of weight gain can decrease by more than 30%. These chronic wasting internal and external parasitic diseases cause economic losses to the pig industry that cannot be underestimated. But in rural areas, little attention is paid to deworming internal and external parasites. In the past, trichlorfon and tetramisole were mostly used to deworm internal and external parasites. Now the simplest and most effective method is to administer orally (mixed into feed) or inject intramuscularly a broad-spectrum, high-efficiency, safe ivermectin (or Abamectin) (also called ivermectin or avermectin) according to the instructions, and use it again after one week, during which the environment is disinfected with trichlorfon, which can simultaneously deworm all internal and external parasites, with very remarkable effect. For fattening pigs, deworming twice around 60 days of age and in the mid-fattening period (body weight 60 kg) is sufficient.
16. Serious feed waste
Feed waste is a common problem in farmers' pig raising and in some large-scale pig farms. Some estimate that feed waste in some pig farms can reach 5-15%. This astonishing figure should be taken seriously, and feed waste and contamination should be strictly prevented.
The causes of feed waste in rural areas include:
(1) Too much feed is put in each feeding, and it cannot be eaten in that meal; in winter it freezes, in summer it spoils, and it also affects appetite. Feed should be given in fixed amounts in several meals, with a little fed each time and added frequently, so that each meal is eaten to satisfaction with no leftovers. Those with automatic feeders should strictly control the flow rate, adjusting the flow so that it flows when the pig roots and does not flow when it does not root, and so that when the pig is not eating there is no feed accumulated in the trough.
(2) For those using traditional troughs, the trough design is unreasonable. Some are too deep and too wide, so the pig's forelegs inevitably step into the trough and contaminate the feed; some are too shallow and too narrow, so the pig inevitably roots or carries the feed out of the trough, causing waste. Each pig should have a certain trough space, which can prevent pigs from stepping or lying in the trough, or rooting feed out of the trough.
(3) Poor feed storage causing mold and theft by rats and sparrows is also an important cause of feed waste.
17. Rats and mosquitoes and flies becoming a disaster
In rural areas, especially in some large-scale pig farms, rats are everywhere and countless; in summer, mosquitoes and flies cover the sky and the earth, and their harm is very serious.
(1) Wasting and contaminating feed and spreading diseases: some estimate that a pair of rats can produce a cumulative total of more than 15,500 offspring in a year, and one rat can eat 12 kg of grain in a year and spoil 40 kg of grain; the loss from biting and damaging chicks and eggs is serious. Rats, mosquitoes, and flies can spread more than 20 kinds of diseases.
(2) Affecting the health of people and pigs.
The causes of rats and mosquitoes and flies becoming a disaster include:
(1) Poor management of feed and manure and poor hygiene in the environment and houses.
(2) Doors and windows not tightly closed or no screen windows and screen doors.
(3) Afraid of poisoning the pigs and therefore not daring to use poison.
At Liuhe pig farms in Zibo and Shouguang, because of good management and frequent disinfection of the environment and pig houses, there are very few mosquitoes and flies. Currently, drugs harmless to humans and livestock that can kill rats, mosquitoes, and flies include:
(1) Weigong brand rodenticide, harmless to humans, livestock, and natural enemies of rats, with very good rodent-killing effect.
(2) Chongying; has a strong driving and killing effect on internal and external parasites, including mosquito and fly larvae, kills quickly, and has long-lasting efficacy.
The use of these drugs not only effectively eliminates internal and external parasites, but also effectively kills mosquitoes, flies, and rodent disease transmission vectors, thereby reducing feed waste and contamination, helping to control and prevent infectious diseases, increasing weight gain, and improving feed conversion efficiency.
18. Liking black pig manure, red skin, love of sleeping, and feed with a fragrant or fishy smell is the biggest conceptual misunderstanding in farmers' pig raising
(1) Black manure: many pig raisers require that when the manufacturer's feed is fed to pigs, the blacker the manure the better, believing that black manure means good digestion and absorption and yellow manure means poor digestion and absorption. In fact, this is not so. The indicator for measuring digestibility is not the color of the manure, but the feed conversion rate (feed-to-gain ratio), as well as the shape of the manure; loose manure of course indicates poor digestion and may also be a disease.
The high copper, high zinc, and high iron in feed, if not digested and absorbed, are excreted with the manure, and the manure naturally turns black. High copper has a bacteriostatic and growth-promoting effect. To prevent high copper poisoning, high iron and high zinc are generally added, which also have bacteriostatic, growth-promoting, and diarrhea-preventing effects. These are effective for piglets and the early fattening period, but attention should be paid.
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They should be added within a certain stage of pig growth and a certain quantity range; more is not better. First, to prevent poisoning; second, excess is also waste.
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(2) The excretion of high copper with manure will cause pollution of the soil and water environment.
(3) Copper residues in pork are harmful to human health.
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(2) Red skin: adding the arsenic preparation arsanilic acid (Arsanilic acid) to feed mainly acts to dilate capillaries and enhance capillary permeability, and also has a bacteriostatic and growth-promoting effect, so the skin turns red. Of course, if other nutrients in the pig feed meet the requirements and the pigs are raised well, the skin will also turn red without adding arsanilic acid to the feed. If the most basic energy and protein in the feed are insufficient, or for small runt pigs, even if the amount of arsanilic acid added is increased, the pigs may be poisoned to death and the skin may still not necessarily turn red. The amount permitted to be added by the state has a standard quantity. Some feed manufacturers add it in excessive doses to cater to farmers' psychology, which is not permitted by the state.
1) The residual part is excreted with manure and pollutes the soil and water environment.
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(2) Residues of arsenic preparations in meat are harmful to human health.
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(3) Arsenic preparations should not be used in the stage of large pigs.
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Different pig breeds have different skin colors, and it cannot be uniformly required that they turn red. Whether pigs are raised well mainly depends on feed energy and protein. The key to whether feed is good depends on the pig's growth rate and feed conversion efficiency.
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(3) Love of sleeping: some feed manufacturers exaggerate in advertising "can eat, can sleep, can grow," and farmers also mistakenly believe that feed that makes pigs sleep after eating is good feed, believing that being able to sleep can reduce movement, reduce feed consumption, promote growth, and save feed. These views are wrong.
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Why can pigs sleep after eating this kind of feed? Unless sedatives or sleeping pills are added to the feed, which is not permitted by the state and the United Nations. A normal pig should sleep when it should sleep, eat when it should eat, and play when it should play. This is a healthy pig, and naturally it is willing to grow. If a pig sleeps 24 hours a day, then of course it is a sick pig. The key is still the nutrition problem. If the feed energy and protein are insufficient, even if it can sleep, it will not grow; and too much sleeping pills may also produce side effects.
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(1) Sleeping pills must absolutely not be added to feed, and state regulations must not be violated.
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(2) If sleeping pills are added to feed, there will be residues in pork. People who eat such pork will develop drug resistance, which will bring difficulties to the treatment of certain diseases.
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(3) It is necessary to practice scientific pig raising, pay attention to nutritional needs, and strengthen feeding management, and then pigs can be raised well.
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(4) Appropriate exercise for pigs, especially more exercise in the piglet stage, is beneficial for healthy growth.
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(4) If a person smells a fragrant or fishy smell, it is good feed: when farmers generally buy feed, they first grab a handful and smell it, believing that feed with a fragrant smell or fishy smell is good feed, while they rarely ask about feed quality, other nutritional components. This is also a misunderstanding.
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(1) What a person smells as fragrant, pigs may not necessarily like to eat. For example, if a bottle of sesame oil is buried in a sweet potato field or peanut field and pigs are driven in to graze, the pigs will first find the sweet potatoes and peanuts, not the sesame oil. Wild boars in deep mountains and old forests have never had the habit of eating fish. Some believe that feed with a fishy smell is good feed. Fishmeal is added to feed to increase protein, especially animal protein, which is of the best quality. If fishmeal is not added to the feed but only a fishy smell is added, then however strong the fishy smell, it is not a lot of fishmeal added, nor is it good feed.
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(2) If people think pigs like fragrant and fishy smells, then how is it that some pigs love to eat dung? To tell the truth, piglets are interested in sweetness, and older pigs do not reject slight bitterness. Someone conducted an experiment on enticing piglets to eat, adding certain flavoring agents to feed, including single flavors, compound flavors, milk flavor, sweet flavor, etc. The experiment proved that piglets are relatively interested in milk flavor and sweet flavor, but are not interested in other fragrant flavors. There were no major differences in their feed recognition time, peak feeding time, weight gain, weaning weight, etc.
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(3) It is better to put in some effort and study the science of pig feed nutrition. When looking at feed, look at the internal quality, nutritional content, and whether it is a high-quality raw material. Strengthen feeding management, and look at growth rate and feed conversion efficiency.
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If you want to raise pigs well, there is only science; there are no shortcuts.
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Supporting technical measures for raising pigs well:
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(1) Breed is the fundamental genetic potential
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(2) Nutrition is the foundation, the material basis
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(3) Environment is the key. Productivity = heredity + environment
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(4) Epidemic prevention is the guarantee. Epidemic prevention in a broad sense. Whether there is a harvest or not depends on epidemic prevention.
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(5) Management produces efficiency. Management is a science. Management in a broad sense. Whether the harvest is large or small depends on management.
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(6) Rely on science and technology for development. Science and technology are the primary productive forces. Market competition is in fact competition in scientific and technological strength.
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(7) Treatment. Prevention is more important than treatment, with comprehensive prevention and control.
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Selection and application of disinfectants for environmental and pen disinfection
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(1) Preparation: thoroughly clean the disinfection targets (environment, roads, pens); if conditions permit, add water and wash.
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(2) Selection and application of disinfectants.
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1. Routine major disinfection in spring and autumn: choose the following broad-spectrum disinfectants: 2-4% sodium hydroxide (caustic soda, lye); 10-20% bleaching powder emulsion or 1-3% clarified liquid; 0.05-0.5% peracetic acid (peracetic acid); 3-5% cresol soap solution (Lysol); 0.3-1% Nongjiafu; 0.5-1% Jundudi; 0.25-0.5% Kangduwei; 0.05% Qiangli Xiaoduling.
For the above disinfectants, use 0.5-2 kg of liquid per sq m of ground, and 0.5-1 kg per sq m of wall.
3. Pen disinfection: Lysol, Nongjiafu
10-20% lime milk; 0.25-0.5% livestock and poultry disinfection and deodorizing agent; 0.25-0.5% Xiaodujing; 0.03-0.05% livestock and poultry disinfection and deodorizing agent.
4. Disinfection pools at the pig farm gate, production area gate, and pig house door, and pig house walkways, blockade disinfection: 4-5% lye - 0.25-0.5% peracetic acid, Nongjiafu, Lysol.
5. Disinfection of manure pits, manure, bedding straw, and other filth:
Around manure pits, manure ditches, and drains, pour 20% bleaching powder emulsion; 3-5% Lysol, 5% crude carbolic acid (phenol); 10% creolin (cresol soap solution, foul-smelling liquid). Spray disinfection. Piling manure and bedding straw for fermentation is the most economical.
6. Air disinfection: ultraviolet irradiation disinfection.
Lactic acid steam disinfection: for 100 cubic meters, 6-12 ml of lactic acid diluted with water to 20% concentration, placed in a vessel and heated to evaporate, sealed for 30 minutes, then ventilated to exhaust air.
For finished 20% peracetic acid, use 1-3 ml per cubic meter of space, seal for 1-2 hours; it is best to use a 3-5% solution heated and fumigated (best effect at 60-80% relative humidity), with an amount of 1-3 g of peracetic acid per cubic meter, and after fumigation seal for 1-2 hours.
36-40% formaldehyde; solution (formalin), 25-40 ml per cubic meter of space, add 12.5-10 g potassium permanganate for mist fumigation for 30 minutes; or use formaldehyde solution alone with 1 times water, boil and steam for disinfection for 30 minutes; or use paraformaldehyde, which only needs to be heated below 100°C and above 80°C to depolymerize and sublime, with an amount of 3-5 g per cubic meter.
7. Disinfection during disease outbreaks: swine fever, lye; foot-and-mouth disease, peracetic acid.
(3) Precautions:
Several disinfectants cannot be used together; after lye disinfection of pig houses (6-12 hours), they should be rinsed with clean water; in winter the concentration should be stronger, and in summer the concentration should be weaker.
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Although it is not original, I still thank the original poster~~
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Reply 2#howitzki
Copied from reading a blog.
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ding................
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Reply 4#Clenbuterol
Thank you
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Nice post, thanks to the original poster for sharing!
In rural areas, when asked "what breed of pig do you raise?", the answer is: "Landrace." In fact, on looking, it is a cross between Landrace or Large White and a local pig, not a pure "Landrace." Calling all crossbred white pigs Landrace is wrong; they should be called a cross of so-and-so with so-and-so.
In rural pig raising, the bloodline is mostly unclear. Therefore, whether it is a three-way cross of one pig breed and another pig breed with a local pig, or a grading-up cross of one pig breed with a local pig, is unclear. The bloodline should be clarified, and the heterosis among three or four breeds should be fully used to produce commercial pigs. The effect of three-way or four-way crossing is better than that of grading-up crossing.
Because the bloodline is unclear, and limited by locally available boars, inbreeding is very likely to occur, causing decreased production performance or genetic defects.
2. Some piglets are weaned too late
Weaning too late means 2 litters per year or fewer than 2 litters. During lactation, the sow has a large feed intake and eats a lot; feed is converted into milk, which is not economical. It may also dry up the sow's milk. If weaning is carried out at 21-35 days of age, more than 2.2 litters per year can be produced, the lactation period with high feed intake is shortened, feed can be saved, piglets have fewer diseases, and the sow, weaned earlier, comes into estrus earlier. Practice has proved that under rural conditions, as long as attention is paid to keeping piglets warm, feeding full-price piglet feed during the suckling period, feeding full-price piglet feed after weaning, strengthening the feeding and management of the sow during lactation, and doing good hygiene and disinfection, early weaning within 35 days of age is feasible.
3. Suckling piglets are introduced to feed (creep feeding) too late
In rural areas, piglets are mostly only enticed to eat and given supplementary feed at more than 20 days of age, which affects piglet growth, causes many diseases and much post-weaning diarrhea and edema, and may also dry up the sow's milk.
Piglets need drinking water at 3-5 days of age and need to be enticed to eat at 5-7 days of age. When the sow's milk production begins to decline around 20 days of age, the piglets can already eat very well.
When piglets change from drinking milk to eating feed, the gastric juice lacks hydrochloric acid, so it cannot digest protein well, nor can it kill microorganisms entering with the feed. Therefore, the purpose of early enticement to eat is to train the digestive tract early, so that digestive function can mature as early as possible, feed intake can increase as early as possible, and growth and development can be promoted, reducing diseases during the suckling period and diarrhea and edema after weaning. At 7 days of age, piglets become more active and have the instinct to root and dig and the habit of biting at openings; at 7-10 days of age they begin to teethe, their gums itch, and they like to bite and gnaw at dirty things. Therefore, enticing them to eat at 7 days of age not only conforms to the physiological characteristics of piglets but can also prevent white scour.
Generally, weaning is at 35 days of age. Each pig's body weight must be no less than 6 kg, and feed intake must be at least more than 600 g.
Methods for enticing piglets to eat:
(1) Let the piglets become familiar with people and not fear them. Deliberately drive the piglets into the creep-feeding pen, scatter some feed, and let them make tentative contact. The creep-feeding pen must not be damp, cold, or dirty.
(2) Find out the piglets' activity times (when it is warm) and increase their time in the creep-feeding pen so they learn to eat.
(3) Use the piglets' inherited characteristics of rooting and digging and searching for food: spread straw in the creep-feeding pen and scatter a little feed to let them search for it; or use their habit of rooting in soil, spread some deep dry red clay, scatter a little feed, and let them root and dig, which both trains them to eat feed and prevents anemia.
(4) Use certain piglet preferences, such as liking sweet food, liking pellets, and liking to lick paste-like feed, as enticement feed.
(5) Use the piglets' competitive feeding behavior: larger pigs lead smaller pigs, and smaller pigs learn to eat from the larger piglets. Each time piglets are fed a small amount of feed, they always scramble for it. Use this characteristic to increase feeding opportunities and frequency.
(6) Forced enticement to eat and supplementary feeding: especially for piglets whose sow has more milk, no piglet feed, however good, is as good as milk. If they can fill themselves with milk, the piglets will not eat feed. For these piglets, forced enticement to eat and supplementary feeding should be used: smear scalded paste-like feed into the piglets' mouths 4-5 times a day, and after 4-5 days they will learn to eat.
Through careful training to eat, by about 20 days of age the piglets can eat very well. At this time, if there is no sow, or the sow has no milk or little milk, feeding only full-price suckling piglet feed will also ensure that the piglets grow and develop well.
4. Immunization injections during pregnancy
In the past, because immunization was mostly carried out in spring and autumn, it often coincided with the sow's pregnancy. If injected during pregnancy, vaccine reactions or stress from chasing and injection could cause stillbirth, abortion, or congenital tremor in piglets. Therefore, immunization of sows should generally be carried out during the empty period. If certain vaccines must be injected during pregnancy, care should be taken to ensure safety during the injection procedure.
5. Monotonous immunization injections
In rural areas, usually a bivalent vaccine for swine fever and swine erysipelas, or a trivalent vaccine with swine pasteurellosis added, is injected. However, many infectious diseases occur sporadically or epidemically in society. Therefore, according to the immunization program, no fewer than a dozen vaccines should now be injected. Moreover, monovalent vaccines should be used as much as possible, because combined vaccines are not as good as monovalent vaccines; the more components combined, the worse the immune effect. Attention should also be paid to the transport, storage, and correct injection operation of vaccines to prevent immunization failure.
Pig immunization program (omitted)
The protection rate of any vaccine will not reach 100%, but even the lowest protection rate is 70-80%. Injection of vaccine is always better than no injection.
6. Castration, immunization, and weaning carried out at the same time
Castration, immunization, and weaning are all stress. In rural areas, pig castration is, first, too late, when body weight is too large, and second, done for convenience, with two or three of these carried out at the same time, causing double or triple stress and aggravating the degree of stress. When piglets are castrated at an older age and larger body weight, restraint is more difficult, the surgical opening is larger, there is more bleeding, castration stress is heavier, the surgical opening is difficult to heal, and growth and development are affected. Castration can lower the level of immune antibodies. Vaccine reactions will make the surgical opening heal more slowly and may even cause inflammation. Castration should be carried out on the day of birth, or at 25-27 days of age (weaning at 35 days of age). Immunization injections should preferably be given 7-10 days before or after castration, and should avoid the weaning time by 7-8 days, so as to avoid the double or triple stress of weaning, castration, and immunization.
7. Additives, premixes, concentrated feed, and full-price feed are not fed according to requirements
Many users, in order to save money, do not consider nutritional needs and do not mix feed according to the manufacturer's requirements, but treat these feeds as "sesame oil," "sesame salt," or "MSG," using insufficient amounts, so these feeds cannot play their proper role. No matter what kind of feed a manufacturer produces, only on the basis of meeting the nutritional requirements for energy and protein levels can it play its greatest role and achieve the best production level. Some also add water and cornmeal to pelleted full-price feed to make a paste to feed pigs, which is also wrong. This is because pelleted full-price feed is nutritionally complete, has good palatability, can prevent pigs from being picky, is easy to store and transport, and is convenient to feed, while adding water may destroy certain nutrients, and adding cornmeal lowers the nutritional level and reduces palatability. Some also use certain additives excessively or repeatedly, aiming to better prevent disease and promote growth, but in fact this is wasteful and may even cause poisoning due to excessive addition of certain ingredients.
8. Improper feeding, making pigs too fat or too thin
Boars that are too fat will have reduced breeding ability; sows that are too fat will have reduced conception rate and number of live piglets born, and will also have reduced lactation ability; fattening pigs that are too fat will waste feed, reduce carcass lean percentage, and also fail to fetch a good price. Being too thin is of course also no good. Fattening pigs should be raised by stages, and at each stage should be fed compound feed of the corresponding standard. In the late fattening period, appropriate feed restriction can improve feed conversion efficiency and lean percentage. Sows should be fed to standard during both pregnancy and lactation. After weaning they should be at 6-7 tenths of fat condition, and in late pregnancy at 9 tenths of fat condition. In rural areas, sows are mostly raised too extensively, with roughage reaching as much as 60-80%, insufficient protein, and no feeding of salt, calcium, phosphorus, trace elements, or vitamins, which leads to the occurrence of some difficult and complicated diseases in sows. Boars should have appropriate exercise to keep them in robust breeding condition. In rural areas, boars are used too intensively, sometimes mating several times a day, which first is harmful to the boar's health and semen quality, and second makes the sow's conception rate low or reduces the number of piglets born.
9. Suddenly changing feed
Farmers' pig feed is not stable enough. Some still follow "feed whatever is available," and change feed frequently and suddenly. Because stress occurs, refusal to eat, reduced eating, anorexia, or overeating often occur, and some cases also cause diarrhea, affecting growth and development. For lactating sows, when the feed changes, milk quality changes, and piglets immediately get diarrhea. When changing feed, the original feed should be gradually reduced over 5-7 days, and the new feed gradually increased, changing slowly, which can avoid the stress caused by suddenly changing feed.
10. Mixed-group feeding without regard to sex, size, or strength
Pigs of different sexes, whether castrated or not, have different growth and development intensity and require different feed nutrition. This is especially true when raising local pigs or second-generation crossbred pigs crossed with them, because these pigs mature sexually earlier; if raised in mixed groups and castrated too late, early mating and stealth mating will also occur. They should be grouped by sex, size, and strength, and fed different feeds by category, to avoid the big bullying the small, the strong bullying the weak, scrambling for food, fighting, and biting in the same group, which affect feed intake and growth and development. This avoids the appearance of runt pigs and improves weight uniformity within the same group.
11. Slaughter weight of fattening pigs is too large
The task of raising fattening pigs is: strive to obtain the most and highest-quality pork in the shortest time with the least input of feed and labor. However, in rural areas the phenomenon of one-sidedly pursuing raising big fat pigs still exists. Many raise pigs to more than 125 kg before selling, which is unscientific and also uneconomical. This is because the younger the pig, the more lean meat, the greater the water content, the less feed needed to maintain life, and the higher the feed utilization rate for weight gain; with increasing age and body weight, fat increases, lean meat decreases, water content decreases, maintenance requirements increase, feed utilization rate decreases, and after weight gain reaches a certain level and is maintained for a period, it begins to decline. According to this characteristic, in the fattening stage after the pig reaches 25 kg body weight, it is generally divided into the early period (25-60 kg) and the late fattening period (60-90 kg), with different feeding standards given. When is the best time to slaughter? An appropriate slaughter period should be selected, that is, just after the period of highest feed utilization rate and fastest daily gain, when carcass quality is best. Experiments have proved that meat pigs generally reach 90-100 kg body weight at about 180 days after birth, at most not exceeding 110 kg; for local pigs and crossbred pigs, slaughter at 210 days after birth, with body weight at most not exceeding 90 kg, is most economical.
12. Not paying attention to environmental hygiene and disinfection
Environmental hygiene and disinfection are important measures for raising pigs well. But many farmers do not pay attention to these, only anxious about what disease the pig has contracted and what medicine to use to treat it; they do not investigate how the pig disease was contracted. You should know that, except for some nutritional and metabolic diseases, almost all diseases have bacteria and viruses as internal causes and environmental conditions as external causes. Therefore, pig houses should be cleaned frequently, disinfected regularly, and kept dry and hygienic. An "all-in, all-out" production process should be adopted. Before farrowing and after weaning of sows, and after fattening pigs are sold, their pens should be thoroughly cleaned, washed, and disinfected, so as to avoid the continuous recurrence of certain diseases.
13. Castrating lean-type sows
For local pigs and two-way crossbred pigs containing local pig blood, because they mature sexually earlier, both fattening males and females need to be castrated. For foreign lean-type pigs and three-way or more crossbred pigs containing local pig blood, because their lean percentage is relatively high, they grow fast, and they mature sexually later, only the males need to be castrated (otherwise, when older they have a boar taint). There is no need to castrate the females. Some say that if a sow is not castrated, estrus will affect growth. This is reasonable, but castration stress will also affect growth; without castration, growth is affected only through 1-2 estrus periods, and not seriously. In addition, the carcass lean percentage of uncastrated sows is 2-2.5 percentage points higher than that of castrated sows, the lean percentage is relatively high, and the meat quality is relatively good. Therefore, sows need not be castrated.
14. Arbitrary use of roughage to feed pigs
In rural areas, to reduce feed costs, using some agricultural and sideline products and green, juicy feed to feed pigs is acceptable and entirely proper. But unscientifically and arbitrarily using roughage is wrong. Some use peanut shells at up to 70% in pregnant sow feed, and peanut shell powder, corncobs, or rice husks at as much as 30-40% in fattening pig feed, seriously affecting sow nutrition, fetal development, and fattening pig growth, and possibly causing certain nutritional and metabolic diseases.
Among roughages, well-made and sun-dried green hay, alfalfa, sweet potato vines, peanut vines, and dry tree leaves, if they can maintain a green color and fragrant smell, contain more digestible energy and digestible protein, calcium, vitamin A, vitamin D, and other nutrients, and are undoubtedly good pig feed. The rice bran mentioned in Liuhe feed product introductions refers to the fine bran obtained after rice in the south is husked and then further processed into rice. In our Shandong, rice bran is relatively scarce, but the above high-quality roughages can completely replace it.
Some agricultural and sideline products, such as peanut shells, corncobs, coarse rice bran, rice straw, soybean stalks, wheat straw, millet straw, grain husks, cornstalks, and other crop stalks, as well as rice husks and barley husks in white distillers' grains and brewer's grains, because they contain more crude fiber, especially more lignin, are roughages not suitable for feeding pigs. The crude fiber in feed includes cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. Ruminant livestock such as cattle and sheep can digest fiber and hemicellulose at 60-80%, while pigs and chickens have extremely low digestibility of them; both ruminants and monogastric animals have extremely low digestibility of lignin. It can be seen that lignin is the main factor limiting the digestibility of cellulose.
The digestibility of crude fiber by pigs: green feed > dry roughage > stalks of mature agricultural and sideline products. This is because the crude fiber content is low during the plant growth period, and as the plant continues to mature, difficult-to-digest lignin gradually increases, thus seriously reducing the digestibility of organic matter and crude fiber.
Crop seed hulls and stalks contain digestible energy of only 0.1-0.5 Mcal per kg, crude protein of 2.5-7% varying, but crude fiber as high as more than 30-40%, and their nutritional value is extremely low. This is because when pig feed contains high crude fiber, it is not only not digested, but also reduces the digestibility of protein and fat in dry matter and affects pig growth. For every one percentage point increase in crude fiber content in pig feed, the digestibility of organic matter decreases by 3.5 percentage points; when the crude fiber content in pig feed is 5-10%, the digestibility of organic matter in the feed can reach more than 90%; when the crude fiber content reaches 15% or more, the digestibility of the feed is only 70% or less. This is because the increase in crude fiber reduces the concentration of digestible energy, and because the feed volume is too large, palatability decreases, and feed intake declines, especially under high temperature conditions, low-energy high-fiber feed seriously inhibits pig growth. It can be seen that the digestibility of feed depends on the crude fiber content; generally, the higher the crude fiber content, the higher the lignin content. In digestive physiology, crude fiber in feed mainly plays the role of filling the gastrointestinal tract and promoting intestinal peristalsis and fecal excretion. Ruminants and equine animals have well-developed rumens and ceca, and crude fiber is decomposed by microbial fermentation into volatile fatty acids, which can serve as one of the main energy sources; but monogastric animals such as pigs and chickens cannot effectively use crude fiber. If the crude fiber content in pig and chicken feed is too high, then the energy consumed in swallowing, chewing, digesting, and excreting this crude fiber will exceed the energy obtained from this crude fiber, causing the loss to exceed the gain, with more loss than gain, and the feeding effect is counterproductive, and pigs easily lose body condition or stop growing. Some farmers say that certain roughages "scrape oil" or "pull the intestines," which is exactly this principle.
In developed pig-raising countries, the crude fiber content in pig feed is strictly controlled. In the US NRC standards, the requirement for crude fiber is not listed at all, and crude fiber is regarded only as a gastrointestinal filler. In our country, the general requirements for crude fiber content in pig feed are: about 10% for breeding boars and sows, 6-8% for growing-fattening pigs, and no more than 4% for young pigs.
15. Not paying attention to deworming internal and external parasites
In some pig farms, external parasites such as lice and mange are relatively serious. Lice and mange make pigs itchy and restless, affecting appetite, rest, and growth. In the north, internal parasites are mostly Ascaris, mainly harming pigs aged 3-6 months, with no obvious external symptoms, but slow growth, emaciation, and loss of gloss in the coat, and the rate of weight gain can decrease by more than 30%. These chronic wasting internal and external parasitic diseases cause economic losses to the pig industry that cannot be underestimated. But in rural areas, little attention is paid to deworming internal and external parasites. In the past, trichlorfon and tetramisole were mostly used to deworm internal and external parasites. Now the simplest and most effective method is to administer orally (mixed into feed) or inject intramuscularly a broad-spectrum, high-efficiency, safe ivermectin (or Abamectin) (also called ivermectin or avermectin) according to the instructions, and use it again after one week, during which the environment is disinfected with trichlorfon, which can simultaneously deworm all internal and external parasites, with very remarkable effect. For fattening pigs, deworming twice around 60 days of age and in the mid-fattening period (body weight 60 kg) is sufficient.
16. Serious feed waste
Feed waste is a common problem in farmers' pig raising and in some large-scale pig farms. Some estimate that feed waste in some pig farms can reach 5-15%. This astonishing figure should be taken seriously, and feed waste and contamination should be strictly prevented.
The causes of feed waste in rural areas include:
(1) Too much feed is put in each feeding, and it cannot be eaten in that meal; in winter it freezes, in summer it spoils, and it also affects appetite. Feed should be given in fixed amounts in several meals, with a little fed each time and added frequently, so that each meal is eaten to satisfaction with no leftovers. Those with automatic feeders should strictly control the flow rate, adjusting the flow so that it flows when the pig roots and does not flow when it does not root, and so that when the pig is not eating there is no feed accumulated in the trough.
(2) For those using traditional troughs, the trough design is unreasonable. Some are too deep and too wide, so the pig's forelegs inevitably step into the trough and contaminate the feed; some are too shallow and too narrow, so the pig inevitably roots or carries the feed out of the trough, causing waste. Each pig should have a certain trough space, which can prevent pigs from stepping or lying in the trough, or rooting feed out of the trough.
(3) Poor feed storage causing mold and theft by rats and sparrows is also an important cause of feed waste.
17. Rats and mosquitoes and flies becoming a disaster
In rural areas, especially in some large-scale pig farms, rats are everywhere and countless; in summer, mosquitoes and flies cover the sky and the earth, and their harm is very serious.
(1) Wasting and contaminating feed and spreading diseases: some estimate that a pair of rats can produce a cumulative total of more than 15,500 offspring in a year, and one rat can eat 12 kg of grain in a year and spoil 40 kg of grain; the loss from biting and damaging chicks and eggs is serious. Rats, mosquitoes, and flies can spread more than 20 kinds of diseases.
(2) Affecting the health of people and pigs.
The causes of rats and mosquitoes and flies becoming a disaster include:
(1) Poor management of feed and manure and poor hygiene in the environment and houses.
(2) Doors and windows not tightly closed or no screen windows and screen doors.
(3) Afraid of poisoning the pigs and therefore not daring to use poison.
At Liuhe pig farms in Zibo and Shouguang, because of good management and frequent disinfection of the environment and pig houses, there are very few mosquitoes and flies. Currently, drugs harmless to humans and livestock that can kill rats, mosquitoes, and flies include:
(1) Weigong brand rodenticide, harmless to humans, livestock, and natural enemies of rats, with very good rodent-killing effect.
(2) Chongying; has a strong driving and killing effect on internal and external parasites, including mosquito and fly larvae, kills quickly, and has long-lasting efficacy.
The use of these drugs not only effectively eliminates internal and external parasites, but also effectively kills mosquitoes, flies, and rodent disease transmission vectors, thereby reducing feed waste and contamination, helping to control and prevent infectious diseases, increasing weight gain, and improving feed conversion efficiency.
18. Liking black pig manure, red skin, love of sleeping, and feed with a fragrant or fishy smell is the biggest conceptual misunderstanding in farmers' pig raising
(1) Black manure: many pig raisers require that when the manufacturer's feed is fed to pigs, the blacker the manure the better, believing that black manure means good digestion and absorption and yellow manure means poor digestion and absorption. In fact, this is not so. The indicator for measuring digestibility is not the color of the manure, but the feed conversion rate (feed-to-gain ratio), as well as the shape of the manure; loose manure of course indicates poor digestion and may also be a disease.
The high copper, high zinc, and high iron in feed, if not digested and absorbed, are excreted with the manure, and the manure naturally turns black. High copper has a bacteriostatic and growth-promoting effect. To prevent high copper poisoning, high iron and high zinc are generally added, which also have bacteriostatic, growth-promoting, and diarrhea-preventing effects. These are effective for piglets and the early fattening period, but attention should be paid.
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They should be added within a certain stage of pig growth and a certain quantity range; more is not better. First, to prevent poisoning; second, excess is also waste.
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(2) The excretion of high copper with manure will cause pollution of the soil and water environment.
(3) Copper residues in pork are harmful to human health.
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(2) Red skin: adding the arsenic preparation arsanilic acid (Arsanilic acid) to feed mainly acts to dilate capillaries and enhance capillary permeability, and also has a bacteriostatic and growth-promoting effect, so the skin turns red. Of course, if other nutrients in the pig feed meet the requirements and the pigs are raised well, the skin will also turn red without adding arsanilic acid to the feed. If the most basic energy and protein in the feed are insufficient, or for small runt pigs, even if the amount of arsanilic acid added is increased, the pigs may be poisoned to death and the skin may still not necessarily turn red. The amount permitted to be added by the state has a standard quantity. Some feed manufacturers add it in excessive doses to cater to farmers' psychology, which is not permitted by the state.
1) The residual part is excreted with manure and pollutes the soil and water environment.
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(2) Residues of arsenic preparations in meat are harmful to human health.
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(3) Arsenic preparations should not be used in the stage of large pigs.
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Different pig breeds have different skin colors, and it cannot be uniformly required that they turn red. Whether pigs are raised well mainly depends on feed energy and protein. The key to whether feed is good depends on the pig's growth rate and feed conversion efficiency.
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(3) Love of sleeping: some feed manufacturers exaggerate in advertising "can eat, can sleep, can grow," and farmers also mistakenly believe that feed that makes pigs sleep after eating is good feed, believing that being able to sleep can reduce movement, reduce feed consumption, promote growth, and save feed. These views are wrong.
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Why can pigs sleep after eating this kind of feed? Unless sedatives or sleeping pills are added to the feed, which is not permitted by the state and the United Nations. A normal pig should sleep when it should sleep, eat when it should eat, and play when it should play. This is a healthy pig, and naturally it is willing to grow. If a pig sleeps 24 hours a day, then of course it is a sick pig. The key is still the nutrition problem. If the feed energy and protein are insufficient, even if it can sleep, it will not grow; and too much sleeping pills may also produce side effects.
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(1) Sleeping pills must absolutely not be added to feed, and state regulations must not be violated.
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(2) If sleeping pills are added to feed, there will be residues in pork. People who eat such pork will develop drug resistance, which will bring difficulties to the treatment of certain diseases.
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(3) It is necessary to practice scientific pig raising, pay attention to nutritional needs, and strengthen feeding management, and then pigs can be raised well.
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(4) Appropriate exercise for pigs, especially more exercise in the piglet stage, is beneficial for healthy growth.
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(4) If a person smells a fragrant or fishy smell, it is good feed: when farmers generally buy feed, they first grab a handful and smell it, believing that feed with a fragrant smell or fishy smell is good feed, while they rarely ask about feed quality, other nutritional components. This is also a misunderstanding.
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(1) What a person smells as fragrant, pigs may not necessarily like to eat. For example, if a bottle of sesame oil is buried in a sweet potato field or peanut field and pigs are driven in to graze, the pigs will first find the sweet potatoes and peanuts, not the sesame oil. Wild boars in deep mountains and old forests have never had the habit of eating fish. Some believe that feed with a fishy smell is good feed. Fishmeal is added to feed to increase protein, especially animal protein, which is of the best quality. If fishmeal is not added to the feed but only a fishy smell is added, then however strong the fishy smell, it is not a lot of fishmeal added, nor is it good feed.
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(2) If people think pigs like fragrant and fishy smells, then how is it that some pigs love to eat dung? To tell the truth, piglets are interested in sweetness, and older pigs do not reject slight bitterness. Someone conducted an experiment on enticing piglets to eat, adding certain flavoring agents to feed, including single flavors, compound flavors, milk flavor, sweet flavor, etc. The experiment proved that piglets are relatively interested in milk flavor and sweet flavor, but are not interested in other fragrant flavors. There were no major differences in their feed recognition time, peak feeding time, weight gain, weaning weight, etc.
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(3) It is better to put in some effort and study the science of pig feed nutrition. When looking at feed, look at the internal quality, nutritional content, and whether it is a high-quality raw material. Strengthen feeding management, and look at growth rate and feed conversion efficiency.
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If you want to raise pigs well, there is only science; there are no shortcuts.
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Supporting technical measures for raising pigs well:
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(1) Breed is the fundamental genetic potential
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(2) Nutrition is the foundation, the material basis
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(3) Environment is the key. Productivity = heredity + environment
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(4) Epidemic prevention is the guarantee. Epidemic prevention in a broad sense. Whether there is a harvest or not depends on epidemic prevention.
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(5) Management produces efficiency. Management is a science. Management in a broad sense. Whether the harvest is large or small depends on management.
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(6) Rely on science and technology for development. Science and technology are the primary productive forces. Market competition is in fact competition in scientific and technological strength.
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(7) Treatment. Prevention is more important than treatment, with comprehensive prevention and control.
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Selection and application of disinfectants for environmental and pen disinfection
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(1) Preparation: thoroughly clean the disinfection targets (environment, roads, pens); if conditions permit, add water and wash.
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(2) Selection and application of disinfectants.
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1. Routine major disinfection in spring and autumn: choose the following broad-spectrum disinfectants: 2-4% sodium hydroxide (caustic soda, lye); 10-20% bleaching powder emulsion or 1-3% clarified liquid; 0.05-0.5% peracetic acid (peracetic acid); 3-5% cresol soap solution (Lysol); 0.3-1% Nongjiafu; 0.5-1% Jundudi; 0.25-0.5% Kangduwei; 0.05% Qiangli Xiaoduling.
For the above disinfectants, use 0.5-2 kg of liquid per sq m of ground, and 0.5-1 kg per sq m of wall.
3. Pen disinfection: Lysol, Nongjiafu
10-20% lime milk; 0.25-0.5% livestock and poultry disinfection and deodorizing agent; 0.25-0.5% Xiaodujing; 0.03-0.05% livestock and poultry disinfection and deodorizing agent.
4. Disinfection pools at the pig farm gate, production area gate, and pig house door, and pig house walkways, blockade disinfection: 4-5% lye - 0.25-0.5% peracetic acid, Nongjiafu, Lysol.
5. Disinfection of manure pits, manure, bedding straw, and other filth:
Around manure pits, manure ditches, and drains, pour 20% bleaching powder emulsion; 3-5% Lysol, 5% crude carbolic acid (phenol); 10% creolin (cresol soap solution, foul-smelling liquid). Spray disinfection. Piling manure and bedding straw for fermentation is the most economical.
6. Air disinfection: ultraviolet irradiation disinfection.
Lactic acid steam disinfection: for 100 cubic meters, 6-12 ml of lactic acid diluted with water to 20% concentration, placed in a vessel and heated to evaporate, sealed for 30 minutes, then ventilated to exhaust air.
For finished 20% peracetic acid, use 1-3 ml per cubic meter of space, seal for 1-2 hours; it is best to use a 3-5% solution heated and fumigated (best effect at 60-80% relative humidity), with an amount of 1-3 g of peracetic acid per cubic meter, and after fumigation seal for 1-2 hours.
36-40% formaldehyde; solution (formalin), 25-40 ml per cubic meter of space, add 12.5-10 g potassium permanganate for mist fumigation for 30 minutes; or use formaldehyde solution alone with 1 times water, boil and steam for disinfection for 30 minutes; or use paraformaldehyde, which only needs to be heated below 100°C and above 80°C to depolymerize and sublime, with an amount of 3-5 g per cubic meter.
7. Disinfection during disease outbreaks: swine fever, lye; foot-and-mouth disease, peracetic acid.
(3) Precautions:
Several disinfectants cannot be used together; after lye disinfection of pig houses (6-12 hours), they should be rinsed with clean water; in winter the concentration should be stronger, and in summer the concentration should be weaker.
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Although it is not original, I still thank the original poster~~
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Reply 2#howitzki
Copied from reading a blog.
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ding................
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Reply 4#Clenbuterol
Thank you
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Nice post, thanks to the original poster for sharing!